identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1D4287B1FF8AFFA8FF53F969AD78FC77.text	1D4287B1FF8AFFA8FF53F969AD78FC77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptaspasma (Cryptaspasma) perseana Gilligan and Brown	<div><p>Cryptaspasma (Cryptaspasma) perseana Gilligan and Brown, new species</p><p>(Figs. 1–27)</p><p>Systematics. Cryptaspasma perseana is assigned to the subgenus Cryptaspasma based on the following combination of characters (Aarvik 2005): uncus with hair-pencil; valva not swollen; pulvinus without spike(s); sacculus of valva without triangular, pointed prominence; and outer edge of valva not emarginate, thus sacculus and cucullus undifferentiated.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cryptaspasma perseana is separated from other species in the subgenus Cryptaspasma by the following characters: C. bipenicilla Brown and Brown has two lengths of coremata on the male abdomen versus one length in C. perseana; C. lugubris (Felder &amp; Rogenhofer) and C. acrolophoides Meyrick males have an uncus that is parallel-sided versus widened above the base and tapering distally in C. perseana; C. athymopis Diakonoff and C. microloga Diakonoff females have signa that taper to a dull point versus signa that are distally rounded in C. perseana . Other undescribed males in the subgenus Cryptaspasma from Central and South America differ from C.</p><p>perseana in having either two lengths of coremata, setae absent from the base of the valva and/or sex scaling on the male hindwing; females of undescribed species generally lack the ventrolateral triangular processes on the sterigma and/or have differently shaped signa.</p><p>Description. Adult. Male. Head (Fig. 7): Vertex rough scaled, dark brown intermixed with golden-brown; upper portion of frons rough scaled, concolorous with vertex, lower portion of frons smooth scaled, dark brown to black intermixed with orange-brown; labial palpus porrect, all segments combined ca. 1.3 times diameter of compound eye, first and second segments golden brown, second segment enlarged, third segment rounded, ca. 0.3 as long as second segment, dark brown distally; antenna ca. 0.4 as long as forewing, dark brown basally, brown apically, scape dark brown to black, sensory cilia ca. 0.2 times width of flagellomere; ocellus conspicuous. Thorax (Fig. 1): Dorsal and ventral surfaces brown; tegula covered with long pale-brown scales; fore leg densely covered with dark brown scales; mid- and hind femur with long broad brown scales on ventral surface; mid- and hind tibia with long hairlike brown scales on dorsal and ventral surfaces; metathorax with posterior pair of scale tufts composed of long thin pale brown scales. Forewing length 9.8–10.9 mm (mean = 10.3, n = 10); costal fold absent; costal margin weakly convex; ground color pale brown intermixed with black and grayish purple; costal strigulae present as paired or single pale brown marks, strigulae 3–9 paired or unpaired on costa, strigula 10 unpaired between R4 and R5 on apex; conspicuous orange spot between bases of M1 and M2; fasciae dark brown to black, poorly defined; basal fascia expressed as black scaling at base along dorsum; subbasal and median fasciae coalesced to form broad band of black scaling extending from costa to dorsum across discal cell; postmedian and preterminal fasciae undefined, apical half of wing variably mottled with dark brown and grayish-purple; fringe brown. Hindwing: Uniformly brown; fringe brown with lighter apices. Abdomen (Figs. 3, 5–6, 8–10): Brown to pale brown; eighth abdominal tergite with posterior pair of coremata (Figs. 6, 8–10) consisting of a single tuft of scales composed as follows: outer scales elongate and pale brown, middle scales rhopaloid and dark brown, inner scales larger, rhopaloid, and covered with secretions; eighth abdominal sternite (Fig. 5) tapered distally with large mesal excavation forming two distal lobes. Genitalia (Fig. 3) with uncus variably elongate, weakly widened above base and tapered towards apex with tuft of setae extending from distal half, setal tuft approximately same length as uncus; socii a pair of setose arched lobes laterad to uncus; gnathos a narrow band with triangular subscaphium; tegumen narrow; pedunculus a triangular lobe; valva triangular, covered in long thin setae concentrated at base and rounded apex; a row of small pointed spinelike setae running entire length of saccular margin projecting ventrally; sacculus with several rows of long blunt spinelike setae ca. 0.50–0.85 distance from base to apex of valva; median portion of valva with weakly sclerotized pulvinus densely covered in long rhopaloid scales; phallus ca. 0.50 length of valva, broad, tapering weakly to blunt apex; cornuti absent.</p><p>Female. Head: As in male. Thorax (Fig. 2): As in male except: Forewing length 10.5–12.1 mm (mean = 11.3, n = 9); costal margin weakly convex; ground color grayish brown; costal strigulae subdued, remnants of strigulae 5– 9 visible in some individuals; conspicuous white and orangish-brown spot between bases of M1 and M2; fasciae undefined; basal half of wing infused with orangish-brown, apical half of wing variably mottled with dark brown and grayish-purple; black patch surrounded by orangish-brown in area of median fascia below discal cell; fringe brown. Hindwing: Uniformly brown; fringe brown. Abdomen (Fig. 4): Brown to pale brown, without modified scales. Genitalia with papillae anales broad and densely setose; apophyses anteriores and posteriores slender, anteriores ca. 1.6 times as long as posteriores; sterigma composed of a pair of ventrolateral, slightly convex, triangular processes separated posteriorly by a ventromedial gap, each process strongly and finely reticulated with cellular spaces bordered by walls and covered with fine spicules, posteromedial corners of processes with several long, thin setae; ductus bursae widened asymmetrically at middle and sclerotized on ventral side from antrum to middle of ductus, forming a ring encircling ductus at middle posterior to inception of ductus seminalis; bulla seminalis absent; corpus bursae large, pear-shaped, with reticulated wall; a pair of large, hollow, paddle-shaped signa, nearly equal in size, with base of right signum arising more posterad than that of left.</p><p>Egg (Figs. 18–19). Flat, oval, translucent, white when first laid, turning grey as larva develops. Eggs are laid in masses (described below).</p><p>Larva (Figs. 11–17, 21–22). Mandibles (Fig. 13) with inner teeth (sensu Passoa 1985) modified into long ridge with tooth at the distal end, retinaculum present as a triangular projection; distance between P1 and AF2 on head (Fig. 12) ca. 0.7 times distance between P1 and P2; a horizontal line connecting the AF2 setae on head (Fig. 12) passes closer to P2 than P1; all pinacula weakly sclerotized; L pinaculum on T1 (Fig. 11) anteriad to spiracle; SV groups on A1, 2, 7, 8, 9 with 3:3:3:2:2 setae; SD2 on A1–8 (Fig. 14) reduced, located on same pinaculum as SD1; SD pinaculum on A8 (Fig. 11) anteriad to spiracle; D2 setae on A8 (Fig. 15) on same “saddle” pinaculum and closer together than D1 setae; D1, D2, and SD1 setae on A9 (Fig. 17) all on same large “saddle” pinaculum; D1 and SD1 setae on A9 (Fig. 17) closer together than D2 and D1 setae; L pinaculum on A9 (Fig. 11) bisetose; distance between D1 setae on anal shield (Fig. 16) ca. 1.7 times distance between D1 and SD1 setae; anal comb absent.</p><p>Pupa (Figs. 23–26). Length 9.0– 11.6 mm (mean = 10.6, n = 13); abdominal segments 3-8 with two dorsal rows of spines: anterior row larger with ca. 18-32 spines; posterior row smaller with ca. 25-42 spines.</p><p>HOLOTYPE: 3: GUATEMALA, Sacatepéquez, Finca San Miguel Urias, San Miguel Dueñas, 1495m, 14°31’27” N, 90°46’34” W, ex. Hass avocado fruit, XII 2006 - III 2007, M. &amp; C. Hoddle, USNM.</p><p>PARATYPES: 40 3, 60 Ƥ: GUATEMALA, same data as for holotype (4 3 CSCA; 1 3 TMG; 5 3 UCR; 8 3 USNM, genitalia slides USNM 124,660, TMG 488, TMG 489; 6 Ƥ CSCA; 1 Ƥ TMG; 5 Ƥ UCR; 8 Ƥ USNM, genitalia slides USNM 124,661, TMG 491); Sacatepéquez, Palin, Finca El Recuerdo, 1390m, 14°26’07” N, 90°40’52” W, ex. Hass avocado fruit, 8 XI 2006 - 16 XII 2006, M. Hoddle (5 3 UCR; 1 3 USNM, genitalia slide USNM 124,475; 6 Ƥ UCR); Sacatepéquez, San Pedro de las Huertas, 14°31’55” N, 90°44’4” W, ex. Non-Hass avocado fruit, lab-reared, II-III 2007, M. Hoddle (15 3 UCR; 30 Ƥ UCR); MÉXICO, Michoacán, near Morelia, Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Huerta Ladera 3, ex-larva, 7 XI 2002, Luis Cervantes (1 3 USNM, genitalia slide TMG 492; 4 Ƥ USNM, genitalia slide TMG 493).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the larval host, Persea americana .</p><p>Distribution. Cryptaspasma perseana is recorded from Michoacán, México and central Guatemala.</p><p>Biology. Hoddle and Hoddle (2008) described the biology of C. perseana (as “ Cryptaspasma sp. nr. lugubris ”) reared under laboratory conditions; their findings are summarized here. Females laid eggs in masses (Figs. 18–19) containing an average of approximately 21 individual eggs (range of 2 to 73 eggs), primarily on smooth plastic surfaces, although some eggs were laid directly on intact avocado fruit and exposed avocado seeds. Eggs hatched in approximately 11 days (at 22°C) and larvae bored into avocado seeds where they completed development. A single avocado seed supported between 5–8 individual larvae. Larvae completed development in approximately three weeks (at 22°C) and left the seeds in search of pupation sites, although 5% of larvae pupated within feeding tunnels in the seed (Fig. 20). Larval damage was typically characterized by feeding tunnels in seeds, damaged pulp, and accumulation of frass at the opening of feeding tunnels. In the laboratory, larvae pupated between layers of paper towels; we hypothesize that pupation occurs primarily under bark or in leaf litter in natural settings. Larvae remained in a prepupal stage for approximately 2–4 days and in the pupal stage for 8–12 days (at 22°C). The pupal exuvium extrudes from the pupal chamber upon adult eclosion (Fig. 26). Adult sex ratio was found to be 46: 54 male:female under laboratory conditions.</p><p>Adult females use pheromones to attract males. Pheromone gland extracts have been made, potential pheromone compounds isolated and identified, but field testing has not been conducted (Millar and Hoddle unpublished). Female calling was observed in the laboratory, characterized by rapid wing vibrations and a slight upturn of the abdomen with large pheromone glands protruding from the posterior. Calling was observed to commence almost immediately following sunset and lasted for approximately one hour, after which all obvious locomotor activity associated with mating by males and females ceased. At sunrise, adult moths rapidly moved to dark concealed hiding places at ground level to rest. When provided with access to a mix of 10% honey and water, adults lived for up to seven days (at 22°C).</p><p>It is unclear if females prefer to oviposit on fresh fruit still on the tree or on intact fruit that has recently fallen to the ground. Brown and Brown (2004) hypothesized that Cryptaspasma species are specialists on hard seeds of fallen fruit, suggesting that females do not oviposit on fruit that remains on the tree. Hoddle and Hoddle (2008) reviewed this issue and concluded that, based on field observations of dropped fruit, the likelihood of dropped avocado fruit being consumed by animals in a few days was very high. Thus any eggs laid by Cryptaspasma females on freshly dropped fruit would be eaten by animals as would any larvae that had not yet tunneled into the seed. Because Hoddle and Hoddle (2008) reared C. perseana from intact green fruit that was stated to be freshly picked from trees by a vendor (this was corroborated by circumstantial evidence; the fruit, at time of purchase were in a net sack on the vendor’s back and the vendor was carrying a fruit picking pole), they suggest that oviposition and subsequent larval boring to the seed could have occurred before intact fruit dropped to the ground. Fruit may drop because of larval feeding, or because of strong winds causing fruit drop independently of larval infestation.</p><p>One species of endoparasitoid, a Pseudophanerotoma sp. ( Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae), was reared from ca. 30% of field collected C. perseana larvae. This is the first host record for a Pseudophanerotoma species; members of the Cheloninae are generally egg and larva parasitoids of tortricoids and pyraloids (J. Luhman pers. comm.).</p><p>Additional color photographs of all life stages of C. perseana and Pseudophanerotoma sp. are available (Hoddle 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF8AFFA8FF53F969AD78FC77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FDDEADEBFBE1.text	1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FDDEADEBFBE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amorbia	<div><p>Amorbia spp. ( Tortricidae: Tortricinae)</p><p>Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham), the western avocado leafroller, is considered a primary but sporadic pest of avocado in California (Faber et al. 2010). Its putative synonym, A. essigana Busck, was described as an avocado pest in southern California nearly 80 years ago, and avocado feeding populations may actually represent this “pheromone race” (e.g., Hoffman et al. 1983; Bailey et al. 1986; Bailey et al. 1988). Adults are present from late April to July and again in September to November in central California and year round in southern California (Powell and Opler 2009). Larvae cause damage by feeding on leaves, skeletonizing them in early instars and consuming the entire leaf in later instars. Economic losses occur when larvae web leaves to fruit or feed on the skin of fruit in a cluster, causing cosmetic damage (Faber et al. 2010).</p><p>In Hawaii, the Mexican leafroller, Amorbia emigratella Busck, is considered a pest on a variety of plants, including avocado, although this species is native to México and Central America (Zimmerman 1978). Larval damage appears similar to that of A. cuneana and also E. postvittana (Zimmerman 1978) .</p><p>An additional species, Amorbia santamaria Phillips &amp; Powell, was reared from avocado in Guatemala by Hoddle and Hoddle (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FDDEADEBFBE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FB3BADA4FA22.text	1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FB3BADA4FA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argyrotaenia franciscana (Walsingham) Walsingham	<div><p>Argyrotaenia franciscana (Walsingham) ( Tortricidae: Tortricinae)</p><p>The orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia franciscana, is a polyphagous species that is an occasional pest of avocado in California. This species is found primarily in cooler coastal areas and river valleys, where adults may be present year round; only two generations are present in warmer inland areas (Powell 1964). Larvae feed in silken shelters on outer shoots and can cause economic damage by chewing holes in fruit and even causing fruit to drop by feeding on the stem (Faber et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FB3BADA4FA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FA74AFFDF88F.text	1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FA74AFFDF88F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) Hubner	<div><p>Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) ( Tortricidae: Tortricinae)</p><p>The carnation tortrix, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, was discovered feeding on winter daphne (Daphne odora Thunb.) in California in early 2011 (M. Epstein, pers. comm.). A native of northern Africa, this species was first documented from North America in Oregon in 1964 (Powell 1969), and it is also present in Washington (E. LaGasa, pers. comm.). Larvae are highly polyphagous, having been recorded from more than 160 species of plants in 42 families (Razowski 2002). Wyoski and Izhar (1976) reported C. pronubana as a pest of avocado in Israel in the early to mid-1970s, causing surface damage to fruit in orchards.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF82FFA6FF53FA74AFFDF88F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF82FFA5FF53F8D9A92EFF54.text	1D4287B1FF82FFA5FF53F8D9A92EFF54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) Walker	<div><p>Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) ( Tortricidae: Tortricinae)</p><p>The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, native to Australia, was discovered in California in 2006 (Brown et al. 2010). Larvae are highly polyphagous, having been recorded on over 500 species of plants, including avocado (Brown et al. 2010). Although not yet recorded on avocado in California (M. Epstein, pers. comm.), larvae can cause economic damage by webbing leaves to fruit or feeding on the surface of fruit (Brown et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF82FFA5FF53F8D9A92EFF54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FEA7AD3DFDD6.text	1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FEA7AD3DFDD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caloptilia	<div><p>Caloptilia, Marmara, and Phyllocnistis spp. ( Gracillariidae: Gracillariinae, Phyllocnistinae)</p><p>Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis, the citrus peelminer, has been reported as a pest of avocado in California (Waite and Barrera 2002; as M. salictella Clemens). Larvae cause damage by mining the surface of fruit, causing significant scarring, and they may also mine shoots and leaves (Guillén et al. 2001, Waite and Barrera 2002). Caloptilia perseae (Busck) is considered a pest of avocado in México, where larvae mine leaves but rarely cause significant damage (Wysoki et al. 2002). Davis and Wagner (2011) described several new species of Phyllocnistis from Central America and the southeastern U.S. that mine leaves of avocado; none of these species are recorded from California.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FEA7AD3DFDD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FD22AD86FC48.text	1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FD22AD86FC48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platynota stultana Walsingham	<div><p>Platynota stultana Walsingham ( Tortricidae: Tortricinae)</p><p>Platynota stultana, the omnivorous leafroller, was introduced into southern California in the late 1800’s (Powell and Opler 2009). It has subsequently expanded its range into northern California, while at the same time expanding its host range onto a variety of non-native plants (Powell 1983). This species is considered a pest in greenhouses and vineyards, but it also attacks row crops, citrus, and occasionally avocado. Adults are present year round in southern and central California. Larvae feed primarily in shelters constructed of rolled or folded leaves. Economic damage occurs when larvae web leaves to fruit or feed directly on fruit, causing superficial damage and secondary infection by bacteria and fungi.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FD22AD86FC48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FB9DAF1EFB63.text	1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FB9DAF1EFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenée) Guenee	<div><p>Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenée) ( Geometridae: Ennominae)</p><p>Sabulodes aegrotata, the omnivorous looper, is a highly variable and polyphagous species that sometimes causes damage to avocado, citrus, and walnuts (Powell and Opler 2009). In California, adults are present year round, with populations increasing in the warmer months. Larvae cause economic damage by feeding on both leaves and fruit, leading to disfigurement and scarring of fruit (Faber et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FB9DAF1EFB63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FAB7ADB7F888.text	1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FAB7ADB7F888.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenoma catenifer Walsingham	<div><p>Stenoma catenifer Walsingham ( Elachistidae: Stenomatinae)</p><p>Stenoma catenifer is the most important lepidopteran pest of avocado in the Neotropics (Wysoki et al. 2002). Although not yet found in California, this species has been recorded damaging avocados in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, México, Panama, Perú, and Venezuela, with crop losses as high as 60–80% (Hoddle and Hoddle 2008). This pest has demonstrated the ability to invade new areas because of the accidental movement of infested avocado fruit. This situation was realized in 2000 in the Galápagos Islands (Landry and Roque-Albelo 2003). Stenoma catenifer larvae cause damage similar to those of C. perseana; larvae of the latter discovered in México in 2002 were initially thought to be those of S. catenifer . Larvae of the two species are separated by the following characters: D2 pinacula on A9 fused dorsally (creating a mid-dorsal saddle) in C. perseana, whereas D2 pinaculum and D1 pinaculum are fused subdorsally in S. catenifer (creating a shared subdorsal pinaculum); L pinaculum on A9 trisetose in S. catenifer, bisetose in C. perseana; and SV pinaculum on A1 and A7 bisetose in S. catenifer, trisetose in C. perseana . Cervantes (1999) provides a complete setal map and larval description for S. catenifer .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF81FFA5FF53FAB7ADB7F888	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF81FFA4FF53F8DDAEB5FE25.text	1D4287B1FF81FFA4FF53F8DDAEB5FE25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) Meyrick	<div><p>Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) ( Tortricidae: Olethreutinae)</p><p>The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, is a native of sub-Saharan Africa. This polyphagous species is a serious pest of citrus and cotton and has been recorded from more than 50 plant species in over 30 families (Brown et al. 2008, van der Geest et al. 1991). In South Africa, T. leucotreta is considered the most significant Lepidoptera pest of avocado (Erichsen and Schoeman 1994). Larvae cause direct damage by tunneling in the fruit just beneath the skin, and larval feeding often results in secondary damage caused by bacteria and fungi (Erichsen and Schoeman 1994).</p><p>Thaumatotibia leucotreta is not established in California; however, a single male was collected in a pheromone trap in Ventura County in July, 2008 (Gilligan et al. 2011). This species is one of the most commonly intercepted tortricids on pepper ( Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum L.) and eggplant ( Solanaceae: Solanum melongena L.) at U.S. ports-of-entry (Brown 2006, Gilligan et al. 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF81FFA4FF53F8DDAEB5FE25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
1D4287B1FF80FFA4FF53FE71ACCFFD7A.text	1D4287B1FF80FFA4FF53FE71ACCFFD7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepidoptera	<div><p>Other Lepidoptera pests</p><p>Other species of Lepidoptera have been occasionally recorded on avocado in California (M. Epstein, pers. comm.); although we are unaware of other species reaching pest status in the state. Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Papilionidae, Hesperiidae, and Psychidae have been reported on avocado in México (Waite and Barrera 2002, USDA 2004); however, these species, where known, are not present in California. It is conceivable that any highly polyphagous species of Lepidoptera would feed on avocado if given an opportunity as many of the known pests are general feeders.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D4287B1FF80FFA4FF53FE71ACCFFD7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gilligan, Todd M.;Brown, John W.;Hoddle, Mark S.	Gilligan, Todd M., Brown, John W., Hoddle, Mark S. (2011): A new avocado pest in Central America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a key to Lepidoptera larvae threatening avocados in California. Zootaxa 3137: 31-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204440
