taxonID	type	description	language	source
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small (total body length 1.4 – 1.9) eighteyed pholcids with relatively long legs (compared to most other Ninetinae; leg 1 usually> 3 × total body length; only shorter in the new species N. centaura), with simple procursus (without dorsal flap, not strongly elongated), paired male cheliceral modifications (strong hairs or pair of apophyses), with stridulatory files on male chelicerae, with simple main (anterior) epigynal plate and large posterior epigynal plate, without or with simple (i. e. not tube-like) median receptacle-like structure in female internal genitalia.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	description	Description Male. Measurements: Total body length 1.4 – 1.9, carapace width 0.6 – 0.8. Legs relatively long (compared to other Ninetinae), tibia 1 usually ~ 1.1 – 2.0 (longer in the new species N. rocio, single male: 2.5); tibia 1 L / d 14 – 31; metatarsus 1 length ~ 1.0 – 1.2 × tibia 1 length; tibia 2 always shorter than tibia 4 (tibia 2 / tibia 4: 0.8 – 0.9). Colour: Live specimens pale ochre-grey to light brown (Fig. 1); carapace often with darker median mark; abdomen colour variable, often darker than prosoma, only in N. centaura distinctively lighter than prosoma (Fig. 1 C), without or with indistinct marks; legs without dark or light bands. Colour in ethanol similar but paler. Body: Ocular area barely raised, eight eyes, AME relatively large (diameter: 35 – 50 µm, i. e. 60 – 85 % of PME diameter). Carapace without or with indistinct thoracic groove (cf. Figs 7 B, 11 A, 29 A). Clypeus usually barely modified, rim slightly more sclerotized than in female, in N. nono also more bulging than in female, in some species with pair of shallow indentations for genital bulbs at rest (Figs 7 A, 11 B). Sternum wider than long, usually with pair of variably distinct anterior processes near leg coxae 1, processes apparently without pores (Fig. 29 G); sternum processes absent in N. centaura. Abdomen globular; four epiandrous spigots arranged in two pairs (Figs 11 F, 29 H); ALS with seven spigots each (Fig. 30 G): one strongly widened spigot, one long pointed spigot and five cylindrical spigots (one of which is unusually large); PMS with two short, pointed spigots (Fig. 30 G); PLS without spigots (cf. Fig. 12 D). Chelicerae: Usually with pair of simple frontal apophyses (e. g. Fig. 5 G, H; absent in N. trigo), tip often flat, i. e. wide in frontal view, pointed in lateral view (Fig. 11 C, D); often with patches or brushes of stronger hairs; with stridulatory files on variably distinct lateral protrusions (Figs 11 B, C, 29 C). Palps: Coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally without or with low retrolateral hump, with prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair; Fig. 29 E); patella short; tibia globular, with two trichobothria; palpal tarsal organ raised, capsulate (Figs 7 E, 11 E, 30 C), with small opening (diameter of opening ~ 1.6 – 1.9 µm); procursus simple, without dorsal flap, not strongly elongated, straight or bent towards dorsal, tip with complex cuticular microstructure (Fig. 29 B); genital bulb with simple ventral apophysis and dorsal embolus (e. g. Fig. 5 F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; usually with short vertical hairs in higher density on tibia 1 or tibiae 1 and 2 (Figs 8 A, B, 30 A; length of hairs ~ 20 µm). Trichobothria in usual arrangement: three on each tibia (except tibia 1: prolateral trichobothrium absent), one on each metatarsus, slightly feathered (Fig. 30 B); length of dorsal trichobothrium on tibia 1: ~ 80 µm; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 in distal position (at 58 – 70 % of tibia length). Metatarsi and tarsi with dorsal rows of tiny pores with cuticular rim (diameter of opening ~ 0.6 µm; cf. Fig. 18 C, D). Tarsus 1 with six to eight pseudosegments, distally distinct, proximally usually indistinct; tarsus 4 distally with one comb-hair on prolateral side (Fig. 12 F); leg tarsal organs small, capsulate (Fig. 30 E), with small opening (diameter of opening ~ 1.2 – 1.6 µm); three claws (Figs 12 E, 18 G). Female: In general (size, colour, body shape), similar to male but chelicerae without stridulatory files (Figs 7 D, 24 F, 29 D), sternum without pair of anterior humps, palpal tarsal organ only weakly raised (Figs 12 A, B, 24 B), and leg tibiae with usual low number of short vertical hairs; legs either slightly shorter than in males or of same length (only in the new species N. ola with reasonable sample size: male / female tibia 1 length: 1.08). Spinnerets, leg pores, leg tarsal organs and comb-hairs as in male (Figs 7 F, 8 D – F, 18 B, H, 24 H, 30 E, H). Main (anterior) epigynal plate rectangular to trapezoidal or semi-circular, weakly protruding, posteriorly straight or with variably distinct median indentation (e. g. Figs 17 A, 32 A); posterior plate simple, short but wide, usually wider than anterior plate. Internal genitalia simple, sometimes with distinct median receptacle-like structure (e. g. Figs 6 B, 10 B), apparently without or with indistinct pair of pore plates (arrows in Figs 10 B, 14 B, 23 B).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	discussion	Relationships: The molecular analysis of Eberle et al. (2018) included only a single species of Nerudia (‘ N. Mich 20 ’ = N. ola), which was placed (with moderate support) as sister of the geographically close Gertschiola macrostyla (Mello-Leitão, 1941). Both genera together were placed in a clade with further South American and Old World Ninetinae. The present paper is not primarily focused on phylogeny and our sampling does not include the type species N. atacama, but our COI and karyotype data support the sister-group relationship between Nerudia and Gertschiola (see Fig. 2; Supporting Information, Figs S 1, S 2; and section on karyology). Preliminary analyses of Ninetinae relationships based on hybrid enrichment data (G. Meng et al., unpublished data) also support this sister-group relationship. Our new SEM data also confirm the position of Nerudia among Ninetinae (in particular the small opening of the tarsal organs). In addition, the COI data suggest the existence of three species groups within Nerudia that we consider useful as working hypotheses: (1) the ola group, including the new species N. guirnalda, N. nono, N. ola and N. trigo; (2) the centaura group, including the new species N. centaura, N. rocio and the undescribed N. ‘ Arg 23 a’; and (3) the poma group, including the new species N. hoguera, N. poma and the undescribed N. ‘ Arg 163 ’. One new species, N. colina, appears isolated. The three groups appear neither supported nor contradicted by morphology. The type species N. atacama and the new N. flecha cannot be assigned with confidence to any of these groups (no fresh material suitable for sequencing is available of these two species).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Nerudia iswidespreadintheArgentinean and Chilean Andes, ranging at least from 24 ° S to 31 ° S, and in the east up to the Córdoba mountain ranges in central Argentina (Fig. 3). See biogeographic analysis for further details and distribution modelling.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history: Most species were found in relatively arid environments (Fig. 45 A – F), and some seem to tolerate extremely dry and cold conditions (see Natural history section of N. centaura and biogeographical analysis for further details). In a few cases, Nerudia has been found in relatively humid forested areas, e. g. N. guirnalda at El Rodeo or N. ola and N. poma at Chumbicha (both: Argentina, Catamarca). Most specimens were found by turning stones and rocks. Two species (N. poma and N. trigo) were also found on the ceilings of small cave-like shelters composed of large rocks and boulders. Nerudia nono was collected by turning stones of a loosely built wall situated in the sun (Fig. 45 F). When disturbed, the spiders either remained more or less motionless or they ran rapidly a few centimetres over the rock surface; they seemed reluctant to drop to the ground. Webs were not seen in the field, but at least N. nono was observed to build flimsy webs in small containers in the laboratory. In most visited localities, only one species of Nerudia was found; in a few cases, two or even three species were found at a single locality, apparently in identical microhabitats. Other pholcid spiders sharing the microhabitats of Nerudia were Gertschiola macrostyla and Guaranita Huber, 2000 spp. (Ninetinae), Chibchea Huber, 2000 spp. and other small undescribed representatives of Modisiminae, and an undescribed species of Metagonia Simon, 1893 (Pholcinae). Egg sacs were slightly flattened (but never reduced to a single layer of eggs as in Guaranita) and consisted of about eight to 18 eggs.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA531FFB3FC5368665C166E8D.taxon	description	Composition: The genus now includes 11 described species, ten of which are newly described below.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53EFFB6FC296FF45C486A87.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 A, 4 – 8) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 7 B 3 5 8 F E A - C 1 C A - 4 8 4 1 - B B D A - DF 46379 B 51 C 0. Diagnosis: Distinguished from known congeners by shapes of procursus (Fig. 5 A – C; with subdistal ventral sclerite, partly semi-transparent flat tip) and by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 5 G, H; frontal apophysis with wide and flat tip, in frontal view slightly bifid; similar to N. poma); from some congeners also by bulbal processes (Fig. 5 D – F; ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, same length as embolus) and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 5 I, 6; epigynal plate with indistinct posterior and anterior median indentations; internal genitalia with posteriorly wide open ‘ receptacle’; similar to N. guirnalda). Type material: ARGENTINA – Jujuy: • ♂ holotype; between San Salvador and Purmamarca, ‘ site 2 ’; 23.8849 ° S, 65.4613 ° W; 2150 m a. s. l.; 16 – 17 March 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 584 • 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, paratypes (one male used for SEM); same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23883. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Jujuy: • 14 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (two females used for SEM; three female prosomata used for molecular study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 178 • 2 ♀♀; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 537 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; between San Salvador and Purmamarca, ‘ site 1 ’; 23.8866 ° S, 65.4588 ° W; 2100 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 16 – 17 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 549 • 2 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 559. Etymology: The species epithet colina (Spanish for ‘ hill’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Poema 1 ’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.75, carapace width 0.72. Distance PME – PME 70 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 5.94 (1.60 + 0.27 + 1.60 + 1.77 + 0.70), tibia 2: 1.37, tibia 3: 1.10, tibia 4: 1.50; tibia 1 L / d: 21. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs mostly pale ochre-grey; ocular area, thoracic groove, and clypeus light brown; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous grey. Body: Habitus as in N. poma (cf. Fig. 1 B). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified except for pair of indentations for genital bulb at rest (Fig. 7 A). Sternum wider than long (0.52 / 0.36), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 5 G, H; pair of frontal apophyses directed downwards, with slightly bifid tip slightly flattened in lateral view (Fig. 7 A, C); stridulatory files on pair of low lateral protrusions (Fig. 7 C). Palps: As in Figure 4; coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, only slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair); patella short; tibia globular; procursus (Fig. 5 A – C) simple, in lateral view slightly directed towards dorsal, with distinctive subdistal ventral sclerite and partly semi-transparent flat tip; genital bulb (Fig. 5 D – F) with ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, embolus partly membranous. Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with slightly higher than usual density of short vertical hairs on tibia 1 (Fig. 8 A, B); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 70 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with seven to eight pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in five males (including holotype): 1.50 – 1.73 (mean 1.62). Abdomen variably dark. Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps and tibiae with few vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in nine females: 1.37 – 1.63 (mean 1.49). Epigynum (Fig. 6 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, with anterior and indistinct posterior indentations; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 5 I, 6 B – D) with posteriorly wide open ‘ receptacle’. Distribution: Known only from type locality in Jujuy, Argentina (Fig. 3). Natural history: The spiders were found by turning stones and rocks on an arid slope (Fig. 45 A). They shared the microhabitat with a second species of Ninetinae, an unidentified species of Guaranita. They seemed to prefer large stones and rocks that were close to vegetation. When disturbed, they ran rapidly but remained on the rock. No webs were seen.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 B, 9 – 12) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 425882 CF-A 239 - 4258 - BADC-CD 03 F 44 F 3 C 54.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Distinguished from known congeners by shapes of procursus (Fig. 9 A – C; distally slender, slightly bent towards dorsal and divided into sclerotized dorsal and transparent ventral part; similar to N. hoguera) and by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 9 G, H; frontal apophyses with wide, flattened tip; set with strong hairs); also by shapes of bulbal processes (Fig. 9 D – F; ventral apophysis short, slightly curved towards ventral, same length as embolar process) and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 9 I, 10; epigynal plate rectangular, posterior margin weakly curved; internal genitalia with cylindrical ‘ receptacle’, with median sclerite similar to N. hoguera).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: ARGENTINA – Salta: • ♂ holotype; ~ 15 km NW Campo Quijano; 24.7918 ° S, 65.7297 ° W; 2020 m a. s. l.; 19 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 585 • 7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, paratypes (one male used for SEM; two male abdomens used for karyotype study; two males and three females used for µ-CT study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23884. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Salta: • 9 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (one female used for SEM; three prosomata used for molecular study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 184 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Cabra Corral, ‘ site 3 ’, ~ 3.5 km SE of dam; 25.2907 ° S, 65.3057 ° W; 1000 m a. s. l.; 21 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23885 • 3 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 195 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (one male and one female used for µ-CT study); Cabra Corral, ‘ site 4 ’, W end of bridge; 25.2837 ° S, 65.3939 ° W; 1050 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 21 – 22 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23886 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 197 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 9 juvs; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 540, 565. Catamarca: • 1 ♂; ~ 5 km NW Chumbicha, near Balneario El Caolín, ‘ site 2 ’; 28.8109 ° S, 66.2500 ° W; 640 m a. s. l.; steep rock field in forest; 28 – 29 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23887. La Rioja: • 1 ♂, in pure ethanol; SE Aimogasta, ‘ site 2 ’; 28.9015 ° S, 66.6538 ° W; 755 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 10 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 558. Assigned tentatiƲely (only females aƲailable, identity uncertain): ARGENTINA – Salta: • 2 ♀♀; ~ 5 km W Cafayate, ‘ site 1 ’; 26.0641 ° S, 66.0294 ° W; 2060 m a. s. l.; on rocks in small shelters; 24 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23888 • 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 208 • 4 ♀♀, 5 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 557 • 1 ♀, 1 juv.; Chuscha, 6 km NW Cafayate; ~ 26.035 ° S, 66.017 ° W; ~ 1900 m a. s. l.; 17 Jul. 1995; M. Ramírez and P. Goloboff leg.; MACN 20094.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	discussion	Note: We have not re-examined the two male specimens from Salta Province assigned to N. atacama by Torres et al. (2015). However, the types of the new species described herein originate from 6.5 km SE of the locality reported in Torres et al. (2015), in the same river valley at a similar elevation. In addition, the procursus shown in Torres et al. (2015: fig. 4 D) agrees well with the one shown in Figure 9 C.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species epithet poma (Spanish for ‘ apple’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Vírese’; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.44, carapace width 0.64. Distance PME – PME 80 µm; diameter PME 60 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 35 µm. Leg 1: 5.26 (1.45 + 0.20 + 1.43 + 1.53 + 0.65), tibia 2: 1.20, tibia 3: 1.00, tibia 4: 1.40; tibia 1 L / d: 20. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow; with darker Y-mark on carapace; legs without dark rings; abdomen light grey. Body: Habitus as in Figure 1 B. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified, only at rim slightly sclerotized. Sternum wider than long (0.48 / 0.38), with pair of low anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 9 G, H; with pair of short frontal apophyses slightly pointing downward and set with strong hairs, with wide, flattened tip pointed in lateral view (Fig. 11 B – D); stridulatory files on pair of low lateral protrusions (Fig. 11 B, C). Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4); coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair), femur length / width: 1.91; patella short; tibia globular (length / width: 1.15); procursus simple (Fig. 9 A – C), distally slender, curved towards dorsal, divided into sclerotized dorsal and transparent ventral part; genital bulb with ventral apophysis short, slightly curved towards ventral; embolus partly membranous. Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in two rows (prolateral, retrolateral) on tibia 1 only; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 67 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ six to seven pseudosegments, only distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in nine males from Salta (including holotype): 1.27 – 1.50 (mean 1.41); in male from Catamarca: 1.47; in male from La Rioja: 1.35. The chelicerae and palps of the male from Catamarca appear indistinguishable from those from Salta. Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps and tibiae with few vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in eight females: 1.30 – 1.50 (mean 1.42). Epigynum (Fig. 10 A) anterior plate rectangular, posterior margin indented; posterior plate wide but short. Internal genitalia (Figs 9 I, 10 B – D) with median cylindrical ‘ receptacle’ and median sclerite.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from several localities in Salta Province, Argentina, and from one locality each in Catamarca and La Rioja (Fig. 3).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA53BFFAAFC0A6BF75C25695B.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history: At the type locality (Fig. 45 B), the spiders were found by turning large rocks. At disturbance they started to run over the rock surface but did not drop to the ground. They shared the microhabitat with Chibchea araona (?). At Cabra Corral ‘ site 3 ’, the spiders were found sitting on the undersides of large boulders, i. e. on the ceilings of small cave-like spaces under the rocks. At Cabra Corral ‘ site 4 ’, the spiders were found under small stones on the floor of a small cave / shelter. Near Chumbicha, the single male specimen was found at the same locality as N. ola.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA527FFA9FC22688B5AFC6A2D.taxon	description	(FIGS 13, 14) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: D 72 E 218 E- 77 C 9 - 4026 - AF 20 - DE 2 D 591 CFB 4 F. Diagnosis: Distinguished from known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 1 3 G, H; frontal apophyses in lateral position, relatively long, tip flattened, i. e. wide in frontal view, pointed in lateral view), by shape of procursus (Fig. 13 A – C; slender, with simple pointed tip; similar to N. poma), by bulbal processes (Fig. 13 D – F; ventral apophysis almost straight, longer than embolus), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 13 I, 14; epigynal plate with wide posterior indentation; internal genitalia with large median ‘ receptacle’, with median sclerite similar to N. poma). Type material: ARGENTINA – La Rioja: • ♂ holotype; between Chilecito and Famatina; 29.0027 ° S, 67.4855 ° W; 1300 m a. s. l.; 9 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 586 • 2 ♀♀ paratypes; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23889. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – La Rioja: • 3 ♀♀ in pure ethanol; same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 159. Etymology: The species epithet hoguera (from Spanish meaning ‘ bonfire’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Soneto 22 ’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.53, carapace width 0.68. Distance PME – PME 60 µm; diameter PME 60 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 5.73 (1.55 + 0.25 + 1.60 + 1.73 + 0.60), tibia 2: 1.35, tibia 3: 1.10, tibia 4: 1.50; tibia 1 L / d: 23. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow; with indistinct ochre mark medially on carapace; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous light grey. Body: Habitus as in N. poma (cf. Fig. 1 B). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified, only at rim slightly sclerotized. Sternum wider than long (0.48 / 0.44), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 13 G, H; with pair of frontal apophyses in lateral position, directed forward, tip flattened, i. e. wide in frontal view, pointed in lateral view; stridulatory files on pair of low lateral protrusions. Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4); coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair), femur relatively short (length / width: 1.81); patella short; tibia globular (length / width: 1.05); procursus simple (Fig. 13 A – C), slender, with simple pointed tip; genital bulb with weakly curved ventral apophysis, embolus partly membranous, shorter than ventral apophysis (Fig. 13 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in two rows (prolateral, retrolateral) proximally on tibia 1 only; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 65 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ eight pseudosegments, distally distinct. Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps. Tibia 1 in five females: 1.20 – 1.55 (mean 1.46). Epigynum (Fig. 14 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, trapezoidal, with wide posterior indentation; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 13 I, 14 B, D) with large median ‘ receptacle’ and sclerite at median line. Distribution: Known from type locality only, in Argentina, La Rioja (Fig. 3). Natural history: The spiders were found by turning rocks in ravines on an arid slope. When disturbed, they moved slowly. They shared the microhabitat with two other Ninetinae: Nerudia ola and Gertschiola macrostyla.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 C, D, 15 – 18) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 124 FC 4 AB-B 97 D- 445 C-AD 11 - C 3604843 AED 3.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Easily distinguished from known congeners by dark coloration of prosoma (Fig. 1 C, D), by shape of procursus (Fig. 16 A – C; dorsal hump at basis, strongly bent towards dorsal, pointed tip), by bulbal processes (Fig. 16 D – F; strong pointed ventral apophysis; embolus slightly shorter, with strong dorsal sclerite), by male chelicerae (Fig. 16 G, H; strong frontal apophyses with flattened tips; stridulatory files on strong lateral protrusion), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 16 I, 17; epigynal plate with large, whitish posterior indentation angular anteriorly; internal genitalia with indistinct posterior ‘ receptacle’ and unique anterior tubular membranous structure).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: ARGENTINA – Catamarca: • ♂ holotype; ~ 20 km E Paso de San Francisco, ‘ site 1 ’; 26.9276 ° S, 68.0709 ° W; 4180 m a. s. l.; 27 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 587 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, paratypes; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23890. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Catamarca: • 6 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 215 • 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 526 • 3 ♀♀, 7 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 542 • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ (one male and two females used for µ-CT study); ~ 20 km E Paso de San Francisco, ‘ site 2 ’; 26.936 ° S, 68.090 – 68.095 ° W; 4270 – 4400 m a. s. l.; 27 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23891 • 6 ♀♀, 2 juvs, in pure ethanol (one female used for SEM; three female prosomata used for molecular study); same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 216 • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 527 • 6 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 551 • 1 ♀; same data as preceding but 4450 m a. s. l.; ZFMK Ar 23892.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species epithet centaura (Spanish for ‘ female centaur’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Soneto 22 ’; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.9, carapace width 0.77. Distance PME – PME 90 µm; diameter PME 55 µm; distance PME – ALE 30 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 4.55 (1.25 + 0.25 + 1.30 + 1.30 + 0.45), tibia 2: 1.10, tibia 3: 1.00, tibia 4: 1.38; tibia 1 L / d: 14. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs ochre to light brown; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous pale grey. Body: Habitus as in Figure 1 C. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.56 / 0.48), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 16 G, H; pair of frontal apophyses directed downwards, with obtuse tip slightly flattened; stridulatory files on pair of distinct lateral protrusions. Palps: As in Figure 15; coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, only slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair); patella short; tibia globular; procursus (Fig. 16 A – C) simple, in lateral view bent towards dorsal, in dorsal view bent towards prolateral, with pointed tip; genital bulb (Fig. 16 D – F) large, with strong pointed ventral apophysis, embolus partly membranous, dorsally with distinct sclerite. Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; vertical hairs in high densities on tibiae 1 – 2; retrolateral t r i c h o b o t h r i u m o f t i b i a 1 a t 6 8 %; p r o l a t e r a l trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with six to seven pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in 12 males (including holotype): 1.15 – 1.33 (mean 1.26). Female: In general, similar to male (Fig. 1 D) but with usual low density of vertical hairs on tibiae. Tibia 1 in 22 females: 1.07 – 1.48 (mean 1.28). Epigynum (Fig. 17 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, with large, whitish posterior indentation; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 16 I, 17 B – E) with simple ‘ receptacle’ (Fig. 17 C) and unique tubular membranous structure in anterior position (possibly opening towards the outside, not towards the uterus externus).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from two neighbouring localities in Argentina, Catamarca (Fig. 3).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA524FFACFC3B6B505D7D69AD.taxon	biology_ecology	Naturalhistory: Bothlocalitiesweresimilar, dominated by rocks and grasses [possibly Calamagrostis crispa (Rúgolo & Villav.) Govaerts; Julieta Carilla, pers. comm. August 2020] (Fig. 45 C). The precipitation in this area is low (~ 150 mm mean annual precipitation) and largely limited to three months per year (~ 70 % in December – February) (https: // www. meteoblue. com /). We visited the locality at the end of the ‘ humid’ season, in March, and often found humid patches of soil under large rocks, with considerable numbers of small, whitish collembolans. At the lower site (4180 m a. s. l.), this microhabitat seemed to contain little else than one species each of collembolans, pholcids, linyphiids and ants. At the higher site (4270 – 4450 m a. s. l.), the diversity seemed to be slightly higher, including, in addition, a species each of theridiids, filistatids and neopteran insects. At both localities, the pholcids were found sitting on the undersides of the rocks. They did not move and were thus easy to catch. Of the 36 females seen, only one had an egg-sac. Precise climate data do not exist for these localities, but simulations of meteorological models (https: // www. meteoblue. com /) suggest that temperatures fall below 0 ° C almost every night of the year, with daily minima below – 10 ° C for seven months (April – October). In 2019, the temperatures repeatedly dropped below – 20 ° C in this period.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA521FFA0FC1168CC58DC698F.taxon	description	(FIGS 19 – 21) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: 9 2 4 5 D 3 B D - 2 2 2 C - 4 C 1 5 - 8 D 9 9 - 7 D 3 CB 98 F 848 B. Diagnosis: Easily distinguished from known congeners by shapes of procursus (Fig. 20 A – C; distinctively widened tip); also by shape of embolus (Fig. 20 D – F; distally strongly bent towards dorsal), by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 20 G, H; slender frontal apophyses, without stronger hairs), by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 20 I, 21; epigynal plate anteriorly narrow with strong transversal ridges; internally apparently without ‘ receptacle’), and by indistinct radial marks on carapace in males and females. Type material: ARGENTINA – San Juan: • ♂ holotype; ~ 35 km W Las Flores; 30.3967 ° S, 69.5576 ° W; 2910 m a. s. l.; 6 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 588 • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, paratypes, + 2 juvs; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 536. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – San Juan: • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 148 (one female abdomen transferred to 80 % ethanol, ZFMK Ar 23893) • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 543. 558 B. A. HUBER ET AL. Etymology: The species epithet rocio (rocío is Spanish for ‘ dew’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Poema 12 ’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.60, carapace width 0.73. Distance PME – PME 80 µm; diameter PME 70 µm; distance PME – ALE 30 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 50 µm. Leg 1: 8.40 (2.25 + 0.30 + 2.50 + 2.55 + 0.80), tibia 2: 1.85, tibia 3: 1.45, tibia 4: 2.00; tibia 1 L / d: 31. Colour (in ethanol): Carapace ochre-yellow with indistinct darker (ochre) median mark including ocular area and radial lateral marks; legs monochromous ochre-yellow, without dark rings; abdomen monochromous ochre-grey. Body: Habitus similar to N. poma (cf. Fig. 1 B). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified, only rim slightly more sclerotized. Sternum wider than long (0.52 / 0.48), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 20 G, H; pair of pointed frontal apophyses directed forward and weakly curved downward; stridulatory files on pair of low lateral protrusions. Palps: As in Figure 19; coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally without retrolateral hump, with prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair), femur length / width: 1.93; patella short; tibia globular, less strongly widened than in congeners (length / width: 1.17); procursus with distinctive distal widening and proximal dorsal ridge (Fig. 20 A – C); genital bulb with simple ventral apophysis, embolus distally strongly bent towards dorsal (Fig. 20 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in higher density on tibia 1, only proximally on prolateral and retrolateral sides (length ~ 20 µm; length of dorsal trichobothrium on tibia 1: ~ 80 µm); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 66 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with seven to eight pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in two other males: 2.10, 2.12. Female (see Note beloae): In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps. Tibia 1 in seven females: 1.61 – 2.00 (mean 1.80). Epigynum (Fig. 21 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, anteriorly narrow with strong transversal ridges; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 20 I, 21 B – D) simple, apparently without or with small and indistinct median receptacle. Distribution: Known from type locality only, in Argentina, San Juan (Fig. 3). Natural history: The spiders were collected by turning large rocks on an arid hillside (Fig. 45 D). They shared the microhabitat with another (undescribed) species of Nerudia (N. ‘ Arg 23 a’), of which only females were collected (see Note below). A third species collected at this locality (possibly N. ola; see Note below) was found closer to the river. Note: Eighteenfemalespecimensrepresentingthreeputative species of Nerudia were collected at the type locality of this species. Eight specimens share with the male holotype (and male paratypes) the radial marks on the carapace and the relatively long legs. We thus consider these to be conspecific with the holotype. However, this needs confirmation, ideally by collecting males of the other putative species and by barcoding males and females. One female specimen shares with N. ola the shape of the epigynum and is thus tentatively assigned to that species. The remaining nine female specimens have a distinctive epigynum (Fig. 37 A) and their separation from N. rocio and N. ola is also supported by COI (Fig. 2). They are thus considered to represent a separate undescribed species, Nerudia ‘ Arg 23 a’ (see Putative further species at the end of the taxonomic section).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA52DFFA6FEA668E35D896855.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 E, 22 – 24) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 2 D 2 F 4 A 08 - 7 C 18 - 4 ED 6 - 8894 - FE 391 F 17 E 6 C 6. Diagnosis: Easily distinguished from known congeners by male chelicerae (Fig. 22 G, H; without frontal apophyses, with patches of strong hairs); also by shapes of procursus (Fig. 22 A – C; similar to N. guirnalda, but without prolateral – ventral ridge proximally), by bulbal processes (Fig. 22 D – F; ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, same length as embolar process), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 22 I, 23; epigynal plate with short but wide posterior indentation, laterally strongly sclerotized; internal genitalia with indistinct ‘ receptacle’. Type material: ARGENTINA – Salta: • ♂ holotype; between Alemanía and Cafayate; 25.7023 ° S, 65.7022 ° W; 1340 m a. s. l.; 23 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 589 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, paratypes; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23894. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Salta: • 10 ♀♀, 2 juvs, in pure ethanol (one female used for SEM; three female prosomata used for molecular study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 206 • 3 ♂♂; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 539 • 1 ♂; ~ 1 km SW Alemanía; 25.6300 ° S, 65.6180 ° W; 1210 m a. s. l.; 23 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23895 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 202 • 2 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 550. Etymology: The species epithet trigo (Spanish for ‘ wheat’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Cien sonetos de amor’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.70, carapace width 0.77. Distance PME – PME 80 µm; diameter PME 65 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 50 µm. Leg 1: 7.50 (2.10 + 0.30 + 1.95 + 2.40 + 0.75), tibia 2: 1.80, tibia 3: 1.60, tibia 4: 2.10; tibia 1 L / d: 22. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs mostly pale ochre-yellow; darker ochre Y-mark behind ocular area; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous pale grey. Body: Habitus as in N. poma (cf. Fig. 1 B). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum wider than long (0.54 / 0.42), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 22 G, H; with large patch of strong hairs on each side; without frontal processes; stridulatory files on low lateral protrusions. Palps: Similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4); proximal segments apparently identical to N. colina; femur length / width 2.08; tibia length / width 1.10; procursus simple, in lateral view slightly directed towards dorsal, similar to N. colina but without subdistal ventral sclerite and slightly wider (Fig. 22 A – C); genital bulb similar to N. colina but ventral apophysis less strongly curved towards ventral (Fig. 22 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; apparently few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 63 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with seven to eight pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in three other males from type locality: 1.71, 1.72, 1.83. The male from 1 km SW Alemanía has apparently identical chelicerae and pedipalps but is smaller: tibia 1: 1.40; carapace width: 0.63; chelicerae maximum width: 240 µm. Female: In general, similar to male (Fig. 1 E) but sternum without pair of anterior humps. Tibia 1 in four females: 1.46, 1.47, 1.65, 1.85. Epigynum (Fig. 23) anterior plate roughly rectangular, weakly protruding, with short but wide posterior indentation; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 22 I, 23 B – D) simple, with indistinct ‘ receptacle’. Distribution: Known only from two neighbouring localities in Salta, Argentina (Fig. 3). Natural history: At the type locality, the spiders were found in small cavities or shelters composed of large rocks in a dry ravine. They were sitting relatively exposed on the ceiling of the cavities and were easy to collect as they barely moved. Several females carried egg-sacs that were consistently reddish, flattened, and contained approximately 15 – 18 eggs. Near Alemanía, the single pair was found close together on the underside of a large rock. The spiders barely moved at disturbance. They shared the microhabitat with a tiny undescribed species of Modisiminae.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA52AFF9AFF5968265BBB6AC3.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 F, 25, 26) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 7 EF 740 D 6 - 19 C 7 - 4 A 45 - 97 BA- 2 FB 853 B 8 FB 2 F. Diagnosis: Distinguished from most known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 25 A – C; wide in lateral view, with prolateral – ventral ridge proximally), from the similar N. trigo by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 25 G, H; strong frontal apophyses pointing downward, with flattened tip; set with strong hairs), from some congeners also by bulbal processes (Fig. 25 D – F; ventral apophysis slender, weakly curved, same length as embolus), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 25 I, 26; epigynal plate trapezoidal, medially light, much narrower than posterior plate; internal genitalia with posteriorly wide open receptacle; similar to N. colina and N. trigo). Type material: ARGENTINA – Catamarca: • ♂ holotype; El Rodeo, trail to Cristo Redentor; 28.2229 ° S, 65.8677 ° W; 1460 m a. s. l.; 11 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 590 • 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, paratypes; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23896. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Catamarca: • 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (two prosomata used for molecular study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 166, 167 • 1 ♀; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 538 • 1 ♂; El Rodeo; Jan. 1957; M. E. Galiano leg.; MACN 20015 part • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 juv.; Mutquin; ~ 28.32 ° S, 66.13 ° W; 2000 m a. s. l.; Jan. 1966; O. de Ferrariis leg.; MACN 20050 part. Etymology: The species epithet guirnalda (Spanish for a ‘ garland’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Sed de ti’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.40, carapace width 0.60. Distance PME – PME 70 µm; diameter PME 60 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 45 µm. Leg 1: 4.80 (1.37 + 0.23 + 1.23 + 1.40 + 0.57), tibia 2: 1.03, tibia 3: 0.87, tibia 4: 1.27; tibia 1 L / d: 18. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow; with indistinct Y-mark on carapace; legs without dark rings; abdomen ochre-yellow to light grey, with indistinct internal marks. Body: Habitus as in Figure 1 F. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified, only at rim slightly sclerotized. Sternum wider than long (0.44 / 0.38), with pair of low anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 25 G, H; with pair of short frontal apophyses pointing downward, with flattened tip, i. e. wide in frontal view, pointed in lateral view; set with strong hairs; stridulatory files on pair of low lateral protrusions. Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4); coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair), femur length / width: 1.81; patella short; tibia globular (length / width: 1.05); procursus simple (Fig. 25 A – C), wide but mostly semi-transparent in lateral view, with prolateral – ventral ridge proximally; genital bulb (Fig. 25 D – F) with weakly curved ventral apophysis, embolus partly membranous. Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in two rows (prolateral, retrolateral) proximally on tibia 1 only; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 62 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ six pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in six males (including holotype): 1.22 – 1.47 (mean 1.33). Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps. Tibia 1 in ten females: 1.08 – 1.33 (mean 1.22). Epigynum (Fig. 26 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, trapezoidal, medially light; posterior plate wide but short. Internal genitalia (Figs 25 I, 26 B – D) with posteriorly wide open receptacle. Distribution: Known from two localities in the Cerro el Manchao region in Catamarca, Argentina (Fig. 3). Natural history: At the type locality the spiders were found by turning rocks along the trail in low forest.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 G, 27 – 30) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: BF 76 CDC 2 - 9 B 0 C- 4 B 69 - 8 DB 9 - DE 6925 D 99 DD 4.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	diagnosis	D i a g n o s i s: E a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m k n o w n congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 27 G, H; distinctive pair of long frontal apophyses) and by shape of procursus (Fig. 27 A – C; with bifid tip consisting of slender dorsal process and wider ventral membranous part); also by bulbal processes (Fig. 27 D – F; ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, same length as embolus) and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 27 I, 28; epigynal plate without posterior indentation; internal genitalia simple, with barely visible transparent ‘ receptacle’).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: ARGENTINA – San Juan: • ♂ holotype; San Agustín de Valle Fértil; 30.6366 ° S, 67.4863 ° W; 880 m a. s. l.; under rocks near river; 5 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; LABRE-Ar 591 • 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, paratypes; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23897. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – San Juan: • 12 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, 5 juvs, in pure ethanol (two males and two females used for SEM; three female prosomata used for molecular study); same data as holotype; ZFMK Arg 141 • 9 ♀♀, 3 juvs; same data as holotype; LABRE-Ar 560 • 1 ♂, in pure ethanol; same locality as holotype; 22 Jan. 2012; J. M. A. Navarro leg.; ZFMK Mich 20 • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; ~ 7.5 km S Astica; 31.0223 ° S, 67.2976 ° W; 865 m a. s. l.; under rocks near river; 4 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23898 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 5 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 135, 136 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 528 • 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 529, 547, 548, 552 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Parque Provincial Ischigualasto; 30.1839 ° S, 67.9026 ° W; 1425 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 5 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23899 • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 144 • 1 ♀, 2 juvs; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 531 • 1 ♀ with eggs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 554 • 1 ♂; Parque Provincial Ischigualasto; 30.1821 ° S, 67.9010 ° W; 1425 m a. s. l.; in dry riverbed, hand collecting at night; 19 Dec. 2018; M. Izquierdo, F. Bollatti, A. Albin, and C. Mattoni leg.; LABRE-Ar 445 • 1 ♂; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 444, prep. code MAI- 4709 • 1 ♀; Baldecitos; 30.2232 ° S, 67.6942 ° W; 1255 m a. s. l.; stone wall of buildings, hand collecting at night; 21 Dec. 2018; M. Izquierdo, F. Bollatti, A. Albin, and C. Mattoni leg.; LABRE-Ar 448, prep. code MAI- 4710. Assigned tentatiƲely (see Male Ʋariation beloae): La Rioja: • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Cuesta de Miranda, ‘ site 1 ’; 29.3511 ° S, 67.7924 ° W); 1960 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 8 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23900 • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 152 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Cuesta de Miranda, ‘ site 2 ’; 29.3468 ° S, 67.7205 ° W; 1660 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 8 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23901 • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 154 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 533 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 553 • 1 ♀; between Chilecito and Famatina; 29.0027 ° S, 67.4855 ° W; 1300 m a. s. l.; 9 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23902 • 1 ♀; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 541 • 1 ♀ with eggs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 546 • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; SE Aimogasta, ‘ site 2 ’; 28.9015 ° S, 66.6538 ° W; 755 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 10 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23903 • 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 162 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv.; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 532 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 567. Catamarca: • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; ~ 5 km NW Chumbicha, near Balneario El Caolín, ‘ site 2 ’; 28.8109 ° S, 66.2500 ° W; 640 m a. s. l.; steep rock field in forest; 28 – 29 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23904 • 7 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol (three female prosomata used for molecular study); same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 218 • 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 8 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 530, 544, 561, 563, 566 • 3 ♀♀ with eggs, in pure ethanol; same locality as preceding, ‘ site 1 ’; 28.8152 ° S, 66.2478 ° W; 605 m a. s. l.; M. A. Izquierdo and B. A. Huber leg.; LABRE-Ar 556 • 2 ♀♀, 8 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 564 • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (one male used for µ-CT study); ~ 10 km N Belén; 27.5641 ° S, 67.0058 ° W; 1380 m a. s. l.; in pile of stones; 25 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23905 • 5 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 213 • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 545 • 11 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (three males and one female used for µ-CT study; two male abdomens used for karyotype study); near Nacimientos; 27.1559 ° S, 66.6925 ° W; 2120 m a. s. l.; under rocks on arid slope; 25 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23906 • 4 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same data as preceding; ZFMK Arg 211. Assigned tentatiƲely (only females aƲailable): ARGENTINA – La Rioja: • 2 ♀♀, 1 juv.; Cuesta de Miranda; 29 ° 21 ’ S, 67 ° 43 ’ W; 1700 m a. s. l.; Aug. 1994; M. Ramírez leg.; MACN Ar 20055 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; SE Aimogasta, ‘ site 1 ’; 28.8069 ° S, 66.6635 ° W; 915 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 10 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMKArg 161. Catamarca: • 1 ♀; ~ 14 km W Fiambalá; 27.6590 ° S, 67.7607 ° W; 2000 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 26 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23907 • 2 ♀♀; Chumbicha; 28.87 ° S, 66.23 ° W; 400 m a. s. l.; Aug. 1994; M. J. Ramírez leg.; MACN Ar 20012. San Juan: • 1 ♀; ~ 35 km W Las Flores; 30.3967 ° S, 69.5576 ° W; 2910 m a. s. l.; under rocks; 6 Mar. 2019; B. A. Huber and M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23908.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species epithet ola (Spanish for ‘ wave’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Poema 12 ’; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.55, carapace width 0.66. Distance PME – PME 70 µm; diameter PME 65 µm; distance PME – ALE 30 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 5.64 (1.48 + 0.25 + 1.45 + 1.78 + 0.68), tibia 2: 1.18, tibia 3: 1.03, tibia 4: 1.53; tibia 1 L / d: 22. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs mostly pale ochre-yellow; carapace with light brown Y-mark behind ocular area; sternum whitish; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous pale grey. Body: Habitus as in Figure 1 G. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified (only rim slightly more sclerotized than in female). Sternum wider than long (0.46 / 0.38), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 27 G, H; with distinctive pair of long frontal apophyses, tips slightly bent downwards, obtuse in frontal view, with some ventral hairs directed downwards (Fig. 29 F); distance between tips of apophyses: 280 µm; stridulatory files on distinct lateral protrusions (Fig. 29 C). Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4) but femur slightly slenderer (length / width 2.27) and tibia slightly thicker (length / width 0.92); procursus simple, in lateral view slightly directed towards dorsal, with bifid tip consisting of slender dorsal process and wider ventral membranous process (Fig. 27 A – C); genital bulb similar to N. colina, with slender ventral apophysis curved towards ventral (Fig. 27 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in higher than usual density on proximal half of tibia 1 only, in two dorsal rows (Fig. 30 A); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 58 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with six to seven pseudosegments, distally distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in 36 males (including holotype): 1.04 – 1.60 (mean 1.33). The distance between the tips of the cheliceral apophyses varies considerably (235 – 340 µm), but also within localities (e. g. Nacimientos: 240 – 310 µm). In northern specimens (from La Rioja and Catamarca), the cheliceral apophyses are slightly straighter and longer. This difference is minimal and some males appear intermediate. In specimens from Chumbicha, the procursus is slightly shorter. Abdomen variably dark. COI data indicate a deep split between northern and southern specimens, and a phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2) even questions the monophyly of the northern + southern clade. However, deep splits also occur among southern specimens and among northern specimens (Fig. 2). As a result, a preliminary ASAP analysis (Supporting Information, Figs S 3, S 4) favours the existence of up to seven ‘ species’ (lowest scores of 2.0 and 3.0). What is here interpreted as one species may thus in fact be several more or less cryptic species. Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps and tibia 1 with usual low number of short vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in 57 females: 0.97 – 1.55 (mean 1.25). Epigynum (Figs 28 A, 30 F) anterior plate weakly protruding, without posterior indentation; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 27 I, 28 B – D) simple, with barely visible transparent receptacle. No difference could be seen between northern and southern specimens.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Widely distributed in Argentina, Provinces San Juan, La Rioja and Catamarca (Fig. 3). Note that specimens from La Rioja and Catamarca are assigned tentatively.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA517FF9EFE98683C5C286A97.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history: All specimens were found by turning rocks. The spiders started to run rapidly when disturbed but then stopped suddenly and did barely ever drop from the rock. They were found in a variety of habitats, ranging from a relatively humid block field in a low forest at 640 m a. s. l. near Chumbicha to an exposed arid hill with dry ravines at 2120 m a. s. l. near Nacimientos. At Valle Fértil, the spiders seemed to have a patchy distribution, with up to eight adult specimens on a single large rock in suitable places (with some shade and leaf litter among the rocks). They shared the microhabitat with a superficially similar species of Metagonia Simon, 1893 (M. ‘ MACN 79 ’; undescribed; Valle Fértil; Chumbicha), with Gertschiola macrostyla (Astica; Valle Fértil; Ischigualasto; SE Aimogasta ‘ site 2 ’), with Chibchea araona Huber, 2000 (?) (Cuesta de Miranda, both sites) and, in at least one case, with another species of Nerudia (N. poma; Chumbicha).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA513FF9DFC0D6BD25BD16BA6.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 H, 31, 32) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o r g: a c t: D 3 1 A 8 1 F 7 - 8 F 7 F - 4 D C A - B E 7 E - 6 EEAFFE 52 FBF. Diagnosis: Distinguished from known congeners by shapes of procursus (Fig. 31 A – C; wide in lateral view, narrow in dorsal view, with small prolateral flap distally) and by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 31 G, H; frontal apophyses directed towards frontal, with pointed tips), from some congeners also by bulbal processes (Fig. 31 D – F; ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, slightly longer than embolus), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 31 I, 32; main epigynal plate semi-circular, with almost straight posterior margin; internal genitalia with indistinct semi-circular receptacle). Type material: ARGENTINA – Córdoba: • ♂ holotype; ~ 5 km E Nono; 31.7982 ° S, 64.9515 ° W; 995 m a. s. l.; 20 Feb. 2021; M. Izquierdo, F. Cargnelutti, F. Bollatti & G. Boaglio leg.; LABRE-Ar 592 • 3 ♂♂, paratypes; same data as holotype; LABRE AR 525 • 1 ♂, paratype; same data as holotype; ZFMK Ar 23909 • 1 ♀, paratype; same data as holotype; LABRE AR 534 • 3 ♀♀, paratypes; same locality as holotype; 2 Mar 2019; B. A. Huber & M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Ar 23910. Other material examined: ARGENTINA – Córdoba: • 5 ♀♀, 7 juvs, in pure ethanol; same locality as holotype; 2 Mar 2019; B. A. Huber & M. A. Izquierdo leg.; ZFMK Arg 124 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as holotype; 5 Jan. 2022; M. Izquierdo, F. Cargnelutti, G. Boaglio leg.; LABRE-Ar 593 • 6 ♀♀; same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 595 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv.; same locality as holotype; 20 Feb. 2021; M. Izquierdo, F. Cargnelutti, F. Bollatti, G. Boaglio, leg.; LABRE-Ar 594 • 2 ♂♂, in Karnovsky (MAI- 4780); same data as preceding, LABRE-Ar 568 • 1 ♂, in Karnovsky (MAI- 4771); same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 569 • 6 ♀♀, in Karnovsky (MAI- 4781); same data as preceding; LABRE-Ar 570. Etymology: The species epithet is derived from the type locality Nono in Córdoba, Argentina; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype. Measurements: Total body length 1.70, carapace width 0.70. Distance PME-PME 90 µm; diameter PME 60 µm; distance PME – ALE 35 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 50 µm. Leg 1: 5.20 (1.40 + 0.25 + 1.40 + 1.55 + 0.60), tibia 2: 1.15, tibia 3: 0.95, tibia 4: 1.40; tibia 1 L / d: 20. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs mostly pale ochre-grey; carapace with large median brown mark including ocular area, not reaching posterior margin of carapace; sternum whitish; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous greenish-grey. Body: Habitus as in Figure 1 H. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus more sclerotized than in female and slightly bulging. Sternum wider than long (0.50 / 0.40), with pair of distinct anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 31 G, H; pair of frontal apophyses directed forward, with flattened tips; stridulatory files on pair of lateral protrusions, ridges barely visible in dissecting microscope. Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4); coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral projection; femur cylindrical, only slightly widened distally, proximally with indistinct retrolateral hump and prolateral stridulatory pick (modified hair); patella short, dorsally more bulging than in N. colina; tibia globular; procursus wide in lateral view, narrow in dorsal view, distally with small apophysis and prolateral flap (Fig. 31 A – C); genital bulb with ventral apophysis distally slender, curved towards ventral, embolus partly membranous (Fig. 31 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 59 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with seven to eight pseudosegments, mostly distinct. Variation (male): Tibia 1 in five males (including holotype): 1.35 – 1.40 (mean 1.37). Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without pair of anterior humps, chelicerae apparently without stridulatory ridges, and clypeus unmodified. Tibia 1 in nine females: 1.30 – 1.45 (mean 1.36). Epigynum (Fig. 32 A) anterior plate weakly protruding, semi-circular, with almost straight posterior margin; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 31 I, 32 B – D) with indistinct semi-circular receptacle. Distribution: Known from type locality only, near Nono in Córdoba, Argentina (Fig. 3). Natural history: The spiders were found among the stones of a loosely built stone wall in the plain sun in a relatively arid environment (Fig. 45 F). In small containers in laboratory conditions, the spiders built flimsy webs. Like other pholcids, they hang upside down in these webs. Copulation attempts were not successful. In one of them (25 Feb. 2021), the female attacked the male and started to wrap him.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA510FF9DFEB26AE55D656D94.taxon	description	(FIGS 33, 34)	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA510FF9DFEB26AE55D656D94.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 33 A – C; distal half bent towards dorsal; same width over most of its length in lateral view), by bulbal processes (Fig. 33 D – F; embolus slender tubular), by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 33 G, H; frontal apophyses at half length, pointing downwards, with pointed tip in frontal view, set with regular hairs; similar to N. flecha), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Fig. 34; epigynal plate with large posterior indentation, similar to N. flecha; internal genitalia with large round median ‘ receptacle’). Type material: CHILE – Atacama: • ♂ holotype, re-examined; S of Domeyko, Cuesta Pajonales; 29.151 ° S, 70.980 ° W; 1200 m a. s. l.; 5 Oct. 1992; N. I. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley leg.; AMNH • 3 ♀♀ paratypes, re-examined; same data as holotype; AMNH. Other material (not re-examined): CHILE – Atacama: • 1 ♀; Cuesta Pajonales, S of Domeyko; 29.146 ° S, 70.997 ° W; 1080 m a. s. l.; 5 Oct. 1992; N. I. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley leg.; AMNH. Description (amendments; see Huber 2000): The distinctive male and female structures are shown (Figs 33, 34) in order to facilitate comparison with the newly described congeners. Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Atacama, Chile (Fig. 3).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
2366961AA510FF93FC2B6CEE5DAD6BC8.taxon	description	(FIGS 35, 36) Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org: act: 2 A 718011 - CA 44 - 43 E 3 - 8053 - 166 B 6 AF 843 DF. Diagnosis: Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 35 A – C; short distal element with hooked tip, without membranous part) and by bulbal processes (Fig. 35 D – F; embolus much shorter than ventral apophysis); also by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 35 G, H; frontal apophyses pointing downwards, with slightly widened flat tip, set with regular hairs), and by epigynum and female internal genitalia (Figs 35 I, 36; epigynal plate with large posterior indentation; internal genitalia apparently without or with small median ‘ receptacle’). Type material: CHILE – Coquimbo: • ♂ holotype, 1 ♀ paratype; road to Pascua Lama Mine; approximately 29.445 ° S, 70.502 ° W, + / – 6 km; 3000 – 3280 m a. s. l.; 3 Feb. 2014; A. A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, J. Pizarro-Araya, P. Agusto, R. Botero Trujillo and H. Iuri leg.; MACN Ar 37782. Etymology: The species epithet flecha (Spanish for ‘ arrow’) is taken from Pablo Neruda’s poem ‘ Poema 1 ’; noun in apposition. Description Male (holotype). Measurements: Total body length 1.50, carapace width 0.62. Distance PME – PME 80 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 20 µm; diameter AME 35 µm. Leg 1: 4.57 (1.30 + 0.20 + 1.30 + 1.30 + 0.47), tibia 2: 1.07, tibia 3: 0.90, tibia 4: 1.27; tibia 1 L / d: 19. Colour (in ethanol): Prosoma and legs mostly pale ochre-yellow; carapace with light brown Y-mark behind ocular area; legs without dark rings; abdomen monochromous pale-grey. Body: Habitus similar to N. poma (cf. Fig. 1 B). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace with indistinct thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified (only rim slightly more sclerotized than in female). Sternum wider than long (0.44 / 0.40), with pair of small anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Chelicerae: As in Figure 35 G, H; short frontal apophyses set with regular hairs, tips slightly flattened; stridulatory files on low lateral protrusions. Palps: In general, similar to N. colina (cf. Fig. 4) but femur absolutely and relatively shorter (length / width 1.76) and tibia slightly less strongly enlarged (length / width 1.13); procursus simple, in lateral view slightly bent towards dorsal, distal part short, with distinctive hooked tip, without membranous element (Fig. 35 A – C); genital bulb with weakly curved ventral apophysis distally semi-transparent, embolus much shorter than ventral apophysis (Fig. 35 D – F). Legs: Without spines and curved hairs; with vertical hairs in higher than usual density on tibia 1 only, in two dorsal rows (prolateral and retrolateral); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 64 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ seven pseudosegments, only distally distinct. Female: In general, similar to male but sternum without humps and tibia 1 with usual low number of short vertical hairs. Tibia 1: 1.22; carapace width: 0.68. Epigynum (Fig. 36 A) anterior plate semi-circular to trapezoidal, with large posterior indentation; posterior plate short but wide. Internal genitalia (Figs 35 I, 36 B – D) simple, apparently without or with small median ‘ receptacle’. Distribution: Known only from type locality in Coquimbo, Chile (Fig. 3). PUTATIVE FURTHER SPECIES	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Izquierdo, Matias A., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2023): High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198: 534-591, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac100
