identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
18298784FFFF9E788F60F911FB5807C6.text	18298784FFFF9E788F60F911FB5807C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parallelostrombidium obesum Liu & Yi & Lin & Li & Al-Farraj & Al-Rasheid & Song 2015	<div><p>PARALLELOSTROMBIDIUM OBESUM SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIG. 1, TABLE 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Large-sized Parallelostrombidium; cell size ∼90 × 65 μm in vivo, body doliform, anterior and posterior ends transversely truncated with conspicuous apical protrusion; macronucleus ovoid; ∼30 anteri- or, ∼17 ventral, and consistently two conspicuous thigmotactic membranelles; girdle kinety comprising ∼130 dikinetids, spiralling around cell with one and a half whorls and the anterior end of the girdle kinety extending to the left of the ventral kinety and located far away from the ventral kinety; ventral kinety with ∼35 dikinetids; the posterior portions of girdle and ventral kineties crossing the right margin of cell and extending transversely on the posterior dorsal side. Marine form.</p> <p>Type locality: A mangrove wetland near Shenzhen (22°37′N, 114°04′E), Guangdong, China. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.066666/lat 22.616667)">Water</a> temperature was 27.0 °C, salinity 17.0‰, and pH 8.2.</p> <p>Etymology: The Latin adjective obesum [neuter gender] (fat) refers to the fat body of the species.</p> <p>Deposition of slides: A protargol slide containing the holotype specimen (marked with a black circle) has been deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, with registration number NHMUK 2014.5.7.1. One protargol slide with paratype specimens has been deposited in</p> <p>*Anterior end of girdle kinety in P. obesum and P. ellipticum, left end of girdle kinety in S. tropicum.</p> <p>†Posterior end of girdle kinety in P. obesum and P. ellipticum, right end of girdle kinety in S. tropicum.</p> <p>Data based on protargol-impregnated and randomly selected specimens.</p> <p>Measurements in μm.</p> <p>Max, maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation; –, data unavailable.</p> <p>the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, with registration number LWW08040807.</p> <p>Deposition of SSU rRNA gene sequence data: The SSU rRNA gene sequence has been deposited in GenBank with accession number FJ422991, which was previously published by Gao et al. (2009) as misidentification Spirostrombidium sp. 3.</p> <p>Description: Cell in vivo 65–110 × 55–70 μm and 69– 103 × 54–72 μm after protargol impregnation. Body shape generally variable, slightly asymmetric and doliform with anterior and posterior ends transversely truncated (Fig. 1A, B, I, J). Collar region domed to form a conspicuous apical protrusion about 10 μm high in vivo, which is undetectable after protargol impregnation (Fig. 1A, B, J, arrow). Cell length: width ratio about 5:4 and dorsoventrally flattened with a thickness: width ratio of about 2: 3 in vivo (Fig. 1A, I, K).</p> <p>Pellicle relatively rigid. Hemitheca composed of polygonal platelets, about 3 μm across in vivo (Fig. 1D, P), covering the posterior dorsal and left ventral portion below the girdle kinety. Distended cell surface not recognizable in protargol-impregnated cells. Cytoplasm colourless, containing many ingested food globules (about 15 μm across) clustered in the posterior half of the cell, and some food vacuoles filled with some small protozoa (about 10 μm in diameter) (Fig. 1A, J). Extrusomes prominent and rod-shaped, about 10 × 0.5 μm in vivo (Fig. 1E, O, Q). Extrusome attachment sites anteriorly positioned to the girdle kinety, producing a stripe surrounding the body with 1.5 whorls (Fig. 1A, L, N). These attachment sites are evenly arranged in three rows in the first whorl and in two rows in the last half whorl (Fig. 1E, Q). Macronucleus oblong to ovoid, about 30 × 25 μm after protargol impregnation, centrally located and containing numerous chromatin granules (Fig. 1H, U). Contractile vacuole, cytopyge, and micronucleus not recognized. In Petri dish with in situ water at room temperature, cells usually swimming in spirals (about 120 μm across) by rotating about the main cell axis, and occasionally crawling over debris on the ventral side using thigmotactic membranelles for attachment (Fig. 1C).</p> <p>Buccal cavity prominent, extending obliquely to the right and terminating in approximately the anterior 40% of the cell (Fig. 1A, G, I). Adoral zone of membranelles consisting of anterior, ventral, and thigmotactic membranelles (Fig. 1G, H, S, V), all of which are composed of three parallel rows of kinetosomes, except for the two posterior-most membranelles, which probably comprise only two rows. Anterior membranelles composed of 24–34 membranelles with cilia up to about 25 μm long in vivo, stretching perpendicularly to the main cell axis when swimming (Fig. 1A, I). Bases of the anterior membranelles about 11–13 μm long. Ventral membranelles com- posed of 12–20 membranelles with their cilia 6–11 μm long in vivo and their bases about 4–8 μm long, decreasing in length towards the cytostome (Fig. 1G, V). Two dominant thigmotactic membranelles located between the anterior and ventral membranelles, but clearly distinct from these owing to their long cilia (about 55–60 μm in length) pointing posteriorly in vivo (Fig. 1A, M). Bases of the thigmotactic membranelles strikingly long, with the proximal one being about 20 μm long and the distal one about 18 μm long, and with their outside parts curved towards the cytostome (Fig. 1G, R, arrows, S, V). Endoral membrane arranged obliquely on the inner wall of the right buccal lip, about 30 μm long, probably composed of a single row of kinetosomes (Fig. 1G, S); no cilia observed. Pharyngeal fibres not observed.</p> <p>Girdle kinety comprising 101–164 dikinetids, each dikinetid bearing a fusiform cilium, about 2 μm long in vivo, associated with the anterior basal body (Fig. 1G). Girdle kinety beginning below the ventral membranelles, with about seven to ten dikinetids on left of ventral kinety, extending transversely across right ventral and dorsal sides, and obliquely posteriad, crossing the left ventral side of the cell, and curving to the dorsal side from the right margin in the posterior quarter of the cell (Fig. 1F–H). Posterior portion of the girdle kinety running transversely on the posterior dorsal side and terminating in the middle of the posterior dorsal side in 70% of individuals, or in the left margin of the posterior dorsal side in the remaining 30%. Girdle kinety, therefore, spiralling dextrally around the cell in one and a half whorls (Fig. 1F–H, T). Ventral kinety composed of 23–51 densely arranged dikinetids, with the anterior basal body of each bearing a cilium about 2 μm long in vivo (Fig. 1G). The ventral kinety commencing just below the buccal vertex, extending posteriad on the right ventral side, crossing the right margin of the posterior cell, extending above and parallel to the posterior part of the girdle kinety with seven to ten dikinetids, and terminating in the centre of the posterior dorsal area (Fig. 1F, H, T).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18298784FFFF9E788F60F911FB5807C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Weiwei;Yi, Zhenzhen;Lin, Xiaofeng;Li, Jiqiu;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Liu, Weiwei, Yi, Zhenzhen, Lin, Xiaofeng, Li, Jiqiu, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2015): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new oligotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the South China Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4): 653-665, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12257, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12257
18298784FFFA9E7A8F56F9D9FBC807C6.text	18298784FFFA9E7A8F56F9D9FBC807C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parallelostrombidium ellipticum Liu & Yi & Lin & Li & Al-Farraj & Al-Rasheid & Song 2015	<div><p>PARALLELOSTROMBIDIUM ELLIPTICUM SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIG. 2, TABLE 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Body shape elliptical, anterior end transversely truncated with conspicuous apical protrusion, size ∼60 × 40 μm in vivo; macronucleus ellipsoidal; usually ∼19 anterior, ∼11 ventral, and invariably two long thigmotactic membranelles; girdle kinety comprising ∼70 dikinetids, spiralling around the cell with one and a half whorls, with the anterior end extending slightly to the left of the ventral kinety; ventral kinety with ∼26 dikinetids; the posterior portions of girdle and ventral kineties crossing the right margin of the cell with their ends intersecting each other. Brackish water form.</p> <p>Type locality: A shrimp-culturing pond near Guangzhou (22°40′N, 113°40′E), Guangdong, China. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.666664/lat 22.666666)">Water</a> temperature was 25.8 °C, salinity 1.7‰, and pH 8.9.</p> <p>Etymology: The Latin adjective ellipticum [neuter gender] (elliptical) refers to the elliptical body shape of the species.</p> <p>Deposition of slides: A protargol slide containing the holotype specimen (marked with a black circle) has been deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, with registration number NHMUK 2014.5.7.2. Two protargol slides with paratype specimens have been deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, with registration numbers LWW 09041401 -1 and LWW 09041401 -2.</p> <p>Deposition of SSU rRNA gene sequence data: The SSU rRNA gene sequence has been deposited in GenBank with accession number KJ704987. Its length and G + C content are 1771 bp and 46.6 mol %, respectively.</p> <p>Description: Cell shape elliptical or oval, in vivo 50– 70 × 30–45 μm, length: width ratio about 1.5–2: 1 in vivo (Fig. 2A, B, F, J–L). Cells slightly swollen after protargol impregnation, size about 56–73 × 35–48 μm, distend- ed cell surface not recognizable. Anterior end transversely truncated, collar region domed to form a conspicuous apical protrusion about 4 μm high in vivo, which shrank after protargol impregnation (Fig. 2A, F, J, N, arrow). Posterior end narrowly rounded and slanted slightly to the right (Fig. 2A, J). Cell surface bulged in anterior third of right lateral and half of left lateral margins, which renders cell bilaterally asymmetrical (Fig. 2A, B, J, L). Cell dorsoventrally flattened with a thickness: width ratio of about 3:4 (Fig. 2Q).</p> <p>Hemitheca, composed of polygonal platelets about 2 μm across in vivo, covering the posterior part of the cell below the girdle kinety (Fig. 2C, P). Cytoplasm colourless, often filled with lipid droplets 2–4 μm across and food vacuoles 7 μm across, containing some ingested yellow algae (Fig. 2A, B, K). Extrusomes prominent and acicular shaped (Fig. 2D), about 9 × 0.5 μm in vivo, attached to cortex in a shallow bulge above the girdle kinety (Fig. 2O, R). Extrusome attachment sites evenly spaced in three rows, forming a stripe surrounding the body (Fig. 2A, O, R). Macronucleus in the centre of the cell, ellipsoidal to ovoidal (Fig. 2I, V), containing numerous nucleoli 0.5–2 μm across. Contractile vacuole, cytopyge, and micronucleus not recognized. In Petri dish with in situ water at room temperature, cells crawling over debris using their two thigmotactic membranelles or rotating about the main cell axis in spirals (about 50 μm across) with the anterior membranellar cilia spreading radially (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>Buccal cavity narrowed and deep, extending obliquely to the right and occupying two fifths of cell length (Fig. 2A, H, K). Adoral zone of membranelles composed of anterior, ventral, and thigmotactic membranelles (Fig. 2H, W), each of which consist of three parallel rows of kinetosomes, except for the two posterior-most ventral membranelles, which probably comprise only two rows. Anterior membranellar zone composed of 18–22 membranelles with cilia up to 15–17 μm long in vivo, stretching laterally or even slightly posteriorly when swimming (Fig. 2A, B, L, N). Bases of the anterior membranelles about 8 μm long. Ventral membranellar zone composed of nine to 13 membranelles, cilia 5–9 μm long in vivo, bases decreasing in length towards the cytostome and 3–5 μm long (Fig. 2A, H). Two thigmotactic membranelles pointing distinctly posteriorly in vivo owing to their much longer cilia, which are about 30 μm in length in both (Fig. 2A, M, Q, arrows). Bases of the thigmotactic membranelles about 10 μm long with their outside parts curving downwards (Fig. 2H, W). Endoral membrane located on the inner wall of the buccal cavity, about 20 μm long, extending to the centre of the apical protrusion and probably composed of a single row of kinetosomes (Fig. 2H, S); no cilia observed. Pharyngeal fibres not observed.</p> <p>Somatic cilia positioned in shallow furrows on the body and arranged in a girdle and a ventral kinety. Girdle kinety consisting of 57–80 dikinetids; within each dikinetid, the left basal body bears a short cilium about 2 μm long in vivo whereas the right one is associated with a conspicuous argentophilic fibre (about 1 μm long; Fig. 2H, T). The girdle kinety starting about 40% back from anterior cell end and below the ventral membranelles, with about one to three dikinetids to the left of the ventral kinety, running anteriad slightly across right ventral, extending obliquely posteriad across dorsal and left half of ventral side, then crossing the posterior-right margin in posterior sixth of cell and terminating under the ventral kinety in the posterior dorsal area (Fig. 2G–I, U, V). The girdle kinety, therefore, spirals approximately one and a half whorls around the cell. Ventral kinety composed of 20–30 densely arranged dikinetids, and each dikinetid bearing a short cilium, about 2 μm long in vivo, associated with the anterior basal body and an argentophilic fibre, about 1 μm long, associated with the posterior one (Fig. 2H, I). Ventral kinety commencing below the anterior end of the girdle kinety, extending posteriad on the right ventral side, crossing the right margin to the dorsal side. The posterior portion of ventral kinety extending posteriad obliquely on the dorsal side and finally intersecting with the posterior end of girdle kinety (Fig. 2G, H, U, Y).</p> <p>An early divider was observed. The oral primordium occurred on the left of the anterior end of the girdle kinety and below the thigmotactic membranelles, where a cuneate, longitudinally orientated, field of basal bodies developed (Fig. 2X, arrow).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18298784FFFA9E7A8F56F9D9FBC807C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Weiwei;Yi, Zhenzhen;Lin, Xiaofeng;Li, Jiqiu;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Liu, Weiwei, Yi, Zhenzhen, Lin, Xiaofeng, Li, Jiqiu, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2015): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new oligotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the South China Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4): 653-665, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12257, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12257
18298784FFF89E748F3DF9D8FC2804C6.text	18298784FFF89E748F3DF9D8FC2804C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Strombidium tropicum Liu & Yi & Lin & Li & Al-Farraj & Al-Rasheid & Song 2015	<div><p>STROMBIDIUM TROPICUM SP. NOV. (FIG. 3, TABLE 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small Strombidium, cell size usually ∼25 × 20 μm in vivo; body broadly oblong to doliform, anterior end transversely truncated with little apical protrusion; macronucleus globular; ∼12 anterior and five ventral membranelles; girdle kinety comprising ∼20 widely spaced dikinetids with a little gap in the ventral centre, slightly spiralled with the right end shifted posteriad; ventral kinety comprising ∼four dikinetids, separated from the girdle one. Marine form.</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.53333/lat 22.716667)">Coastal</a> waters off Daya Bay (22°43′N, 114°32′E), Guangdong, China, on 27 May 2009. Water temperature was 27.8 °C, salinity 31.0‰, and pH 8.6.</p> <p>Etymology: The Latin adjective tropicum [neuter gender] (tropical) refers to the tropical biotope where the species was discovered.</p> <p>Deposition of slides: A protargol slide containing the holotype specimen (marked with a black circle) has been deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, with registration number NHMUK 2014.5.7.3. Two protargol slides with paratype specimens have been deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, with registration numbers LWW 09052702 -1 and LWW 09052702 -2.</p> <p>Deposition of SSU rRNA gene sequence data: The SSU rRNA gene sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number KJ609050. Its length and G + C content are 1774 bp and 48.8 mol %, respectively</p> <p>Description: Size 15–30 × 15–25 μm in vivo and 16– 25 × 12–19 μm after protargol impregnation. Shape broadly oblong to doliform (Fig. 3A, B, J–L); length: width ratio variable, about 1–1.5: 1 in vivo (Fig. 3B). Anterior cell end transversely truncated and posterior end broadly rounded. Right wall of buccal cavity domed to form an apical protrusion about 2 μm high in vivo, which disappeared after protargol impregnation (Fig. 3A, B, J, arrow).</p> <p>Cytoplasm colourless, containing abundant lipid droplets, 2–4 μm across, and food vacuoles, 3–5 μm across, probably with remnants of bacteria (Fig. 3A, J). Pellicle thin and transparent. Hemitheca covering the cell from the posterior end to the girdle kinety, usually distended in protargol-impregnated cells (Fig. 3A, L, V, arrowhead). Polygonal platelets not recognizable. Extrusomes attached to cortex in a shallow bulge above the girdle kinety and forming an equatorial funnel, indistinctly clustered (Fig. 3A, O, V, arrows). Extrusomes thin acicular with a sharply pointed posterior end (Fig. 3C, P), about 8 × 0.3 μm in vivo. Macronucleus located in posterior centre of cell, with a globular shape and containing numerous nucleoli 0.5–2 μm across (Fig. 3I, Q). Micronucleus, cytopyge, and contractile vacuole not observed. In Petri dish with in situ water at room temperature, cells keep swimming in spirals (about 60 μm across) by rotating about main cell axis (Fig. 3F).</p> <p>Oral apparatus occupying anterior end of cell. Oral cavity extending posteriad to about 30% of cell length (Fig. 3A, G, J). Anterior zone of membranelles surrounding the peristomal collar, composed of about 12 membranelles with cilia up to 14 μm long in vivo, which typically extend anteriorly like a crown (Fig. 3A, K). Bases of anterior membranelles about 6 μm long, each composed of three rows of basal bodies. Ventral zone of membranelles closely connected with anterior zone and composed of about five membranelles (Fig. 3G, H, R). Cilia of ventral membranelles about 5–8 μm long in vivo. Bases of ventral membranelles about 3–5 μm long, decreasing in length towards the cytostome: each composed of three parallel rows of basal bodies in the distal portion of zone, but only two rows in the proximal one (Fig. 3F). Endoral membrane on the inner wall of the buccal lip, 7 μm long, probably composed of bare basal bodies as no cilia recognizable (Fig. 3H). System of argyrophilic fibres developed and associated with the adoral zone of membranelles and endoral membrane (Fig. 3G, U, arrows). The fibres ‘J’-shaped and about 3–5 μm long. Their anterior ends connecting with the distal membranelle ends or endoral membrane whereas the posterior portions bundled closely together to form a distinct stripe under the adoral zone of membranelles (Fig. 3F, G, U). Pharyngeal fibres prominent, extending obliquely rightwards, up to 7 μm long (Fig. 3G, arrowhead).</p> <p>Somatic cilia arranged in a girdle and a ventral kinety (Fig. 3G). Girdle kinety located in the posterior third of the cell length, with a gap (about 4 μm wide) in the ventral centre. The left end of the girdle kinety positioned higher than the right one by about 1–2 μm, and thus the girdle kinety tending to spiral slightly sinistrally (Fig. 3G, H, S). Girdle kinety composed of about 21 widely spaced dikinetids; within each dikinetid, the left basal body bearing a short cilium about 2 μm long in vivo, whereas the right one associated with a conspicuous argentophilic fibre that is about 2 μm long and curved rightwards (Fig. 3E, T, arrows). Ventral kinety in posterior fifth of cell, anterior end below and about 4 μm away from the right end of the girdle kinety, extending posteriad obliquely to the posterior end of the cell (Fig. 3G, H, S). The ventral kinety consisting of about four dikinetids, each bearing a rod-shaped cilium on the anterior basal body, 1 μm long in vivo (Fig. 3E, G, S). An argentophilic fibre originated from the posterior basal body of each ventral dikinetid and extended posteriad to associate with their neighbouring ones, forming a stripe on the right side of the ventral kinety, which tends to connect with the left end of the girdle kinety (Fig. 3E, arrow; Fig. 3G, S).</p> <p>SSU rRNA GENE SEQUENCE ANALYSES (FIG. 4)</p> <p>The SSU rRNA gene sequences of P. obesum showed a similarity of 98.6% when compared with that of Parallelostrombidium paralatum, which is higher than those obtained with Parallelostrombidium conicum (96.9%) and P. ellipticum (98.2%). Parallelostrombidium ellipticum showed the highest similarity with P. obesum (98.2%) and lower similarity with P. paralatum (97.6%) as well as P. conicum (96.5%). The pairwise sequence similarities between Strombidium tropicum and other sequenced Strombidium species ranged from 93.8 to 97.4%, with Strombidium conicum exhibiting the highest similarity.</p> <p>In the trees, our new species P. obesum and P. ellipticum were sister to each other, and then clustered with P. paralatum with fully supported values (ML 100%, BI 1.00). This clade grouped with two Novistrombidium species, and then form a larger clade with P. conicum which was moderately supported by the ML tree (43%) and strongly supported by the BI tree (0.93) (Fig. 4). Strombidium tropicum was related to the non- Strombidium clade comprising Parallelostrombidium, Novistrombidium, Spirostrombidium, Omegastrombidium, Varistrombidium, and Apostrombidium species in the ML tree (11%; Fig. 4), whereas their relationships were not resolved in the BI tree. Strombidium conicum represented the earliest clade of oligotrichs (ML 96% and BI 1.00; Fig. 4). All the nine other Strombidium species composed a moderately wellresolved assemblage into which Williophrya maedai nested (Fig. 4). The monophylies of the genera Strombidium and Parallelostrombidium were both rejected by the AU test (P = 0.00002 and 0.0001, respectively).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18298784FFF89E748F3DF9D8FC2804C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Weiwei;Yi, Zhenzhen;Lin, Xiaofeng;Li, Jiqiu;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Liu, Weiwei, Yi, Zhenzhen, Lin, Xiaofeng, Li, Jiqiu, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2015): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new oligotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the South China Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (4): 653-665, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12257, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12257
