taxonID	type	description	language	source
220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, unilaminar to multilaminar. Autozooids densely perforated; marginal areolae in older zooids. Primary orifice with a poorly defined sinus flanked by serrated condyles. No oral spines. Small uniporous septula. Median adventitious avicularium. Rarely vicarious avicularia. Ovicell hyperstomial (i. e. prominent) to subimmersed, or even endozooidal; calcified ectooecium smooth, with a central area of relatively large, often irregularly sized ectooecial pseudopores, surrounded by a nodular crown of imperforate secondary calcification produced by one or more distal zooids; occasionally the entire ectooecium may be covered apart from the perforations. Primary orifice of ovicelled maternal zooids dimorphic, being larger, more rounded and with a shallower sinus than in non-ovicelled zooids. Ovicell opening formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, overarching the primary orifice, and extending to its proximolateral corners; ovicell cleithral. Ancestrula possibly tatiform.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek τέφαν ⁰ ς (stephanos = crown) and θήκη (theke = box), alluding to the nodular crown of calcification in the frontal surface of the ovicell. Gender feminine.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB060FFA50BA32005FD17F9E8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The genus Stephanotheca seems to share some characters with different genera placed in the family Bitectiporidae MacGillivray, 1895 but also with the family Lanceoporidae Harmer, 1957. This later family is nowadays placed in the superfamily Schizoporelloidea (see Gordon 2011; Bock & Hayward 2012 b), but owing to their ‘ smittinoid’ ovicells (A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm. February 2012), the Lanceoporidae are here transferred to the superfamily Smittinoidea. The overall appearance of the autozooids of Stephanotheca is similar to many species of Schizomavella and Calyptotheca Harmer, 1957. These genera also exhibit sinuate orifices, autozooids with frontal shields that are uniformly perforated by small round pseudopores, suboral adventitious avicularia, and enlarged marginal areolar pores that are more defined in older zooids. The ooecium in Stephanotheca is formed by the distal zooid in its proximal part, and the slit-like coelomic cavity of the ooecium communicates with the cavity of the ooecium-producing zooid via a central pore (Fig. 1). The calcification of ectooecium grows a bit faster (Figs 2, 26) than calcification of entooecium (Figs 3, 4, 7 centre zooid, 31, 39, 60). Once the ooecial floor (horizontal part of entooecium) is formed, the lateral (vertical) walls begin to rise (Fig. 4 centre), formed by entooecium, ectooecium and external, imperforate, secondary calcification, all at the same time. When these three walls begin to form the ooecial roof, encroachment of secondary calcification ceases, forming the nodular crown, while the ectooecium and entooecium still continue, and the former produces the perforated central area (Figs 5, 46); the rest of the ectooecium seems to be imperforate (see the proximal area in Fig. 5, and the partially broken ovicell in Fig. 7, right); consequently, the central perforated area is not only that part of the ectooecium that is uncovered but an actual circumscribed area of perforations beyond which there are none. These perforations in the ectooecial skeleton are sealed in life by cuticular plugs (see Figs 24, 39, 67) and are visible as true pores in cleaned colonies. These structures will be called pseudopores throughout this paper, but this does not imply homology with frontal-shield pseudopores. The merging of the lateral lobes of the proximal part of ectooecial calcification forms a central suture above the orifice (Fig. 6). In some cases, secondary calcification also covers this proximal area, producing then a complete, circular nodular crown, later perhaps projecting distally into the perforated area (Fig. 10) but normally the secondary calcification produces only thin ridges across the central area that do not occlude the pseudopores so that the central area and the nodular crown remain distinct (Figs 8, 47, 56). Additionally, the ovicell can be covered by secondary calcification encroaching from neighbouring zooids (Figs 32, 65). We have never seen an ooecium without secondary calcification. The whole is formed simultaneously, and probably quite quickly inasmuch as completed ovicells dominate and intermediate stages are relatively few. The first phase (formation of the ooecial floor) also seems to be relatively frequent in occurrence whereas the intermediate phase in which the lateral walls develop is relatively infrequently and would also appear to happen quickly. The ovicell of the genus Stephanotheca exhibits a structure similar to other genera of the superfamily Smittinoidea (D. P. Gordon, pers. comm. January 2010), and especially it is almost identical to the ovicell in the genera Schizomavella and Hippoporina: a thinly calcified endooecium and a strongly calcified, smooth ectooecium with an exposed area of irregular pseudopores. In the genus Stephanotheca these are located in the rounded central area, surrounded by a nodular crown of secondary calcification (Figs 9, 10) formed by the distal zooid (s). In some cases, this crown can be interrupted in its proximal part in such a way that the smooth frontal area of the ooecium free of calcification elongates towards the zooecial orifice; in this part, it is possible to notice the presence of a longitudinal suture in the entooecium, clearly visible through the ectooecium by light microscopy (Fig. 6). On the other hand, the double-walled structure of the ooecia in Stephanotheca is basically the same as in genera of Lanceoporidae (e. g. Calyptotheca, Emballotheca Levinsen, 1909 and Parmularia MacGillivray, 1887), except that secondary calcification overgrows the entire ooecium in some lanceoporid species. In this family, secondary calcification tends to be cormidial, i. e. produced by adjacent zooids according to a strict pattern, with sutures sometimes forming a Y; the secondary calcification is also perforated, by pseudopores that are in correspondence with the pseudopores in the ectooecium. In Hippoporina ussowi (Kluge, 1908), the secondary calcification is produced by 2 – 3 distal zooids, often forming a Y as in Lanceoporidae; it also totally covers the ectooecium but, in contrast with Lanceoporidae, it is imperforate, occluding then the ectooecial pseudopores (A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm. February 2012). Nevertheless, the systematic position of this species is uncertain, since the presence of a suboral avicularium and the structure of the ovicell preclude placement in the genus Hippoporina. In Stephanotheca, although the ooecial cover can be formed by several zooids (Figs 32, 65) the pattern is quite chaotic, and only sometimes with raised sutures over the ovicell. The secondary calcification on the lateral walls of the ooecium is also imperforate, as with the underlying ectooecium. Insofar as the central area of ectooecium in Stephanotheca can also be covered by ridges of secondary calcification that do not occlude the pseudopores there is no structural difference between this genus and the Lanceoporidae; it is just a matter of the extent of both the perforated ectooecial area, and the cover of secondary calcification (Figs 47, 56). The species here included in Stephanotheca n. gen. were previously placed in Schizomavella. The primary orifice of Stephanotheca lacks articulated oral spines, and has a poster with a wide, poorly defined sinus owing to rounded and sloping margins, flanked by condyles that are denticulate in all but in one species. The overall character of the orifice differs from that in Schizomavella, in which spines may be present, the poster is transverse and the sinus often exhibits well-defined corners, while few species have denticulate condyles. The most important feature, however, that distinguishes the present genus from Schizomavella, as well as from Hippoporina, is the shape of the ovicell opening and its closure. In the original generic diagnosis of Schizomavella, Canu & Bassler (1917) stated that the operculum closes the ovicell opening, but later authors have sometimes overlooked or ignored this character. However, we believe that Canu, at least, did not really know the species S. auriculata — of 17 samples labelled S. auriculata in his collection in MNHN, 15 of them correspond to other species of the genus, mostly Schizomavella cornuta (Heller, 1867). Only two, from the north of France, were actual S. auriculata but were labelled as ‘ varieties’ (systolostoma and reticulata). This confusion generally prevailed until Hayward & Thorpe (1995) redescribed S. auriculata, and selected a neotype. These authors stated that in this genus the ovicell is not closed by the operculum although in their figures this detail was not documented. Thus, this question was resolved years ago but it did not have the deserved impact. Based on our own material, which is identical to the neotype of S. auriculata (NHMUK 1911.10.1.1533) that we examined years ago (Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro 1995), the ovicell in these species is indeed acleithral (Figs 11, 12). The opening of the ovicell, closed by the ooecial vesicle in life, is very narrow, deeply immersed and not easily seen directly, except for its lower lip. This arrangement is the same in other species of Schizomavella sensu stricto (personal observations and A. Ostrovsky, pers. comm. January 2010). Moreover, dimorphic orifices are absent from Schizomavella and also Hippoporina, a bitectiporid genus with cleithral ovicells. In contrast, in the species assigned here to Stephanotheca, the ovicell is closed by the operculum and maternal zooids have a dimorphic primary orifice with a wider, shallower sinus than in non-ovicellate zooids. The opening of the ovicell is formed by the concave proximal ooecial margin that overarches the primary orifice, extending to its proximolateral corners (Figs 9, 10), with the primary orifice of the autozooid set just below the ovicell opening (Figs 5, 16, 24, 29, 35, 44, 65). In some dried uncleaned colonies, the opening of some ovicells is closed by the zooidal operculum, while in others the operculum is lowered onto the distal margin of the primary orifice. There is, however, the possibility that we are dealing with a variant of the subcleithral type. In both types, ovicell closure is achieved by the combination of the non-calcified distal wall of the maternal zooid (sometimes protruding into the brooding cavity and forming the ooecial vesicle) and the zooidal operculum (A. Ostrovsky, personal communication, January 2012; see Ostrovsky 2008, fig. 4 E). In the cleithral type the ovicell is opened by raising the zooidal operculum during larval release, whereas in the subcleithral one an ovicell is opened by the lowering of the operculum — in this instance the tentacular crown is retracted during larval release. As soon as a larva leaves the ovicell, the operculum is correspondingly lowered or raised and closes its opening again. In dried specimens of both cleithral and subcleithral types the operculum often lowers and closes the zooidal primary orifice because of tissue collapse; therefore, ovicell closure in Stephanotheca would be cleithral when alive. Detailed definitions of cleithral, acleithral and subcleithral and their functional significance can be found in Ostrovsky (2008) and Ostrovsky et al. (2009). On the other hand, the orifice of Stephanotheca is also similar to that in some species of Calyptotheca, as for instance Mediterranean Calyptotheca rugosa Hayward, 1974 and C. obscura Harmelin et al., 1989. In these species, however, as well as in others of the genus, the distal rim of the orifice has an inner shelf-like platform (lunula) on which the operculum rests when closed. Ovicell closure in Stephanotheca is closely similar to that in Calyptotheca, as can be also be seen in fossil species of the genus such as Calyptotheca sp. 1 and Calyptotheca sp. 2 reported by Berning (2006).	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB067FFAB0BA3238EFF6CFE30.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MNCN 3829: Menorca Channel, 39 º 45 ’ 40 ’’ N, 3 º 32 ’ 16 ’’ E, 59 m, 16 / 03 / 2009. Paratype # 1: MNCN 3831, Menorca Channel, Patín 25, 39.9815 º N, 03.7295 º E, 06 / 09 / 2011, 60 m. Paratype # 2: MNCN 3832, Menorca Channel, Patín 37, 39.9410 º N, 03.6803 º E, 09 / 09 / 2011, 63 m. Paratype # 3: MNCN 3833: Menorca Channel, Patín 40, 39.9290 º N, 03.7088 º E, 10 / 09 / 2011, 66 m. Paratype # 4: NHMUK 2012.4.23.1: Menorca Channel, Patín 27, 39.8528 º N, 04.0885 º E, 07 / 09 / 2011, 50 m. Paratype # 5: MNHN IB- 2009 - 1564: Menorca Channel, Patín 38, 39.9392 º N, 03.6790 º E, 10 / 09 / 2011, 64 m. Other Material Examined: MNHN 11152: Menorca, Coll. Gautier; MNHN 11189: Balearics, Coll. Gautier; MNHN 11191: Balearics, Coll. Gautier; NHMUK 1899.7.1.2343, 2345: Mediterranean, Coll. McAndrew. Numerous colonies collected in the Menorca Channel, 39.9822 – 39.7245 º N, 03.4722 – 04.1055 º E, 53 – 76 m, 02 – 12 / 09 / 2011.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB067FFAB0BA3238EFF6CFE30.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is dedicated to Mr Manuel Gerónimo Barroso, who first studied it.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB067FFAB0BA3238EFF6CFE30.taxon	description	Description. Colony forming irregular crusts, multilaminar. Autozooids of polygonal irregular shape, in irregularly arranged series, separated by a fine suture on raised ridges. Frontal shield slightly convex; initially smooth, but soon covered by small blunt conical nodules. Surface evenly perforated by small, circular pseudopores; marginal areolar pores only obvious in older zooids. Nodules near the orifice form a weak lateral and proximal peristomial thickening. Primary orifice elliptical, slightly wider than long. Poster a wide, rounded V shape occupying about half width of proximal border, flanked by a pair of large condyles with serrate edges. Oral spines absent. Polypide with about 12 tentacles. One suboral avicularium, inconstant, with slender, complete crossbar, and large oval palatal foramen; mandible semi-elliptical, proximally directed. Distance to proximal border of the orifice equal to avicularium length. Vicarious avicularia infrequent, similar to autozooids in shape but slightly wider, with a presumably functional polypide with about 6 tentacles, rarely with a frontal suboral avicularium similar to that in autozooids. Orifice extremely elongated; poster a wide, rounded sinus occupying nearly all the proximal border, flanked by a pair of projecting condyles with serrated edges, larger than in autozooids. Ovicell globular, from prominent to subimmersed depending on thickness of overgrowing secondary calcification, closed by zooidal operculum; central flat circular area of ectooecium with rounded, elongate or irregular pseudopores, these larger at periphery; secondary calcification of distal zooid forming a corona of prominent conical nodules almost encircling the exposed ectooecial area, incomplete and flattened proximally; proximal ovicell rim with a fine longitudinal suture of entooecium visible through ectooecium in light microscope. Primary orifice of ovicelled zooids wider than in non-ovicelled ones, with smaller sinus; concealed by inclined ovicell opening, the lateral margins of which overarch the primary orifice, extending to its proximolateral corners. Embryos orange. Uniporous septula. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB067FFAB0BA3238EFF6CFE30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. was first reported from the Balearic Islands by Barroso (1923, 1935), initially as Metroperiella lepralioides (Calvet in Jullien & Calvet, 1903) and later as Schizomavella ambita (Waters, 1889). Although Barroso’s material does not exist anymore, his descriptions and figures are clear enough as to assure it matches the present description. This species was also reported from the Balearics by Gautier (1957 as S. ambita; 1962 as S. rudis), the original samples of which we examined. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. is the only species of the genus that has zooids with hypertrophied orifices, here considered to be ‘ primitive’ or less-derived vicarious avicularia. Two colonies reported by Hayward & Thorpe (1995) in their redescription of S. ochracea are reported here as S. barrosoi n. sp. Both colonies come from the Mediterranean, whereas their exact location is unknown. The sample NHMUK 1899.7.1.2345 (Figs 14, 15) exhibits an orifice similar to the one in the type species as well as vicarious avicularia of the same type, but there are also slight differences — the avicularia tend to form clusters, their orifice does not have parallel lateral rims but are more slender and distally converging, and constantly show a suboral avicularium; in contrast, in the type specimen of S. barrosoi only a single vicarious avicularium with a suboral avicularium was seen. This sample is provisionally labelled as S. barrosoi owing to the limited amount of material available at present. Stephanotheca barrosoi n. sp. is known only from several stations off the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean).	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06BFFAA0BA32481FB87FF6B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (designated here): MM 2938. Green Point, Port Jackson, New S. Wales, Waters Coll. Paralectotypes (designated here): MM 2927, MM 2936; same locality as lectotype.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06BFFAA0BA32481FB87FF6B.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, forming broad irregular crusts. Autozooids arranged in alternating series; rhomboid to subrectangular, large, separated by fine sutures. Frontal shield slightly convex, evenly perforated by numerous pseudopores situated in deep depressions. Primary orifice orbicular, as long as wide, with a wide shallow sinus and two small oval condyles, not denticulated. Oral spines absent. Small suboral avicularium, close to the primary orifice and inclined at an angle; oval, with slender, complete crossbar; semi-elliptical mandible proximally directed. Ovicell frontally flattened, subimmersed, with a large, flat, circular area of ectooecium with rounded pseudopores, surrounded by low nodular rim of secondary calcification, incomplete proximally. Opening in ovicellate zooids dimorphic, larger and with shallower sinus; formed by the proximolateral margin of the ovicell and the poster of the primary orifice. Ovicell cleithral. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06BFFAA0BA32481FB87FF6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Waters (1889) described Schizoporella ambita from material collected at Green Point (Australia). In the original description, the author remarked he also had material from the same species from Port Western (Victoria, Australia) and from Naples. We revised the material from the Waters Collection labelled as S. ambita, kept in the Manchester Museum, which actually consists of three species. Three colonies are labelled as originating from Green Point / Port Jackson, so we consider they match the type series of S. ambita. This species differs from the material collected in Victoria (Australia) as well as from the Mediterranean material reported as Schizomavella ambita by several authors, as it will be discussed below. The shape of the ovicell, its closure, and the shape of the primary orifice suggests that S. ambita belongs to the genus Stephanotheca. However, this species is the only one in the genus with smooth condyles. Also, the pseudoporous area in the ovicell is extremely large, occupying almost all the ooecial roof.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06AFFAF0BA32142FAD3FEF8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MM 2845: Naples, Coll. Waters. Paratypes: MM 2928, MM 2932; MM 2934, MM 2939: Naples, Coll. Waters; MM 12478: Oran, 60 m, Coll. Waters. MNHN 2356 (part, colony on a gastropod shell): Bonifacio, Coll. Calvet; MNHN 4150: without locality, Coll. Calvet. MNHN 11141, MNHN 11142, MNHN 11144, MNHN 11145, MNHN 11146, MNHN 11147, MNHN 11148, MNHN 11149, MNHN 11193: Marseille, Coll. Gautier.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06AFFAF0BA32142FAD3FEF8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is dedicated to A. W. Waters, who first recorded it.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06AFFAF0BA32142FAD3FEF8.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, forming broad irregular crusts. Autozooids in regular linear series, sometimes alternating. Autozooids polygonal, often subrectangular, large, separated by fine raised sutures; transverse wall often curved. Frontal shield flat or slightly convex with a slightly granular surface, evenly perforated by small, circular pseudopores situated in funnel-shaped depressions that are demarcated by slightly raised ridges. Secondary calcification producing a scattered granulation and small depressions containing pores; marginal pores becoming areolate in older zooids. Periorbital region somewhat swelled, marked with small nodules or ridges. Primary orifice orbicular, wider than long, its distal edge projecting distally; poster almost entirely occupied by a wide, shallow sinus; condyles small, oval, serrate only along their inner half; denticles turned inwards. Oral spines absent. Suboral avicularia inconstant, often wanting in large areas of colony; occasionally replaced by a low mucro, difficult to see among the nodules surrounding the proximal edge of the zooidal orifice; avicularium oval, small, with slender, complete crossbar, semi-elliptical mandible proximally directed. Distance to the orifice smaller than avicularium length. Ovicell globular, prominent to subimmersed depending on thickness of secondary calcification; ectooecium to a large extent covered by coarsely nodular secondary calcification, with a circular crown of nodules surrounding the exposed central pseudoporous area, this subcircular, depressed, with more-or-less evenly distributed round, oval or irregular perforations that are larger in the periphery; nodular corona occasionally incomplete proximally; secondary calcification occasionally covering the entire pseudoporous area with only the pseudopores remaining exposed. Primary orifice of ovicellate zooids wider than non-ovicelled zooids, and with sinus shallower and broader. Opening of ovicell inclined at an angle, formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, overarching the primary orifice and extending to its proximolateral corners; ovicell cleithral. Zooids with small uniporous septula, placed in rows parallel to basal wall. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06AFFAF0BA32142FAD3FEF8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As mentioned for the previous species, Waters (1889) described Schizoporella ambita from material collected at Green Point (Australia), and also reported this species from Naples. The Naples material (MM 2845, MM 2928, MM 2932; MM 2934; see figs 27, 30) as well as a colony from Oran (MM 12478), despite showing several similarities with the original material of S. ambita, belongs to a different species. In fact, Canu & Bassler (1929) already doubted the conspecifity of the Australian and Mediterranean forms. Gautier (1962) studied Mediterranean material similar to that reported as S. ambita by Waters (1889) and by Calvet (1902); this author, following a suggestion by Lagaaij, referred to it as Schizomavella rudis (Manzoni, 1869), a fossil species, but it is doubtful if Gautier saw Waters’ or Manzoni’s original material.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06FFFAE0BA324C9FDD0FF6B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MM 2937. Port Western, Victoria, Waters. Coll. Paratype: MM 4172; same locality as holotype.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06FFFAE0BA324C9FDD0FF6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The two colonies of the present species were collected in Victoria, southeast Australia.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06FFFAE0BA324C9FDD0FF6B.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, forming broad irregular crusts. Autozooids in regular linear series, sometimes alternating; often subrectangular, large, separated by fine sutures. Frontal shield flat or slightly convex with a slightly granular surface, perforated by small, circular pores situated in depressions demarcated by slightly raised ridges. Secondary calcification producing scattered granulation; marginal pores becoming areolar in older zooids. Periorbital region imperforate, somewhat swollen, marked with thick nodules. Primary orifice orbicular, wider than long, its distal edge projecting distally; a wide, shallow sinus occupies half of the poster; condyles small, oval, serrate only along their inner half. Oral spines absent. Suboral avicularia nearly constant; oval, small, with slender, complete crossbar; semi-elliptical mandible proximally directed. Distance to orifice equal to avicularium length. Ovicell globular, prominent, frontally flattened, with an almost even surface; ectooecium with a wide arch of rounded pseudopores and some scattered frontal pseudopores. Maternal zooids with dimorphic orifices, almost circular, large and with shallower sinus. Ovicell opening inclined at an angle, formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, overarching the primary orifice and extending to its proximolateral corners. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB06FFFAE0BA324C9FDD0FF6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two samples in the Waters Collection, labelled as Schizoporella ambita, come from Port Western (Victoria, Australia); one of them was reported in the original description by Waters (1889). This material shows important differences from the type material of S. ambita, viz. fewer and smaller pseudopores and an imperforate rim around the orifice, thick and with nodules; the frontal surface is covered by granulations; the primary orifice is wider, with denticulated condyles in their inner half; and the avicularium is longer, flattened and more distant from the orifice. The opening of the ovicelled zooid is also dimorphic, almost rounded, but none closed by the operculum has been seen, perhaps because of drying. Ovicell surface morphology also differs — it is globular and prominent, with an almost even surface without a nodular crown, and a wide frontal arch of pseudopores. This species is provisionally included in Stephanotheca.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB071FFB30BA327CAFD04FCB3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NMHUK 1899.5.1.977: Schizomavella ochracea. Holotype. Cornwall.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB071FFB30BA327CAFD04FCB3.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, forming a broad spreading sheet. Autozooids in regular series, subrectangular to irregularly polygonal, separated by raised sutures. Frontal shield slightly convex, initially smooth, but soon covered by small rounded nodules; surface evenly perforated by about 45 small, circular pseudopores; marginal pores elongate and more conspicuous in older zooids; periorbital area imperforate and slightly raised. Primary orifice orbicular, slightly longer than wide; anter forming a wide arch projecting distally, with proximolateral edges oblique and rather straight; poster with a wide V-shaped sinus occupying most of the proximal edge; a pair of large, oval condyles with serrate median and proximal edges. Oral spines absent. Avicularia not developed in all autozooids, dimorphic; either small, subrectangular to lanceolate, with complete slender crossbar and oval palatal foramen; or gigantic, subrectangular, occupying almost all the length of the frontal shield, with complete crossbar and variably sized palatal foramen. Both types proximally directed. Ovicell observed once. Globular, prominent, closed by the autozoecial operculum. Exposed ectooecial area circular, with rounded pseudopores larger at the periphery, encircled by a nodular ridge of secondary calcification of the distal zooid. Opening of ovicell wider than long, inclined at an angle, formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, overarching the primary orifice, and extending to its proximolateral corners. Ovicell cleithral. Ancestrula unknown.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB071FFB30BA327CAFD04FCB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was considered as a variety of S. auriculata for a long time until Hayward & Thorpe (1995) redescribed the holotype and other material. However, their description needs to be amended; on the one hand, the material used by these authors presents four different morphologies, considered here to belong to four different species (S. ochracea, S. barrosoi, and two new species); on the other hand, the ovicell was not described, which is, however, present in the uncoated portion of the holotype (see Reverter Gil & Fernández Pulpeiro 1995, and fig. 39 in the present paper). The ovicell has also been figured by López de la Cuadra (1991: pl. 27, fig. H, as S. rudis) in this case seeming more immersed and exhibiting a nodular crown of secondary calcification that is well developed but interrupted proximally; however, its primary orifice and its avicularia are like the holotype, including the gigantic avicularia. The shape of the ovicell, its closure, and the shape of the primary orifice and the condyles suggest that S. ochracea belongs to the genus Stephanotheca. Yet this species is the only one in the genus exhibiting dimorphic avicularia. The orifice in this species is different from that in S. watersi, being slightly longer than wide and also exhibiting a more triangular sinus and larger condyles; moreover, the frontal avicularium is larger, more frequent, and placed further away from the orifice. These features bring it closer to S. barrosoi, which differs from S. ochracea in the different shape of the orifice and the condyles, in exhibiting vicarious avicularia, and in lacking the frontal gigantic avicularium. Stephanotheca ochracea is also the only species of the genus collected in the Atlantic Ocean, specifically southeast of the British Isles and in the Strait of Gibraltar. Its Mediterranean records probably correspond to other species of the genus (see remarks of S. barrosoi and below). SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB073FFB40BA32604FA34FF48.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (designated here): MOM 42 - 1421: St. 140, Cap d’Ail, 30 – 40 m; Coll. Calvet. Paralectotypes (designated here): MOM 42 - 1515: St. I, environs de Monaco; Coll. Calvet; MOM 42 - 1276: St. 60, near Cap Martin, 50 – 60 m; Coll. Calvet; MNHN 5946: Cap d’Ail, 30 – 40 m; Coll. Calvet. Other Material Examined: MNHN 2356 (part: two small colonies): Bonifacio Travailleur, 1881, D. 24 (2 ª ser.) 55 – 77 m. Coll. Calvet; MNHN 2378: Nice. Travailleur, 11 / 7 / 1881, 49 m. Coll. Jullien; MNHN 2383: Marseille, Coll. Jullien; MNHN 4103: no other data, Coll. Calvet; MNHN 11143, MNHN 11151, MNHN 11153, MNHN 11192, MNHN 11216 (part): Marseille, Coll. Gautier; MNHN 11190: Villefranche, Coll. Gautier; NHMUK 1888.11.9.29: Capri (figured by Hayward & Ryland, 1999, fig. 132 B).	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB073FFB40BA32604FA34FF48.taxon	description	Description. Colony forming broad irregular crusts, multilaminar, often large, orange. Autozooids in regular series in basal layer, losing orientation in successive layers. Rectangular to irregularly shaped in successive layers, separated by fine raised sutures. Frontal shield flat, covered by small rounded nodules, those near the orifice forming a weak proximolateral peristomial ridge. Frontal shield evenly perforated by small, circular pseudopores; marginal pores elongate and more conspicuous in older zooids. Uniporous septula. Primary orifice with the same characters as S. ochracea but larger. Large central avicularium, semielliptical to rounded-rectangular or subtriangular, in almost every zooid; placed in a central depression; crossbar complete, oval palatal foramen; mandible proximally directed. Gigantic avicularia lacking. Ovicell globular, frontally flattened, subimmersed. A wide, flat, circular area of ectooecium with rounded, elongate or irregular pseudopores, these larger at the periphery; secondary calcification of distal zooid forming a crown of prominent conical nodules encircling the exposed ectooecial area, frequently interrupted just over the orifice, showing a fine longitudinal suture; ovicell can also become covered by secondary calcification encroaching from adjacent zooids. Primary orifice of ovicellate zooids dimorphic, wider than orifice in non-ovicellate zooids and with smaller sinus; concealed by the concave proximal margin of the ovicell that extends to the proximolateral corners of the orifice; ovicell cleithral. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB073FFB40BA32604FA34FF48.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Stephanotheca monoecensis was described by Calvet (1927) as a variety of Schizoporella ambita (= S. watersi), from material collected off Monaco. The original label has ‘ var. monaecensis ’, which would be the logical name; however, when published, it appeared as monoecensis, which is therefore the valid spelling. Later, Gautier (1962) raised the variety to species level, placing it in the genus Schizomavella. This author also added new data characterizing the species, but considered that its orifice is similar to S. rudis (= S. watersi) and could instead be a variety of this species. We have revised Calvet’s (1927) original material held in MOM and MNHN and have chosen a lectotype and paralectotypes. SEM proves that the primary orifice of S. monoecensis and S. watersi are actually very different. In contrast, the primary orifice of the type material of S. monoecensis is similar that observed in the type material of S. ochracea, except for its larger size. However, the position, shape and size of the suboral avicularium are different in both species. In the holotype of S. ochracea it is small, oval to lanceolate and placed near the orifice, and is sometimes substituted by a gigantic avicularium; in the type material of S. monoecensis it is larger, subrectangular, placed in a depression in the centre of the zooid, and never gigantic. However, the shape of the avicularium in this species seems to vary considerably, from that exhibited in the types to others that are subtriangular, rounded or even oval. In a photograph of material collected in the area of Marseille (Fig. 47), sent to us by J. - G. Harmelin, two avicularia of a noticeably different size in two contiguous zooids can be seen, one of them being closer to the type of monoecensis and another more similar to the type of ochracea. Also, in the record by Zabala (1986) the avicularia are noticeably smaller than in the type material. Finally, in the material illustrated in the Synopsis of the British Fauna (Hayward & Ryland 1999), actually from Capri (P. J. Hayward, pers. comm.), the avicularium is smaller and oval. Ovicell characters are equivocal. The holotype of S. ochracea has only one ovicell, globular and prominent, while in the material cited by López de la Cuadra (1991) the ovicell is rather immersed. Similar variation also appears in different material of S. monoecensis. Finally, zooids and primary orifices are clearly larger in S. monoecensis. Stephanotheca barrosoi, a species also exhibiting multilaminar colonies, differs from S. monoecensis in its oval primary orifice, the small avicularium close to the orifice, and the sporadic presence of vicarious avicularia.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB074FFB70BA32459FEC3FF48.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2342: Mediterranean, Coll. McAndrew. Paratypes: NHMUK 1899.7.1.2346: Mediterranean, Coll. McAndrew; NHMUK 1939.7.4.12: Malta.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB074FFB70BA32459FEC3FF48.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the species refers to the roughly triangular shape of both the orifice and avicularium.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB074FFB70BA32459FEC3FF48.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multilaminar, forming broad sheets. Autozooids in irregular series, subrectangular to irregularly polygonal, separated by raised sutures. Frontal shield slightly convex; covered by small rounded nodules; surface evenly perforated by small circular pseudopores; periorbital and suboral areas imperforate, slightly raised; marginal pores elongate and more conspicuous in older zooids. Primary orifice subtriangular; anter projecting distally; poster with a narrow V-shaped sinus, occupying most of the proximal edge; condyles large, almost entirely denticulate. Oral spines absent. Avicularia in almost every zooid, triangular, placed medially in the proximal part of the zooid, proximally directed. Ovicell endozooidal with brooding cavity deeply immersed in the succeeding zooid; a flat crescentic pseudoporous area, sometimes even centrally covered by a net of secondary calcification; central area surrounded by a low nodular crown of secondary calcification. Orifice in ovicellate zooids dimorphic, larger and with shallower sinus. Ovicell opening closed by the zoecial operculum. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB074FFB70BA32459FEC3FF48.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material here ascribed to S. triangulata n. sp. has been previously cited by Hayward & Thorpe (1995) as Schizomavella ochracea. In fact, although its primary orifice is very similar it is significantly larger and tends to show a general shape that is rather triangular owing to its narrower proximal edge and V-shaped sinus. It also differs in shape, size and position of the avicularium, without intermediate forms between both species. Stephanotheca triangulata n. sp. also lacks gigantic avicularia such as occur in S. ochracea. Moreover, the autozooids of S. triangulata n. sp. show a suboral imperforate area that is not present in the zooids of S. ochracea lacking a suboral avicularium. The ovicell is particularly characteristic of this species, being endozooidal with a flat ectooecium clearly wider than long; its crescent pseudoporous area is similar to that in some specimens of S. monoecensis. However, in the latter species the nodular crown is more prominent, is lacking proximally, and its pseudoporous area is wider and round. This species is known from only three samples, one collected in Malta and the others from unrecorded Mediterranean localities.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB076FFB60BA325E9FC61F809.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.1454: Mediterranean, Coll. McAndrew. Paratype: NHMUK 1899.7.1.1760: Mediterranean, Spanish Coast.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB076FFB60BA325E9FC61F809.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the closely dispersed perforations in the frontal shield of the autozooids.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB076FFB60BA325E9FC61F809.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, forming broad sheets. Autozooids in regular series, irregularly polygonal, relatively broad, separated by raised sutures. Frontal shield rather flat, rough, evenly perforated by about 75 small, circular pseudopores; periorbital area imperforate and slightly raised; marginal pores elongate and more conspicuous in older zooids. Primary orifice orbicular, similar to that of S. ochracea but larger and with a Ushaped sinus; condyles large, denticulate only in proximal half. Oral spines absent. Suboral avicularia sporadic, frequently wanting; small, oval, sometimes slightly displaced to one side; proximally directed. Complete ovicell observed once; this globular, prominent, with a large convex pseudoporous area of ectooecium, surrounded by low nodular rim of secondary calcification, incomplete proximally. Orifice in ovicellate zooids dimorphic, with a smaller sinus; ovicell opening inclined at an angle, closed by operculum. Ancestrula unknown. SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB076FFB60BA325E9FC61F809.taxon	discussion	Remarks. As with the previous species, the material here ascribed to S. perforata n. sp. has previously been cited by Hayward & Thorpe (1995) as Schizomavella ochracea. In fact, its primary orifice is similar to S. ochracea but it is much larger and usually has a more rounded sinus. The autozooids are clearly wider and flatter and are perforated by a significantly larger number of pseudopores (75 instead of 45). The suboral avicularium is smaller, usually absent, clearly oval (never rectangular), and gigantic avicularia are lacking. We have only studied one complete ovicell of S. perforata n. sp., therefore its morphological variability is unknown. It seems to differ from the other species of the genus by exhibiting a clearly convex, extensive pseudoporous area, without a defined nodular crown of secondary calcification. It is basically prominent, not subimmersed, recumbent on the surface of the distal zooid (Fig. 60). The orifice of the only ovicellate zooid is dimorphic. In the dried specimen it is not closed by the operculum, which is in the lower position where it seals the primary orifice. Nevertheless we infer that the ovicell in this species is probably cleithral as in other of the genus. Stephanotheca perforata n. sp. is known from only two colonies collected from the Mediterranean Sea, one of them from the Spanish coast, but no other details of locality are provided.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB079FFBB0BA3203AFBACF936.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype (selected here): MM 2852: Naples, Waters Coll. Paralectotypes (selected here): MM 2960: Naples, Waters Coll.; MM 2961: Naples, egg ovarium, slide, Waters Coll.; MM 2962, 2963, 2964: Naples, Waters Coll.; MM 2965: Naples, Opercula on slide, Waters Coll.; MM 2966: Naples, slide of sections, Waters Coll.; MM 2967, 2969: Naples, Waters Coll.; MM 2970: Capri, opercula and mandibles on slide, Waters Coll.; MM 10851: Naples, Waters Coll. Other material Examined: MM 2971: Villafranche, opercula on slide, Waters Coll.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB079FFBB0BA3203AFBACF936.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar to multilaminar, forming irregular crusts, light yellow in life. Autozooids in regular series in unilaminar colonies, irregularly arranged in multilaminar colonies; polygonal, irregularly shaped, separated by fine raised sutures; frontal shield slightly convex, initially smooth but soon covered by small rounded conical nodules, evenly perforated by small, circular pseudopores; periorbital area imperforate and slightly raised; marginal pores elongate and more conspicuous in older zooids. Primary orifice subtriangular, slightly longer than wide; anter forming a wide arch projecting distally; lateral edges oblique and rather straight; poster with a wide U-shaped sinus, occupying one third of the proximal edge; a pair of large condyles, serrated in the proximal half. Oral spines absent. One central avicularium, large, elongate-triangular, distally rounded, occupying nearly the entire zooid length; mandible triangular, proximally directed, sometimes following the zooidal axis or frequently turned to one side; crossbar slender, complete; distal opesia circular, palatal foramen large, subtriangular. Ovicell subconical, prominent to subimmersed; central area flat, transversely oval, evenly perforated by irregularly rounded pseudopores; secondary calcification smooth laterally, projecting frontally in a crown of stout nodules, complete or incomplete proximally, often with a distinct proximal suture. Additionally, the ovicell can be covered by secondary calcification encroaching from adjacent zooids. Primary orifice of ovicellate zooids dimorphic, wider and with shallower sinus, concealed by the ovicell opening; this inclined at an angle, formed by the concave proximal margin of the ooecium, extending to proximolateral corners of zooidal orifice; closed by zooidal operculum. Ancestrula unknown. TABLE 9. Measurements (in mm) of Stephanotheca arrogata (Waters, 1879) n. comb. (lectotype and one paralectotype). SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
220B4B5AB079FFBB0BA3203AFBACF936.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described by Waters (1879) from material collected in Naples. Gautier (1962) transferred it to Schizomavella, and reported it from the Strait of Sicily. Of all the species included in the S. ochracea group, this is probably the most distinct. Its orifice tends to be subtriangular, especially evident in uncleaned material with opercula of dark brown colour. Its sinus is wider, being U-shaped in the type material though in other specimens it is more triangular. The avicularium is large, triangular to lanceolate, occupying a great part of the zooidal length; therefore, it is very different from the rest of the species of the genus. Only S. triangulata n. sp. also has triangular avicularia but these are smaller and placed more proximally. The ovicell is also very peculiar, showing an almost subconical shape with a crown of very prominent nodules, seldom interrupted over the ovicell opening, while the rest of the peripheral secondary calcification is rather even. Stephanotheca arrogata seems to be an exclusively Mediterranean species, reported from Naples, the southern part of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Banyuls (southern France) and the Alboran Sea. A record from the Ionian Sea by Poluzzi & Rosso (1988) as S. monoecensis could also correspond to this species.	en	Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Souto, Javier, Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio (2012): A new genus of Lanceoporidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zootaxa 3339: 1-29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212993
