identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
ADC7D54B847F567B95597DF8581B2718.text	ADC7D54B847F567B95597DF8581B2718.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica amdoana Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica amdoana Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, D, 5A, B, 6, 41A, B, 46G, H, 50A, 51, 52E</p><p>Laeocathaica amdoana Möllendorff, 1899: 92, pl. 5, fig. 5; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 148, pl. 15, fig. 31; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 38, fig. 3A, B.</p><p>Laeocathaica stenochone amdoana - Wiegmann 1900: 104, pl. 3, figs 91-93.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) amdoana - Zilch 1968: 173; - Richardson 1983: 77.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>ZIN RAS No. 2, 1 fma and 1 subadult, " Aegista amdoana Möllendorff.”, Wen-Xian [文县], 1885-IX-8, coll. Potanin, det. Möllendorff . SMF 8952, lectotype, Ho-dshi-gou, Gansu, China . ex Potanin 853. Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 8953, paratype, Wen-hsien, SO-Gansu, China .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM05600, numerous fma and juvs; southern slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Beishan</a> [北山], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wudu</a> [武都], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Longnan</a> [陇南], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Gansu Province</a>, limestone hill with sparse shrubs; 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Jian-Min</a> [刘建民], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Zheng</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wei</a> [郑伟]. HBUMM05640, numerous specimens, 2 fma dissected, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Jiaogongzhen</a> [角弓镇], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wudu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Gansu Province</a>, (33.57°N, 104.64°E), broken limestone rocks, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05639, 4 fma and 1 juv, 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Jiaogongzhen</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wudu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Gansu Province</a> (33.57°N, 104.64°E), broken limestone rocks, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM8147, 1 fma dissected: coll. data as HBUMM05640; DNA voucher HBUMM05626. HBUMM08147, 1 fma dissected, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wudu</a>, Gansu Province, 927 m a.l.s., (33.346111°N, 105.044°E), adults on cliff and juvs on deadwood, 2017-VIII-05, coll. Shen, Xue-Fen [盛雪芬], etc.; DNA voucher HBUMM08147a. HBUMM08432, near Shichuanba [石川坝], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 33.17534°N, 105.019362°E; 2019-X-12, coll. Li, Qi-Ming [李启明]; DNA voucher HBUMM08432a .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wudu, Wenxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Very fine and slim granules (~ 20 µm long) are present on the protoconch. After the fourth whorl, including the umbilical region, irregularly arranged spiral grooves are present. On teleoconch whorls, the growth lines are low and indistinct.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart lowly present. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath moderately long, covering ~ 1/3 of penis. Penis slightly expanded distally. Inside penis, two penial internal pilasters fusing into Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/4, accompanied with 4-6 low pilasters. Distally inside penis, numerous fine pilasters merging into ~ 4 short but thick folds near opening of epiphallus. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac elongated, ~ 2 times longer than dart sac. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct short, ~ 3 mm in length. Dart sac ~ 1/3 length of penis. Love dart ~ 1.2 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small, internally solid, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands seven or eight, each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, not touching; each proximal accessory sac tiny, ~ 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 (HBUMM05640-spec.1) or smaller (HBUMM05640-spec.2) in size; each with an opening leading to dart sac chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>By shell sculpture, including that on the protoconch, this species (Fig. 46G, H) cannot be immediately distinguished from Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe (Fig. 46I, J) and L. distinguenda (Fig. 46A, B). It seems that L. tropidorhaphe forms a continuous variation of shell shape and the conchological delimitation among these three species that are geographically coexistent is not so distinct ( Páll-Gergely et al. 2022). According to our observation, the key morphological features to practically distinguish the three species are:</p><p>brownish/chestnut coloration. In Laeocathaica amdoana such coloration is usually (!) obviously darker and in L. distinguenda the coloration is usually very pale (in our Fig. 15C, it is a relatively darker shell). However, in HBUMM05479 (dissected, shell not pictured) the shell is in very pale dirty yellow except peripherally whitish.</p><p>peripheral angulation. The level of angulation, in order is Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe &gt; (&gt;: stronger than; &gt;&gt;: much stronger than) L. amdoana &gt;&gt; L. distinguenda, which is also indicated by the geometric morphometric analyses: compared to L. amdoana (Fig. 5A, B; average shape ‘b’ in Fig. 50A) and L. tropidorhaphe (Fig. 33; average shape ‘c’ in Fig. 50A), the shell of L. distinguenda appears to be much broader in aperture and the periphery is very bluntly round ( Möllendorff 1899).</p><p>the structure of umbilicus. In both Laeocathaica amdoana and L. tropidorhaphe, the umbilicus is funnel-shaped and through which every whorl is visible. However, in Laeocathaica distinguenda, the penultimate whorl is much projecting and makes a suddenly enlarged umbilicus ( Möllendorff 1899; our own observation, e.g., to compare Fig. 15 with Figs 5A, B, 33). Laeocathaica amdoana, L. distinguenda, and L. tropidorhaphe are clearly distinguishable based on genital features. Laeocathaica amdoana and L. tropidorhaphe, both of which have a long vagina between dart sac apparatus and atrium that was not seen in L. distinguenda, can be distinguished by the presence of proximal accessory sac in the former species. Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe belongs to the three species in Laeocathaica that have no proximal accessory sac. In Laeocathaica amdoana there are two tiny proximal accessory sacs, and each has an opening leading to the dart sac chamber, which means the proximal accessory sacs could be functional compared to the blind one (i.e., without opening) observed in Pseudiberus tectumsinense pingi (Zhang et al. 2021). In addition, in Laeocathaica amdoana the dart is apically 2-bladed rather than 4-bladed in L. tropidorhaphe .</p><p>The phylogeny based on ITS2 and 16S suggests that Laeocathaica amdoana is sister to L. distinguenda and L. tropidorhaphe (Fig. 51). In Chen and Zhang (2004: 316, fig. 303), the species identified as Laeocathaica amdoana is dubious and looks like a L. distinguenda . For more comments, see Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADC7D54B847F567B95597DF8581B2718	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
3F56C658E8745B52BA01694D95CB3B8E.text	3F56C658E8745B52BA01694D95CB3B8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica anceyi (Moellendorff in Ancey 1889)	<div><p>Laeocathaica anceyi (Moellendorff in Ancey, 1889)</p><p>Helix anceyi Möllendorff in Ancey, 1889: 205.</p><p>Laeocathaica anceyi - Pilsbry 1892: 215; - Gude 1902: 8.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) anceyi - Richardson 1983: 77.</p><p>Examined specimens.</p><p>None.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sichuan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F56C658E8745B52BA01694D95CB3B8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
05D5831B947D580B8ABB168C18BF373A.text	05D5831B947D580B8ABB168C18BF373A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica carinalis Chen & Zhang 2004	<div><p>Laeocathaica carinalis Chen &amp; Zhang, 2004</p><p>Figs 2A, 5D, 8, 41F, 47I, J</p><p>Laeocathaica carinalis Chen &amp; Zhang, 2004: 341, in Chinese, with erroneous text figure (fig. 334); - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 46, figs 9, 10.</p><p>New specimens.</p><p>HBUMM08300, 3 fma, all dissected,?Wenxian, Gansu Province, 2019-IV, coll. Li, Qi-Shi [李奇石]; DNA voucher HBUMM08300a. HBUMM8453, many fms, Shifangzhen [石坊镇], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.00509°N, 104.579061°E), 2021-IX-27, coll. Chen, Z.-G. HBUMM8455, Town of Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.944361°N, 104.679819°E), 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>In juveniles, regularly arranged fine threads and elongate granules are present on the protoconch, where in adults such sculpture is difficult to be observed because of erosion. Spiral grooves are present after the fourth whorl or only on apical body whorl, but are absent in umbilical side. The teleoconch has distinct and regularly arranged ribs, among which there is no fine threads.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian (type locality).</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart not prominent, perhaps due to specimen of not full maturity. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath moderately long, covering ~ 1/4 of penis. Penis slightly expanded distally. Accompanied with two or three lower pilasters, at proximal 1/2 of penis two thin penial pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork. Fine pilasters of distal 1/2 penis weaving into delicate net. Near epiphallic opening numerous fine pilasters merging into ~ 4 short but thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 2/3 length of penis. Information of love dart unknown. Accessory sac small. Mucous glands ~ 4, each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical on dart sac, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, internally smooth (without pilasters), each with an opening leading to dart chamber near dart chamber opening. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05D5831B947D580B8ABB168C18BF373A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
11B03A67FB605D4295C28D764E82CEA7.text	11B03A67FB605D4295C28D764E82CEA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica carinifera (H. Adams 1870)	<div><p>Laeocathaica carinifera (H. Adams, 1870)</p><p>Figs 2A, C, 9, 10, 43G, 45I, J, 50B, 51</p><p>Helix (Plectotropis) christinae var. carinifera H. Adams, 1870: 377.</p><p>Helix subsimilis Deshayes, 1874: 10, pl. 2, figs 28, 29; - Heude 1882: 22, pl. 20, fig. 18; - Standen 1905: 231.</p><p>Helix (Plectotropis) subsimilis - Ancey 1883: 7, pl. 2, figs 28, 29.</p><p>Helix christinae var. carinifera - Gredler 1884: 264 (= Helix subsimilis Deshayes, 1873); - Möllendorff 1884: 351.</p><p>Helix (Cathaica) christinae var. subsimilis - Pilsbry 1892: 214, pl. 49, figs 29-33.</p><p>Helix (Cathaica) subsimilis - Kobelt 1894: 713, pl. 203, figs 1-3.</p><p>Laeocathaica christinae carinifera - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) subsimilis - Zilch 1968: 175; - Richardson 1983: 79; Wu and Chen 1998: 107.</p><p>Cathaica subsimilis - Yen 1938: 456.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis subsimilis - Yen 1939: 148, pl. 15, fig. 28.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis - Möllendorff 1899: 44; - Wiegmann 1900: 96, pl. 3, figs 84-87; - Yen 1942: 283; - Gude 1902: 6; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 313, fig. 299.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) filippina - Wu 2004: fig. 17.</p><p>Laeocathaica carinifera - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 50, fig. 12.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis (Deshayes, 1874): NHMUK V. W. McAndrew coll. Acc. no. 1563. SMF 95116, one fms; Szetschwan, Noerdl. der Stadt Juanj-juanj, China; ex Mus. Petersb. 1905 ex Potanin. Det. Möllendorff . SMF 24265, one fms and one near matured; Yang-dsy-gebiet; ex Heude. Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 294292, two juvs (the third one, a fms of L. filippina); Sytshuan, China; Slg. C. Bosch ex H. Rolle. SMF 24261, two fms; Liu-ba-ting, Shen-hsi, China; ex Potanin 451, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 24258, three fms; O-Sytshuan; ex Möllendorff . Slg. W. Kobelt. SMF 24257, four fms; O-Sy-tshuan; ex. B. Schmacker, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 24262, four fms; Sy-tshuan, Chung-king, W-M-China; ex Möllendorff, 1890, Slg. O. Böttger . SMF 24255, four fms; O-Sy-tshuan; ex L. Fuchs, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 95712, one fms; Prov. Sze-chuen; Slg. C. R. Böttger, 1905. SMF 294294, one fms. China; Slg. C. Bosch ex Hermann Rolle. The species of following specimens are not decided: SMF 24260, one fms (with aperture not full matured), Kwan-juon-hszien (= Guangyuan) [广元县], Prov. Sze-Csuen, China, ex Kormos (Budapest). SMF 24256, three fms, Zw. Guan-yuan u. Dshau-hoa [昭化], Potanin 275, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 24264, four fms, Lue-feng-kou bei Guan-yuan, ex Potanin 270, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00006, 4 fma, 4 juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.84213&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.963474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.84213/lat 30.963474)">Xinjianxiang</a> [新建乡], Nanchong [南充市], Sichuan Province, near point (30.963475°N, 105.842133°E); 1964-V-20, coll. Chen, De-Niu. [陈德牛]. HBUMM00228, 1 fma and 2 subadults; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.41138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.809307" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.41138/lat 29.809307)">Beibei</a> [北碚], Chongqing [重庆], near point (29.809307°N, 106.411375°E); 1980, coll. Chen D.-N. HBUMM01573, 7 fma, 1 dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.78372&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.341389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.78372/lat 30.341389)">Muping</a> [穆坪镇], Baoxingxian [宝兴县], Sichuan Province; the first hill to the south, between point A (1090 m a.s.l., 30.360333°N 102.7255°E) and point B (1021 m a.s.l., 30.341389°N 102.783722°E); limestone, 2 cm- thick litter layer, typical local vegetation type, seminatural, nearby cultivated with maize; 2003-VII-23, coll. Wu, Min [吴岷]. HBUMM03118, 4 juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.2607&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.448544" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.2607/lat 30.448544)">Changping</a> [长坪], Wanzhou [万州], Chongqing, near point (30.448543°N, 108.260695°E); 2003-VII-16, coll. Yuan, C. etc. HBUMM04064, many fma, 1 dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.34158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.178028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.34158/lat 31.178028)">Meizixiang</a> [梅子乡], Fengjiexian [奉节县], Chongqing, near point (430 m a.s.l., 31.178028°N, 109.341583°E); mixed rocks of slate and sandstone, semimature environment, very thin litter layer, nearby with eucalyptus trees; 2004-VII-18, coll. Wu, M. and Wu, Qin [吴琴]; DNA voucher HBUMM05121. HBUMM04162, numerous fma, 1 dissected, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.183975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.423082" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.183975/lat 30.423082)">Shibaozhai</a> [石宝寨], Zhongxian [忠县], Chongqing, 238 m a.s.l., 30.423083°N, 108.183972°E, shrubs and weed, purple sandy stone, humid, 2004-VII-16, coll. Wu, M., Wu, Q. and Qi, Gang [齐钢]; DNA voucher HBUMM05103. HBUMM04217, 10 fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.46831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.956444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.46831/lat 30.956444)">Tiejiacun</a> [铁甲村], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.46831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.956444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.46831/lat 30.956444)">Jiangnanxiang</a> [江南乡], Fengjiexian, Chongqing, 1005 m a.s.l., 30.956444°N, 109.468306°E; limestone, grass and shrubs, humid; 2004-VII-19, coll. Wu, M. and Wu, Q. HBUMM04219: many fma; same coll. data as HBUMM04064. HBUMM04232, several fma and juvs; near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.45564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.932583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.45564/lat 30.932583)">Xinmincun</a> [新民村], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.45564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.932583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.45564/lat 30.932583)">Jiangnanxiang</a>, Fengjiexian, Chongqing, 980 m a.s.l., 30.932583°N, 109.455639°E; mixed rocks of sandstone and limestone, grass and shrubs, humid, semi-farmland; 2004-VII-19, coll. Wu, M. and Wu, Q. HBUMM04235, 2 fma and 1 juv, 1 dissected, near town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.63472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.402111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.63472/lat 31.402111)">Wuxixian</a> [巫溪县], Chongqing, 339 m a.s.l., 31.402111°N, 109.634722°E; limestone, grass and shrubs, bare earth without litter layer; 2004-VII-22, coll. Wu, M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05131). HBUMM08443, 4 fma and 1 subadult, 4 dissected, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.47283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.020193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.47283/lat 31.020193)">Baidicheng</a> [白帝城], Fengjie County, Chongqing, two kilometers away from the point (241 m a.s.l., 31.020194°N,, 109.472833°E), slate and sandy stones, woods with shrubs and trees, humid, 2004-VII-20, coll. Wu, M.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sichuan: Nanchong, Baoxing. Chongqing: Beibei, Changshouxian [长寿县], Fengduxian [丰都县] (type locality: Fungsiang gorge = Fengxiangxia [风箱峡]), Fengjiexian, Kaixian [开县], Liangpingxian [梁平县], Pengshuixian [彭水县], Shizhuxian [石柱县], Wanzhou, Wushanxian [巫山县], Wuxi, Yunyangxian [云阳县], Zhongxian. Shaanxi: Lueyang [略阳].</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>On adult shell the protoconch is granulate with thick granules of ~ 40 µm long, each of which looks like a hump in a pit. The obscurity of such granules is caused by erosion or weathering. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell. On teleoconch the growth lines are low but distinct.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart weak. Jaw arcuate, with four or five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath moderately long, covering ~ 1/4-1/3 of penis. Penis somewhat expanded distally. A pair of penial internal pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3, and another pair fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/2 of penis; some other low pilasters variably present. Distally inside penis, numerous fine pilasters merging into 6-8 short but thick folds near opening of epiphallus. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct approximately as long as or slightly shorter than 2/3 of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 of penis. Love dart ~ 2 mm long. Accessory sac spherical, internally almost solid, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands six or seven, each simply or complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, asymmetrical, left one larger than right one, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, with internal pilasters, each with an opening leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>See Laeocathaica stenochone .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/11B03A67FB605D4295C28D764E82CEA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
20A61D03F1AD536992C9B45322C7D8FE.text	20A61D03F1AD536992C9B45322C7D8FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica cheni Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica cheni Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, B, 37B, 39, 44F-H, 46K, L, 49F, 51</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM05553b-spec.1, fma, dissected; Hengdan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, near point (32.864025°N, 104.859517°E); hillside, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. Paratypes HBUMM05553b-spec. 2-7, 8 fma, 1 dissected (anatomy no. sp3); same data as holotype. HBUMM05576a- spec. 1-2, 2 fms, South bank of Baishuijiang River, Hengdan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; near point (32.863381°N, 104.854879°E); hilltop, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM08420, 1 fma with fully mature shell but immature genitalia, dissected, a slope near X496 (32.969442°N, 104.654191°E), Wenxian, Gansu Province; 2019-X-13; coll. Li, Q.-M.; DNA voucher HBUMM08420a. HBUMM08428, 3 fma (1 dissected) and 1 juv, same data as HBUMM08420; DNA voucher HBUMM08428a. HBUMM08368, 2 fma and 3 juvs, not dissected; Gansu Province; 2019; coll. Li, Q.-S.; DNA voucher HBUMM08368a.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 9.0 mm, maximum diameter 19.3 mm, aperture height 5.6 mm, aperture breadth 7.3 mm, umbilicus diameter 7.1 mm, protoconch whorls 15/8, whorls 91/8.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch with elongated granules. Umbilicus suddenly narrowed from penultimate whorl, more than 1/3 maximum diameter, through which protoconch is visible. Beneath carina a chestnut band present. Mucous glands four. Proximal 1/2 of penis with ~ 5 thin internal pilasters, two of them fusing into a Y-shaped fork at middle part. Distal region of penis with tongue-shaped papillae. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, each with a pore leading to dart chamber.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, somewhat solid. Shell with 9-95/8 fairly flat whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-15/8 whorls, with fine granules (each ~ 20 µm long) almost invisible because of weathering or erosion. Growth lines thick or rib-like above but fine below carina. Above periphery a whitish carina present. Aperture oblique, peach-shaped, descending. On ring-like thickening within aperture, a very blunt tooth present near columella. Peristome almost not expanded, just minutely reflexed at lower part. Columella oblique. Umbilicus brownish, more than 1/3 of maximum diameter, suddenly narrowed from penultimate whorl. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Whorls apically yellowish brown with intermittent darker brown patches. In umbilical view shell yellowish white with several brownish patches, and just beneath carina a thick chestnut band present.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart weakly present. At mantle edge leaf-shaped appendage absent. On internal body wall of head region between ommatophorous insertions with neither glands nor tiny pits. Body greyish brown, central dorsum with pale longitudinal stripes. Sole dirty white. Jaw arcuate, with ~ 8 more or less projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short but well developed. Penis distally expanded, externally simple. Inside penis, proximal 1/2 with ~ 5 internal pilasters, two of which fuse into one Y-shaped fork at middle of penis; distal 1/2 with tongue-shaped (HBUMM05553b) or diamond-shaped papillae (HBUMM08428) that are erect or inclined towards atrium. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 6 more or less thick short folds. Epiphallic papilla absent. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Accessory sac tiny, internally solid, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands four, each a single tube or simply branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, dorsally separated and ventrally touching each other, each with a ventral pore leading to proximal dart chamber. Love dart ~ 7 mm long, apically 2-bladed or rhombic (HBUMM08428-spec.1) then rounded. Bursa copulatrix duct equally narrow.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This new species is named in honor of Prof Chen, De-Niu, who works on land mollusks in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species is found on exposed slate rocks of the hill side.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is conchologically close to L. zhengpingliui Wu, sp. nov., but the new species has a much more depressed spire and relatively much larger aperture. In the genitalia, the middle part of penis, i.e., the distal 1/2 of the penis of the new species is occupied with regular tongue/diamond-shaped papillae (Fig. 44F, H), while in L. zhengpingliui Wu, sp. nov., the middle part is clearly short (only ~ 1/6 of the penis length) and does not have such tongue/diamond-shaped papillae (Fig. 44D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/20A61D03F1AD536992C9B45322C7D8FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
3D2C7EE739745D7A8B9638B4A770FCC4.text	3D2C7EE739745D7A8B9638B4A770FCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica christinae (H. Adams 1870)	<div><p>Laeocathaica christinae (H. Adams, 1870)</p><p>Figs 2A, 11B, 12, 42C, 45G, H</p><p>Helix (Plectotropis) christinae H. Adams, 1870: 377, pl. 27, fig. 4, 4a.</p><p>Helix (Plectopylis) christinae - Ancey, 1882: 44.</p><p>Helix christinae - Dohrn, 1881: 596, pl. 174, figs 17-19; - Möllendorff 1884: 340, 351; - Gredler 1884: 264; - Heude 1885: 111, pl. 29, fig. 4; - Pilsbry 1892: 213, pl. 57, figs 15-17.</p><p>Laeocathaica christinae - Möllendorff 1899: 43; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1942: 283, pl. 28, fig. 197; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 334, fig. 326; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 54, fig. 13.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) christinae christinae - Zilch 1968: 173.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) christinae - Richardson 1983: 77.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 61056. Labeled with L. subsimilis: SMF 50089, two fms; W-Hupei, China; Slg. g. Maegele ex V. Gredler, 1906 .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM01251a, many fma, 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.420135&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.027666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.420135/lat 31.027666)">Wuyuandong</a> [无源洞] and nearby, Badong [巴东], Hubei Province, 254 m a.s.l., 31.027667°N, 110.420139°E, broad-leaved woods, limestone, humid, 2003-VIII-20, coll. Wu, M. HBUMM04204, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.42211&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.026806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.42211/lat 31.026806)">Wuyuandong</a> and nearby, Badong, Hubei Province, 255 m a.s.l., 31.026806°N, 110.422111°E, broad-leaved woods, limestone, humid, 2004-VII-31, coll. Wu, M., Wu, Q., Qi, G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Chongqing: Fengjie (type locality: Fungsiang gorge (= Fengxiangxia)); Hubei: Badong.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Tiny granules (~ 5 - ~ 50 µm) are densely and radially arranged throughout the protoconch. The erosion or weathering of sculpture on adult shell is not observed. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell. On teleoconch the growth lines are usually indistinct.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart weakly present. Jaw arcuate, with four projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/3 of penis. Penis tubular and equally thick. Inside penis, 5-6 narrow or thick pilasters present, Y-shaped fork formed by adjacent pilasters absent. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into seven or eight thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac slightly shorter than penis. Love dart ~ 5 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but externally distinct, internally empty but spatially narrow, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands four (HBUMM04204-spec.14, spec.16) or five (HBUMM04204-spec.13, HBUMM01251a-spec.1), each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical or the left one slightly larger (HBUMM04204-spec.14), dorsally and ventrally separated, each with a distal opening leading to dart chamber near its opening. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is not known from NW Sichuan, so the specimens distributed in “Wentschun” [Wenchuan 汶川] identified as Cathaica christinae by Blume (1925; followed by Yen 1938), may indicate some other sinistral species. However, it could also be an erroneous site naming, as all field records except this indicate that no Laeocathaica species is distributed in Wenchuan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D2C7EE739745D7A8B9638B4A770FCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
EDEC6696AE015529B9214DC0DE788243.text	EDEC6696AE015529B9214DC0DE788243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica dejeana (Heude 1882)	<div><p>Laeocathaica dejeana (Heude, 1882)</p><p>Figs 2A, 13A, B</p><p>Helix dejeana Heude, 1882: 21, pl. 20, fig. 17; - Möllendorff 1884: 340, 352.</p><p>Helix (Cathaica) dejeana - Pilsbry 1892: 215, pl. 49, figs 36-38.</p><p>Cathaica dejeana - Möllendorff, 1899: 73; - Yen 1938: 446; - Yen 1939: 141, pl. 14, fig. 46; - Yen 1942: 278.</p><p>Cathaica (Pseudiberus) dejeana - Gude 1902: 8.</p><p>Cathaica (Campylocathaica) dejeana - Richardson 1983: 51; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 270, fig. 255.</p><p>Laeocathaica dejeana - Wu 1999: 148, fig. 6.13-1; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 337, fig. 330; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 56, fig. 15.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 23919, lectotype. NHMUK 1902.5.13.1-2, 2 juv shells; W. Setchuan, W. China .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sichuan: western region (type locality) including Kangding [康定].</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Protoconch has small granules. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell. Shell surface has tiny scales.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penis as long as dart sac, distally expanded. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Love dart ~ 2 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but distinguishable from outside, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands two, each complicatedly branched. Bursa copulatrix duct of equal thickness, as long as dart sac. Bursa copulatrix ovate (Wu 1999: 148, fig. 6.13-1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EDEC6696AE015529B9214DC0DE788243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
3A59635F074F5FB39F7568F7374EB38D.text	3A59635F074F5FB39F7568F7374EB38D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica distinguenda Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica distinguenda Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, D, 15, 16, 41D, E, 46A, B, 50A, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica distinguenda Möllendorff, 1899: 93, pl. 5, fig. 6; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 32; - Yen 1942: 283; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 317, fig. 305.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis distinguenda - Wiegmann 1900: 99, pl. 3, fig. 88.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) distinguenda - Zilch 1968: 173; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Laeocathaica amdoana - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 38, fig. 5A.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 8959, lectotype; Thal des Pui-ho (= Baishuijiang) [白水江] b. Lum-du, Sy-tshuan, China; ex Potanin 906, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 95024, paratype; SO-Gansu, NW-China; Slg. C. R. Böttger 1904 (ex Möllendorff !). " Aegista distinguenda ", ZIN RAS No. 7, 3 fms. ZIN RAS No. 22, 1 fma and 1 subadult, between Nanping [南坪 = Jiuzhaigou 九寨沟县] and Sung-Pan (= Songpan), coll. Beresowskij, 1894, det. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00674, numerous fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.869225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.04329" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.869225/lat 33.04329)">Jianshanxiang</a> [尖山乡], Wenxian, Gansu Province, 840 m a.s.l., 33.043291°N, 104.869226°E; 1998-IV-29, coll. Chen, D.-N. HBUMM05473, many fms, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.69904&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.94936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.69904/lat 32.94936)">Jidushan</a> [基督山] near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.69904&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.94936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.69904/lat 32.94936)">Baishuijiang</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.94936°N, 104.699043°E); limestone and broad-leaved woods; 2006-IX-27; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, Lin-Hui [高林辉]. HBUMM05434, HBUMM05436, 2 fma dissected, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a> [玉虚山], Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05415, 2 fma; hill foot of Yuxushan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; slate and shrubs, dry; 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05417, numerous fma, 3 fma dissected, same data as HBUMM05436; DNA voucher HBUMM05407. HBUMM05434, 2 fma; same data as HBUMM05436. HBUMM05479, 2 fma; bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.68534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.946384" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.68534/lat 32.946384)">Baishuijiang</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.946383°N, 104.685343°E, limestone and loess, broad-leaved woods, 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05442. HBUMM05554, 1 fma, 4 subadults. HBUMM05565a, many fma. HBUMM05571, many fma and subadults. HBUMM05576b, 1 fma: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Hengdan</a> [横丹], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Wenxian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Gansu Province</a>; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, near point (32.864025°N, 104.859517°E); hillside, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM06536, not dissected; town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.66889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.66889/lat 32.941113)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 1024 m a.s.l., 32.941111°N, 104.668889°E, 2011-VIII-08, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Qin [徐沁], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.25628" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23839/lat 33.25628)">Budha</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.25628" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23839/lat 33.25628)">Prem</a>; DNA voucher HBUMM06535. HBUMM06579, 2 fma, 4 fms and 1 juv (DNA voucher HBUMM06578). HBUMM06556, 2 fms: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.25628" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23839/lat 33.25628)">Fengchengsi</a> [风成寺], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 1515 m a.s.l., 33.256280°N, 104.238386°E; 2011-VIII-14, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Buhda, P. ; DNA voucher HBUMM06555. HBUMM06646, 1 fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.36083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.36083/lat 33.091946)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 1269 m a.s.l., 33.091944°N, 104.360833°E; 2011-VIII-9, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Buhda, P. HBUMM06736, 1 subadult; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Eastern</a> bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Baishuijiang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Lihuacun</a> [梨花村], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 1425 m a.s.l., 33.267222°N, 104.234722°E; 2011-VI-14, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Buhda, P. HBUMM08148, 1 fma and several subadults; slope near river, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.88775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.84711" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.88775/lat 32.84711)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 807 m, 32.847111°N, 104.88775°E; grass and a few shrubs, on branches and rock cliff; 2017-VIII-6, coll. Sheng, X.-F. etc. HBUMM08429, 1 fma dissected; toward <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.78437&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.872635" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.78437/lat 32.872635)">Danpuzhen</a> [丹堡镇] on national road 212, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.872636°N, 104.784372°E, on slope, 2019-X-13, coll. Li, Q.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08429a. CZG202008-w5, 8 fms, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.87734&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.30674" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.87734/lat 33.30674)">Zhangzhazhen</a> [彰扎镇], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, near point (33.30674°N, 103.877345°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w9, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.041695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.54941" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.041695/lat 33.54941)">Heihexiang</a> [黑河乡], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, near (33.54941°N, 104.041691°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w10, 5 fms, whitish shells; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.45679&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.067936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.45679/lat 33.067936)">Shijiba</a> [石鸡坝], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.067936°N, 104.456784°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian (type locality), Wudu (type locality), Zhouquxian (type locality); Sichuan: Jiuzhaigouxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The protoconch has the widespread granules each of which is ~ 20 - ~ 40 µm long and looks like a hump embedded in a shallow socket. All granules are present on densely arranged fine radial threads. Spiral grooves are shallowly present. The growth lines on teleoconch are more or less distinct but are irregularly arranged.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present. Jaw arcuate, with 4-7 projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath moderately long, covering ~ 1/6-1/4 of penis. Penis slightly expanded distally. Inside penis, two penial pilasters forming one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3 penis (only indistinct in HBUMM05417); a rather thick pilaster that is made up of numerous thread-like longitudinal folds occupying proximal 1/3-2/3 of penis. Pilasters of median to distal penis weaving into a delicate net that bears regularly arranged diamond-shaped papillae, which are usually lost perhaps because of bad specimen condition. Distally inside penis, fine pilasters merging into 6-9 short and more or less thick folds near opening of epiphallus. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/4 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 9 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but distinguishable from outside, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands 4 (HBUMM08429, each complicatedly branched) - 12 (HBUMM05479, simply branched). Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical or the right one slightly larger, separated dorsally and ventrally, with a few internal pilasters, each with an opening leading to dart chamber near opening of dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The sculpture on protoconch and teleoconch of this species (Fig. 46A, B) resembles that of Laeocathaica amdoana (Fig. 46G, H). However, in Laeocathaica distinguenda, as in the most congeners of Laeocathaica, the part of the vagina between atrium and dart sac apparatus is not elongated.</p><p>For more comments, see Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A59635F074F5FB39F7568F7374EB38D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
4015175F1E975075BF10C42A914EE6EE.text	4015175F1E975075BF10C42A914EE6EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica dityla Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica dityla Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 13C-E, 14, 41G, H, 45C, D</p><p>Laeocathaica dityla Möllendorff, 1899: 99, pl. 6, fig. 8; - Sturany 1900: 22, pl. 1, figs 4-6; - Wiegmann 1900: 121, pl. 3, figs 108-111; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 150, pl. 15, fig. 42; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 332, fig. 324; - Páll-Gergely et. al.: 57, fig. 16.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) dityla - Zilch 1968: 174; Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9086, lectotype. SMF 9087, 1 paratype. SMF 9088, 1 paratype. ZIN RAS No.1, 1 fms.</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00532, 2 juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.419075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.232414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.419075/lat 33.232414)">Xinglongcun</a> [兴隆村], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.419075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.232414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.419075/lat 33.232414)">Zhongzhaixiang</a> [中寨乡], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.232415°N, 104.419075°E); 1998-V-19, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, Guo-Qing [张国庆] HBUMM00698, 1 fma and several juvs, 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.94072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.004494" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.94072/lat 34.004494)">Daigusicun</a> [代古寺村], Diebuxian [迭部县], Gansu Province, near point (34.004495°N, 103.940717°E), 1998-V-10, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05644, 4 fma and several fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.64/lat 33.57)">Jiaogongzhen</a>, Wudu, Gansu Province (33.57°N, 104.64°E), broken limestone rocks, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05674, 1 fms; eastern bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.69733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49301/lat 33.69733)">Bailongjiang</a> [白龙江], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.69733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49301/lat 33.69733)">Lianghekou</a> [两河口], Dangchangxian [宕昌县], Gansu Province, near point (33.697332°N, 104.493015°E); limestone; 2006-X-02, coll. Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05685, 1 fma and 1 juv; western bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.696793" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49129/lat 33.696793)">Bailongjiang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.696793" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49129/lat 33.696793)">Lianghekou</a>, Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.696791°N, 104.49129°E); limestone; 2006-X-02, coll. Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05710, 1 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.538284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.82428" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.538284/lat 33.82428)">Guantingzhen</a> [官亭镇], Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.82428°N, 104.538282°E); limestone hills, along 212 Guodao; 2006-X-3, coll. Zheng, W. and Liu, J.-M. HBUMM08449, 3 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.45769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.06758" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.45769/lat 33.06758)">Shijiba</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.067582°N, 104.457685°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian, Diebuxian, Dangchangxian, Zhouquxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Tiny, low and sparsely arranged granules (~ 10 µm) on the smooth protoconch are present but difficult to be observed because of erosion or weathering. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell. On teleoconch the growth lines are not observed except on the part just following the protoconch.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present but not prominent. Jaw arcuate, with four or five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath rather short, covering ~ 1/8 of penis. Penis tubular and equally thick. Inside penis, two penial internal pilasters forming one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/2 of penis, accompanied with another two thicker pilasters. Distal 1/2 of penis occupied by numerous isolated minute diamond-shaped papillae. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct approximately as long as dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 4 mm long, apically 2-bladed and then rounded. Accessory sac small but distinguishable from outside, internally empty but spatially narrow, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands two (HBUMM00698-spec.2, spec.3) or three (HBUMM00698-spec.1), each a single tube. Proximal accessory sacs two, dorsally and ventrally touching, without internal pilasters, each with an opening leading to dart chamber near its opening. The right proximal accessory sac somewhat larger and with thicker wall than the left one. Bursa copulatrix duct basally slightly expanded. Bursa copulatrix ovate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has a very unique shell, but the anatomy of the terminal genitalia coincides with those of the congeners.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4015175F1E975075BF10C42A914EE6EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
B4855E0DAD8351DD8796DCBD854C48EA.text	B4855E0DAD8351DD8796DCBD854C48EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica dolani (Pilsbry 1934)	<div><p>Laeocathaica dolani (Pilsbry, 1934)</p><p>Figs 2A, 5C, 7, 42A, B, 47C, D, 52F</p><p>Cathaica (Laeocathaica) dolani Pilsbry, 1934: 16, pl. 3, fig. 4, 4a-c.</p><p>Cathaica dolani - Yen, 1938: 446.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) dolani - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Laeocathaica dolani - Chen and Zhang 2004: 335, fig. 328; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 59, fig. 18A.</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00069, 6 fma, 3 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.88529&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.11276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.88529/lat 31.11276)">Kangding</a>, Sichuan Province, near 29.995149°N, 101.967008°E, 1964-VII-16, coll. Chen, D.-N. HBUMM08439, Manai [马耐], Badixiang [巴底乡], Danbaxian (= Danba), Sichuan Province, 31.11276°N 101.885295°E, 2008-VII-18, coll. Di, Zhi-Yong [邸智勇] .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sichuan: Kangding, Danbaxian (type locality: Rumichangu).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The shell is covered with radially arranged low scales of variable length (~ 25 - ~ 300 µm long) everywhere. The size (esp. length) of scales increase from protoconch to body whorl. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present but not prominent. Jaw arcuate, with 3-6 projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/4-1/3 of penis. Penis short, thick, distally expanded. Inside penis, two thick and prominent pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3-1/2 penis, accompanied with ~ 6 narrower or equally thick pilasters nearby. Pilasters on distal end of penis not merging into thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac approximately as long as penis. Love dart ~ 5 mm long, apically with cross-section rhombic. Accessory sac small, internally empty, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands two (HBUMM00069-spec.1-3), each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sac one, large, on right side of dart sac, with an opening leading to dart chamber near its opening. Bursa copulatrix duct basally slightly expanded. Bursa copulatrix elongate, ovate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In Laeocathaica, Laeocathaica dolani is the only species with only one proximal accessory sac. In addition, this species is unique in the genus that it keeps periostracum scales throughout its lifetime.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4855E0DAD8351DD8796DCBD854C48EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
D0AFF918D78354B8BEE3669023620D3B.text	D0AFF918D78354B8BEE3669023620D3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica filippina (Heude 1882)	<div><p>Laeocathaica filippina (Heude, 1882)</p><p>Figs 2A, 17, 18, 41C, 48G, 48H, 51</p><p>Helix filippina Heude, 1882: 23, pl. 20, fig. 19; - Möllendorff 1884: 340, 352; - Ancey 1885: 114; - Standen: 231.</p><p>Helix (Plectopylis) subchristinae Ancey, 1882: 44.</p><p>Helix (Plectotropis) subchristinae - Ancey 1883: 8.</p><p>Helix subchristinae - Möllendorff 1884: 340, 352; - Ancey 1885: 114.</p><p>Helix subsimilis var. filippina - Gredler 1884: 264.</p><p>Helix (Cathaica) filippina - Pilsbry 1892: 214, pl. 49, figs 34, 35.</p><p>Laeocathaica subchristinae - Gude 1902: 6.</p><p>Laeocathaica filippina - Möllendorff 1899: 88; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1935: 44; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 59, fig. 19.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis filippina - Yen 1939: 148, pl. 15, fig. 29.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) christinae filippina - Zilch 1968: 173; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 24266 b, four fms; Badung, Hubei, China. SMF 24226, three fms; W-Hupei, China; Slg. K. Hashagen. SMF 24257, two fms; Changyang [长阳], Sytchuan, China; ex B. Schmacker, 1893, Slg. O. Böttger . SMF 95118, five fms; Badung, Hubei, China; Slg. C. R. Böttger, 1904. SMF 24266 a, three fms; Badung, Hubei, China; ex Möllendorff, Slg. W. Kobelt. SMF 294296, three fms; Changyang, China; Slg. C. Bosch, ex Sowerby+Fulton. SMF 294295, one fms; Changyang, China; Slg. Ehrmann, ex Sowerby+Fulton. SMF 24227, one fms (labeled with L. subsimilis); China; ex? SMF 294292, one fms ( L. filippina) and two juvs ( L. carinifera); Sytshuan, China; Slg. C. Bosch ex H. Rolle. NHMUK ex Salisburg Acc. No. 2044.</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM01256b, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.47283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.020193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.47283/lat 31.020193)">Fuhusi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.47283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.020193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.47283/lat 31.020193)">Emei</a> [峨嵋], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.47283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.020193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.47283/lat 31.020193)">Sichuan</a>; sandstone, humid; 2003-VII-26, coll. Wu, M.; DNA voucher HBUMM01256b. HBUMM04166, numerous fma, 5 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.47283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.020193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.47283/lat 31.020193)">Baidicheng</a>, Fengjie County, Chongqing, two kilometers away from the point (241 m a.s.l., 31.020194°N, 109.472833°E); mixed rocks of slate and sandy stones, woods with shrubs and trees, humid; 2004-VII-20, coll. Wu, M; DNA voucher HBUMM05097 .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Hubei: Badong (type locality), Yichang (Changyang); Sichuan (Emei); Chongqing: Fengjie.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Sculpture on the protoconch was present but indistinct because of erosion or weathering. Spiral grooves are absent throughout the shell.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart low. Jaw arcuate, with four or five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath moderately long, covering ~ 1/4-1/3 of penis. Penis slightly expanded distally. A pair of penial internal pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3; ~ 2 larger pilasters present nearby. Distally inside penis, numerous fine pilasters merging into 6 to 8 short but thick folds near opening of epiphallus. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct approximately equal to or slightly shorter than 2/3 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 2 mm long. Accessory sac spherical, internally almost solid, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands 5-7, each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, with a few internal pilasters, each with an opening leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has a spire of variable height, from flatness to dome shape. The umbilicus of this species is obviously narrower than that of Laeocathaica christinae . Furthermore, this species has a pair of ventrally touching proximal accessory sacs instead of ventrally separated ones, which are observed in L. christinae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D0AFF918D78354B8BEE3669023620D3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
9F722DA405FC5AC6AA0E61A29B25BA8C.text	9F722DA405FC5AC6AA0E61A29B25BA8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica hisanoi Pall-Gergely 2022	<div><p>Laeocathaica hisanoi Pall-Gergely, 2022</p><p>Laeocathaica hisanoi Páll-Gergely in Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 68, fig. 20D.</p><p>Examined specimens.</p><p>None.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>S Gansu (type locality).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F722DA405FC5AC6AA0E61A29B25BA8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
5F71F6FF285A58D79582BC75CE2AB91D.text	5F71F6FF285A58D79582BC75CE2AB91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica leucorhaphe Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica leucorhaphe Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Fig. 19A</p><p>Laeocathaica leucorhaphe Möllendorff, 1899: 95, pl. 6, fig. 2; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 36; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 323, fig. 312; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 63, fig. 18B.</p><p>Cathaica leucorhaphe - Yen, 1938: 446.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) leucorhaphe - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9073, lectotype; Sm Tung-ho [铜河 = Daduhe River 大渡河], W-Sytshuan; ex Potanin 312b, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>W Sichuan (type locality: Daduhe River).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The protoconch is finely granulate. Growth lines are indistinct. Spiral grooves are only more distinct on umbilicus side near aperture. Bottom-umbilicus transition changes gently. Peristome is somewhat sinuate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F71F6FF285A58D79582BC75CE2AB91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
27571AFE5E2C5F4A96129370C9D14F83.text	27571AFE5E2C5F4A96129370C9D14F83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica minwui Pall-Gergely 2022	<div><p>Laeocathaica minwui Pall-Gergely, 2022</p><p>Figs 2A, 11A</p><p>Laeocathaica minwui Páll-Gergely in Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 64, fig. 21.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 95019, holotype, one fms; Prov. Sze-chuan, West China; Slg. C. R. Böttger ex Möllendorff ex L. Fuchs . SMF 24255 a, five fms; O. Sy-tshuan. Ex. L. Fuchs, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . The following lots of specimens labeled with L. subsimilis: SMF 6920: one fms; Sy-tshuan, W-China; Ex. Möllendorff, Slg. W. Kobelt . SMF 24263, one fms; Kao-cha-hien; Ex. B. Schmacker 1893, Slg. O. Böttger . SMF 42563, two fms; Chang-yang, China; ex B. Schmacker, Slg. O. Böttger .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Sichuan (type locality); Hubei (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The protoconch is finely granulate. Spiral grooves are very weakly present. Bottom-umbilicus transition changes gently. Peristome is somewhat sinuate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/27571AFE5E2C5F4A96129370C9D14F83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
A3BE6C9E0F9951698407437356ABBE71.text	A3BE6C9E0F9951698407437356ABBE71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Genus Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Laeocathaica Möllendorff, 1899: 86; Richardson 1983: 77; Schileyko 2004: 1686.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Helix (Plectotropis) christinae H. Adams, 1870 (by original designation).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell sinistral, strongly depressed to broadly conic, moderately solid, of 5-10.5 almost flat whorls. Last whorl abruptly descending in front, angulated to strongly keeled; rarely rounded. Coloration consists of whitish, corneous, or chestnut background and mostly with one or two dark sub-peripheral bands; besides, usually there are several fulvous, diffuse radial streaks. Protoconch usually with fine radial threads and/or fine granules that each is formed by a low hump deposited in a shallow socket. Sculpture of teleoconch whorls varying from fine, silky radial striation to rather strong ribbing; on basal surface below keel or angle this sculpture becomes much weaker. Aperture rounded to peach-shaped, oblique, margins usually more or less reflexed. Within aperture a ring-like thickening present. Apertural teeth absent or with one tuberculiform basal tooth and sometimes with another one on palatal wall. During postembryogenesis several sets of teeth, different from those developed at adult stage in shape and/or number, present and remained to adult stage. Umbilicus moderate to very wide, ratio of umbilicus diameter to maximum diameter 0.21-0.50. Height 3.5-14 mm, maximum diameter 10.0-29.5 mm.</p><p>On left and right side of mantle edge, no leaf-shaped appendage present. Head wart between ommatophores present, weak, or developed. Jaw arcuate, with 3-8 more or less projecting ribs.</p><p>Slender vas deferens entering epiphallus at penial retractor muscle insertion. Penis generally clavate, rarely subcylindrical. Penis internally divided into three regions: the proximal part with narrow or thick longitudinal pilasters, among which one pair or two pairs of adjacent pilasters fuse into one Y-shaped fork or two Y-shaped forks (not in Laeocathaica christinae, L. phaeomphala, and L. qingchuanensis Wu, sp. nov.). The median part, composed of fine pilasters that weave into network or covered by isolated tongue-like/diamond-like granules erecting on penial wall. The distal part, near epiphallic opening, with mini-pilasters crowded and forming several short and thick pilasters. Epiphallic papilla absent. Penial sheath always present, surrounding proximal penis. Dart sac always present. Accessory sac presents at ventral dart sac, internally solid or narrowly empty. Mucous glands 2-12, each simply or complicatedly branched, entering accessory sac separately before being united into a common duct inside wall of accessory sac. Proximal section of dart sac with 0-2 PAS that if present, each has a tiny opening leading to dart chamber. Vagina between atrium and dart sac elongated only in a few species. Bursa copulatrix duct subcylindrical throughout (modified from Schileyko 2004).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China: S Gansu, W Hubei, W Shaanxi, Chongqing, Sichuan.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Laeocathaica species are granulate on the protoconch, which is smooth in actual observation due to erosion or weathering. In the original description of Laeocathaica filippina, Heude (1882) first mentioned the irregular white radiate stripes (1882), which were particularly noted by Möllendorff (1899) as "die stets vorhandenen Jugendlippen (the ever-present juvenile lips)" that joined the definition of Laeocathaica . Möllendorff (1899) also noticed in Euhadra haplozona Möllendorff, 1899 and Euhadra eris Möllendorff, 1899 such "ever-present juvenile lips" exist. The juvenile lips, which have remained on the mature shell, may be frequent and weak such as those of L. minwui Páll-Gergely, 2022 (Fig. 11A) and many other species, or sparse and strong as those of Laeocathaica dityla (Fig. 13D) and L. parapolytyla Wu, sp. nov. (Fig. 25). Regarding the genital organs, the Y-shaped forks present on the proximal part of inner wall of the penis were observed exclusively in most anatomically studied Laeocathaica species among the Chinese dart-sac-bearing camaenids.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3BE6C9E0F9951698407437356ABBE71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
4436028B101256E5AD42AC719F02AC3C.text	4436028B101256E5AD42AC719F02AC3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica nordsiecki Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica nordsiecki Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, B, 37D, 47E, F, 49C</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM08446-spec.1, fully mature shell with immature genital system, Guoyuanxiang [郭元乡], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province; near point (33.125506°N, 104.329876°E); 2021-IX-24, coll. Chen, Z.-G. Paratypes HBUMM08446-spec.2-3, 2 fms; HBUMM08446-spec.4-5, 2 subadults; same data of holotype. HBUMM08447-spec.1-2, 2 fms and 3 living juvs (in rearing), Qinglongcun [青龙村], Guoyuanxiang, Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province; (33.085615°N, 104.348250°E); 2020-VII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 3.7 mm, maximum diameter 10.8 mm, aperture height 3.0 mm, aperture breadth 3.3 mm, umbilicus diameter 5.0 mm, protoconch whorls 11/2, whorls 51/8.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch with dense fine granules. Umbilicus very broad, ~ 1/2 of maximum diameter. Body whorl shouldered above periphery. On shoulder with a white band. Peristome continuous. Shell strongly glossy as in Stilpnodiscus, almost transparent.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, thin but somewhat solid. Shell with 5-51/8 convex whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-15/8 whorls, densely with tiny granules (each ~ 10 µm long) which are obscured by erosion or weathering. Growth lines indistinct. Shell in pale brown, strongly glossy, almost transparent. Body whorl shouldered above periphery, with a white band on shoulder. Aperture oblique, round, abruptly descending in front. A white thickening within aperture and thickened callus forming a continuous peristome. Peristome expanded and slightly reflexed at lower part. Columella oblique. Umbilicus very broad, ~ 1/2 of maximum diameter. Protoconch visible through umbilicus.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This cute new species is named in memory of Hartmut Nordsieck, a German malacologist who showed strong interest in the snails of the South Gansu Plateau and was a good friend of the first author.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species was found on bare earth with a few broken rocks.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from two localities where the types were found.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is the smallest species in Laeocathaica, where it is provisionally placed due to its chirality, granules on the protoconch and the similarity of the shell to that of Laeocathaica dityla . The very glossy shell also makes this species distinctive, reminiscent of the genus Stilpnodiscus Möllendorff, 1899, which appears in the phylogram (Fig. 51) as the sister group of all the Laeocathaica species. Undoubtedly, final generic assignment of this species will depend on further anatomical information and molecular studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4436028B101256E5AD42AC719F02AC3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
2681AAF65FF253D2ABC0F606FEDA24B3.text	2681AAF65FF253D2ABC0F606FEDA24B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica odophora Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica odophora Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 19B, 19C, 20, 42E, 47A, 47B, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica odophora Möllendorff, 1899: 97, pl. 6, fig. 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 39; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 328, fig. 318; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 63, fig. 18B.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) odophora - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) odontophora - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 8954, holotype, juv; Dshie-dshou [阶州= Wudu], S-Gansu. Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00566a, 5 juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.82657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.08672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.82657/lat 33.08672)">Luotuoxiang</a> [骆驼巷], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.82657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.08672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.82657/lat 33.08672)">Bikou</a> [碧口], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.82657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.08672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.82657/lat 33.08672)">Wenxian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.82657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.08672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.82657/lat 33.08672)">Gansu Province</a>, 32.827686°N, 105.064656°E; 1998-IV-25, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM04612, 1 fma and 1 juv; 650 m away from Bikou Bridge, Wenxian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.82657&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.08672" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.82657/lat 33.08672)">Gansu Province</a>; 1998-VI-24, coll. Zhang, Xue-Zhong [张学忠]. HBUMM08158, 3 juvs; slope near river, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 807 m, 32.847111°N, 104.88775°E; grass and a few shrubs, on branches and rock cliff; 2017-VIII-6, coll. Sheng, X.-F., etc.; DNA voucher HBUMM08158a. HBUMM08430, 1 fma, 1fms, 1 juv; 1 fma dissected; near Fengjiaba [冯家坝], national road 212, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.08672°N, 104.826572°E), on slope, 2019-X-12, coll. Li, Q.-M.; DNA voucher HBUMM08430a .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wudu (type locality), Wenxian.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The protoconch is smooth except some fine threads at the beginning and the end of the whorls. Spiral grooves are absent. On teleoconch between two adjacent ribs there are several indistinct fine threads.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present but not prominent. Jaw arcuate, with seven projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short, covering ~ 1/6 of penis. Penis tubular and equally thick. Inside penis, ~ 5 low pilasters present proximally, two high pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/4. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis not merging into thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 4.5 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but externally distinguishable, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at distal 1/3, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands 5 (HBUMM08430-spec.1), each singly tubular or simply branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, asymmetrical with the right one distinctly larger, apically separated and ventrally touching, each centrally with an opening (rounded, diameter ~ 0.2 mm) leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has a pair of asymmetrical and ventrally touching proximal accessory sacs that is rarely observed in the genus. In comparison, its conchologically similar species Laeocathaica zhengpingliui Wu, sp. nov. has a pair of symmetrical proximal accessory sacs that are ventrally separated from each other.</p><p>For more comments, see Laeocathaica zhengpingliui Wu, sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2681AAF65FF253D2ABC0F606FEDA24B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
4EB26675F8C958C6BCC1DA0DCC8EA910.text	4EB26675F8C958C6BCC1DA0DCC8EA910.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica parapolytyla Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica parapolytyla Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, B, 25, 27, 42G, H, 48I, J</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM06640-spec.1, 1 dissected; town of Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1269 m a.s.l., near point (32.944391°N, 104.685604°E); 2011-VIII-09, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P.; DNA voucher HBUMM06639. Paratypes HBUMM06640-spec.2-9 (apex of spec.9 was removed for SEM observation), same data as holotype. HBUMM00532, Xinglongcun, Zhongzhaixiang, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.232415°N, 104.419075°E); 1998-V-19, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 6.9 mm, maximum diameter 15.6 mm, aperture height 3.9 mm, aperture breadth 5.8 mm, umbilicus diameter 5.0 mm, protoconch whorls 11/2, whorls 87/8.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch with dense radially-arranged threads, visible through umbilicus. Beneath carina a clear chestnut band present. Mucous glands four or five. Penis with two pairs of pilasters fusing into two Y-shaped forks. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Proximal accessory sac absent.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, thin but somewhat solid. Shell with 81/8-93/8 fairly flat whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-13/4 whorls, with densely arranged radial threads that may be invisible because of weathering or erosion. Periphery distinctly angulate. Growth lines indistinct. Spiral grooves are absent throughout. Aperture oblique, roundly square, descending in front. Peristome not expanded and indistinctly reflexed at lower part. Within aperture a ring-like thickening present, basally with a flat tooth. Columella oblique. Umbilicus abruptly broadened after penultimate whorl, ~ 1/4 of maximum diameter. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Shell apically in intermittent yellowish white and pale chestnut patches except white carina. In umbilical view shell distinctly paler in greyish yellow, just beneath carina a clear chestnut band present, umbilical region brownish.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart prominent. Jaw arcuate, with four projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/5 of penis. Penis distally fairly expanded. Inside penis, two high pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/4, another pair of pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at middle part. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 7 thick and short folds. Epiphallic papilla absent. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Accessory sac small but externally distinguishable, internally solid, ventrally inserting into dart sac at distal 1/3, together with mucous glands opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands four or five, each singly tubular or bifurcated. Proximal accessory sac absent. Bursa copulatrix duct equally thick.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of this new species is made up of para - meaning similar to and polytyla from Laeocathaica polytyla Möllendorff, 1899, which is conchologically close to the new species.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>On rocks of local hill.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species exhibits a large intraspecific change in size (Fig. 25), which is also showed in Laeocathaica polytyla (Fig. 24A, B). Laeocathaica parapolytyla Wu, sp. nov. looks like a flattened and sharply carinate L. polytyla, but has slightly different coloring and coarser growth lines. The terminal genitalia of these two species are similar, but in the new species the penis internally has two pairs of pilasters that fuse into two Y-shaped forks, while in Laeocathaica polytya the penis has only one Y-shaped fork formed by adjacent pilasters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4EB26675F8C958C6BCC1DA0DCC8EA910	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
086CA1D608585F29BEB167E8DB90E77E.text	086CA1D608585F29BEB167E8DB90E77E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica pewzowi Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica pewzowi Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 19D, 21, 42F, 47G, H</p><p>Laeocathaica pewzowi Möllendorff, 1899: 98, pl. 6, fig. 4, 4a; - Sturany 1900: 22, pl. 2, figs 25-28; - Wiegmann 1900: 115, pl. 3, fig. 104; - Möllendorff 1901: 302; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 150, pl. 15, fig. 40; - Schileyko 2004: 1686, fig. 2174A; - Chen and Gao 2004: 329, fig. 320 (an erroneous figure that should be a Laeocathaica odophora); - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 67, fig. 23C, D.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) pewzowi - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9084, lectotype; Wen-hsien, S-Gansu; Potanin 248, 661, 793, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9085, paratypes, four fms; same data as lectotype. SMF 24268, Hung-dan (= Hengdan) b. Wen-hsien; Slg. O. v. Möllendorff, ex Berezowski. ZIN RAS No. 4, " Aegista pewzowi Schalf." 2 fma, locality unknown, coll. Potanin, 1885-IX-8, det. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM08452, 1 fms and 4 juvs, Shangdezhen [尚德镇], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.907414°N, 104.76994°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Protoconch is smooth and has no granules, perhaps caused by erosion or weathering. Teleoconch has rough ribs between which fine threads are present. Spiral grooves are absent throughout.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Head with flat but distinct eversible head wart. Jaw arcuate, with four projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/9 of penis. Penis tubular and distally thicker. Inside penis, ~ 4 high parallel pilasters on proximal 2/3, at proximal ~ 1/4 two weak pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 7 thin or thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 2/5 length of penis. Accessory sac tiny, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands four, each singly tubular or simply branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, of similar size and symmetrical, apically separated and ventrally touching, each distally with an opening leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix long-ovate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The species has the most common pattern of the dart sac apparatus of the genus, i.e., two equally- sized and ventrally touching proximal accessory sacs, each with an opening leading to the dart chamber; this has been observed in ten of the 21 species anatomically studied herein. This species can be immediately recognized by its particular shell morphology.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/086CA1D608585F29BEB167E8DB90E77E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
8B5466A0C80456DC9BBB5323E948384B.text	8B5466A0C80456DC9BBB5323E948384B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica phaeomphala Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica phaeomphala Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 22, 23, 42D, 48E, F, 51, 52D</p><p>Laeocathaica phaeomphala Möllendorff, 1899: 96, pl. 6, fig. 3; - Wiegmann 1900: 111, pl. 3, figs 101-103; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 37; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 325, fig. 314; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 67, fig. 18C.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) phaeomphala - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9089, lectotype; Wenhsien, S-Gansu; Potanin 51b, 72, 741, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9090, paratypes, four fms; the same data as lectotype. ZIN RAS No. 4, 1 fma and 1 subadult, Wen-Xian, 1885-IX-8, coll. Potanin, det. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM05433, 2 fma, 1 fms, and many juvs, all fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05477, numerous fma; Jidushan nearby Baishuijiang, Wenxian, Gansu Province; limestone and broad-leaved woods; 2006-IX-27; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM08424, slope near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.692505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.94315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.692505/lat 32.94315)">Wenzhoulu</a> [文州路], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.943151°N, 104.692505°E, on slope; 2019-X-12, coll. Li, Q.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08424a. CZG202008-w3, 9 subadults, Shangdezhen, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The first 11/4 protoconch whorls are almost smooth, and the subsequent 1/4 whorls have dense radially arranged fine threads. Spiral grooves are regularly present throughout body whorl.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Head with flat but distinct eversible head wart. Jaw arcuate, with 5-7 projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/5 of penis. Penis tubular and distally thicker. Inside penis, ~ 7 high parallel pilasters on proximal 1/2, no pilasters fusing into Y-shaped fork. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into 9-12 thin or thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac extremely elongated, ~ 4 × longer than dart sac. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct approximately as long as dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/6 length of penis. Love dart ~ 1.5 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac tiny, internally empty, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands eight, each singly tubular or simply branched. Proximal accessory sac absent. Bursa copulatrix duct equally thick.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species is one of the three species that do not have proximal accessory sac on dart sac apparatus. However, the shell morphology of Laeocathaica phaeomphala differs greatly from that of the other two species L. polytyla and L. tropidorhaphe .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B5466A0C80456DC9BBB5323E948384B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
5968961453085EFFBB496202AE40C409.text	5968961453085EFFBB496202AE40C409.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica polytyla Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica polytyla Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 24A, B, 26, 43A, B, 45K, L, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica polytyla Möllendorff, 1899: 98, pl. 6, fig. 7; - Wiegmann 1900: 118, pl. 3, figs 105-107; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 150, pl. 15, fig. 41; - Schileyko 2004: 1686, fig. 2174B-D; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 331, fig. 322; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 68, fig. 20A-C.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) polytyla - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 78.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9098, lectotype; Nanping, Sung-pan. SMF 9099, paratypes; six fms; Nanping, Sung-pan. Other SMF material see in Yen 1939 (150).</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00506, 13 fma, 1 dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.460014&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.066" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.460014/lat 33.066)">Anchanghexiang</a> [安昌河乡], Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1200 m, near point (33.066003°N, 104.460018°E); 1998-V-19, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00513, a subadult; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.26497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.179714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.26497/lat 33.179714)">Shuanghexiang</a> [双河乡], Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 1100 m, near (33.179715°N, 104.264968°E); 1998-V-18, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00579, many fms; Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province; 1998-V-18, coll. Chen D. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05419, 1 fms; hill foot of Yuxushan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; slate and shrubs, dry; 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM06490, many fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.67822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95986" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.67822/lat 32.95986)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1070 m a.s.l., 32.959861°N, 104.678222°E, shrubs and slate, 2011-VIII-07, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P. HBUMM06523, many fms and juvs; town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.66889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.66889/lat 32.941113)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 1024 m a.s.l., 32.941111°N, 104.668889°E; 2011-VIII-08, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P. HBUMM08454, 23 fms, east of the town of Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w6, 1 subadult; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.76994&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.907413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.76994/lat 32.907413)">Shangdezhen</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.907414°N, 104.76994°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w11, 2 fms, near point (32.94936°N, 104.693006°E), town of Wenxian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.69301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.94936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.69301/lat 32.94936)">Gansu Province</a>, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. HBUMM05437, many fma; 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05411. HBUMM06753, 3 fma, 7 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Eastern</a> bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Baishuijiang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.23472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.267223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.23472/lat 33.267223)">Lihuacun</a>, Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 1425 m, 33.267222°N, 104.234722°E; 2011-VI-14, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Buhda, P.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian. Sichuan: Jiuzhaigouxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Tiny elongate granules on protoconch, which can be only observed in juvenile shells, are densely and radially arranged. The granules on protoconch are absent in adult shell because of erosion or weathering. On teleoconch the growth lines are indistinct. Spiral grooves are absent throughout.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart prominent. Jaw arcuate, with three projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/4 of penis. Penis proximately tubular and distally expanded. Inside penis, two pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/5, two more pilasters of similar thickness also present. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 8 thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 1 mm long, apically 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but externally distinguishable, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at distal 1/3, opening to dart sac chamber. Mucous glands four or five, each singly tubular or simply branched. Proximal accessory sac absent. Bursa copulatrix duct equally thick.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>See Laeocathaica parapolytyla Wu, sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5968961453085EFFBB496202AE40C409	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
CD8C9B6DB1F85FE786726144EFB3162D.text	CD8C9B6DB1F85FE786726144EFB3162D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica potanini Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica potanini Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 24C, D, 28, 43C, 45A, B, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica potanini Möllendorff, 1899: 96, pl. 6, fig. 5; - Wiegmann 1900: 109, pl. 3, figs 98-100; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 38; - Yen 1942: 284; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 326, fig. 316; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 70, fig. 23A, B.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) potanini - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9082, lectotype; Wenhsien, S-Gansu; Potanin 251, 587, 734, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9083, paratypes, three fms; Same data as lectotype. SMF 8960, paratype; Hungdan (= Hengdan) b. Wen-hsien, S-Gansu; ex Beresowski, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00633, many fma; 4 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1000 m a.s.l., near 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 1998-V-17, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00700, 5 fma and 2 juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.02186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.844063" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.02186/lat 32.844063)">Hejiaping</a> [何家坪], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.844062°N, 105.021857°E; 1998-IV-24, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05423, 4 juvs; hill foot of Yuxushan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; slate and shrubs, dry; 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05427, many fma and fms; DNA voucher HBUMM05409. HBUMM05438, 4 fma, 7 fms, 7 juvs: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 2006- IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM06483, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.67822&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95986" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.67822/lat 32.95986)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1070 m a.s.l., 32.959861°N, 104.678222°E; shrubs and slate; 2011-VIII-07, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P. (not dissected) ; DNA voucher HBUMM06482. HBUMM06520, 3 fms and 2 juvs; town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.66889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.66889/lat 32.941113)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 1024 m a.s.l., 32.941111°N, 104.668889°E; 2011-VIII-08, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P. HBUMM08427, slope near X496, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.91598&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.474346" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.91598/lat 32.474346)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, near 32.474345°N, 104.915976°E, on slope; 2019-X-13, coll. Li, Q.-M. (not dissected) ; DNA voucher HBUMM08427a. CZG202008-w1, 7 fms and many juvs, town of Wenxian, Gansu Province, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Wenxian (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Granules on protoconch can only be unclearly and partially observed near suture because of erosion or weathering in adults. Granules are short (~ 20 µm long) on fine threads. Spiral grooves are absent throughout. On teleoconch whorls, fine threads are present between every two adjacent ribs.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short, covering ~ 1/6 of penis. Penis tubular, somewhat expanded distally. Inside penis, ~ 5 low pilasters present proximally, another two high pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/2. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 4 thick folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 6 mm long, apically rhombic in cross-section, subsequently 2-bladed. Accessory sac small but externally distinguishable, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands two (n = 3) or three (n = 1), each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, apically separated and ventrally touching, each distally with an opening leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct basally thick. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD8C9B6DB1F85FE786726144EFB3162D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
53E2C1D851645C8CAAFF5F2B8BA5389A.text	53E2C1D851645C8CAAFF5F2B8BA5389A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica prionotropis Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, 3, 29, 30, 43D, 44E, F, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica prionotropis Möllendorff, 1899: 94, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1a; - Wiegmann 1900: 106, pl. 3, figs 94-97; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 34; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 320, fig. 309; - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 70, figs 25, 26.</p><p>Laeocathaica prionotropis albocincta Möllendorff, 1899: 95; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 35.</p><p>Cathaica prionotropis albocincta - Yen 1938: 446.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) prionotropis - Zilch 1968: 174; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) prionotropis albocincta - Zilch 1968: 175; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>ZIN RAS No. 7, 2 subadults with soft parts, Wen-Xian, coll. Potanin, 1885-IX-6-8, det. Möllendorff . SMF 9078, lectotype. SMF 9079, 2 paratypes. Laeocathaica prionotropis albocincta Möllendorff, 1899: SMF 9080, lectotype; Tung-ho, W-Sy-tshuan; ex Potanin 312a, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9081, paratype, juv; ex Potanin 312b, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00422, 3 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.55769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.936493" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.55769/lat 32.936493)">Yanwuba</a> [演武坝], Wenxian, Gansu Province, 1200 m a.s.l., 32.936494°N, 104.557695°E; 1998-IV-23, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00687, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.57016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.625713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.57016/lat 33.625713)">Shanggou</a> [上垢], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.57016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.625713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.57016/lat 33.625713)">Shawanxiang</a> [沙湾乡], Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near 33.625712°N, 104.570162°E; 1998-V-6, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05165, 3 fma, 2 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.689156&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.95726" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.689156/lat 32.95726)">Yuxushan</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.957259°N, 104.689152°E, shrubs and slate, 1998-V-17, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05496, numerous fma and juvs, 1 dissected; 5 km away from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.22781&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.769665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.22781/lat 32.769665)">Hejiawan</a> [何家湾] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.22781&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.769665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.22781/lat 32.769665)">Bridge</a>, along the road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.22781&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.769665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.22781/lat 32.769665)">Bikou</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.769664°N, 105.22781°E), shrubs, limestones, loess, near farmland, 2006- IX-28, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05549, many fma and juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Hengdan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Wenxian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Gansu Province</a>; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, near point (32.864025°N, 104.859517°E); hillside, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05559, many fma; HBUMM05777, 7 fma and 2 juvs, 1 dissected; same data as HBUMM05549. HBUMM05756, juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.38151&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.797295" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.38151/lat 33.797295)">Zhouquxian</a> [舟曲县], Gansu Province, near point (33.797295°N, 104.38151°E); limestone, broad-leaved trees and shrubs; 2006-X-5, coll. Zheng, W. and Liu, J. ; 5742. HBUMM05564, many fma and juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Hengdan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Wenxian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.85952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.864025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.85952/lat 32.864025)">Gansu Province</a>; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, near point (32.864025°N, 104.859517°E); top of hill, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05689, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.538284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.82428" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.538284/lat 33.82428)">Guantingzhen</a>, Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.82428°N, 104.538282°E); limestone hills, along 212 Guodao; 2006-X-3, coll. Zheng, W. and Liu, J.-M. HBUMM05765, many fma and juvs; HBUMM05764b, 1 fma and 1 fms: Bikou, along the road from Datang Hydropower Station to Hejiawan Bridge; 2006-IX-28, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05766, many fma; same data as HBUMM05765. HBUMM05774, 5 fma, 4 juvs; same data as HBUMM05765. HBUMM06533, 1 fma; town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.66889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.66889/lat 32.941113)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, 1024 m a.s.l., 32.941111°N, 104.668889°E, 2011-VIII-08, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P. ; DNA voucher HBUMM06534. HBUMM08120, many juvs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.67518&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.898642" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.67518/lat 28.898642)">Zhuantangzhen</a> [篆塘镇], 2 juv shells, Chongqing, near point (28.898641°N, 106.675179°E); 2014-X-10, coll. Du, Li [杜莉] and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.88775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.84711" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.88775/lat 32.84711)">Lai</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.88775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.84711" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.88775/lat 32.84711)">Yitong</a> [来益同]. HBUMM08150, slope near river, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 807 m, 32.847111°N, 104.88775°E; grass and a few shrubs, on branches and rock cliff; 2017-VIII-6, coll. Sheng, X.-F. , etc.; DNA voucher HBUMM08150a. HBUMM08299, 5 fma and 1 juv, 1 dissected; Bikou, Wenxian, Gansu Province; 2019-IV, coll. Li, Q.-S. HBUMM05549, many fma; 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.86523&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.85595" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.86523/lat 32.85595)">Hengdan</a>, along national road 212, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.855948°N, 104.865229°E, shrubs on hill slope, 2006-IX-29, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05469, many fma; 1 fma dissected; bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.68534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.946384" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.68534/lat 32.946384)">Baishuijiang</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, 32.946383°N, 104.685343°E, limestone and loess, broad-leaved woods, 2006-IX-27, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05440. HBUMM08366, 1 fma dissected; Gansu Province, 2019, coll. Li, Q.-S. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08366a. HBUMM08423, 1 fma dissected; slope near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.692505&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.94315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.692505/lat 32.94315)">Wenzhoulu</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 32.943151°N, 104.692505°E, on slope, 2019-X-12, coll. Li, Q.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08423a. HBUMM08421, 1 fma dissected; slope near X496, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.91598&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.474346" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.91598/lat 32.474346)">Wenxian</a>, Gansu Province, near 32.474345°N, 104.915976°E, on slope, 2019-X-13, coll. Li, Q.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08421a. CZG202008-w4, 2 fms, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.036385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.83335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.036385/lat 32.83335)">Yuleixiang</a> [玉垒乡], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.83335°N, 105.036382°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w7, 1 subadult, town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.24898&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.26037" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.24898/lat 33.26037)">Jiuzhaigouxian</a>, Sichuan Province, near point (33.260369°N, 104.248974°E); 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202008-w8, 1 fms, roadside, from Longnan to Wenxian, Gansu Province, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Chongqing. Gansu: Dangchangxian, Wenxian (type locality), Zhouquxian. Sichuan: Jiuzhaigouxian.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Tiny granules (~ 25 - ~ 40 µm) on the protoconch are regularly and densely arranged. Each granule is like a hump deposited in a shallow socket. On adult shell the protoconch granules are not clear, perhaps because of erosion. On teleoconch, tiny ear-shaped scales are arranged along growth lines. On umbilical side, scale scars are regularly arranged. Spiral grooves are only present on apical side of body whorl. The shell of specimens HBUMM08366 and HBUMM08421 are not typical because the periphery is angular rather than sharply carinate.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart of normal size. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs (HBUMM05469).</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short, proximally covering ~ 1/5 penis. Penis tubular, slightly expanded distally. Inside penis, three or four low pilasters present proximally, two fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/2, another two high pilasters fusing into one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3 with cross expanded to be a large lump (~ 1 × 1 × 2 mm3). Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into more than eight thick but short folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/3-1 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 (HBUMM05469) to 2/3 (HBUMM05549) length of penis. Love dart ~ 8 mm long, apically rhombic in cross-section. Accessory sac small but externally distinguishable, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at distal 1/3, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands three (HBUMM08423), four (HBUMM05469, HBUMM08421), or eight (HBUMM05549), each simply or complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, apically separated and ventrally touching, internally with a few low pilasters, each with a distal opening leading to proximal dart chamber. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The most distinctive character of the genitalia of Laeocathaica prionotropis is the lump formed by the fusing pilasters in the penis.</p><p>The undetermined juvenile specimens from Chongqing (HBUMM08120) conchologically resemble Laeocathaica prionotropis . However, their locality is far from the distribution area of L. prionotropis on the South Gansu Plateau [甘南高原].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/53E2C1D851645C8CAAFF5F2B8BA5389A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
0F282EF9FCA05274BFC0E2E577622069.text	0F282EF9FCA05274BFC0E2E577622069.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica qiminglii Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica qiminglii Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, B, 35C, D, 48C, D, 49D, 51</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM08422-spec.1, fms, a slope near X496 (32.969442°N, 104.654191°E), Wenxian, Gansu Province; 2019-X-13; coll. Li, Q.-M.; DNA voucher HBUMM08422a. Paratypes HBUMM08422-spec.2, 1 animal with mature shell but immature genitalia, dissected; same data as holotype. HBUMM08448, 7 fms, east of town of Wenxian, 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 5.2 mm, maximum diameter 13.2 mm, aperture height 2.0 mm, aperture breadth 4.2 mm, umbilicus diameter 5.4 mm, protoconch whorls 11/2, whorls 75/8.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch without granules. Umbilicus extremely broad, ~ 1/2 of maximum diameter. Shell evenly pale brown with umbilicus side paler.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, fairly depressed, solid. Shell with 75/8-73/4 fairly flat whorls. Suture impressed. Spire depressed-cone-shaped. Protoconch 11/2 whorls, smooth on the first whorl where sculpture may be erased by weathering or erosion, followed by sparse radial threads. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Growth lines unclear. Spiral grooves absent. After ~ 21/2 whorls, with regularly spaced thick ribs between which are many fine threads. Aperture oblique, peach-shaped, descending in front. Body whorl sharply carinate above periphery. Peristome seldom expanded and only slightly reflexed at lower part. Columella very oblique. Umbilicus very broad, ~ 1/2 of maximum diameter. Shell evenly pale brown with umbilicus side paler.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart small but prominent. At mantle edge leaf-shaped appendage absent. On internal body wall of head region between ommatophorous insertions with neither glands nor tiny pits. Body greyish brown, central dorsum with pale longitudinal stripes. Sole dirty white. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath present. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongate. Mucous glands four (observations of the genitalia of this species are only based on the paratype HBUMM08422-spec.2).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This new species is named after the collector Mr. Qiming Li.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>In October, this species was found in the crevices of broken stones on dry slope.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has the strongest ribs on the shell surface and the broadest umbilicus of all species of Laeocathaica .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F282EF9FCA05274BFC0E2E577622069	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
054008F03B015BDFBF5CD5CA214D6AF6.text	054008F03B015BDFBF5CD5CA214D6AF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica qingchuanensis Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica qingchuanensis Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, C, 37C, 40, 44E, 45E, F, 49E, 50B</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM01179a-spec.1, fma, Dagou [大沟] Nature Reserve, Qingchuan County [青川县], Guangyuan, Sichuan Province; limestone and slate, hill foot along stream, from point A (837 m a.s.l., 32.594°N, 105.230638°E) to point B (941 m a.s.l., 32.600888°N, 105.217806°E); 2003-VII-13; coll. Wu, M. Paratypes HBUMM01179a-spec. 2-12, 6 fma (1 protoconch lost) and 5 juvs, 3 fma dissected (anatomy no. sp5); same data as holotype. HBUMM03001, 2 fma and 8 juvs, not measured and not dissected; same coll. data as holotype. HBUMM08195, 1 dissected, Qingchuan, Guangyuan, Sichuan Province, 490 m (SC-QC-040), 32.525556°N, 105.591472°E; near roots of grasses and on rocks, treeless; 2017-VIII-6, coll. Sheng, X.-F. etc.; DNA voucher HBUMM08195a. HBUMM08196, 6 fma and 3 fms,coll. data as HBUMM08195; DNA voucher HBUMM08196a. HBUMM08200, 12 fma and 1 subadult, not dissected, not measured; Qingchuan, Guangyuan, Sichuan Province, 511 m (SC-GY-043), 32.238889°N, 106.08525°E; on rocks and grass leaves, very thin litter layer; 2017-VIII-6, coll. Sheng, X.-F. etc.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 10.8 mm, maximum diameter 21.7 mm, aperture height 6.1 mm, aperture breadth 9.2 mm, umbilicus diameter 5.1 mm, protoconch whorls 11/2, whorls 61/4.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch with fine granules. Umbilicus moderately broad, through which protoconch is visible. Bluntly carinate slightly above periphery. Beneath carina a brown band present. Mucous glands 6-8. Approximately 1/2 of penis with three proximal thick internal pilasters, Y-shaped fork formed by adjacent pilasters absent. Vagina between atrium and dart sac moderately elongated. Proximal accessory sacs two, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, each with a pore leading to dart sac chamber near entrance of dart chamber.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, thin but somewhat solid. Shell with 61/8-7 slightly convex whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-15/8 whorls, fine granules (each ~ 30 - ~ 50 µm long) distinctly present. Growth lines fine and unclear. Aperture oblique, peach-shaped, descending. Within aperture with a white thickening. Peristome expanded and reflexed at lower part. Columella oblique. Umbilicus moderately broad, ~ 1/4 of maximum diameter. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Shell apically in pale brown with some intermittent darker patches. Carina slightly above periphery, blunt, white; beneath which a brown band present. Whorls apically in yellowish white with intermittent brownish patches. In umbilical view shell yellowish white with several white radial striations.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart lowly present. At mantle edge leaf-shaped appendage absent. On internal body wall of head region between ommatophorous insertions with neither glands nor tiny pits. Body greyish brown, central dorsum with pale longitudinal stripes. Sole dirty white. Jaw arcuate, with 4-6 projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short. Penis distally swollen, externally simple. Proximal 1/2 penis with four thick internal pilasters which do not fusing, pilasters then branching into numerous fine pilasters that merge into ~ 6 short but thick (thickest in the genus) folds near opening of epiphallus. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac moderately elongated. Accessory sac spherical, internally with high pilasters and fairly solid inside, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands 6-8, each single tube or simply branched. PAS two, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, each with a pore leading to dart chamber near dart chamber opening. Proximal bursa copulatrix duct slightly expanded. Bursa copulatrix elongate ovate.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This new species is named after name of the type locality Qingchuan, Sichuan Province.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species is found on slate rocks covered with mosses in a humid mountainous environment.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Laeocathaica qingchuanensis Wu, sp. nov. is close to L. stenochone and L. carinifera in general shell shape, aperture shape and coloration, but the new species has a relatively higher shell (Fig. 50B) and the slimmest protoconch granules (Fig. 45E). The new species differs from Laeocathaica stenochone and L. carinifera in that it has both a long vaginal section above the dart sac and the inner structures of penis, where proximal parallel penial pilasters do not form the Y-shaped fork (Fig. 44E). In addition, compared to Laeocathaica carinifera (Fig. 10), the new species has a very short penial sheath and a pair of symmetrical proximal accessory sac (Fig. 40). Among the aforementioned three species, Laeocathaica stenochone has a relatively longer penis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/054008F03B015BDFBF5CD5CA214D6AF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
30C7BD1AD6A35ACC99F39B276BA888CB.text	30C7BD1AD6A35ACC99F39B276BA888CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica qishilii Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica qishilii Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, B, 4, 35A, B, 36, 44C, 48A, B, 49A, B</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM08298-spec.1, fma, border of Jiuzhaigou County and Wen County, near point (33.14376°N, 104.246674°E); 2019-IV, coll. Li, Q.-S. Paratypes HBUMM08298-spec.2-8, 7 fma, 3 fma dissected; same data as holotype. HBUMM06779 and HBUMM06778, 2 fma and 1 fms, 1 fma dissected; Shijiba, Wen County, 1193 m a.s.l., 33.102222°N, 104.335556°E, 2011-VIII-10, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Budha, P.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 8.1 mm, maximum diameter 23.7 mm, aperture height 5.6 mm, aperture breadth 10.6 mm, umbilicus diameter 5.6 mm, protoconch whorls 11/2, whorls 55/8.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch with decussate radial and spiral threads. Umbilicus broad and deep, through which protoconch is visible. A bright band present between carina and suture. Beneath carina a dark chestnut band present. Mucous glands two. Penis with two proximal thick internal pilasters fusing into a Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Two proximal accessory sacs on both sides of dart sac, with two pores leading to opening of dart chamber.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, thin but somewhat solid. Shell with 51/2-57/8 fairly flat whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-15/8 whorls, with decussate radial and spiral threads, on the first whorl of which may be invisible because of weathering or erosion. Growth lines fine, more or less clear. Aperture oblique, peach-shaped, descending. Peristome expanded and reflexed at lower part. Columella oblique. Umbilicus broad, ~ 1/3 of maximum diameter. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Shell apically in chestnut except white carina, after the first three or four whorls a bright band present between carina and adjacent suture. In umbilical view shell distinctly paler in greyish yellow and just beneath carina a chestnut band present.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present. At mantle edge leaf-shaped appendage absent. On internal body wall of head region between ommatophorous insertions with neither glands nor tiny pits. Body greyish brown, central dorsum with pale longitudinal stripes. Sole dirty white. Jaw arcuate, with 3-5 more or less projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath short but well developed. Penis of equal thickness, externally simple. Inside penis, two very thick longitudinal pilasters fusing into a Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/3, accompanied with another two thick pilasters, these plasters then change into numerous fine pilasters that distally merge into three short but thick folds near opening of epiphallus. Epiphallic papilla absent. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Accessory sac spherical, solid, inserting into dart sac medially, opening to distal dart chamber. Mucous glands two, each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, dorsally separated and ventrally touching, each with a pore leading to proximal dart chamber. Love dart ~ 6 mm long, apically 2-bladed, medially round-hexagonal. Bursa copulatrix duct equally narrow. Bursa copulatrix pear-shaped.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This new species is named after Mr Li, Qi-Shi, who made this work possible with his field work.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species is found under rotten wood.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This new species has a unique protoconch on which decussate radial and spiral threads are present compared to the granulation on this part in the other Laeocathaica species. The new species is conchologically close to Laeocathaica prionotropis, but the former species is apically more depressed, more broadly umbilicate, has a more expanded peristome, a more elongated aperture due to the more prominent carina, is apically evenly brown, and has a smooth shell surface instead of the finely scaly surface in the latter species. The new species shares the inner structure of the dart sac with L. prionotropis . However, they differ in the internal structure of penis: in L. prionotropis, partial pilasters merge into a tubercle, which is missing in the new species. They also differ in the number of tubes of the mucous glands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/30C7BD1AD6A35ACC99F39B276BA888CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
2563D1EB7966572D8B60C1C12871CE5E.text	2563D1EB7966572D8B60C1C12871CE5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica stenochone Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica stenochone Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, C, 31, 32, 43E, F, 46C, D, 50B, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica stenochone Möllendorff, 1899: 91, pl. 5, fig. 4; - Wiegmann 1900: 100, pl. 3, figs 89,90; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 148, pl. 15, fig. 30; - Yen 1942: 283; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 314, fig. 301.</p><p>Laeocathaica subsimilis - Sturany 1900: 21 ( Möllendorff 1901: 302).</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) stenochone - Zilch 1968: 175; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Laeocathaica carinifera - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 50, fig. 12D.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>ZIN RAS No. 5, Laeocathaica stenochone Möllendorff ., 1 fully mature soft part and 1 subadult, Zwischen dem Dorf Yu-Lin-guan und der Stadt Wen-hsien, 1885-IX-6-8, coll. Potanin, det. Möllendorff . SMF 9071, lectotype; Hsi-gu-tsheng (= town of Zhouquxian) [西固城], SO-Gansu, China; ex Potanin 577, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 8951, paratype; Zw. Yue-ling-guan u. Wen-hsien; Slg. O. v. Möllendorff, ex potanin 730. SMF 9072, paratype, A shell with immature aperture; same data as lectotype. SMF 24270, paratype, not full matured at aperture;? Sy-tshuan; ex Beresowski 908c, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM05495, many fma; 1 fma dissected; 5 km away from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Hejiawan Bridge</a>, along the road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Bikou</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Wenxian</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.01936&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.17534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.01936/lat 33.17534)">Gansu Province</a>, near point (32.769664°N, 105.22781°E), shrubs, limestones, loess, near farmland, 2006-IX-28, coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H.; DNA voucher HBUMM05492. HBUMM05764, HBUMM05764a, HBUMM05767, HBUMM05769, HBUMM05772, HBUMM05774c: many fma and juvs; Bikou, along the road from Datang Hydropower Station to Hejiawan Bridge; 2006-IX-28, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM08431, 1 fma dissected; near Shichuanba [石川坝], Wenxian, Gansu Province, near 33.17534°N, 105.019362°E; 2019-X-12, coll. Li, Q.-M.; DNA voucher HBUMM08431a .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Huixian [徽县], Wenxian, Wudu, Zhouqu (type locality).</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>The protoconch is radially and regularly covered with dense thick granules (~ 25 - ~ 55 µm long) on the first 11/4 whorls. On the remaining protoconch whorls granules are indistinct and replaced by crowded radial threads. Spiral grooves are only indistinctly present on the apical side of body whorl.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart indistinct. Jaw arcuate, with three projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath very short, covering ~ 1/10 of penis. Penis tubular, equally thick. Inside penis, two high pilasters forming one Y-shaped fork at proximal 1/5, besides with two pilasters parallelly merging into one thickest pilaster. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 6 thick folds, among which one is thicker than the others. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac not elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/2 length of penis. Love dart ~ 9 mm long, apically 2-bladed, subsequently rounded. Accessory sac small, internally solid, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands ~ 5, each complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, symmetrical, separated apically and touching ventrally, each with an opening leading to proximal dart chamber near dart chamber opening. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, very small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Geographically, the distribution of Laeocathaica carinifera in the Yangtze valley in Chongqing and Sichuan does not overlap those of L. stenochone and L. qingchuanensis Wu, sp. nov., both of which occur along the Bailongjiang River (Fig. 2C). In terms of shell morphology, Laeocathaica stenochone close to L. carinifera and L. qingchuanensis Wu, sp. nov. can be distinguished (Fig. 50B). Laeocathaica stenochone shows a particular protoconch and teleoconch sculpture (Fig. 46C, D), which is completely different from those of L. carinifera (Fig. 45I, J). In molecular analysis based on present combination of 16S + ITS2 sequences (Fig. 51), Laeocathaica stenochone (voucher HBUMM08431a) cannot be distinguished from L. carinifera (voucher HBUMM05103, HBUMM05131) because they share the same ITS2 sequence and show only 3-site difference in 16S sequence, suggesting they are possibly genetically very close species. However, L. stenochone and L. carinifera cannot be treated as one species (see Discussion).</p><p>Compared to Laeocathaica carinifera, L. stenochone has a symmetrical dart sac apparatus, short penial sheath, and significantly longer and evenly slender penis (Fig. 32), in which the Y-shaped fork is present more proximally (Fig. 43E, F).</p><p>The specimens HBUMM08433 (8 fma, Wufengxi [五凤溪], Jintang County [金堂县], Chengdu [成都], Sichuan Province; coll. Li, Q.-M., 2019-XI; DNA voucher HBUMM08433a) that show a very similar shell to Laeocathaica stenochone could represent a different species to L. carinifera and L. stenochone due to a different genital trait.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2563D1EB7966572D8B60C1C12871CE5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
ABDDE8661BE958A596D8F8618DD6D3E2.text	ABDDE8661BE958A596D8F8618DD6D3E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe Moellendorff 1899	<div><p>Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe Moellendorff, 1899</p><p>Figs 2A, D, 33, 34, 44A, B, 46I, J, 50A, 51</p><p>Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe Möllendorff, 1899: 94, pl. 5, fig. 7; - Gude 1902: 6; - Yen 1939: 149, pl. 15, fig. 33; - Yen 1942: 284; - Chen and Zhang 2004: 319, fig. 307.</p><p>Laeocathaica (Laeocathaica) tropidorhaphe - Zilch 1968: 175; - Richardson 1983: 79.</p><p>Laeocathaica dangchangensis Chen &amp; Zhang, 2004: 339, 443, fig. 332.</p><p>Laeocathaica amdoana - Páll-Gergely et al. 2022: 38, fig. 7A, B, D.</p><p>Museum material.</p><p>SMF 9074, lectotype; Zw. Li-dshia-pu u. Hsi-gu-tsheng, S. O. Gansu; ex Potanin 923, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9075, paratypes, four fms; Tan-tshang (= Dangchang), SO-Gansu; ex Potanin 545, 623, 808b. SMF 9076, paratype, one fms; Dshie-dshou; ex Potanin 119, Slg. O. v. Möllendorff . SMF 9077, paratypes, two fms; the same data as lectotype. SMF 95126, paratype, one fms; SO-Gansu, NW-China; Slg. C. R. Böttger 1904 (ex Möllendorff !). SMF 24269, one fms labeled with " L. stenochone "; Tan-tschan; Slg. O. v. Möllendorff .</p><p>New material.</p><p>HBUMM00486, 3 fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.93965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.004642" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.93965/lat 34.004642)">Daigusicun</a>, Diebuxian, Gansu Province, 2000 m a.s.l., near 34.004644°N, 103.939651°E; 1998-V-10, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00519, 2 fma, 1 fms; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.79304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.41128" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.79304/lat 33.41128)">Jinpingxiang</a> [锦屏乡], Wudu, Gansu Province, 33.411281°N, 104.793036°E; 1998-V-11, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00526, 2 fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.07605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.90155" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.07605/lat 33.90155)">Lijiexiang</a> [立节乡], Zhouquxian, Gansu Province, 33.901549°N, 104.076052°E; 1998-V-10, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00527; 2 fma; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.57016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.625713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.57016/lat 33.625713)">Shanggou</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.57016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.625713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.57016/lat 33.625713)">Shawanxiang</a>, Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near 33.625712°N, 104.570162°E; 1998-V-6, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00693, 12 fma, 1 fma dissected: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.378426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.461266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.378426/lat 33.461266)">Wangguanxiang</a> [望关乡], Kangxian [康县], Gansu Province, near point (33.461266°N, 105.378423°E); 1998-V-5, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05664, many fma, 1 fma dissected; east bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.695553" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49661/lat 33.695553)">Bailongjiang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49661&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.695553" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49661/lat 33.695553)">Lianghekou</a>, Dangchang, Gansu Province, near 33.695553°N, 104.496612°E, limestone, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05619, many fma, 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.27/lat 33.44)">Foyazhen</a> [佛崖镇], Wudu, Gansu Province, 33.44°N, 105.27°E, limestone hill with thick shrubs and broad-leaved woods, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05617. HBUMM06621, 2 fma; near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.85944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.299168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.85944/lat 33.299168)">Zhangzhazhen</a>, Jiuzhaigouxian, Sichuan Province, 2100 m a.s.l., 33.299167°N, 103.859444°E; 2011-VIII-11, coll. Wu, M., Xu, Q. and Buhda, P. ; DNA voucher HBUMM06620. HBUMM08425, 1 fma dissected; near Yangshanwan No. 2 Bridge, along the national road 212, Gansu Province, on slope, 2019-X-11, coll. Li, Q.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM08425a. HBUMM05621, numerous fma, 1 fma dissected; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=105.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 105.27/lat 33.44)">Foyazhen</a>, Wudu, Gansu Province, 33.44°N, 105.27°E, limestone hill with thick shrubs and broad-leaved woods, 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05719, numerous fma, 1 fma dissected; Dangchang, Gansu Province, 2006-X-04, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05716. HBUMM00450 (3 fma), HBUMM05664 (many fma, 1 fma dissected), Wangguanxiang, Kangxian, Gansu Province; 1998-V-1, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00508, 4 fma, 1 dissected; Xinglongcun, Zhongzhaixiang, Wenxian, Gansu Province; 1998-V-19, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM00625, 1 fms and 2 shells of subadult, Erlangshan [二郎山], Zhouquxian, Gansu Province; 1998-V-9, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05166, 2 fma and 2 juvs; Zhongzhaixiang, Wenxian, Gansu Province; 1998-V-19, coll. Chen, D.-N. and Zhang, G.-Q. HBUMM05600, many fma and juvs; southern slope of Beishan, Wudu, Gansu Province, limestone hill with sparse shrubs; 2006-X-02, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05608, numerous fma; northern slope of Beishan, Wudu, Gansu Province, limestone hill with sparse shrubs; 2006-IX-IX-30, coll. Liu, J.-M. and Zheng, W. HBUMM05664, HBUMM05669, HBUMM05684 (many fma, 8 dissected): eastern bank of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.69733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49301/lat 33.69733)">Bailongjiang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.49301&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.69733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.49301/lat 33.69733)">Lianghekou</a>, Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.697332°N, 104.493015°E); limestone; 2006-X-02, coll. Zheng, W. and Liu, J. HBUMM05691, HBUMM05692, HBUMM05693b, HBUMM05694: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.538284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.82428" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.538284/lat 33.82428)">Guantingzhen</a>, Dangchangxian, Gansu Province, near point (33.82428°N, 104.538282°E); limestone hills, along 212 Guodao; 2006-X-3, coll. Zheng, W. and Liu, J.-M. ; DNA voucher HBUMM05688. HBUMM08369, 4 subadults; Gansu Province, 2019, coll. Li, Q.-S. CZG202008-w2, 4 subadults <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.76994&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.907413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.76994/lat 32.907413)">Shangdezhen</a>, Wenxian, Gansu Province, near point (32.907414°N, 104.76994°E), 2020-VIII, coll. Chen, Z.-G. CZG202107-w1, 12 fms and 8 subadults, east of the town of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.24589&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.25952" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.24589/lat 33.25952)">Jiuzhaigouxian</a>, Sichuan Province, near point (33.259523°N, 104.245884°E); 2021-VII, coll. Chen, Z.-G.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Gansu: Dangchangxian (type locality), Diebuxian, Kangxian, Wenxian, Wuduxian, Zhouquxian (type locality). Sichuan: Jiuzhaigouxian.</p><p>Additional information of shell.</p><p>Protoconch has regularly arranged fine granules (each ~ 30 µm long) and fine radial threads, both of which are usually obscured by erosion or weathering. Apical and umbilical sides of body whorl have densely and regularly arranged spiral grooves.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart present. Jaw arcuate, with five projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath covering ~ 1/6-1/5 of penis. Penis tubular, slightly thick distally. Inside penis, two adjacent pairs of pilasters forming two Y-shaped forks at proximal 1/4. Fine pilasters on distal end of penis merging into ~ 9 more or less thick short folds. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac elongated. Vagina between dart sac and insertion of bursa copulatrix duct ~ 1/2-1 length of dart sac. Dart sac ~ 1/3 length of penis. Love dart ~ 3 mm long, apically rhombic in cross-section. Accessory sac small, internally empty, inserting into dart sac proximally, opening to dart chamber. Mucous glands 7 (HBUMM05664) - 10 (HBUMM05619), each simply or complicatedly branched. Proximal accessory sacs absent. Bursa copulatrix duct of even diameter. Bursa copulatrix ovate, small.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In terms of shell shape, this species has an obviously depressed spire and more or less sharp carina or angulation above periphery compared to the sympatric (Fig. 2D) Laeocathaica amdoana and L. distinguenda . Their shell differences are also indicated by the average shapes showed in Fig. 50A. The aperture of Laeocathaica tropidorhaphe, more or less stretched outwards, is narrower than that of L. distinguenda (Fig. 50A). Laeocathaica dangchangensis Chen &amp; Zhang, 2004 shows a typical shell of L. tropidorhaphe (Fig. 50A).</p><p>The systematic affinity between Laeocathaica amdoana, L. distinguenda and L. tropidorhaphe is supported by the phylogeny resulting from the present analyses (Fig. 51), which also indicates that the character state of the presence of proximal accessory sacs may have repeated on different branches of Clade M ( Laeocathaica) (Fig. 51).</p><p>For more comments, see Laeocathaica amdoana .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ABDDE8661BE958A596D8F8618DD6D3E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
16C587B4309A5E09B48940415C74B751.text	16C587B4309A5E09B48940415C74B751.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laeocathaica zhengpingliui Wu 2023	<div><p>Laeocathaica zhengpingliui Wu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2A, 2B, 37A, 38, 44D, 47K, 47L</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype HBUMM05553-spec.1, fma, Hengdan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, near point (32.864025°N, 104.859517°E); hillside, bushes; 2006-IX-29; coll. Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H.; DNA voucher HBUMM05527. Paratypes HBUMM05553-spec.2-49, 49 shells including 3 fms (1 broken), 15 juvs and 41 fma, same data as holotype. Ten shells randomly selected from 43 fully mature shells were measured. 2 fma dissected (anatomy no. sp2). HBUMM05565b, 1 fms without protoconch, 9 juvs; Hengdan, Wenxian, Gansu Province; north side of Baishuijiang River, along 212 Guodao, top of hill; 2006-IX-29, Wu, M., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, W. and Gao, L.-H. HBUMM05576c, 1 fma with partially broken shell, dissected; same data as HBUMM05565b.</p><p>Measurement of holotype.</p><p>Shell height 10.0 mm, maximum diameter 19.6 mm, aperture height 5.6 mm, aperture breadth 7.5 mm, umbilicus diameter 7.0 mm, protoconch whorls 15/8, whorls 91/4.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Protoconch without granules. Umbilicus more than 1/3 maximum diameter, through which protoconch is visible. Beneath carina a chestnut band present. Palatal with two blunt teeth. Mucous glands six. Proximal 4/5 of penis with ~ 6 thick internal pilasters. Two adjacent pairs of penial pilasters fusing into two Y-shaped forks at distal 2/3 of penis. Vagina between atrium and dart sac moderately elongated. Proximal accessory sacs two, separate, symmetrical, each with a pore leading to opening of accessory sac.</p><p>Description of shell.</p><p>Sinistral, depressed, thin but somewhat solid. Shell with 85/8-91/4 fairly flat whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch 11/2-13/4 whorls, with very fine axial striae which may be invisible on the first whorl possibly by weathering or erosion. Growth lines thick or rib-like above but fine beneath carina. Above periphery a sharp whitish carina present. Aperture oblique, peach-shaped, slightly descending in front. On ring-like thickening within aperture, a blunt tooth present near columella and another one near carina. Peristome almost not expanded, just minutely reflexed at lower part. Columella oblique. Umbilicus with a tint of pale brown, broadly conical, more than 1/3 of maximum diameter. Protoconch visible through umbilicus. Whorls apically in yellowish white with intermittent brownish patches. In umbilical view shell yellowish white with several brownish patches, and just beneath carina a chestnut band present.</p><p>General anatomy.</p><p>Eversible head wart lowly present. At mantle edge leaf-shaped appendage absent. On internal body wall of head region between ommatophorous insertions with neither glands nor tiny pits. Body greyish brown, central dorsum with pale longitudinal stripes. Sole dirty white. Jaw arcuate, with ~ 6 more or less projecting ribs.</p><p>Anatomy of genital organs.</p><p>Penial sheath very short. Penis distally slightly expanded, externally simple. Penis of proximal 4/5 internally with ~ 6 thick longitudinal pilasters, two adjacent pairs of which fuse into two Y-shaped forks at distal 2/3; pilasters then branching into fine pilasters that are connected to form network. Epiphallic papilla absent. Vas deferens narrow throughout. Vagina between atrium and dart sac somewhat elongated. Accessory sac spherical, empty, inserting into dart sac at middle part, opening near the opening of dart chamber. Mucous glands six, each a single tube or simply branched. Proximal accessory sacs two, separate, symmetrical, each with a pore leading to opening of accessory sac/dart chamber. Love dart ~ 5 mm long, rounded and bladeless throughout. Bursa copulatrix duct equally narrow.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This new species is named after Mr. Liu, Zheng-Ping [刘正平], an amateur Chinese conchologist.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>This species is found on exposed slate rocks of hill side.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is conchologically close to Laeocathaica odophora; however, its carina is blunter, the aperture has only two weak teeth near the columella instead of two strong apertural teeth in the latter species, and the umbilicus is significantly broader. Regarding genitalia, the new species has two separated proximal accessory sacs of equal size, while in Laeocathaica odophora two proximal accessory sacs are ventrally adjacent and separated only by a very thin membrane, and the much smaller right proximal accessory sac makes L. odophora have an asymmetrical dart sac.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/16C587B4309A5E09B48940415C74B751	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Min;Shen, Wang;Chen, Zhong-Guang	Wu, Min, Shen, Wang, Chen, Zhong-Guang (2023): Land snail diversity in central China: revision of Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae), with descriptions of seven new species. ZooKeys 1154: 49-147, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1154.86237
