taxonID	type	description	language	source
181A87A9FF82FFBD2ECEFC0A02DEFA7A.taxon	type_taxon	— TYPE: Meconopsis regia G. Taylor, typ. cons. prop. (Grey-Wilson 2012).	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF82FFBD2ECEFC0A02DEFA7A.taxon	diagnosis	Herbs, monocarpic or polycarpic, with yellow or white latex; roots taproots or fibrous, or both. Leaves cauline and in basal rosettes or only in basal rosettes with the rosette leaves evergreen or senescing in winter, petiolated or sessile; lamina ovate, obovate, elliptic, oblong, oblanceolate, nearly linear, pinnatifid, pinnatisect, rarely bipinnatifid or bipinnate; margin entire, serrate, sinuate, lobed, or deeply divided. Flowers solitary, borne on basal scapes, or flowers arranged in raceme-like or panicle-like cymes; bracts leafy or reduced. Calyx caducous; sepals normally 2, occasionally 3 or 4 (particularly in terminal flowers). Corolla large and showy, often saucer- to bowl-shaped; petals commonly 4 – 8, rarely more than 12. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform, occasionally dilated; anthers commonly yellow to orange, but changing colors with age. Ovary superior, subspherical, ovate, or obovate to narrowly subcylindric; locule normally 1 with 3 – 6 fused carpels, ovules numerous; style often distinct but short, usually less than 1 / 2 of the ovary length, occasionally inconspicuous, sometimes basally expanding into a disk covering the top of ovary; stigma usually capitate or clavate, occasionally star-shaped with 3 – 9 stigmatic rays variously decurrent on style. Fruit a subspherical, ovate, obovate, or elliptic to subcylindrical capsule, dehiscing septicidally by 3 – 9 valves from apex to base usually for a short distance or occasionally to near the base. Seeds many, reniform, falcate-oblong, or elliptic-oblong; testa most commonly reticulated or corrugated, sometimes papillose. Chromosome number: 2 n 5 14, 22, 28, 56, 74, 76, 82, 84, 118, 120, 164; x 5 7.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF82FFBE2ECEFA75069FFD14.taxon	type_taxon	— TYPE: M. regia G. Taylor, J. Bot. 67: 259. 1929.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF82FFBE2ECEFA75069FFD14.taxon	diagnosis	Monocarpic perennials with taproots; 0.3 – 2.5 m tall at anthesis, frequently more than 1 m tall. Stems and leaves hirsute or pubescent, commonly with barbellate or branched trichomes. Leaves retained in an evergreen dense basal rosette for a few years before flowering. Leaf blades oblanceolate or elliptic to oblong, pinnatifid or pinnatisect, with serrate, lobed or divided margins, up to 60 cm long. Inflorescence a raceme-like or panicle-like cyme most commonly with 1 – 5 (up to 15) flowered cymules; bracts leafy or reduced. Petals usually 4; commonly yellow, red, blue to violet. Ovary ellipsoid to oblong, usually setose, rarely glabrous; style distinct and short, occasionally expanding at the base into a disk surmounting the ovary; stigma normally capitate. Capsules oblong to ellipsoid, or ovoid to ellipsoid. Chromosome number 2 n 5 56, rarely 2 n 5 28.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF82FFBE2ECEFA75069FFD14.taxon	discussion	Species in this section share characters of a perennial monocarpic habit and retention of a dense evergreen rosette of leaves for a few years before flowering, and the latter is absent in other sections in the genus. Most species in this section are tall plants (usually more than 50 cm and up to 2.5 m tall when mature). However, a subgroup (highlighted by red branch in Fig. 3 A) in the section contains species usually less than 50 cm tall and characterized by the style expanding into a flat disc at the base. This unique disc structure was emphasized by all of the previous classifications and species with the disc structure had always been grouped into a distinct unit (i. e. Fedde’ s M. sect. Torquatae, Taylor’ s M. subg. Discogyne, or Grey-Wilson’ s M. subg. Discogyne). Our M. sect. Meconopsis for the first time recognized and put emphasis on the phylogenetic relatedness instead of relying on one morphological character to perform infrageneric division.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBE2EE5FD46026FFD48.taxon	type_taxon	— TYPE: M. aculeata Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 1: 67. 1839.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBE2EE5FD46026FFD48.taxon	diagnosis	Monocarpic biennials, or perennials with taproots; up to 1 m tall at anthesis. Stems and leaves aculeate with simple non-barbellate trichomes, or occasionally subglabrous. Leaves senescing and deciduous during the winter. Leaf lamina ovate, oblanceolate to oblong, elliptic to oblong, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect with margins normally entire, lobed or divided, up to 25 cm long. Flowers borne on basal scapes, or in bracteate or ebracteate raceme-like cymes, or both. Petals 4 – 12, commonly blue or violet, rarely white, yellow, red or dark red. Ovary subspherical, or ellipsoidal to narrowly subcylindric, densely covered by sharp bristles to glabrous; style distinct; stigma capitate or clavate. Capsules oblong, ovoid, obvoid to narrowly subcylindrical. Chromosome number 2 n 5 56, rarely 2 n 5 14.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBE2EE5FD46026FFD48.taxon	discussion	As indicated by its name, Meconopsis sect. Aculeatae is characterized by sharp-pointed bristles on leaf and stem surface. Species in this section most commonly bear blue flowers (e. g. Fig. 2 D) or purple-violet flowers (e. g. Fig. 2 C). The flower colors of this section are indicated by branch color in Fig. 3 A. The blue-flowered species, form a basal grade to the species with purple-violet flower which suggests that purple-violet is a derived characteristic in this section (Fig. 3 A). Species with purple-violet flowers tend to be less robust with shorter stature and less dense bristles than the blue-flowered species, and were once believed to resemble the also shortstatured species Meconopsis primulina (the type species of our M. sect. Primulinae). There is overlap at the characters of indumentum, stature, and leaf shape between the species with purple-violet flowers in our M. sect. Aculeatae and those in our M. sect. Primulinae, but the two sections can be easily separated by the petal color (Fig. 2 A, C). Species in our M. sect. Primulinae do not have the deep purple-violet color of those in M. sect. Aculeatae. Additionally, our M. sect. Primulinae species are distributed mainly in the east Himalaya while the purple-violet flowered species in M. sect. Aculeatae are distributed mainly in the Hengduan Mountains. The phylogenetic evidence also strongly supports the separation of two genetically distant clades of M. sects. Aculeatae and Primulinae.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBF2D17FD6A0666FE6B.taxon	type_taxon	— TYPE: M. primulina Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64: 319. 1895.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBF2D17FD6A0666FE6B.taxon	description	Monocarpic or polycarpic perennials with taproots; frequently less than 25 cm tall, rarely exceeding 50 cm at anthesis (except in Meconopsis sinuata that ranges from 30 – 65 cm in height). Leaves and stems most frequently sparsely vestitured with weak non-barbellate trichomes or subglabrous, rarely aculeate with sharp bristles. Leaves senescing during the winter; lamina variable in shape and margin type, frequently less than 7 cm long (rarely exceeding 15 cm). Flowers born on basal scapes or arranged in simple cyme with 2 – 8 flowers in axils of upper cauline leaves. Petals 4 – 8, commonly pale blue to pale purple-blue, sometimes pink or yellow. Ovary usually ellipsoid to oblong, or narrowly ellipsoidal to narrowly subsylindric sometimes subspherical, usually subglabrous or with sparse bristles; style distinct, usually short, but sometimes longer than the ovary; stigma capitate. Capsules obovoid or narrowly obovoid to narrowly subcylindrical. The only known chromosome number (M. bella) is 2 n 5 22.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF81FFBF2D17FD6A0666FE6B.taxon	discussion	Species in this section tend to have a dwarf and slender aspect with short root and weak stem as well as a brittle and sparse indumentum. Although blue flowers are common in this section, most species tend to be more pale or faded than the bright blue color present in other sections. Meconopsis sinuata in this section is morphologically distinct being taller than other species and armed with dense spines. Unsurprisingly, M. sinuata used to be grouped with species in our M. sect. Aculeatae (e. g. in M. sect. Aculeatae in Fedde 1909, or M. ser. Aculeatae in Taylor 1934). However, it is easy to distinguish living plants of M. sinuata from species of M. sect. Aculeatae by the shape of ovary and style and especially by the leaf morphology (see the Key to Sections). Meconopsis bella, another species in our M. sect. Primulinae, was traditionally placed in its own section (i. e. M. sect. Bellae in Fedde 1909 and Grey-Wilson 2014) or series (i. e. M. ser. Bellae in Taylor 1934), all based on its unique characteristic of a bell-shaped ovary. However, the general morphology (e. g. height, leaf shape, flower arrangement, petal color) of M. bella matches that of our M. sect. Primulinae and phylogenetic result supports the inclusion of M. bella in M. sect. Primulinae, which indicate that the unique feature of having a bell-shaped ovary does not warrant special status.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF80FFBF2ECEF92805B9F8EE.taxon	materials_examined	— LECTOTYPE (designated here): CHINA. Sichuan: Ta-Tsien-Lou [Kangding], P. G. E. Bonvalot & Prince Henri d’ Orléans s. n. (P, barcode 00739028; isolectotype: P, barcode 00739029).	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF80FFBF2ECEF8CE06B7F862.taxon	materials_examined	— LECTOTYPE (designated here): CHINA. Hubei, Henry 6863 (K, barcode K 000653215; isolectotypes: BM, K).	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF80FFBF2ECEFE470576F93D.taxon	type_taxon	— TYPE: M. grandis Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64: 320. 1895.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF80FFBF2ECEFE470576F93D.taxon	description	Monocarpic or polycarpic perennials with taproots or a fibrous root system or the combination; up to 1.5 m tall at anthesis. Leaves and stems hirsute with barbellate trichomes. Leaves senescing and deciduous during the winter; lamina frequently ellipic to narrowly oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, longitudinally nerved and entire at the margin, sometimes oblanceolate to lanceolate- or elliptic-oblong with entire, serrate or lobed margins and pinnate venation; up to 30 cm long; uppermost cauline leaves sometimes aggregated in a false whorl and bearing flowers in their axils. Flowers normally fewer than 8, solitary on basal scapes, or in the axil of cauline leaves. Petals most commonly 4, or up to 10; blue, violet, yellow or red. Ovary usually ellipsoid to oblong, pubescent to hispid; styles commonly distinct, sometimes inconspicuous; stigma capitate or subclavate or star-shaped with 3 – 9 stigmatic rays variously decurrent relative to the style (in this condition, the style more or less resembling a star-shaped column). Capsules oblong to ellipsoid. Chromosome numbers from 2 n 5 74 to 164, most frequently 84.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
181A87A9FF80FFBF2ECEFE470576F93D.taxon	discussion	The members of this section are easy to identify by their long and dense barbellate trichomes and the presence of a fibrous root system. Species in this section are more popular than those of other sections in Scottish gardens, not only for the brilliant colors of their large and showy flowers (Fig. 2 B), but also for their easy cultivation and (frequent) polycarpic habit. This section also has the highest chromosome numbers among the genus with 2 n 5 74, 76, 82, 84, 118, 120, 164.	en	Xiao, Wei, Simpson, Beryl B. (2017): A New Infrageneric Classification of Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) Based on a Well-supported Molecular Phylogeny. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 42 (2): 226-233, DOI: 10.1600/036364417X695466, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417x695466
