identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1C297063FF9CFFB6FF1DFD6EFB8CF872.text	1C297063FF9CFFB6FF1DFD6EFB8CF872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptidae Brandt 1833	<div><p>Family Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833</p><p>Although the family Spirostreptidae as such is quite well-defined and morphologically coherent, dividing it into subfamilies and/or tribes has always been challenging. Traditionally, three subfamilies/tribes have been recognized:</p><p>- Spirostreptinae/-ini Brandt, 1833</p><p>- Trachystreptinae/-ini Cook in Cook &amp; Collins, 1895</p><p>- Triaenostreptinae/-ini Attems, 1914</p><p>Hoffman (1980) in his classification of Diplopoda discussed the problems with this subdivision and simply listed all spirostreptid genera alphabetically.</p><p>Independently of this, Krabbe (1982) added:</p><p>- Metriostreptini Krabbe, 1982</p><p>- Orthogoneptini Chamberlin, 1941</p><p>When Hoffman et al. (2001) synonymized Triaenostreptus Attems, 1914 under Spirostreptus, Triaenostreptinae /-ini became a synonym of Spirostreptinae/-ini which left the genera until then classified in Spirostreptinae/-ini “homeless”. The oldest available family-group name based on one of these genera is Perustreptinae Verhoeff, 1941 (see Jeekel 1970). Considering the blatant paucity of phylogenetic studies on Spirostreptidae, in particular studies involving molecular data (Nielsen et al. 2022), it makes no sense to distinguish between the subfamily and tribe levels for the time being, and I suggest a preliminary subdivision of Spirostreptidae into five co-ordinate taxa, here (arbitrarily) listed as tribes in alphabetical order:</p><p>- Metriostreptini Krabbe, 1982 (two African genera)</p><p>- Orthogoneptini Chamberlin, 1941 (two American genera)</p><p>- Perustreptini Verhoeff, 1941, syn. Spiropstretini sensu auctorum, nec Brandt, 1833 (many African and most American genera)</p><p>- Spirostreptini Brandt, 1833, syn. Triaenostreptini, Attems, 1914 (several African genera)</p><p>- Trachystreptini Cook, 1895 (several African genera)</p><p>With the probable exception of Spirostreptinae (see below), and the possible exceptions of the small taxa Metriostreptinae and Orthogoneptinae, the monophyly of the tribes is more than dubious. The status of Trachystreptini has been quite extensively debated, most recently by Enghoff et al. (in press), and this taxon will almost certainly not “survive” a molecular phylogenetic analysis. It also appears quite possible that one or more of the preliminary tribes will turn out to occupy subordinate position within Perustreptini as here delimited.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF9CFFB6FF1DFD6EFB8CF872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFF02FC99FED6.text	1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFF02FC99FED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptini Brandt 1833	<div><p>Tribe Spirostreptini Brandt, 1833</p><p>Diagnosis. Spirostreptidae in which the tip of the slender gonopod telopodite is divided into three processes, (at least) two of which contain branches of the efferent canal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFF02FC99FED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFC1EFB64FB6A.text	1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFC1EFB64FB6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptus Brandt 1833	<div><p>Genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833</p><p>Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833</p><p>Triaenostreptus Attems, 1914, synonymized by Hoffman et al. (2001)</p><p>Diagnosis. A genus of Spirostreptini with short triangular stigmatal grooves, the proplica of the gonopod coxa more than half as long the gonopod, and a smooth antetorsal process of the gonopod telopodite originating at or before the exit of the telopodite from the gonocoel (extracted from Hoffman 2008 and Mwabvu et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF9FFFB5FF1DFC1EFB64FB6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF9FFFB2FF1DF891FCA2F9BE.text	1C297063FF9FFFB2FF1DF891FCA2F9BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptus digitus Enghoff 2023	<div><p>Spirostreptus digitus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1–2</p><p>Diagnosis. Differs from other species of Spirostreptus in the peculiar morphology of the gonopod coxa, particularly the straight (latero)apicad process (ff) originating from the posterior side of the coxa (Fig. 2E, F).</p><p>Etymology. Refers to the distal part of the gonopod coxa which somewhat resembles a fist with an extended (index) finger (Latin: digitus) and a laterally extended thumb. Noun in apposition.</p><p>Material studied.</p><p>Holotype: ♂ TANZANIA • Iringa Region, on David Moyer’s land E of Iringa; 7°45’S, 35°40’E; 1200–1500 m a.s.l.; 10 Jan. 1996; M. Andersen, P. Gravlund, A. Jakobsen leg.; open bushland with scattered trees, sloping towards Little Ruaha River; NHMD 1184565.</p><p>Paratypes: TANZANIA • 1 ♀; same collection data as holotype; NHMD 1184566 • 1 ♂; Iringa region, Mufindi District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.283333/lat -8.6)">Mufindi</a>; 8°36’S, 35°17’E; 1800 m a.s.l.; Mar.–Apr. 1996; L. L. Sørensen leg.; pine plantation; NHMD 1184568 .</p><p>Referred specimens (not types): TANZANIA • 3 juv.; same collection data as holotype; NHMD 1184567 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Holotype [Differences in male paratype in square brackets]</p><p>SIZE. Length ca. 170 [150] mm, vertical diameter 11.3 [11.7] mm. 62 podous rings, no apodous rings in front of telson.</p><p>COLOUR. After 27 years in alcohol, head above eyes dark brown, below eyes yellowish brown; antennae yellowish brown; collum dark brown; body rings with light-yellowish brown prozonites and blackish brown metazonites, posterior margin of metazonites amber; telson medium [yellowish] brown; legs medium [yellowish] brown.</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 1). Head capsule without peculiarities. Eyes medially reaching just beyond antennal socket, with ca. 55 [50] ommatidia in ca. 15 vertical and ca. 6 horizontal rows. Antennae reaching back to body ring 3 when stretched. Mandibles with small stipital lobes (stl) (Fig. 1B, C). Gnathochilarium (Fig. 1B, D): gula (gu) three-lobed; prementum (= prebasilar plate) (pm) in one piece, three-lobed; mentum (me) heptagonal, with a subcircular field of stout setae in distal half; stipites (st) with a field of setae paralleling stipito-mental suture and another field of setae along distal half of lateral margin; lamellae linguales (ll) setose all over.</p><p>COLLUM (Fig. 1A). Smooth, with three strong lateral furrows. Lateral lobes rounded-rectangular, antero-lateral corner only very slightly expanded compared to female.</p><p>BODY RINGS. With horizontal suture at ozopore level. Prozonites with usual fine ring furrows in anterior part. Metazonites not vaulted, clearly striate up to a little above ozopore, dorsally smooth. Ozopore situated ¼–⅓ metazonite length behind suture. A single row of small sigilla, along part of the circumference paralleled by a row of even smaller ones. Stigmatal grooves not extended.</p><p>TELSON. Finely punctate. Preanal ring without a process. Anal valves with raised lips, i.e., “labiate” in the terminology of Hoffman (2011). Subanal scale broad triangular.</p><p>LEGS. Length 0.8 × body diameter. With postfemoral and tibial pads from leg-pair 3 until the seventh-last body ring, pads gradually smaller on last padded leg-pairs. First pair (Fig. 2A): coxosternum with setae on lateral margin and roundish fields of setae (cxs) on the anterior surface. Prefemur with a few apical setae (aps) and a field of setae (lps) at the lateral margin. Prefemoral lobes (pfl) laterally produced into large semicircular process, distally (=dorsally) produced into smaller triangular process.</p><p>GONOPODS (Fig. 2B–F). Sternum (st) trapezoidal [broadly rounded triangular]. Proplica (pp) ca. ¾ as long as metaplica; mesal margin straight; lateral margin raised to form longitudinal keel, parallel to mesal margin for ca. 40% of its length, then moderately diverging, apical part of proplica hence triangular; apical margin oblique, excavated to form a shallow transverse groove, laterally with a short, rounded process (ppp) covering exit of telopodite from coxa; apical margin and lateral side of rounded process setose. Metaplica (mp) complex; mesal margin straight until tip of proplica, then curving gently laterad; with high keel along it entire length, ending in rounded process (map); a large lateroapical structure (lmp) separated from rounded process by obvious incision, lmp roughly triangular, its oblique distal margin swollen, its lateral corner drawn out into straight, pointed, lateroapical process (lap); a long, straight (latero)apicad process (ff) originating from posterior side of lmp and overreaching rest of gonopod. Telopodite simple; antetorsal process (atp) thin, straight, smooth, directed laterad; torsotope extended, situated just after antetorsal process; posttorsal telopodite whiplike, making a 270° turn, thereafter with a short, pointed posttorsal process (ptp); tip of telopodite (Fig. 2D) trifid, the efferent canal (ec) branching into two of the prongs.</p><p>Female paratype</p><p>Length ca. 170 mm, vertical diameter 13.7 mm. 64 podous rings, no apodous rings in front of telson. Similar to male in non-sexual characters. Mandibular stipites without lobes. Anterolateral corner of lateral lobes of collum slightly less expanded.</p><p>Remarks. The new species fulfils the above differential diagnosis of Spirostreptus which is built on the key to spirostreptinine genera in Hoffman (2008) and the broader diagnosis in Mwabvu et al. (2009a). The other species of Spirostreptus form quite a homogeneous group in terms of gonopod shape, see Mwabvu et al. (2009a) and Fig. 3. Spirostreptus digitus sp. nov., in contrast, stands out, notably by the (latero)apicad process (ff) originating distally on the posterior side of the coxa; such a structure is unknown from other Spirostreptus species, except perhaps in S. tripartitus where the “metaplica prong” illustrated by Mwabvu et al. (2009a: fig. 4b), see also Fig. 3E: mpp, may be homologous with ff in S. digitus sp. nov. Also the lateroapical process (lap) of the gonopod coxa of S. digitus sp. nov. lacks a counterpart in other congeners; in this respect the new species more resembles species of the genus Archispirostreptus (Mwabvu et al. 2010) . See discussion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF9FFFB2FF1DF891FCA2F9BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF98FFB2FF1DF952FEB6F8CE.text	1C297063FF98FFB2FF1DF952FEB6F8CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptus heros Porat 1872	<div><p>Spirostreptus heros Porat, 1872</p><p>Fig. 3A–C</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF98FFB2FF1DF952FEB6F8CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF9BFFB1FF1DFF02FEB2FF1E.text	1C297063FF9BFFB1FF1DFF02FEB2FF1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spirostreptus tripartitus Cook & Collins 1893	<div><p>Spirostreptus tripartitus Cook &amp; Collins, 1893</p><p>Fig. 3D–F</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF9BFFB1FF1DFF02FEB2FF1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFC3CFD96FA3F.text	1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFC3CFD96FA3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Analocostreptus ibanda (Silvestri 1907)	<div><p>Analocostreptus ibanda (Silvestri, 1907)</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Archispirostreptus ibanda Silvestri, 1907: 3</p><p>Spirostreptus ibanda: Carl (1909: 316)</p><p>Analocostreptus ibanda: Silvestri (1910: 471)</p><p>Material studied</p><p>UGANDA • 1 ♂; Budongo; 13 Apr. 1968; Schiøtz leg.; ZMUC 200670 • 1 ♀; Bussu; 16 May 1923; Silvestri ded.; labelled as “Cotypus!” in Silvestri’s handwriting, but not part of the type series because Bussu is not among the localities mentioned in the original description.</p><p>KENYA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “Sydl. Masai Reservat” (= southern Masai Reservation); 23 Jan. 1935; Dr. B. Benzon leg.; identified as Analocostreptus ibanda by R.L. Hoffman; ZMUC 200671.</p><p>The specimen from Kenya represents the first record of A. ibanda from outside Uganda. Images of the gonopods of this specimen are presented in Fig. 4, as a supplement to the illustrations provided by Silvestri (1909: figs 46–54) and Krabbe (1982: fig. 160).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFC3CFD96FA3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DF9D0FB68F873.text	1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DF9D0FB68F873.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Analocostreptus missionarius (Attems 1953) Enghoff 2023	<div><p>Analocostreptus missionarius (Attems, 1953) comb. nov.</p><p>Spirostreptus procerus Attems, 1934: 165, nom. occ.</p><p>not: Spirostreptus procerus Gerstäcker, 1873: 508</p><p>Spirostreptus missionarius Attems, 1953: 68, synonymized with S. procerus Attems, 1934, by Kraus (1958: 32)</p><p>Remarks. Spirostreptus procerus Gerstäcker, 1873 has, at least since Attems (1914), been regarded as a synonym of the widely distributed East African species Archispirostreptus gigas (Peters, 1855) . Nevertheless, because of the primary homonymy, a replacement name is required for Spirostreptus procerus Attems, 1934, a species described and repeatedly recorded from D.R. Congo (Zaire). The synonym S. missionarius Attems, 1953, is available and is here, as Analocostreptus missionarius (Attems, 1953), accepted as the valid name of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DF9D0FB68F873	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFF4AFDB0FEF0.text	1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFF4AFDB0FEF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Analocostreptus Silvestri 1910	<div><p>Genus Analocostreptus Silvestri, 1910</p><p>Analocostreptus Silvestri, 1910: 469</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C297063FF94FFBEFF1DFF4AFDB0FEF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Enghoff, Henrik	Enghoff, Henrik (2023): A new distinct, disjunct giant millipede of the genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, from Tanzania, and a solution for orphaned Spirostreptus species (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Zootaxa 5389 (2): 275-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5389.2.9, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5389.2.9/52516
