identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1D0E87F4FFD0054B89C3F9EEE7C615A5.text	1D0E87F4FFD0054B89C3F9EEE7C615A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera James in James & McFadden 1982	<div><p>Himantigera James, 1982</p><p>(Figs 1–130)</p><p>Himantigera James in James &amp; McFadden, 1982: 19 . Type species, Himantigera silvestris McFadden, 1982 in James &amp; McFadden, 1982 (orig. des.).</p><p>Diagnosis (modified from James &amp; McFadden 1982; Woodley 2009). Large (8–12 mm) and always metallic. Male and female dichoptic (Figs 13–24), with no significant sexual dimorphism, except male upper frons slightly narrower than female upper frons, and legs often much darker in females than in males. Arista-like terminal flagellomere with few and sparse setae basally (Figs 1–6). Vein M distinct on its entire length; R 2+3 vein always originating after r–m crossvein (Figs 33–38) or virtually at r–m (in some cases distal [Figs 36–37], but never beyond apex of discal cell as in Sargus). Calypter lower lobe well developed (more than three times longer than wide at its widest point), basal half narrow and distal half expanded and rounded (Figs 10–12). Abdomen nearly rectangular, with tergites 2–4 of similar width (Figs 45–55). Phallus with three large nearly symmetrical lobes (e.g., Figs 69–71). Proctiger fused to epandrium anteriorly (e.g., Fig. 59).</p><p>Redescription. Male. Length: body, 8.0–12.0 mm; wing, 6.0–12.0 mm. Head (e.g., Figs 7–8, 13, 17). Dichoptic eyes, head clearly wider than long in dorsal view and higher than wide in lateral view. Occiput black, with short pilosity; vertex and ocellar tubercle metallic green, blue or purple, with sparse pilosity. Ocellar tubercle slightly prominent, weakly exceeding margin eye (especially in frontal view). Ocellar triangle as long as wide, distance from anterior ocellus to posterior ones as long as distance between posterior ocelli. Upper frons at least twice as long as wide, narrower than widest margin of frontal callus or face; medial area often expanded; lateral area narrow, often less than half of medial area; short golden to black pilosity on its entire surface. Frontal callus well developed, mostly white yellow, strongly contrasting with metallic color background. Lower frons with whitish yellow to dark pilosity. Face mostly white-yellow, brown ventrally. Antennal scape two times longer than pedicel; basal four flagellomeres nearly as long as wide (Figs 1–6); arista-like terminal flagellomere dark brown, longer than remaining antenna, with few setae basally (commonly 4–7, frequently paired). Proboscis white to yellow-red; palpus bi-segmented, minute. Thorax (Fig. 9). Mostly metallic-green, blue or purple over scutum and scutellum, except postpronotal lobe, notopleural suture and postalar callus which are yellow-brown; pleuron mostly dark brown with metallic green to purple reflections; pilosity often golden, short. Legs mostly yellow; mid coxa basally, hind coxa and basal half of femur frequently brown to dark brown; pilosity mostly short, dense, yellow, conforming to color of surface, except on tarsomeres, which have mostly brown pilosity. Wing (e.g., Fig. 25). Wing clear, with brown to dark brown veins, its surface almost entirely covered by microtrichia except basally in cell cup and anterior margin of CuA. Basal half of wing wider than apical half. C ending near wing tip. R 2+3 originating after r–m (e.g., Fig. 33), at maximum distance equivalent to twice length of r–m, parallel to R 1; R 4 curved at base, arising from R 5 at angle close to 45°, nearly straight apically; R 5 slightly curved posteriorly, ending posterior to wing apex; r–m slightly shorter than R 4. M distinct on its entire length; proximal branch of M 1+2 and mm respectively as long as distal branch of M 1+2 and short branch of M 3 (rarely distal branch of M 1+2 longer than proximal branch); only M 3 not reaching wing margin. Discal cell not elongate, slightly longer than high. Cu naked on its basal two-thirds, basal to true cubital fork (see arrow in Fig. 39). Alula large, width increasing abruptly towards apex, microtrichia at least along anterior half (e.g., Fig. 39). Calypter lower lobe more than three times longer than its widest margin, basal half narrow and distal half expanded and rounded (Figs 10–12). Halter redyellow. Abdomen (e.g., Fig. 48). Abdomen nearly rectangular, with tergites 2–4 of similar width, lateral margins parallels; first abdominal segment much narrower proximally than distally, margins divergent. Terminalia (e.g., Figs 59–61, 69–71, 86–105). Genital capsule subquadrate, its distal margin projected dorsally; longitudinal extension of gonocoxal apodeme half length of genital capsule; medial process of synsternite well developed (e.g., Fig. 90), with thin setae on distal half, attached to ventral side of phallus (Fig. 104); region between gonocoxites flat towards medial process of synsternite ventrally (Figs 87, 94). Anterior end of gonocoxal apodeme and anterior end of phallus at or slightly exceeding anterior margin of genitalia. Phallus with three large nearly symmetrical lobes (Figs 69–71); medial lobe slightly shorter than lateral ones, opening of lateral lobes wider than medial lobe. Parameral sheath well developed, fused to lobe’s base, without distal projections (Figs 69–71). Gonostylus short, digitiform. Epandrium wider than long, U-shaped. Proctiger fused to epandrium (e.g., Figs 56, 59); its distal margin often rounded. Sternite 10 arched towards and beneath proctiger, connected to epandrium anteriorly; cercus rodshaped.</p><p>Female. As for males, except as follows. Length: body, 7.0–11.0 mm, wing, 6.5–12.0 mm. Head (e.g., Figs 14, 18). Upper frons slightly broader than in male; lateral area of upper frons at least half of medial area width.</p><p>Thorax. Legs darker than in males, mainly on femur. Terminalia (e.g., Figs 62–65). Tergite 8 rectangular. Tergite 9 strongly sclerotized and rectangular; medially weakly developed. Genital fork (sternite 9) widest medially; anterior arm gradually narrowing towards its anterior end; posterior bridge bilobed; posterolateral process slightly converging, narrower basally, distally rounded; genital opening very large, more or less circular. Tergite 10 well developed, triangular. First segment of cercus longer than second segment.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit 1, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz, Zacatecas), Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Sacatepéquez, Sololá, Suchitépequepez 1 , El Salvador (San Salvador, Cuscatlán), Nicaragua (Matagalpa), Costa Rica (Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí, Guna Yala, Panama), Colombia (Amazonas, Chocó, Magdalena), Trinidad and Tobago (Tunapuna-Piarco), Venezuela (Amazonas, Carabobo), Guyana, French Guiana (Maripasoula), Ecuador (Los Ríos, Pastaza, Sucumbíos), Peru (Madre de Dios), Brazil (Rondônia, Santa Catarina), Bolivia (La Paz) (Fig. 130). 1 records from James &amp; McFadden (1982) .</p><p>The genus is only known from the Neotropical region, ranging from the states of southern Mexico along its east and west coasts to southern Brazil and Bolivia; records are provided for the first time for Nicaragua, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia (Fig. 130).</p><p>Comments. Himantigera is here redescribed because James &amp; McFadden (1982) did not provide a complete description of the genus in their study. The examination of all name-bearing type specimens assigned to Himantigera over the years has allowed for the better delimitation of the genus, resulting in three new combinations herein proposed and reinforcing the necessity for a new concept and limits of the genus.</p><p>Himantigera is not commonly collected and not many additional specimens have been deposited in collections. As a result, virtually all that we know about its species is derived from the original description and from the type specimens. The only two exceptions are H. nigrifemorata and H. silvestris that have been collected and deposited in collections, and also for these two more data are available in the literature (see James &amp; McFadden 1982).</p><p>Amongst the Sarginae genera with a strap-like lower squama in the Neotropics (i.e., Himantigera, Lobisquama James 1982, and Sargus), Himantigera differs from Lobisquama (with L. barbata James, 1982 in James &amp; McFadden, 1982 being the only species in this genus) by having M vein distinct throughout, M 3 ending before the wing margin and the alula larger. The morphological characters previously used to separate Himantigera from Sargus include vein R 2+3 originating proximally to r–m in Himantigera and distally to r–m in Sargus, and an ocellar triangle that is equilateral in Himantigera and often longer than wide in the Neotropical Sargus . In addition, Himantigera has dichoptic eyes with the width of the upper frons similar in size in both sexes, while in dichoptic Sargus, the male upper frons is much narrowed compared to that of the females. Male genitalic morphology are also useful for diagnosing Himantigera . A likely unique character for the genus, as suggested by Fachin &amp; Amorim (2015), is a proctiger that is fused basally to the epandrium (e.g., Figs 56, 59). An additional unique character for the genus appears to be a phallus with three almost symmetrical lobes (Figs 69–71), which is clearly distinct from the state found in any Sargus species (Rozkošný 1982; Mason &amp; Rozkošný 2008) or any other known Neotropical Sarginae (James &amp; McFadden 1971, 1982; Fachin &amp; Amorim 2015). Also, genital capsule is nearly square with a very short and digitiform gonostylus (e.g., Figs 60–61), and the gonocoxal apodeme is nearly at the same level as the anterior margin of genitalia (e.g., Figs 57, 67).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFD0054B89C3F9EEE7C615A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFD3054489C3FDA7E0221390.text	1D0E87F4FFD3054489C3FDA7E0221390.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera nigrifemorata Macquart 1847	<div><p>Himantigera nigrifemorata Macquart, 1847</p><p>(Figs 1, 10, 13–16, 25–26, 33, 39, 45–47, 56–58, 62–63, 86–89, 106–107, 112–113, 120–121, 126, type specimens, BMNH)</p><p>Sargus nigrifemorata Macquart, 1847: 47 –48 (original description). James &amp; McFadden (1982): 19 (identification key to species). Type locality: Mexico. Holotype ♂ [BMNH]. Ref.— McFadden, 1972: 260.</p><p>Chrysochroma pulchrum Williston, 1900: 233 . Type locality: Mexico, Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 6000 feet. Lectotype ♀, Paralectotype ♀ [BMNH]. Refs.— McFadden, 1972: 265 (lectotype designation); McFadden, 1971: 411 (syn.).</p><p>Chrysochroma albipes Adams, 1903: 31 –32. Type locality: Mexico, Guito. Holotype ♂ [SEMC]. Attributed to Townsend. Ref.— James &amp; McFadden, 1982: 19 (syn.).</p><p>Diagnosis. Relatively small and unmetallic (e.g., Figs 106–107). Upper frons and frontal callus relatively wide (Figs 13–16). All apical tarsomeres dark brown. Abdomen oval-shaped, third or fourth segment widest; tergites 3– 5 densely covered with golden pilosity (Figs 45–47).</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig. 126, A–E), ♂ labeled: “Holo- / type [printed on small round white label with a light red margin]”; “ Merosargus / nigrifemoratus / Mexico Macq [Macquart] [handwritten on white paper] / ex Bigot Coll: / BM.1960-539. [printed on white paper]”; “ ♀ [handwritten on white paper]”; “ Sargus / nigrifemorata n. sp. [handwritten on white paper] [the rest of the label is illegible]”; “M. nigrifemoratus ♀ / Sargus . id. Macq. [Macquart] / Mexic. [Mexico] J. Bigot [handwritten on white paper]” (BMNH). LECTOTYPE [ Chrysochlora pulchra] (Fig. 126, F–I), ♀ labeled: “Lecto- / type [printed on small round white label with a dark blue margin]”; “ LECTOTYPE / Chrysochlora / pulchra Williston / des. McFadden 1972 [handwritten on white paper]”; “Para- / type [printed on small round white label with a light yellow margin]”; “Chilpancingo, / Guerrero, / 4600 ft. / June. H.H. Smith [printed on white paper]”; “B.C.A. Dipt. I. / Chrysochroma / pulchrum, / Will. [Williston] [printed on white paper]”; “ Himantoloba / pulchra / (Will.) / McFadden 1970 [handwritten on white paper]” (BMNH). PARALECTOTYPE [ Chrysochlora pulchra] (Fig. 126, J–L), ♀ labeled: “Para- / Lecto- / type [printed on small round white label with a light blue margin]”; “ PARALECTOTYPE / Chrysochlora / pulchra Williston [printed on white paper]”; “Para- / type [printed on small round white label with a light-yellow margin]”; “Amula, / Guerrero, / 6000 ft. / Sept. [September] H.H. Smith [printed on white paper]”; “B.C.A. Dipt. I. / Chrysochroma / pulchrum, / Will. [Williston] [printed on white paper]”; “ Chrysochlora / pulchra / Will. [Williston] [handwritten on white paper]”; “ Himantoloba / pulchra / (Will.) / McFadden 1970 [handwritten on white paper]” (BMNH).</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, Cartago, La Suiza 24’, 29.ix, P. Schild (USNM) . 2 ♂, Heredia Prov. [Province], Santo Domingo, INBio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.083336/lat 9.983334)">Parque</a>, 9°59’N 85°05’W, 1150, 08.viii.2001, N.E. Woodley (USNM) . 1 ♂, Puntarenas, Monteverde, 1400–1500, 11–12.viii.76 [1976], E.M. Fisher, collr. [collector] (CSCA) ; 1 ♂, Monteverde, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.808464&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.318967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.808464/lat 10.318967)">Est. Biol.</a> [Estación Biológica], 1500 m, 10°19.138’N 84°48.508’W, 15–18.viii.2010, M. Hauser (CSCA) . 1 ♂, Santa Elena, 25.vi.1993, A. Borkent, CD 1452 (CNC) . 1 ♂, San José, 28.viii.1962, M.T. James (USNM) . 3 ♂, San Antonio de Escazú, 1300 [meters], vi.1987, W.G. Eberhard ; 5 ♂, ix.1987 (USNM) . 1 ♂ (antennae and wings slide-mounted), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.15/lat 9.9)">San Antonio de Escazú</a>, 9°54’N 84°09’W, 1300 m, xi.1988, W. Eberhard, Malaise trap (USNM) ; 1 ♂, Escazú, 01–05.vii.1988, F.D. Parker (LACM) ; 1 ♂, 20.vi–14.vii.1989 (LACM); 2 ♂, 22.vii–05.viii.1989 (LACM); 1 ♀, 21.viii–27.viii.1989 (LACM) . 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.05)">Zurquí de Moravia</a>, 10°03’N 84°01’W, vi.1990, 1600 m, Malaise, P. Hanson (USNM) ; 1 ♂, vi.1990 (USNM) . 1 ♂, EL SALVADOR, San Salvador, San Salvador, San José via, 01.viii.43 [1943], C.B. Spencer (USNM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, La Libertad, C.N.A.S. Tecla [= District of Santa Tecla, currently Nueva San Salvador), 03.vii.53 [1953], Salazar (USNM) . 1 ♂, GUATEMALA, Chimaltenango, Yepocapa, viii.1949, H.T. Dalmat (USNM) . 1 ♀, Guatemala, Amatitlán, 27.vii.1949, E.G. Smith (LACM) . 5 ♂, Guatemala City, 04.vi.1989, K &amp; S Bloem colrs [collectors] (UCD) . 1 ♀, Sacatepéquez, Antiqua [Antigua Guatemala], 24.vi.1923, E.G. Smyth (USNM) ; 1 ♀, Antigua [Antigua Guatemala], Fca [Finca] Salinas, 29.vi.1980, arbol N°. 12, 3 : 45 p. m. (LACM) . 1 ♀, Sololá, 5 km. ne. [NE] Panajachel, 1700m, 14–15.viii.1974, E.M. &amp; J.L. Fisher (CSCA) . 2 ♂, MEXICO, Chiapas, Município de Angel Albino Corzo (Jaltenango), above Finca Custepec, 1371 m, 11.viii.1981, D.E &amp; L.A. Breedlove (CAS) . 1 ♂, 11 mi. [miles] NE. Las Margaritas on rd. [road] to La Soledad, 1676 m, 15.xi.1974, D.E &amp; L.A. Breedlove (CAS) . 3 ♂, Durango, Durango [city], Road, 21.vii.1967, R.H. Crandall, col (LACM). 2 ♀, Guerrero, Taxco, 27.vii.1951, M. Quigley (USNM) . 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Jalisco, mi Teocaltiche, 21.viii.1970 (UCD) ; 1 ♀, Teocaltiche 5600’, Racho La Quinta, 25.viii.1979, B. Villegas (UCD) . 1 ♂, Tecolotlán, 18.ix.1975, B. Villegas (UCD) . 1 ♂, Michoacán, Cotija, 08.ix.1972, E.A. Kane &amp; B. Villegas (CSCA) . 2 ♂, Morelos, Crawford (USNM) . 1 ♂ (left antenna and wing slide-mounted), Cuernavaca, 12 mi. E., 4300’, 14.viii.1954, J.G. Chilcott (CNC) . 1 ♀, Tepoztlán, YMCA camp, 21.viii.1958, H.F. Howden (CNC) . 4 ♂, 3 ♀, Oaxaca, Crawford (USNM); 1 ♂, Crawford, Frank M. Hull Collection (CNC) ; 1 ♂, Crawford (UCB) . 1 ♂, Puebla, Atencingo [belongs to the city of Chietla], 02.vi.1922, E.G. Smyth (USNM) . 1 ♂, Sinaloa, Concordia, 08.ix.1970, K.J. Capelle (LACM) . 1 ♀ (left antenna slide-mounted), 15 mi. W. El Palmito, 5000’, 30.vii.1964, W.R.M. Mason (CNC) . 1 ♀, Santa Lucía, 25.vii.1964, 4000’, J.F. McAlpine (CNC) . 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 50 mi NE Mazatlán, 09.ix.1970, W.J. Hanson, T.L. Whiworth (LACM) . 1 ♂, Sonora, Racho Santa Bárbara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.731&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.1045" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.731/lat 27.1045)">La Posa de Encino Boludo</a>, 27 km NE Alamos, mt at isolated water hole in oak, woodland, 1242m, 27°06.27’N 108°43.86’W, 21–24.viii.2009, M.E. Irwin &amp; Stephanie Meyer (CSCA) . 1 ♂, Zacatecas, Nochistlán 6300’, Presa Los Tuzas, 26.viii.1979, B. Villegas (UCD) .</p><p>Redescription. Male. Length: body, 8.0–10.0 mm; wing, 6.5–8.5 mm. Head (Figs 13, 15). Upper frons slightly narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin slightly divergent towards face. Aristalike terminal flagellomere with four thin setae basally. Thorax. Legs mostly yellow, except mid and hind coxae, apical half of mid and hind femora, and at least all apical tarsomeres dark brown. Wing (Figs 25–26). R 2+3 originating beyond r–m, at a distance as long as r–m (Fig. 33). Proximal branch of M 1+2 slightly shorter than distal branch of M 1+2. Alula with microtrichia along anterior half, rarely few sparse microtrichia apically (Fig. 39). Abdomen (Fig. 45). Elongate, at least twice as long as wide, widest at about third to fourth segments; distinctly metallic green on tergites, dark brown with green to coppery reflections on sternites; long yellow pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2; shorter golden pilosity densely covering most of tergites 3–5 and sternites. Terminalia (Figs 56– 58, 86–89). Genital capsule as wide as high, its posterior margin rounded dorsally; medial process of synsternite weakly developed (Fig. 89); anterior end of gonocoxal apodeme and anterior end of phallus at same level as anterior margin of genitalia. Epandrium slightly wider than long (Fig. 56).</p><p>Female. As for males, except as follows. Length: body 7.0–10.0, wing 6.5–9.0. Head (Figs 14, 16). Upper frons nearly as wide as frontal callus. Lateral area of upper frons as wide as medial area. Thorax. Distal half of all femora dark brown (rarely basal two-thirds darker). Terminalia (Figs 62–63). Genital fork widest medially (Fig. 63), anterior arm clearly triangular; long projections of posterior bridge widely spaced; posterolateral process very slender dorsally.</p><p>Biology. Male post-coupling courtship of this species was described by Eberhard (1988).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas), Guatemala (Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Sololá), El Salvador (La Libertad, San Salvador), Costa Rica (Cartago, Heredia, Puntarenas, San José) (Fig. 130) .</p><p>As commented by James &amp; McFadden (1982), this species seems to occur at higher elevations, often above 1000 meters.</p><p>Comments. Some male and female specimens, mainly from Costa Rica (see Figs 107, 113, 121), El Salvador and Guatemala, differ in having darker legs, exemplified in the femora and in the distal half of all tibiae antero-dorsally that are dark brown. Females may also have the last two tarsomeres (not just the apical segment) of the legs dark brown instead, and paler males (Mexico, Figs 106, 112) may be without dark brown spots on the fore femur.</p><p>One female specimen from Mexico (Tuxtepec, Oaxaca) deposited in WSU was identified as H. silvestris (determination label by James 1981), but this same specimen was included in James &amp; McFadden’s (1982) revision as H. nigrifemorata . It is here considered to be H. nigrifemorata since all terminal tarsomeres are black.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFD3054489C3FDA7E0221390	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFDE055C89C3F9A8E73B13EE.text	1D0E87F4FFDE055C89C3F9A8E73B13EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera silvestris McFadden, 1982 in James & McFadden 1982	<div><p>Himantigera silvestris McFadden, 1982</p><p>(Figs 2, 7–8, 11, 17–18, 27, 34, 40, 48–49, 59–61, 64–65, 90–95, 108, 114, 122, 128, holotype, WSU)</p><p>Himantigera silvestris McFadden in James &amp; McFadden, 1982: 20 (original description); 19, (identification key to species); 45, Fig. 29 (male genitalia, ventral view). Type locality: Mexico, Veracruz, Lake Catemaco, 258 m. Holotype ♂ [WSU]; Paratypes: 2 ♂ [CNC]; 3 ♂ [CAS], 1 ♂, [FSCA]; 1 ♂ [SEMC]; 2 ♂ [MCZ]; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ [UCB]; 2 ♂ [USNM]; 7 ♂ [WSU]; 25 ♂ [WSU, MCZ].</p><p>Diagnosis. Upper frons much narrower than widest margin of frontal callus; margin of frontal callus strongly divergent (Fig. 17). Fore legs entirely yellow in males (Fig. 114). R 2+3 originating at or very close to r–m (Fig. 34). Abdomen subrectangular, almost equally wide from second to fourth segments (Figs 48–49).</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig. 128, A–F), ♂ labeled: “ Mexico, Veracruz, / Lake Catemaco, / 04–06.vii.1966, 850’ / M.W. McFadden [printed on white paper]”; Himantigera / silvestris / ♂ McFadden / HOLOTYPE [handwritten on red paper]” (WSU). PARATYPES: 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrialba, 2000’, 17.vii.1965, H.G. Real (CAS); 1 ♂, 07.viii.1965, Raspe coll. (CAS). 1 ♂, Heredia Prov. [Province], La Selva, 2 km SW Puerto Viejo, 04–07.viii.1971, at sta. window, P.A. Opler (CAS). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, MEXICO, Chiapas, Simojovel, 18–31.vii.1958, J.A. Chemsak collector (1 ♂, UCB; 1 ♀ WSU). 1 ♂ (stated as ♀), Oaxaca, Temascal, 04.x.1963, K.H. Janzen collector (UCB). 1 ♀, Veracruz, 11. mi. [miles] N. Cordoba, 02.vii.1962, D.E. Janzen collector (UCB); 5 ♂ (2 ♂, one with left antenna and wing slide-mounted, CNC; 3 ♂, WSU), Catemaco, 1100 ft., 16–18.vi.1969, W.R.M. Mason; 3 ♂ (one with abdomen glued to locality label; other one with a microvial pinned beneath it), same date as holotype (WSU). 1 ♂, PANAMA, CZ [Canal Zone], Panama, Barro Colorado Isl. [Island] 26.vi.1924, N. [Nathan Banks] (WSU); 1 ♂, 17.viii.1924 (WSU); 1 ♂, 04.viii.1977, Silberlied/Aiello (USNM); 1 ♂, 05.viii.1977 (USNM).</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♂, COLOMBIA, Chocó, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Utria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.35/lat 6.02)">Send. Cocalito</a>, 6.02°N 77.35°W, 16.viii–07.ix.2000, J. Pérez, MT [malaise trap], CAP-814 (LACM) . 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrialba, grounds of IICA, 23.vi.1976, M. Wasbauer, Malaise trap 8A-5P (UCB) ; 1 ♂, Turrialba, CATIE, 26–29.vi.1986, W. Hanson, G. Bohart (LACM) . 1 ♀, Guanacaste Prov. [Province], 3 km SE R. Naranjo, 11–20.vi.1992, F.D. Parker (LACM) ; 1 ♀, 05–09.vii.1993 (LACM); 1 ♀, 24–30.viii.1993 (LACM) . 1 ♀, Guanacaste Conservation Area Santa Rosa Sector, Administration Area, viii.1998, Malaise trap, J.J. Sulivan (USNM) . 1 ♂, Limón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.816666/lat 9.633333)">4 km NE Bribri</a>, 9°38’N 82°49’W, 50m, iv–vi.1990, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM) . 1 ♀, [CR2013-09], Rd. [Road] Manzanillo, Punta Uva, 9°37’30”-38’16”N 82°39’41”-41’39”W, 0–10 m, degraded costal rain forest, car net, 01.xii.2013, leg. M. Schülke &amp; B. Grüberg (CSCA) . 1 ♀, Puntarenas, Golfito, 07.viii.1957, Arnold Menke (LACM) ; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, Golfito, 29.vi.1976, Malaise trap 8AM-5PM, M. Wasbauer coll. (UCB) ; 1 ♂, Golfito-United Fruit Co., 25.vi.1976 (UCB); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Golfito-United Fruit Co., 1.vii.1976, Malaise trap 8A-5P (UCB); 1 ♂, Golfito, 10–100m, 25–26.vi.1976, E.M. Fisher, collr. [collector] (CSCA) . 2 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.35/lat 8.55)">5 km NW Puerto Jimenez</a>, 8°33’N 83°21’W, 10m, i.1991, P. Hanson 1 ♀, xi.1991 (USNM); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.48333/lat 8.683333)">3 km NW Puerto Jimenez</a>, 8°41’N 83°29’W, 10m, iii–v.1991, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM) ; 1 ♂, viii.1991 (USNM); 1 ♀, xi.1991 (USNM); 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.316666/lat 8.383333)">Puerto Jimenez</a>, 8°23’N 83°19’W, 10m, iv–v.1991, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM) . 1 ♂, 3 ♀, San José, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.28/lat 9.91)">Zona Protectora El Rodeo</a>, 9.91°N [8] 4.28°W, 5–8.viii.2001, Malaise trap #2, B. Brown, V. Berezovskiy, G. Kung (LACM) . 1 ♂, ECUADOR, Los Ríos, Vic. Quebrada, iii–iv.1955, E.N. O'Rourke (USNM) . 1 ♀, EL SALVADOR, Rosario Cuscatlan [Cuscatlán, Rosario], 15.vi.53, Salazar (USNM) . 1 ♂, GUATEMALA, Dept. [Department] Huehuetenango, 8 km SE. of La Mesilla, 810 m, 30.viii.1976, Edward S. Ross (CAS) . 1 ♂, Cayuga [= Izabal, Morales], vi.15, WmSchaus (USNM) . 2 ♂, MEXICO, Oaxaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-100.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -100.35/lat 17.27)">El Camarón</a>, 17.27°N 100.35°W, 25.v–09.vi.1987, T. Taylor (LACM) . 1 ♀, Puebla, San José St. Chiapas [= San José Chiapa], v.1910, 1000 to 1500 ft. [feet] El, Donor C.L. Fox (CAS) . 1 ♂, Veracruz, Citlaltépetl [= Pico de Orizaba], 03.vii.1964, el 3000, Coll. Suani (CAS) ; 1 ♀, Lake Catemaco, 18.vi.1969, B.V. Peterson (CNC) . 1 ♂, PANAMA, C.Z. [Canal Zone], Panama, Barro Colorado Isl. [Island], 18.vii.1924, N. Banks (USNM) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 9°9’N 79°51’W, 12– 19.v.1993, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #966 (LACM); 1 ♀, 9°17’N 79°83’W, 04–11.ix.1996, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #6851 (LACM) . 1 ♀, Guna Yala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.0/lat 9.333333)">Nusagandi</a>, 9°20’N 79°0’W 29.i–05.ii.1994, J. Pickering, MT [malaise trap] #2061 (LACM) . 3 ♂, 2 ♀, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Tunapuna-Piarco, I. Simla Res. Sta. [Research Station], 02–15.vi.1981, Hanson, Clemons (LACM) . 1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.3995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.3995/lat 10.668)">Mt. St. Benedict</a>, 10°40.08’N 61°23.97’W, 500–700 m, 25–30.xi.1999, R. Snelling, MT [malaise trap], primary rf. (LACM) . 1 ♂, VENEZUELA, Carabobo, San Esteban [San Esteban National Park], xi.1939, Pablo Anduze (USNM) .</p><p>Redescription. Male. Length: body, 9.0–11.5 mm; wing, 8.5–12.0 mm. Head (Fig. 17). Upper frons much narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin strongly divergent. Arista-like terminal flagellomere with six thin setae basally (Fig. 2). Thorax. Fore leg entirely yellow, mid and hind legs mostly yellow (tarsomeres slightly lighter), except mid coxa proximally, hind coxa, apical half ventrally of mid and apical third of hind femora dark brown; often apex of mid tibia dark brown. Wing (Fig. 27). R 2+3 originating at or very near to r–m level (Fig. 34). Alula with microtrichia along anterior half and often apically (Fig. 40). Abdomen (Fig. 48). Abdomen subrectangular, less than twice longer than wide, almost equally wide from second to fourth segments; distinctly metallic green on tergites and sternites; long golden pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2, short golden pilosity on tergite 3, short black pilosity on tergites 4–5. Terminalia (Figs 59–61, 90–95). Genital capsule slightly wider than high, its posterior margin rounded dorsally; medial process of synsternite strongly developed, ovalshaped distally (Fig. 90), thin setae on distal half; anterior end of gonocoxal apodeme and anterior end of phallus exceeding anterior margin of genitalia. Gonostylus not much longer than wide, apical margin concave (Fig. 92). Epandrium longer than wide, connection between sternite 10 and epandrium expanded (Fig. 59).</p><p>Female. As for males, except as follows. Length: body, 8.5–11.0 mm, wing, 8.5–12.0 mm. Head (Fig. 18). Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus; lateral area half of medial area width. Thorax. Legs much darker. Apical third of all femora dark brown. All tibiae ventrally dark brown on basal and apical thirds, medial third yellow. Abdomen (Fig. 49). Coppery metallic reflections on sternites. Terminalia (Figs 64–65). Genital fork with its genital opening occupying nearly all its anterior half; short distance between each projection of posterior bridge; posterolateral process narrower basally, quite wide medially (Fig. 65).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz), Guatemala (Huehuetenango, Izabal, Suchitépequepez), El Salvador (Cuscatlán), Costa Rica (Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Guna Yala, Panama), Colombia (Chocó), Trinidad &amp; Tobago (Tunapuna-Piarco), Venezuela (Carabobo), Ecuador (Los Ríos) (Fig. 130) .</p><p>This species has a wide altitudinal range, occurring from 10 to 1450 meters as documented by the examined material.</p><p>Comments. The male and female genitalia of this species were previously not described, nor was the position of vein R 2+3. Himantigera silvestris is similar in appearance to H. nigrifemorata, especially the lighter males of H. nigrifemorata . H. silvestris differs, however, in being quite larger, robust (not fragile) and more metallic than H. nigrifemorata, with all last tarsomeres yellow. The abdominal segments are almost equally wide in H. silvestris (Figs 48–49), while in H. nigrifemorata, the first two abdominal segments are narrower than the last three (Figs 45–46).</p><p>Himantigera silvestris is even more similar to H. superba . Males of H. silvestris, however, have the fore tibia completely yellow (see Fig. 114), and the fore and hind femora never marked with dark brown ventrally, while in H. superba, all legs are more marked of dark brown (see Fig. 115) including the apical third of the fore femur, virtually the entire surface of the mid and hind femora, and all tibiae ventrally (only yellow medially) (see Table 3). Furthermore, H. silvestris (as H. nigrifemorata) is restricted to Central America (Mexico to Panama), with a few records reaching the northern coastal regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, whereas H. superba is mostly occurring in the low lands of South America in the Amazon basin and also reaching southern Brazil (Fig. 130).</p><p>Two paratypes of H. silvestris from Panama collected in 1977 and originally cited as deposited in the MCZ (Norman E. Woodley, personal communication) are now housed in the USNM collection. Other paratypes from Guatemala were deposited in the AMNH and WSU collections, but it was not stated in the original publication how many specimens are in each location.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFDE055C89C3F9A8E73B13EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFC0055B89C3FF54E48E1569.text	1D0E87F4FFC0055B89C3FF54E48E1569.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera superba (Lindner 1949)	<div><p>Himantigera superba (Lindner, 1949)</p><p>(Figs 3, 9, 19, 28, 35, 41, 50–51, 66–71, 96–98, 109, 115, 127, holotype of Sargus jamesi, SMNS, 129, holotype of Pedicella superba, BMNH)</p><p>Pedicella superba Lindner, 1949: 803 (original description). Type locality: Guyana, Upper Courantyne River, King Frederick William IV. Falls. Holotype ♀ [BMNH].</p><p>Sargus jamesi Lindner, 1969: 5 –6 (original description). Type locality: Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia, 27°11’S 52°23’W, 300– 500 m. Syntypes: 1 ♂ [SMNS]; 1 ♂ [unknown depository institution], 3 ♀ [Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann, Seara, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil]. Syn. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis (male). Species close to H. silvestris in having upper frons narrower than widest distal margin of frontal callus (Fig. 19), R 2+3 originating at or very close to r–m (Fig. 35), and abdomen subrectangular, being equally wide from second to fourth segments (Figs 50–51). In comparison to the similar H. silvestris, it has all legs darkened, with apical third of fore femur dark brown, mid and hind femora almost entirely brown, and all tibiae with basal and apical third dark brown, only medial third yellow (see Table 3).</p><p>Material examined. Type material: [ Sargus jamesi] SYNTYPE (Fig. 127, A–D), ♂ labeled: “ Holotypus [printed on red paper]”; “ i.195 6 [in vertical position] / Brasilien [BRAZIL] / Nova Teutônia / 27°11’B [S] 52°23’L [W] / Fritz Plaumann / 300-500 m [in vertical position] [mostly printed on white paper]”; “ Sargus jamesi Lind [Lindner] / Lindner det. [species name and author handwritten on white paper]”; “Typus/ Lindner/ 1968 [in vertical position] [handwritten in red on white paper]” (SMNS). [ Pedicella superba] HOLOTYPE (Fig. 129, A–F), ♂ labeled: “ Type [printed on small round white label with a light red margin]”; “BRIT. [ British] GUIANA / Upper Courantyne R. [river] / King Frederick / William iv.Falls. / 14–22.iii.1936. [printed on white paper]”; “ G.A. Hudson. / B.M. 1936-360 [printed on white paper]”; “ Pedicella Type / superba / Lind. [Lindner] Lindner / 1940 [in vertical position] [handwritten in red on white paper]”; “ HOLOTYPE / Pedicella / superba Lindner / det. J.E. CHAINEY 1982 [handwritten on white paper] [glued small round white label with a light red margin printed Holotype on it]” (BMNH).</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♂, BRAZIL, Rondônia, 62 km SE Ariquemes, 05–16.xi.1996, W.J. Hanson (LACM) . 1 ♂ (entirely slide-mounted), Campo Novo de Rondônia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.668334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.483334/lat -10.668334)">Fazenda Amorim</a>, 10°40’6”S 63°29’00”W, 248 m, 03– 15.xii.2011, Malaise trap, Amorim, Ament &amp; Riccardi col. (MZUSP) ; 1 ♂, Shannon (MZUSP) . 1 ♂, COLOMBIA, Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.26/lat -3.82)">Amacayacu</a>, NP [National Park], 3.82°S 70.26°W, 08–12.iii.2000, B. Brown, G. Kung, M. Sharkey, Malaise #6 (LACM) . 1 ♂, ECUADOR, Pastaza, Pompeya, Napo R. [river], 14–22.v.1965, L. Pena (CNC) . 2 ♂, Sucumbíos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5/lat -0.5)">Sacha Lodge</a>, 0.5°S 76.5°W, 14–24.vi.1994, P. Hibbs, MT [malaise trap], 290m (LACM) . 1? (head and terminalia are missing), FRENCH GUIANA, Maripasoula, Mitaraka, diferente sites nr [near] base camp and along trails, tropical most forest (diferente sites), 10.iii.2015 – 14.iii.2015, FIT, leg. Julien Touroult &amp; Eddy Poirier (FR-GU/ Mitaraka /2015) – sample code: MITARAKA/192 (MNHN) . 1 ♂ (head is missing), VENEZUELA, 1 ♂ T.F. Amaz. [Amazonas], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.96667/lat 0.8666667)">Cerro de la Neblina Camp</a>, 0°52’N 65°58’W, 1450m, 25–28.ii.1985, Malaise trap, P.J. &amp; P.M. Spangler &amp; R.A. Faitoute (USNM) . 1 ♂ (head is missing), PERU, Madre de Dios, Avispas, 10–20.ix.1962, L. Pena, 400 m . (CAS); 1 ♂ (left antenna and wing slide-mounted), Tambopata Wildlife Res. [Reserve], 30 km SW Pto. [Puerto] Maldonado, 12°50’S 60°20’W (although this coordinate erroneously leads to the state of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.333332/lat -12.833333)">Rondônia</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.333332/lat -12.833333)">Brazil</a>), 29 m, 14.xii.1982, Joseph J. Anderson, Coll. (USNM) .</p><p>Redescription. Male. Length: body, 10.0–12.0 mm; wing, 8.5–9.0 mm. Head (Fig. 19). Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Arista-like terminal flagellomere with 4–7 setae basally (Fig. 3). Thorax (Fig. 9). Legs mostly yellow, with mid coxa proximally, hind coxa and dorso-apical third of fore femur dark brown, mid and hind femora almost entirely brown, and all tibiae with basal and apical third dark brown, medial third yellow. Wing (Fig. 28). R 2+3 originating almost at or very near r–m level (Fig. 35). Alula with microtrichia along anterior half (Fig. 41). Abdomen (Figs 50–51). Abdomen subrectangular, less than two times longer than wide, equally wide from second to fourth segments; tergites and sternites strongly metallic green, polished, with long white pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2; short yellow pilosity on tergites 3–5 and sternites. Terminalia (Figs 66–71, 96– 98). Genital capsule as wide as high, its posterior margin rounded dorsally; medial process of synsternite strongly developed, more or less rhomboidal in shape (although much longer than high) (Fig. 98), thin setae on its distal half; anterior end of gonocoxal apodeme slightly exceeding anterior margin of genitalia. Anterior end of phallus at same level as anterior margin of genitalia. Gonostylus slightly longer than wide, pointed apically. Phallus with thin setae ventrally. Epandrium slightly wider than long (Fig. 66).</p><p>Female. Only known from the original description (Lindner 1949) and the type specimen at the BMNH collection. Photographs of the type specimen provided here (Fig 129).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana, French Guiana (Maripasoula), Ecuador (Pastaza, Sucumbíos), Peru (Huánuco, Madre de Dios), Brazil (Rondônia) (Fig. 130).</p><p>Comments. Examining the photographs of the male type specimen of Sargus jamesi from south Brazil and a few additional male specimens from northern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Brazil) we conclude that it is conspecific with Pedicella superba . Their morphology is identical, with both resembling H. silvestris (one of the Central American species), but with darker legs (see Table 3). The only record of P. superba is the female type specimen from Guyana, which falls well within the distribution of the other South American specimens.</p><p>Lindner (1949) indicated in the original description of Pedicella superba that the presence of eye micropilosity and some microsculpture on the thorax (what he called punctuations) were diagnostic features of H. superba . After examining additional material and the female type specimen, there is no clear difference between the thorax of H. superba and the thorax of the other Himantigera species (they are all blue or green metallic, with mostly short golden pilosity), and we did not find micropilosity on the eyes of this species. Some specimens of Himantigera, however, seem to have only minute and sparse micropilosity on the eyes, but this can also be found in other Sarginae . Lindner (1969) based the description of Sargus jamesi on two males and three females, all syntypes, of which one male is deposited in the SMNS (Fig. 127). The three female syntypes, of which the depository was previously unknown (Woodley 2001), are currently housed in the Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann, Seara, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Fig. 127, E). This museum was raised in honor to Fritz Plaumann in 1988, a great entomologist and collector in southern Brazil, who sent part of his specimens to experts (e.g., Thomas Borgmeier, Erwin Lindner); in exchange, he received back some of those identified specimens to keep in his own collection, now named after him. Lindner (1969) indicated that this species was closely related to H. nigrifemorata (the other Central American species), but he said it was big, being distinguished from H. nigrifemorata in having a fore femur that was dark brown apically (not entirely yellow) in males and tarsomeres that were yellow with dark pilosity.</p><p>Lindner (1951: 248–249) published an additional record of this species from Peru (Huánuco, Tingo Maria) as Merosargus superbus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFC0055B89C3FF54E48E1569	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFC3055489C3FC57E7A91146.text	1D0E87F4FFC3055489C3FC57E7A91146.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera amauroptera Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Himantigera amauroptera nov. sp.</p><p>(Figs 4, 20–21, 29–30, 36, 42, 52–53, 72–74, 78–79, 99, 110, 116, 123) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ A8B3570A-BB14-4A32-AC38-12523D2F27FD</p><p>Diagnosis. Darkest species of this genus (Figs 110, 116, 123). Antenna completely dark brown in females (Fig. 21). Distal half of wing dark brown infuscated (Figs 29–30), especially in females (Fig. 30). R 2+3 originating well beyond r–m, at a distance two times greater than length of r–m (Fig. 36). Abdomen elongated, equally wide from second to fourth segments (Figs 52–53).</p><p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE: ♂, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.83/lat 8.95)">Las Alturas</a>, 8.95°N 82.83°W, 11– 13.vi.1998, B. Brown, V. Berezovskiy, Malaise trap #2, 1500m (LACM). PARATYPES: 1 ♀, COLOMBIA, Magdalena, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Santa Marta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.65/lat 10.8)">El Ramo</a>, 10.80°N 73.65°W, 10–24.vi.2000, I. Uribe, 2500m, Malaise, CAP-203 (LACM) ; 1 ♀, 10°48’N 73°39’W, 2500 m, 15–30.ix.2000, M.629, J. Cantillo Leg. (LACM) . 1 ♂ (antennae and left wing slide-mounted), 4 ♀ (one from USNM with right antenna and wing slidemounted), COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.833336/lat 8.95)">San</a> Vito, Estación Biológica Las Alturas, 1500 meters, 8°57’N 82°50’W, vi.1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (1 ♂, USNM-USNMENT01447635; 3 ♀, USNM-USNMENT01447636, USNM- USNMENT01447637, USNM-USNMENT01447638; 1 ♀, MZUSP-MZ 052812) ; 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.833336/lat 8.95)">San</a> Vito, Estación Biológica Las Alturas, 1500 meters, 8°57’N 82°50’W, iv.1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM- USNMENT01447639) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.83/lat 8.95)">Las Alturas</a>, 8.95°N 82.83°W, 11–13.vi.1998, B. Brown, V. Berezovskiy, Malaise trap #2, 1500m (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CSCA; 1 ♀, LACM) . 1 ♀, San José, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.71667/lat 9.5)">26 km N San Isidro</a>, 9°30’N 83°43’W, 2100 m, ii–v.1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM-USNMENT01447640) .</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♀, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov. [Province], Monteverde, 1300 m, 17–20.v.1985, black light, J. Powell, F. Opler, J.A. Chemsak coll. (UCB) ; 1 ♀, 20–24.vi.1986, Nader Youssef (LACM) . 1 ♀, PANAMA, Chiriquí, 6 km NE Boquete, 14–17.vi.1996 (LACM) ; 1 ♀, 15–19.vi.1996 (LACM); 5 ♀, Cerro Punta, 17–18.vi.1996 (LACM) .</p><p>Description. Male. Length: body, 8.0–11.0; wing, 7.0–9.5. Head (Fig. 20). Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin divergent towards face. Antenna red brown except pedicel dark brown; arista-like terminal flagellomere with four setae basally (Fig. 4). Thorax. Legs mostly yellow, except mid coxa proximally, hind coxa, at least apical half of fore femur dorsally, basal to apical two-thirds of mid and hind femora, apical third antero-ventrally of fore tibia, basal and apical third antero-dorsally of mid and hind tibiae dark brown. Wing (Fig. 29). Apical half of wing slightly infuscated dark brown. R 2+3 originating well beyond r–m, at a distance two times longer than r–m length (Fig. 36). Proximal branch of M 1+2 shorter than distal branch of M 1+2. Alula with microtrichia only along anterior half (Fig. 42). Abdomen (Fig. 52). Elongate, two times longer than wide, equally wide from second to fourth segments; entirely dark, metallic dark green mainly on tergites 1–2, copper reflections on sternites; long golden pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2; shorter on tergite 3 and sternites; mostly shorter black pilosity on 4–5 tergites. Terminalia (Figs 72–74, 99). Genital capsule as wide as high, its posterior margin rounded dorsally; medial process of synsternite weakly developed, its proximal portion triangularshaped (Fig. 99). Epandrium slightly wider than long (Fig. 72).</p><p>Female. As for males, except as follows. Length: body, 8.0–11.0 mm; wing, 7.0–10.0 mm. Head. (Fig. 21). Upper frons nearly as wide as widest margin of frontal callus; each side of its lateral area almost as wide as medial area; upper frons with conspicuous metallic blue color medially. Lower frons brown near antenna; face brown. Antenna entirely dark brown. Thorax. Legs much darker than in males, with fore and mid coxae, all tibiae anteroventrally and entire surface of all femora dark brown; brown pilosity on tarsomeres 1–4. Wing (Fig. 30). Clearly dark brown infuscated on apical half of wing, strongly contrasting basal half. Abdomen (Fig. 53). Tergites strongly metallic purple, mainly on tergites 1–2; white pilosity. Terminalia (Figs 78–79). Genital fork very wide (Fig. 79), with anterior two-thirds triangular, gradually narrowing towards anterior apex; distance between each projection wider than each projection itself; posterolateral process pointed apically.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is feminine and derives from the Greek word amauros, meaning dark, obscure, and ptera, as a reference to the conspicuous dark brown color at the distal margin of wing, especially in the females of this species.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Costa Rica (Puntarenas, San José), Panama (Chiriquí), Colombia (Magdalena) (Fig. 130) .</p><p>Comments. The apical half of the wing is strongly dark brown infuscated in females (Fig. 30), readily differentiating it from congeneric females. Males are more difficult to diagnose, however, as the wing is not as strongly contrasting. Both sexes of H. amauroptera also differ in color intensity, in which males are less dark (mainly in the head and legs) than females and are more metallic dark green instead. They could be associated as conspecific, however, by having the same leg coloration pattern, i.e., all femora dark brown at least on their basal half and all tibiae antero-dorsally dark brown at least on its apical third, and by having the R 2+3 arising at the same position.</p><p>The coloration of the legs shows additional variation in females. The fore and mid coxae, all femora and tibiae can be almost entirely dark brown in the specimens here assigned as paratypes (some females were collected together with males). Other additional eight specimens (Costa Rica and Panama) are characterized by having fore and mid coxa yellow with only a small part proximally darkened, the femora yellow and only dark brown on apical half, and hind tibia can be nearly all white yellow or brown basally and apically on its antero-ventral side. Besides these color differences, we could not find any other significant characters which would indicate a different species, and we have no males associated with the paler females, therefore we decided to place these specimens in the same species, but not include them in the type series.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFC3055489C3FC57E7A91146	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFCC055089C3FA45E1A0174E.text	1D0E87F4FFCC055089C3FA45E1A0174E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera xanthopoda Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Himantigera xanthopoda nov. sp.</p><p>(Figs 5, 22, 31, 37, 43, 54, 75–77, 102–105, 111, 117) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 0626C676-B558-4470-8C30-563F11BF749E</p><p>Diagnosis (male). Legs entirely yellow to white (Fig. 117). R 2+3 originating well beyond r–m, at a distance two times longer than r–m (Fig. 31). Abdomen elongate, wider apically, widest at fourth segment (Fig. 54).</p><p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE: ♂, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Prov. [Province], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.81056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.323055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.81056/lat 10.323055)">Estación Biológica Monteverde</a>, 1540 m, 10°19’23”N 84°48’38”W, 13.vi.2000, N.E. Woodley (USNM-USNMENT01447641). PARATYPES: 1 ♂ (left antenna and right wing slide-mounted), COSTA RICA, same date as holotype (USNM- USNMENT01447642). 1 ♂, Puntarenas Prov. [Province], San Vito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.833336/lat 8.95)">Estación Biológica Las Alturas</a>, 1500 meters, 8°57’N 82°50’W, iii.1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (USNM-USNMENT01447643) ; 2 ♂, San Vito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.833336/lat 8.95)">Estación Biológica Las Alturas</a>, 1500 meters, 8°57’N 82°50’W, iv.1992, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (1 ♂, USNM- USNMENT01447644; 1 ♂, MZUSP-MZ 052813) ; 1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.83/lat 8.95)">Las Alturas</a>, 8.95°N 82.83°W, iv.1992, 1500m, Malaise trap, P. Hanson (LACM) ; 1 ♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.83/lat 8.95)">Las Alturas</a>, 8.95°N 82.83°W, 11–13.vi.1998, B. Brown, V. Berezovskiy, Malaise trap #2, 1500m (LACM) . 1 ♂, NICARAGUA, Matagalpa Prov. [Province], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.91067&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.998167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.91067/lat 12.998167)">Selva Negra Mountain</a> Resort, lower forest, 1200–1300 meters, 12°59.89’N 85°54.64’W, 18.vi.2007, mercury vapor light, N.E. Woodley (USNM- USNMENT01447685) .</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♂, MEXICO, Chiapas, Município de Angel Albino Corzo (Jaltenango), above Finca Custepec, 1371 m, 11.viii.1981, D.E &amp; L.A. Breedlove (UCB) .</p><p>Description. Male. Length: body, 8.0–12.0 mm; wing, 7.0–10.0 mm. Head (Fig. 22). Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin divergent towards face. Arista-like terminal flagellomere with four setae basally (Fig. 5). Thorax. Legs entirely yellow, except hind tarsomeres white. Wing (Fig. 31). R 2+3 originating well beyond r–m, at a distance two times longer than r–m (Fig. 37). Alula with microtrichia only along anterior half (Fig. 43). Abdomen (Fig. 54). Elongate, two times longer than wide, widest at fourth segment; entirely dark; tergites 1–3 with strong metallic green reflections, tergites 4–5 and sternites with coppery reflections; long golden pilosity laterally on tergites 1–3; short yellow pilosity on tergites 4–5 and sternites. Terminalia (Figs 75–77, 102–105). Genital capsule as wide as high, its posterior margin weakly pointed dorsally; medial process of synsternite weakly developed (Fig. 105), few thin setae apically. Anterior end of phallus distally to anterior margin of genitalia. Gonostylus at least two times longer than wide, pointed apically. Epandrium slightly wider than long (Fig. 75).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is feminine and it comes from the Greek word xanthos, meaning yellow, and podos, meaning foot, as a reference to the yellow leg color.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas), Nicaragua (Matagalpa), Costa Rica (Puntarenas) (Fig. 130).</p><p>Comments. One additional specimen from Mexico (Chiapas) has the apical third of the hind femur dark brown, however, overall morphology and male genitalia fit with that of the other specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFCC055089C3FA45E1A0174E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFC8055189C3FC4DE72B1535.text	1D0E87F4FFC8055189C3FC4DE72B1535.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera James in James & McFadden 1982	<div><p>Himantigera sp. A</p><p>(Figs 6, 23, 32, 38, 44, 80–82, 124–125)</p><p>Diagnosis (female). Metallic purple species somewhat similar to H. amauroptera, but less dark. Upper frons only slightly narrower than widest margin of frontal callus, with lateral area at least twice width of medial area ventrally (Fig. 23). Tarsomeres entirely white yellow, last two tarsomeres with dark pilosity. R 2+3 arising beyond r–m (Fig. 38), but not as far as in H. amauroptera, only being at a distance equal to that of r–m, more similar to the state seen in H. nigrifemorata . Genital fork very wide posteriorly as seen in H. amauroptera, but with its two posterior thirds almost equally wide, and with very short projections on the posterior margin (Figs 80–82).</p><p>Material examined. 1 ♀ (antennae and left wing slide-mounted), MEXICO, Chiapas, El Triunfo (49 km, S. Yaltenango), 13–15.v.1985, 1500m, A. Freidberg (USNM-USNMENT01447686). Labeled as “Unnamed species A Fachin &amp; Hauser 2018” .</p><p>Description. Female. Length: body, 9.0 mm; wing, 7.0 mm. Head (Fig. 23). Upper frons slightly narrower than widest margin of frontal callus; its lateral area more than two times wider than medial area ventrally, reflecting metallic blue to purple color. Frontal callus margin weakly divergent towards face; lower frons brown medially. Antenna brown to dark brown; four setae basally on arista (Fig. 6). Thorax. Legs mostly whitish yellow, except hind coxa, apical half of all femora, basal and apical third of all tibiae antero-ventrally dark brown; dark pilosity on last two tarsomeres. Wing (Fig. 32). R 2+3 originating beyond r–m at a distance as long as length of r–m (Fig. 38). Proximal branch of M 1+2 slightly shorter than distal branch of M 1+2. Alula with microtrichia only along anterior half (Fig. 44). Abdomen. Subrectangular, less than two times longer than wide, equally wide from second to fourth segment; entirely dark with metallic purple reflections; long white pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2; short white pilosity on tergites 4–5 and sternites. Terminalia (Figs 80–82). Genital fork quite wide (as seen in H. amauroptera); its posterior two-thirds almost equally wide, anterior third triangular, clearly narrower than posterior two-thirds; shorter projections at posterior bridge, distance between each projection wider than each projection itself; posterolateral process wider basally and pointed apically.</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mexico (Chiapas) (Fig. 130).</p><p>Comments. This female has a unique combination of characters not seen in any other known female of Himantigera: (i) anterior third of lateral area of upper frons more than two times width of medial area (Fig. 23); (ii) R 2+3 arising beyond r–m at a distance as long as length of r–m (Fig. 38); (iii) genital fork (Figs 80–82) much larger than any other species, and although the posterior bridge is bilobed, its projections are very short, as are the posterolateral process. These characters do not all for ready association with any other known females, and do not allow for associations with males for which female counterparts are not yet known. The shape of the genital fork in strats is usually species-specific (see Woodley 1995; Fachin &amp; Amorim 2015), suggesting that it belongs to an undescribed species, but because only a single female specimen has been found, we prefer to keep it unnamed until more material is available for study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFC8055189C3FC4DE72B1535	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFC9055189C3FE4DE61B11EB.text	1D0E87F4FFC9055189C3FE4DE61B11EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantigera James in James & McFadden 1982	<div><p>Himantigera sp. B</p><p>(Figs 12, 24, 55, 83–85, 100–101, 118–119)</p><p>Diagnosis (male). Highly similar to males of H. amauroptera, but slightly bigger and more shining green. Lateral area of upper frons half width of medial area (Fig. 24). Abdomen elongate with apex enlarged (Fig. 55), not as strongly parallel as seen in H. amauroptera (Fig. 52).</p><p>Material examined. ♂, BOLIVIA, Prov. [Province] La Paz, Cumbre Alto Beni, vicinity of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.49305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.671945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.49305/lat -15.671945)">Caranavi</a>, 1685 m, 15°40’19”S 67°29’35”W, 07–15.iv.2004, Malaise traps, S.D. Gaimari &amp; M. Hauser (CSCA). Labeled as “Unnamed species B Fachin &amp; Hauser 2018” .</p><p>Description. Male. Length: body, 11.0; wing, 7.0. Head (Fig. 24). Vertex and upper frons pilosity mostly black. Upper frons narrower than widest margin of frontal callus. Frontal callus margin slightly divergent towards face. Thorax. Legs mostly yellow, mid coxa proximally and hind coxa, apical half of all femora dorsally and all tibiae antero-ventrally dark brown. Wing. R 2+3 originating well beyond r–m, at a distance two times greater than length of r–m. Proximal branch of M 1+2 shorter than distal branch of M 1+2. Alula with microtrichia only along anterior half. Abdomen (Fig. 55). Elongate, widest at fourth segment; entirely dark with tergites metallic dark green, shiny green mainly on tergites 1–3 laterally; sternites quite dark, not clearly metallic green; long golden pilosity laterally on tergites 1–2; shorter dark pilosity medially on tergites 1–3; shorter white pilosity on sternites 1– 3; shorter black pilosity on 4–5 segments. Terminalia (Figs 83–85, 100–101). Genital capsule wider than long, its posterior margin less developed, not exceeding its ventral margin; medial process of synsternite weakly developed. Gonostylus three times longer than wide. Epandrium slightly wider long (Fig. 83).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Bolivia (La Paz) (Fig. 130).</p><p>Comments. This species resembles males of Himantigera amauroptera in having the legs colored the same (i.e., dark brown marks covering part of mid coxa, hind coxa, apical half of all femora dorsally, and all tibiae antero-ventrally dark brown) and in having R 2+3 arising at a distance two times greater than length of r–m. The only differences between the two would be the shape of the abdomen, which is slightly enlarged apically in H. sp. B, and parallel-sided in H. amauroptera, and the shape of the male genital capsule, which is wider in H. sp. B than it is in H. amauroptera . Because these differences may represent intra-specific variation, we will keep this specimen unnamed until more material is available for comparison.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFC9055189C3FE4DE61B11EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFC9056F89C3F97BE7FF11CA.text	1D0E87F4FFC9056F89C3F97BE7FF11CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microchrysa splendens (Schiner 1868) Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Microchrysa splendens (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 131, holotype, NMW)</p><p>Chrysonotus splendens Schiner, 1868: 62 (original description). Type locality: Venezuela (see comments below). Holotype ♀ [NMW].</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig 131, A–C), ♀ labeled: “ Lindig / 1864 / Venezuela [printed on white paper]”; “ splendens [handwritten on white paper] / Alte Sammlung [printed on white paper]” (NMW).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Venezuela.</p><p>Comments. This species is here transferred to the genus Microchrysa because it has a broad upper frons that is as wide as each eye, a postocular region that is well developed, vein M is not distinct throughout its length, and veins M 1 and M 3 are very weakly developed, being much fainter than M 2 and M 4.</p><p>This species is bigger and darker than others known Neotropical Microchrysa, and it is less shiny, not having the green or blue metallic sheen on its head that is commonly seen in other Neotropical species such as M. bicolor (Wiedemann, 1830) . Only M. obscuriventris, McFadden in James &amp; McFadden, 1982 (examined) is as dark as M. splendens (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov., but in M. obscuriventris the whole abdomen is completely dark brown with some metallic purple reflections, all legs are yellow and the discal cell slightly smaller, while in M. splendens comb. nov., the abdomen does not seem to be entirely dark dorsally, it has at least the last three hind tarsomeres dark brown and its discal cell is larger. The other five known species of Microchrysa in Neotropical region need to be urgently revised.</p><p>The type locality of this species as indicated in the original description is “South America”. However, the original label of the type (Fig. 131) reads “ Venezuela ”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFC9056F89C3F97BE7FF11CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFF7056589C3F9D0E5FF12FB.text	1D0E87F4FFF7056589C3F9D0E5FF12FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sargus dichrous (Schiner 1868) Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Sargus dichrous (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 132, A–E; A–C, holotype, NMW)</p><p>Chrysonotus dichrous Schiner, 1868: 62 (original description). Type locality: Venezuela (see comments below). Holotype ♀ [NMW].</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from the other Neotropical Sargus by an entirely metallic blue to purple abdomen (Fig. 132) that strongly contrasts to the color of the thorax, which is mostly orange in both sexes except for an oval-shaped medial dark brown macula on the scutum, a dark brown ventral mark on the katepisternum, a medially dark brown laterotergite and a dark brown mediotergite with purple reflections in males (Fig. 132, D–E). The fore and mid legs are mostly orange and the hind leg is often entirely dark brown, but it can be almost entirely orange on its femur and tibia. Male holoptic and female dichoptic, upper frons dark brown to black with metallic blue reflections, with a well-marked white callus frontally subdivided into two spots by a dark brown line in both sexes. Male often smaller and slender than females.</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig 132, A–C), ♀ labeled: “ Lindig / 1864 / Venezuela [printed on white paper]”; “ dichrous [handwritten on white paper] / Alte Sammlung [printed on white paper]” (NMW).</p><p>Additional material: 4 ♀, COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF Iguaque, 5°70’N 73°46’W, 11–17.iii.2000, P. Reina, MT [malaise trap] #8, CAP- 8, 2795 m (3 ♀ LACM; 1 ♀ USNM) ; 3 ♀, 01–19.iv.2000, MT#9, CAP- 31, 2980 m (LACM); 2 ♀, 17.viii–01.ix.2000, MT, CAP- 518, 2850 m (LACM) . 3 ♀, Arcabuco, SFF Iguaque, 2855 m, Bosque Rastrojo Cañon de Mamarramos, Malaise 4, 28.ii–16.iii.2000, P. Reina (LACM) ; 2 ♀, 3450 m, 16.iii–01.iv.2000, Malaise 1 (LACM) . 3 ♀, SFF Iguaque, Cabaña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat 5.7)">Carrizal</a>, 5°42’N 73°45’W, 2850 m, 01–23.ix.2000, P. Reina, MT, CAP-614 (LACM) . 4 ♀, SFF Iguaque, Cabaña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.4166665)">Carrizal</a>, 5°25’N 73°27’W, 2850 m, 07–24.ii.2001, M. 1273, P. Reina (LACM) . 2 ♀, SFF Iguaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat 5.7)">Cabaña Mamarramos</a>, 5°42’N 73°45’W, 2855 m, 23.v–08.vi.2000, P. Reina, Malaise trap, CAP-149 (LACM) ; 3 ♀, 17.viii–1.ix.2000, P. Reina, CAP- 519, 2855 m (LACM) . 1 ♂, 9 ♀, SFF Iguaque, Cabaña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.4166665)">Mamarramos</a>, 5°25’N 73°27’W, 2855 m, 23.ix–11.x.2000, P. Reina, M.752 (LACM) ; 4 ♀, 04– 21.xii.2000, CAP1080 (LACM); 1 ♂, 7 ♀, 21.xii.2000 – 07.i.2001, M.1072 (LACM); 1 ♀, 07–21.i.2001, M.1252 (LACM); 1 ♀, 21.i.–07.ii2001, M.1248 (LACM); 3 ♀, 13.xi–04.xii.2001, MT, CAP-1063 (LACM) . 1 ♀, SFF Iguaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.4166665)">La Planada</a>, 5°25’N 73°27’W, 2850 m, 23.v–08.vi.2000, M.152, P. Reina leg. (LACM) ; 1 ♀, 21.x.2000 – 07.i.2001, P. Reina, MT, M.1070 (LACM); 2 ♀, 21.i–07.ii.2001 (LACM) . 1 ♀, SFF Iguaque, Qda Carrizal, 5°69’N 73°45’W, 02–19.iv. 2000, 3350 m, P. Reina, Malaise trap, CAP-26 (LACM) ; 1 ♀, 25.vi–13.vii.2000, CAP-247 (LACM); 1 ♀, 17.viii–01.ix.2000, CAP-520 (USNM) . 5 ♀, SFF Iguaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat 5.7)">Qda Carrizal</a>, 5°42’N 73°45’W, 04– 21.xii. 2000, 3350 m, P. Reina, Malaise trap, CAP-1078 (LACM) . 1 ♀, SFF Iguaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.4166665)">Qda Carrizal</a>, 5°25’N 73°27’W, 21.xii.2000 – 07.i. 2001, 3350 m, P. Reina, M.1071 (LACM) ; 9 ♀, SFF Iguaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.45/lat 5.7)">Qda Los Francos</a>, 5°42’N 73°27’W, 2860 m, MT, 07–24.ii.2001, P. Reina, CAP-1270 (LACM) . 1 ♀, Cauca, PNN Isla Gorgona, 2°97’N 78°18’W, 25–28.ii.2000, B. Brown, G. Kung (LACM) . 1 ♀, Cundinamarca, PNN Chingaza, Bosque Palacio, 4°52’N 73°75’W 2930 m, 17.i–04.ii.2001, L. Cifuentes, Malaise trap, CAP-1258 (LACM) .</p><p>Geographic distribution. Colombia (Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca) and Venezuela.</p><p>Comments. This species clearly belongs to the genus Sargus . The color pattern of S. dichrous (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov. seems to be unique among Neotropical Sargus, making it readily identifiable. Besides the records included here, there are additional females from Colombia in LACM.</p><p>The type locality of this species as indicated in the original description is “ Colombia ”, but the label on the type (Fig. 132, A–C) reads “ Venezuela ”. It was stated as being a male in Schiner (1868) and in Woodley (2001), but it is a female.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFF7056589C3F9D0E5FF12FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFFD056689C3F936E1FF13A8.text	1D0E87F4FFFD056689C3F936E1FF13A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sargus flavoniger Lindner 1928	<div><p>Sargus flavoniger Lindner, 1928 comb. rev.</p><p>(Fig. 133, A–F, holotype, SMF)</p><p>Sargus flavoniger Lindner, 1928: 237 –238 (original description). Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂ [SMF].</p><p>Diagnosis (male). This species is clearly related to the bicolored species Sargus analis, differing in having its scutum and mediotergite brown. As in S. analis, this species is also mostly yellow with only its upper frons, last two visible abdominal segments (fourth and fifth) and hind femur apically, tibia, and tarsomeres dark brown to black. It has the wings faintly brown infuscated anteriorly. The distribution also reinforces the distinctness of both species, with S. flavoniger restricted to southern Brazil, and S. analis recorded from Costa Rica, Panama, and central-west to northern Brazil.</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig 133, A–F), ♂ labeled: “ Rio de Janeiro / April 1927 / Dr. Seitz leg. [printed on white paper]”; Sargus / flavoniger / Lind. [Lindner] [handwritten on white paper]”; “ Type / Lindner / 1928 [handwritten in red on white paper]”; “Senckenberg- / Museum / Frankfurt / Main [printed on white paper]”; “ Typus [printed on red paper]”; “D. 325 [handwritten on red paper]” (SMF).</p><p>Additional material: 1 ♀, BRAZIL, Espírito Santo, Domingos Martins, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.37139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.65806/lat -20.37139)">Mata Pico do Eldorado</a>, 20°22’17”S 40°39’29”W, 03–10.xii.2004, Malaise – Bosque 6, M.T. Tavares &amp; eq. col. (MZUSP) . 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Dist. [Distrito] Federal, xii.1937, Serviço Febre Amarela, M.E.S., Bras. (MZUSP). 1 ♀, São Paulo, Descalvado, iii.1946, Miller col. (MZUSP) . 1 ♀, Iguape, Est. Ecol. [Estação Ecológica] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.20161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.52" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.20161/lat -24.52)">Juréia-Itatins</a>, 24°31’12.0”S 47°12’5.8”W, 17.i.2011, Malaise, Ponto 4, N.W. Perioto e eq. cols. (MZUSP) . 1 ♀, Ribeirão Grande, P.E. [Parque Estadual] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.42139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.27464" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.42139/lat -24.27464)">Intervales</a>, 24°16’28.7”S 48°25’17”W, 21.ii.2011, Malaise, Ponto 2, N.W. Perioto e eq. cols. (MZUSP) .</p><p>Geographic distribution. Brazil (Espírito Santo, Paraná 1, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo). 1 reported by Carrera &amp; Lane (1945) .</p><p>Comments. This species is closely related to the bicolored species of Sargus, which includes S. analis, S. apicalis comb. nov. and at least one more undescribed species that has a similar color pattern except for dark brown markings on the abdomen and wing.</p><p>This species was recorded from Caiobá (state of Paraná, Brazil) and Rio de Janeiro by Carrera &amp; Lane (1945: 128) (as Chrysochroma flavonigra), where they designated the female from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (examined, MZUSP) as “ allotype ” and the female from Paraná as “parallotype” (not examined). Neither specimen have type status since they were proposed after Lindner’s (1928) original description. Lindner (1969: 6) published two females from Nova Teutônia (state of Santa Catarina, Brazil), questionably placing them in the genus Merosargus . A female specimen at (DZUP), labeled as Himantoloba flavonigra seems to be one of the two females mentioned by Lindner (1969) that he thought may have been conspecific with his male holotype of C. flavonigra (Fig. 133) described 41 years before. We think these two females could be an undescribed species, despite having wing color roughly corresponding to the variation described by James &amp; McFadden (1982), because its thorax is entirely yellow and the abdominal tergites are entirely dark brown, differing from S. analis and S. flavoniger .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFFD056689C3F936E1FF13A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFF8056189C3F893E11D15D9.text	1D0E87F4FFF8056189C3F893E11D15D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sargus fulvithorax (Bigot 1879) Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Sargus fulvithorax (Bigot, 1879) comb. nov.</p><p>Chrysonotus fulvithorax Bigot, 1879: 228 . Type locality: Brazil, “Amazonia”. Syntype ♀ [unknown depositary institution].</p><p>Geographic distribution. Brazil (“Amazonia”).</p><p>Comments. As the female type is currently lost, our recombination is based only on the original description of Bigot (1879), who mostly described coloration. The species is mostly yellow, except the vertex and upper frons that are dark metallic blue, the wings are grey, and the abdominal fourth and fifth segments are dark brown with metallic purple reflections. The abdomen was described by Bigot (1879) as being metallic purple with three transverse triangular yellow maculae at the base (probably the first segment). It is likely that this species is closely related to S. analis and S. flavoniger, or possibly even related to S. dichrous because of its metallic abdomen. As this description appears to most reliably place the species in Sargus, it will be transferred there until further material is available, but this color pattern clearly excludes it from Himantigera .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFF8056189C3F893E11D15D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
1D0E87F4FFF9056289C3FE3CE66115BA.text	1D0E87F4FFF9056289C3FE3CE66115BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sargus apicalis (Lindner 1935) Fachin & Hauser 2018	<div><p>Sargus apicalis (Lindner, 1935) comb. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 134, holotype, PAN)</p><p>Merosargus apicalis Lindner, 1935: 404 (original description). Type locality: Venezuela, “ Demerara ”. Holotype ♂ [PAN]. Diagnosis. This species has the same overall color pattern found in the above-mentioned species Sargus analis and S. flavoniger, but it differs from these by having three dark brown horizontal bands on the scutum (Fig. 134).</p><p>Material examined. Type material: HOLOTYPE (Fig 134, A–D), ♂ labeled: “ Demerara / ii-iii.04. / R. Haensch. [printed on green paper]”; “apicalis / Lind. [handwritten on white paper]”; “ Merosargus / apicalis / Lind. [handwritten in red on white paper]”; “Type / Lindner / 1935 [in a vertical position] [handwritten in red on white paper]”; “Mus. Zool. Polonioum / Warszawa / 12/45 [printed on white paper]” (PAN).</p><p>Geographic distribution. Venezuela.</p><p>Comments. Woodley (2001: 338) indicated that additional specimens of Merosargus apicalis Lindner, 1935 identified by Lindner in the BMNH collection fit better in the genus Sargus, but he did not transfer it to the genus because he had not seen the type specimen. After studying photographs of the type specimen, we agree with Woodley’s opinion and transfer the species to the genus Sargus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0E87F4FFF9056289C3FE3CE66115BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fachin, Diego Aguilar;Hauser, Martin	Fachin, Diego Aguilar, Hauser, Martin (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Himantigera James, 1982 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Sarginae), including the description of two new species and a key to the known species. Zootaxa 4531 (4): 451-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4531.4.1
