taxonID	type	description	language	source
216FC728FFC5EF2A738326C8AB1BCD40.taxon	description	SAIAB 96680, SAIAB 96681 (6), SAIAB 96688 (7), ZSM 38639, ZSM 38640 (5), ZSM 38641 (7), 27 specimens, field nos Zam 01 – Zam 08, Zam 10 – Zam 15, Zam 16 a, Zam 16 b, Zam 17 – Zam 21, Zam 23 – Zam 28, SL 9.4 – 14.4 cm, Zambia: Middle Zambezi just below the Victoria Falls near the beginning of Batoka Gorge: rapid no. 6, about 17 ◦ 56 ′ S 25 ◦ 51 ′ E, 6 – 8 December 1996, water: 81 µS / cm at 27.6 ◦ C on 7 December at 09.00, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96689 (3), ZSM 38642 (3), field nos Zam 29 – Zam 32, Zam 31 a, Zam 33 a, SL 11.3 – 13.7 cm, Zambia: Middle Zambezi: rapid no. 23 further downstream, 9 December 1996, water: 81.6 µS / cm at 28.1 ◦ C on 9 December at 07: 40 h, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96690, ZSM 38643 (2), field nos Zam 33 b, Zam 34, Zam 36, SL 11.8 – 12.7 cm, Zambia; Middle Zambezi: rapid no. 25 still further downstream, 11 December 1996, water: 81.9 µS / cm at 27.6 ◦ C on 11 December at 08: 14 h, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer. SAIAB 60874, 19 (of 23) specimens, SL 6.6 – 9.8 cm, Mozambique: Zambezi System: Zambezi River: island bank off the Marromeu harbour, 18 ◦ 17 ′ 08.63 ′′ S, 35 ◦ 56 ′ 58.83 ′′ E, 3 August 1999, Fishermen and R. Bills. BMNH 1906.9.8.3 – 4 (2 syntypes) Marcusenius tanganicanus Boulenger 1906, Zambia: Lake Tanganyika: Sumba (Sumbu?), Cunnington, SL 12.7 – 12.8 cm. BMNH 1906.6. 9.8.5 (1 syntype), Marcusenius tanganicanus Boulenger 1906, Tanzania: Lake Tanganyika: Msamba, Cunnington. SL 15.0 cm.	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFC5EF2C738E224CA99CC8E2.taxon	description	MHNG 858.85 (1 syntypes) Marcusenius cubangoensis Pellegrin 1936, SL 7.6 cm, Kuvango (Okavango) River, Angola. Expdt. Suisse, purchased by A. Monard. MRAC 138760 (ex MHNH 1936 - 65), Marcusenius cubangoensis Pellegrin 1936, SL 8.4 cm, donated by A. Monard, Coubango (Okavango) River, Angola, 1928 – 29, 1932 – 33. ZSM 38645, ZSM 38646, two specimens from Namibia: Upper Zambezi: Katima Mulilo, approx. 17 ◦ 29 ′ 30 ′′ S, 24 ◦ 16 ′ 18 ′′ E, 12 – 13 September 1993, field nos Fish 49, Fish 54, respectively, SL 3.9 – 5.0 cm, water conductivity and temperature, 81 µS / cm, 21.8 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, ZSM 38647, one specimen from Namibia: Upper Zambezi: Lisikili, 17 ◦ 33 ′ S, 24 ◦ 29 ′ E, 6 March 1994, field no. L 23 isi, SL 12.4 cm, 6 March 1994, water conductivity and temperature, 56.1 µS / cm, 26.8 ◦ C, coll. F. H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96692 (2) (field nos Ka 57, Ka 59), SAIAB 96693 (3) (Ka 60, Ka 62, Ka 63), ZSM 38655 (Ka 65), SL 5.5 – 6.8 cm, six specimens from Namibia: Upper Zambezi: Katima Mulilo: Wenela, 17 ◦ 29 ′ 21.5 ′′ S, 24 ◦ 15 ′ 33 ′′ E, 2 – 5 April 1996, water conductivity and temperature, 66 µS / cm, 25.9 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96694 (4) (field nos Wen 03, Wen 06, Wen 08, Wen 11), SAIAB 96695 (R 1), ZSM 38648 (Wen 04), ZSM 38648 (Wen 07), ZSM 38648 (Wen 09), ZSM 38649 (Wen 12), ZSM 38650 (Wen 20), SL 4.2 – 6.4 cm, 10 specimens from Namibia: Upper Zambezi: Katima Mulilo: Wenela, same coordinates, 23 – 27 August 1999; water conductivity and temperature, 84.4 µS / cm, 22 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96696 (field no. 4 Fish), one specimen, SL 4.8 cm, from Namibia: Caprivi Strip: Kwando River: Nkasa Island in Mamili National Park, 18 ◦ 27 ′ S, 23 ◦ 42 ′ E), 8 September 1993, water conductivity and temperature 108 µS / cm, 18 – 19 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96697 (2) (field nos N 99 ka, N 99 bka), ZSM 38651 (N 80 ka), ZSM 38652 (N 99 aka), four specimens, SL 10.3 – 11.1 cm, from Namibia: Caprivi Strip: Kwando River: Nakatwa in Mudumu National Park (18 ◦ 06 ′ S, 23 ◦ 23 ′ E), 11 – 12 March 1994, water conductivity and temperature, 130 µS / cm, 24.9 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96709 (field no. Kon 13 g), ZSM 38653 (Kon 14 g), ZSM 38653 (Kon 20 g), three specimens, SL 3.9 – 5.7 cm, from Namibia: Caprivi Strip: Kwando River: Kongola Bridge, 17 ◦ 47 ′ 26.7 ′′ S, 23 ◦ 20 ′ 40 ′′ E, 25 August 1999, water conductivity and temperature, 236 µS / cm, 19 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 96761 (2) (field nos Kon 03 g, Kon 11 g), ZSM 38654 (Kon 12 g), three specimens, SL 8.0 – 9.9 cm, from Namibia: Caprivi Strip: Kwando River: Kongola Bridge, 17 ◦ 47 ′ 26.7 ′′ S, 23 ◦ 20 ′ 40 ′′ E, 24 January 2001, water conductivity and temperature, 160 µS / cm, 26.6 ◦ C, coll. F. H. Van der Bank and B. Kramer, SAIAB 18619, one specimen, SL 5.5 cm, Botswana: Okavango System: Nxamaseri side channel; 1 km downstream of P. J. ′ s Camp, 18.6167 ◦ S, 22.0833 ◦ E, 13 February 1983, coll. M. N. Bruton, SAIAB 18756, SL 6.9 cm, one specimen, Botswana: Okavango System: Nxamaseri tributary: 1 km from confluence with Okavango, 16 February 1983, coll. M. N. Bruton, SAIAB 20134, one specimen, SL 6.0 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Mbambi Clinic, 17 ◦ 58 ′ 00 ′′ S, 21 ◦ 00 ′ 00 ′′ E, 7 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 20254, three specimens, SL 4.1 – 5.7 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Mkena, 18 ◦ 00 ′ 00 ′′ S, 20 ◦ 52 ′ 00 ′′ E, 6 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 20367, one specimen, SL 11.1 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Rundu, 17 ◦ 53 ′ 00 ′′ S, 20 ◦ 15 ′ 00 ′′ E, 2 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 20384, three specimens, SL 6.3 – 11.3 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Mupapamu Village, 17 ◦ 53 ′ 00 ′′ S, 20 ◦ 15 ′ 00 ′′ E, 3 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 20406, two specimens, SL 5.9 – 9.9 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Rundu, 2 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 20492, four specimens, SL 7.7 – 11.6 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Ombarumba, 17 ◦ 57 ′ 00 ′′ S, 20 ◦ 28 ′ 00 ′′ E, 4 March 1984, coll. P. Skelton, SAIAB 27379, one specimen, SL 7.3 cm, Namibia: Okavango River: Kahenge, 17 ◦ 40 ′ 00 ′′ S, 18 ◦ 40 ′ 00 ′′ E, 16 July 1987, coll. B. van der Waal, SAIAB 37005, two specimens, SL 4.8 – 5.2 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Rundu Tower, 17 ◦ 52 ′ 00 ′′ S, 19 ◦ 43 ′ 00 ′′ E, 8 July 1986, coll. G. Timothy, G. Merron, SAIAB 44906, two specimens, SL 4.5 – 5.0 cm, Namibia: Okavango System: Okavango River: Mashane Rapids, 15 ◦ 53 ′ 00 ′′ S, 20 ◦ 13 ′ 00 ′′ E, 1 August 1994, coll. C. Hay, - SAIAB 45465, 17 specimens, SL 9.2 – 12.9 cm, Namibia: Zambezi System: Upper Zambezi River: Impalila Island, 17 ◦ 47 ′ 00 ′′ S, 025 ◦ 15 ′ 00 ′′ E, transferred from Transvaal Museum.	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFDCEF3673F025E3AABFC9A3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (from Myers 1960) Dorsal fin origin situated definitely anterior to anal fin origin. Dorsal fin with more rays than anal fin, and with its base longer than that of anal fin. Base of anal fin over half as long as base of dorsal fin. Mouth definitely inferior, or the chin with a short bulbous protuberance, which hides the essentially inferior position of the mouth. Teeth present only in the middle of the jaws, the median symphysial pair in the lower jaw not greatly enlarged. Body compact, deep, compressed, predorsal profile of back convex or humped. Origin of pelvic fins closer to base of pectoral fin than to origin of anal fin. Gill openings restricted, not extending below base of pelvic fin. Vertebrae 50 or fewer. Type species Mormyrus psittacus Boulenger, 1897 [current status Cyphomyrus psittacus (Boulenger, 1897)] by original designation of Myers (1960). Included species (valid unless otherwise stated) budgetti, Marcusenius Boulenger, 1904 [current status: junior synonym of Cyphomyrus psittacus see Bigorne 1990 a: 314: Bigorne 1990 b: 150] A 0.0 B 0.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 dB dB - 20.0 - 20.0 - 30.0 - 30.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 kHz kHz C 0.0 0.0) dB - 10.0 - 10.0 (Amplitude dB - 20.0 dB - 20.0 - 30.0 - 30.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 kHz kHz D 0.0 0.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 dB dB - 20.0 - 20.0 - 30.0 - 30.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 kHz kHz Frequency (kHz)	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFD9EF3773832723ABF6C983.taxon	description	(Figure 1 G) Nominal species in boldface.	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFD9EF3773832723ABF6C983.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined See Material and methods section. Type specimens. ZMB 3.674, lectotype. Paralectotypes: individuals ZMB 3.673, ZMB 3.675, ZMB 3.676. ZMB 23.374, one paralectotype plus remnants of a dissected specimen; all collected by W. C. Peters. Lectotype and paralectotypes designated by Seegers (1996: 69). Type locality. “ Mossambique ”. In his 1868 publication, Peters specified that the origin of his specimens was “ Tette ” (present spelling Tete) on the Zambezi, and “ the Licuare in Boror ” (the Licuare is a short coastal river on the northern periphery of the Zambezi delta, discharging into the Indian Ocean at Quelimane; all Mozambique). Tete is below the Cahora Bassa dam, and separated from the Indian Ocean by 400 km. Diagnosis nD, median 33 – 34 (range 28 – 36); nA, median 24 – 25 (range 23 – 27); SPc, median 12 (range 12 – 13); SLS, median 64 – 69 (range 57 – 72); LD, mean 0.2977 – 0.3129 (range 0.2701 – 0.3239) of SL; LA, mean 0.2040 – 0.2124 (range 0.1844 – 0.2263) of SL; CPL, mean 0.2154 – 0.2215 (range 0.2066 – 0.2405) of SL; CPD, mean 0.2952 – 0.3002 (range 0.2657 – 0.3380) of CPL; BD, mean 0.2841 – 0.3530 (range 0.2464 – 0.3407) of SL; PDL, mean 0.5631 – 0.5779 (range 0.5455 – 0.6065) of SL; HL, mean, 0.2197 – 0.2373 (range 0.2168 – 0.2639) of SL. Bipolar EOD, of 130 µs duration (n = 1). Remarks Seegers (1996) gives a lively description of ecology and biology of specimens caught on or near Lake Rukwa. For distinguishing between specimens of C. discorhynchus and C. cubangoensis, the most useful anatomical characters are: longer LD, longer LA, higher number of nD and nA, higher CPD / CPL in C. discorhynchus than C. cubangoensis.	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFD8EF3973462705ABF6C983.taxon	description	(Figure 1 A – E)	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFD8EF3973462705ABF6C983.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined See Material and methods section. Type specimens Syntypes: (8) MHNG 858.85 (1); MNHN 1936 – 0062 to 0064 (3), 1936 - 0065 (now 0); MRAC [ex MNHN 1936 – 65] (1); NMB 5216 (1). Type locality “ Cubango: Dr. Monard ”. Pellegrin (1936) gives in addition for all fish he studied that originated from the “ Bassin du Cubango ” (and not from the “ Bassin du Congo ”): “ Les poissons ont été pris pour la plupart à Vila da Ponte ou dans ses environs immédiats, quelques uns à 120 Km. plus au sud mais toujours en territoire portugais, dans le Rio Mbalé, un petit affluent. ” The present name of Vila da Ponte is Kuvango. The small town of Kuvango is located in the state / region of Huíla (Angola) at 14 ◦ 27 ′ 11 ′′ S, 16 ◦ 18 ′ 03 ′′ E. Diagnosis nD, median 30 – 31 (range 28 – 33); nA, median 22.5 – 23 (range 21 – 24); SPc, median 12 (range 10 – 12); SLS, median 65 – 66 (range 59 – 71); LD, mean 0.2613 – 0.2797 (range 0.2445 – 0.3001) of SL; LA, mean 0.1724 – 0.191 (range 0.1649 – 0.2086) of SL; CPL, mean 0.2311 – 0.2395 (range 0.1943 – 0.2532) of SL; CPD, mean 0.2596 – 0.2693 (range 0.2151 – 0.3299) of CPL; BD, mean 0.2713 – 0.2953 (range 0.2413 – 0.3388) of SL; PDL, mean 0.5686 – 0.5856 (range 0.5475 – 0.6071) of SL; HL, mean, 0.2251 – 0.2352 (range 0.2073 – 0.2697) of SL. Bipolar EOD, of 220 – 385 µs duration. Description Head broadly rounded, lower jaw protruding less forward than upper, with inferior mouth and chin with a short bulbous protuberance. Deep body laterally compressed, with arched back. Long dorsal fin, median number of rays 30 – 31 (range 28 – 33), originating clearly in front of anal fin, median number of rays 22.5 – 23 (range (21 – 24). Dorsal and anal fins obliquely orientated with anterior portion higher than posterior portion. Usually dark band from dorsal to anal fin. Scales extending anteriorly to operculum and pectoral fins. Caudal peduncle slender and subcylindrical over the entire length, usually slightly less than one-quarter of SL. Tail fin with broadly rounded lobes. EOD bipolar and tetraphasic, of 220 – 385 µs duration (at 25 ◦ C and “ 5 % threshold criterion ”; explained in Material and methods). Colour in preservation In various shades from ochre to brown. Dark band from dorsal to anal fin usually fading with conservation time in alcohol. Ecology Adult specimens prefer larger river channels with soft bottom. Shoaling species. Small specimens also found in rocky environment. Behaviour Social, non-aggressive, at night very sensitive to light and shy during daytime (see Scheffel and Kramer 2000, 2006). Excellent aquarium species. Distribution Okavango River and delta whole length, Kwando River, Upper Zambezi. Relationships Close relatives are C. discorhynchus (Peters, 1852) as evidenced by the confusion of the two species, and C. wilverthi (Boulenger, 1898) and C. psittacus (Boulenger 1897), but none of the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex of species included in the genetic studies of Kramer et al. (2004), and Kramer and Swartz (2010: fig. 8). Etymology Pellegrin’s species name cubangoensis refers to the Okavango River where he sampled the type specimens. Remarks In Jubb 1967: 33 the synonymization of C. cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) is presented as follows:	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
216FC728FFD8EF3973462705ABF6C983.taxon	description	Synonyms: Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin), 1936. C. smithersi (Määr) 1962. ” No further comment is given. For distinguishing between specimens of C. discorhynchus and C. cubangoensis, the most useful anatomical characters are: longer LD, longer LA, higher number of nD and nA, higher CPD / CPL in C. discorhynchus than C. cubangoensis.	en	Kramer, Bernd, Bank, F. Herman Van der (2011): The Victoria Falls, a species boundary for the Zambezi Parrotfish, Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Peters, 1852), and the resurrection of Cyphomyrus cubangoensis (Pellegrin, 1936) (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 45 (43 - 44): 2669-2699, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597945, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597945
