identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2071AC54FF99FF92F9BBE4E13D17F8A9.text	2071AC54FF99FF92F9BBE4E13D17F8A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes chunka Ballon-Estacio & Alvarado 2024	<div><p>Mnioes chunka sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 2)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: ♀ “ PERÚ: AY. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.522224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.079722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.522224/lat -13.079722)">La Mar</a>, Moyabamba 13°04’47”S / 73°31’20”W 1726m 26.ii.2023 M. Alvarado “café sin sombra” T. Malaise 1” (MUSM).</p><p>Paratypes: 2 ♀♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 29.III.2022, Malaise; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 13.IV.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0131 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 11.V.2022, Malaise; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 25.V.2022, Malaise; ♂ and ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 09.VI.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0317 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 16.VIII.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0251 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 11.X.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0303 [leg removed]; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 04.II.2023, Malaise; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 25–27.II.2022, yellow pan trap; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 25–26.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 5♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 29.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 10♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 30.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 26–28.VIII.2022, pitfall trap; ♂ monoculture of coffee plantation, 31.VIII.2022, pitfall trap; 2 ♀♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 07.VII.2022, Malaise; ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 29.III.2022, Malaise; ♂ and ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 09.VI.2022, Malaise // ♂ MUSM-HYM 0099 [leg removed]; ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 07.VII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0403 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ shaded-coffee plantation, 15.IX.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0246 [leg removed, genitalia extracted, COI obtained]; ♂ shaded-coffee plantation, 09.XI.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0390 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ shaded-coffee plantation, 20.XII.2022, Malaise; ♂ shaded-coffee plantation, 03.I.2023, Malaise; ♂ and ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 18.I.2023, Malaise; ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 18.II.2023, Malaise; 2♂♂ and 6 ♀♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 24–25.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 7 ♀♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 25–26.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; ♂ and 3 ♀♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 26– 27.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 1 ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 27–28.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 1 ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 26–28.VIII.2022, pitfall trap; 1♀ forest, 06.VIII.2022, Malaise; 3♀♀ forest, 30.VIII.2022, Malaise; 1♀ forest, 15.IX.2022, Malaise; 1♀ forest, 29.IX.2022, Malaise; 1♀ forest, 11.X.2022, Malaise; 1♂ and 1♀ forest, 25.X.2022, Malaise // ♂ MUSM-HYM 0403 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♀ forest, 20.XI.2022, Malaise; 3♀♀ forest, 06.XII.2022, Malaise; 1♀ forest, 20.XII.2022, Malaise; 1♀ and 5♂♂ forest, 31.VIII.2022, sweeping; ♂ Moyabamba, 21.II–02.III.2022, sweeping ; ♀ Moyabamba, 29.II–02.III.2022, sweeping // MUSM-HYM 0018 [leg removed]; ♀ Moyabamba, 24–31.VIII.2022, sweeping // MUSM-HYM 0028 [leg removed, COI obtained] ; 2♂♂ and ♀ Moyabamba, 29–31.VIII.2022, yellow pan trap [1♂ genitalia extracted] (MUSM) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Mnioes chunka sp. nov. can be distinguished from the female congeners by the following combination of traits: antenna black with a white band, frontal orbit mark off-white between toruli and median ocellus, pronotum black but centrally white, propodeum and mesoscutum entirely black, metasoma predominantly black with posterior margin of tergites I and II and the anterior margin of tergites II and III white, and fore wing weakly infumate with two darkly patches centrally and distally. Among the species with females having darkly infumate patches in the fore wing, M. chunka sp. nov. can be differentiated as the only one with pronotum centrally white and mesocoxa with a white spot dorsally.</p><p>Description of the female holotype: Fore wing length 5.6 mm</p><p>Head: Face (Fig. 2C) granulate-punctate and weakly polished, 0.7× as long as wide; clypeus granulate and with scattered punctures, 2.0× as wide as long; malar space 0.9× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.75× maximum ocellar diameter; scape with truncated section V-shaped; with 41 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.5:3.0:3.0, subapical flagellomere 1.1× as long as centrally broad.</p><p>Mesosoma: Granulate-punctate and weakly polished (Fig. 2A); notaulus vestigial, weakly impressed anteriorly; subalar prominence low and rounded. Propodeum (Fig. 2E) granulate-punctate; declivous from anterior margin, centrally between anterior margin and posterior transverse carinae with a median longitudinal concavity; pleural carina present; posterior transverse carina centrally present. Fore wing with vein 1m-cu without ramellus; vein 2m-cu weakly sinuate, with two bullae, with abscissa and with a stub on spurious vein; 2rs-m 1.6× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu. Hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1.</p><p>Metasoma: Metasomal tergites (Figs 2A, 2E) granulate, matte; tergite I 2.3× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.3× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 3.1× as long as metathoracic tibia (Fig. 2A).</p><p>Colour: Head (Figs 2A, 2C) black but distal half of clypeus and palpi testaceous, mandibles brown, frontal orbits, between torulus and lateral ocellus, white, antenna black with flagellomeres 8–10 entirely white and flagellomeres 11–13 dorsally white. Mesosoma predominantly black with pronotum centrally, subalar prominence, distal end of coxae, a spot laterally on mid-coxa, and tarsomere 2 and basal end of tarsomere 3 white; scutellum with two spots, tegula and fore leg ventrally brown. Fore wing softly infumate with more darkly infumate patches centrally and apically. Metasomal tergites predominantly black, posterior margin of tergites I –II, anterior margin of tergites II–III and distal margin, centrally, of tergites VI –VII white. Ovipositor sheath dark brown.</p><p>Variation of female paratype. Fore wing length 5.3–6.6 mm. They differ from the holotype in the following features: clypeus 1.9–2.0× as wide as long; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.0–1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.75–0.8× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 40–45 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.2–4.0:3.0–4.3:3.0–4. 3 subapical flagellomere 1.0–1.3× as long as centrally broad; fore wing with vein 1m-cu with one large or two bullae; 2m-cu with or without a spurious vein, and 2rs-m 1.3–2.2× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2–0.3× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1; tergite I 2.0–2.3× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 3.0–3.3× as long as metatibia. Variation in colouration: Head with variation on the antennomeres forming the white band, some individuals with distal half of flagellomere 7 white, others with only flagellomeres 8–9 or 8–11 entirely white, or with flagellomere 14 and sometimes 15 ventrally white. Scutellum, in some individuals, entirely black; while in others the two spots are continuous with each other. Some individuals with tarsomere 2 (rarely distalmost end of tarsomere 1 and basal end of tarsomere 3) of mid leg, entirely or only ventrally, white.</p><p>Male. Fore wing length 4.8–5.8 mm. The male individuals (Figs 2B, 2D) differ from the females in the following features: face 0.8× as long as wide; clypeus 1.9–2.1× as wide as long; malar space 0.9–1.0× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.0–1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.6–0.9× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 41–43 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.8–4.0:3.4–4.0:3.2–4.0, subapical flagellomere 1.3–1.7× as long as centrally broad; fore wing with 2rs-m 1.0–2.0× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.1–0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1; tergite I 2.3–2.5× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.1–1.3× as long as posteriorly wide.</p><p>Male (colour): Head (Fig. 2D) predominantly black with face, clypeus, mandible, palpi, frontal orbits, scape, and pedicel, ventrally, off-white; frons centrally, vertex, gena, and occiput black; flagellomeres black with flagellomere 11 or 12 apically ventral white, dorsally of flagellomeres 13–17, generally 12–18, and base of flagellomere 18 or 19 ventrally white. Mesosoma (Fig. 2B) predominantly black with anterior margin of pronotum, subalar prominence, humeral plate and scutellum, and generally posterior margin of propleuron white or off yellow. Fore and mid legs with coxa and trochanter white or off yellow; femur, tibia, and tarsi testaceous but dorsally brownish. Hind leg with coxa predominantly black with distal end, and a dorsal macula white or off yellow; trochanter and trochantellus black; femur predominantly testaceous with basal and distal end brown; tibia testaceous ventrally, dorsally, and basal and distal end dark brown; tarsomere 1dark brown; tarsomere 2–5 off white (in some individuals infumate). Wings hyaline. Posterior margins of tergites I and II, anterior margin of tergite II, anterior half or third of tergite III, and mid-posterior of tergite VII white.</p><p>Comments. This species was found in the three habitats, primary forest, shaded coffee, and unshaded coffee in the survey and throughout the year, showing that its occurrence is not affected by the preservation state of its habitat.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ chunka ” means ten in Quechua language. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF99FF92F9BBE4E13D17F8A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
2071AC54FF99FF94F9BBE5AD3E5FFE25.text	2071AC54FF99FF94F9BBE5AD3E5FFE25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes , Townes 1946	<div><p>Mnioes Townes, 1946</p><p>Mnioes Townes, 1946 in Townes, 1946: 58.</p><p>Type-species Lampronota jacunda Cresson, 1874, by original designation.</p><p>Mnioes Townes, 1970: 24 . Redescription.</p><p>Mnioes Ugalde-Gómez &amp; Gauld, 2002: 565 . Redescription.</p><p>Mnioes Alvarado, 2020: 182 . Diagnosis.</p><p>Key to Peruvian species of Mnioes (modified from Alvarado 2020)</p><p>1. Female............................................................................................. 2</p><p>-. Male (unknown in iskay, kinsa, pisqa, poncei, pusaq and qanchis)............................................. 14</p><p>2. Antenna without white- or yellow-band; metasomal tergites shiny, softly granulate..................... iskay Alvarado</p><p>-. Antenna with white- or yellow-band or with white or yellow colour in some articles of the flagellum; metasomal tergites granulate, mate....................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Propodeum and mesoscutum black with white or yellowish spots............................................... 4</p><p>-. Propodeum and mesoscutum entirely black................................................................. 5</p><p>4. Ovipositor sheath 1.6× as long as metatibia; metasomal tergite I concolour red; antenna with scape with truncated sections Ushaped basally........................................................................... poncei Alvarado</p><p>-. Ovipositor sheath 2.1× as long as metatibia; metasomal tergite I basally and distally yellow; antenna with scape with truncated sections V-shaped basally................................................................... kinsa Alvarado</p><p>5. Antenna with yellow-band with more than 20 flagellomeres....................................... pisqa Alvarado</p><p>-. Antenna with white- or yellow-band with fewer than 14 flagellomeres........................................... 6</p><p>6. Metasoma predominantly reddish-brown, at least with tergite IV unicolour reddish-brown............................ 7</p><p>-. Metasoma predominantly black, at least with IV unicolour black................................................ 9</p><p>7. Antennal band ventrally black, dorsally white................................................... pusaq Alvarado</p><p>-. Antenna band with articles evenly coloured................................................................ 8</p><p>8. Lower face black with orbits light yellow; antenna with 48–53 with flagellomeres, and between the flagellomeres 7 or 8 to 15–17 light yellow......................................................................... huk Alvarado</p><p>-. Lower face evenly black; antenna with 44 flagellomeres and between flagellomeres 8–20 entirely light yellow................................................................................................. qanchis Alvarado</p><p>9. Fore wing weakly infuscate, with more darkly infumate patches centrally and apically (Figs 2A, 3A).................. 10</p><p>-. Fore wing hyaline or slightly infuscate................................................................... 12</p><p>10. Pronotum mostly black, centrally white; metabasitaromere black (Fig. 2A)............................ chunka sp. nov.</p><p>-. Pronotum evenly black; metabasitaromere black with distal third white (Fig. 3A).................................. 11</p><p>11. Metasomal tergites I and II black; distance between ocelli 0.8× maximum ocellar diameter............... soqta Alvarado</p><p>-. Metasomal tergites I and II black with distal margin white (Fig. 3E); distance between ocelli 0.6× maximum ocellar diameter....................................................................................... chusaq sp. nov.</p><p>12. Frontal orbit small, restricted to the middle of the frons; pronotum with or without dull white minute spots anteriorly; scutellum black..................................................................................... isqun sp. nov.</p><p>-. Frontal orbit large, ranging between toruli and lateral ocellus; pronotum black with anterior margin antero-centrally broadly white; scutellum black, centrally with a white spot.......................................................... 13</p><p>13. Metacoxa reddish; fore and mid femur reddish........................................... attenboroughi Alvarado</p><p>-. Metacoxa black; fore and mid femur brownish black.............................................. tawa Alvarado</p><p>14. Tegula dark brown to black................................................................... isqun sp. nov.</p><p>-. Tegula white or off-white.............................................................................. 15</p><p>15. Fore wing weakly infuscate, with a more darkly infumate patches centrally and apically (Fig. 3B).................... 16</p><p>-. Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 2B)............................................................................ 17</p><p>16. Metasomal tergites I black; lower face white with a small median vertical black mark that reaches to the clypeus, and with a black mark along the upper margin of the clypeus................................................ soqta Alvarado</p><p>-. Metasomal tergites I black with distal margin white (Fig. 3B); lower face white with a small median vertical black mark that reaches to mid face (Fig. 3D)................................................................ chusaq sp. nov.</p><p>17. Antennae entirely black (Fig. 4A); mesoscutum black with a yellow spot at the center (Fig. 4B)............ huk Alvarado</p><p>-. Antennae black with a white band or dorsally white on mid flagellomeres (Fig. 3B); mesoscutum black, rarely black with reddish tint......................................................................................... 18</p><p>18. Mesopleuron black........................................................................ chunka sp. nov.</p><p>-. Mesopleuron dorsally black, ventrally white or with a white spot............................................... 19</p><p>19. Metapleuron black with a whitish cream spot............................................ attenboroughi Alvarado</p><p>-. Metapleuron reddish with a whitish cream spot................................................... tawa Alvarado</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF99FF94F9BBE5AD3E5FFE25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
2071AC54FF9FFF9FF9BBE26D3D17FDCD.text	2071AC54FF9FFF9FF9BBE26D3D17FDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes chusaq Ballon-Estacio & Alvarado 2024	<div><p>Mnioes chusaq sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: ♀ “ PERÚ: AY. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.50653&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.087222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.50653/lat -13.087222)">La Mar</a>, Moyabamba 13°05’14”S / 73°30’23.5”W 1918m 29.ix.2022 M. Alvarado “Bosque” T. Malaise 9// MUSM-HYM 0219 [led removed, COI obtained]” (MUSM).</p><p>Paratypes: 1♀ forest, 07.VII.2022, Malaise; 1♂ forest, 02.VIII.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0327 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♂ forest, 29.VIII.2022, Malaise // [genitalia extracted]; 1♂ and 3♀♀ forest, 15.IX.2022, Malaise // ♂ MUSM-HYM 0338 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♂ and 3♀♀ forest, 29.IX.2022, Malaise // ♂ MUSM-HYM 0273 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 2♀♀ forest, 03.I.20232, Malaise (MUSM)</p><p>Diagnosis: Mnioes chusaq sp. nov. can be distinguished from its female congeners by the following combination of traits: antenna black with a white band; lower face entirely black; pronotum, propodeum, mesoscutum and scutellum entirely black; metasoma predominantly black with posterior margin of tergites I –II and anterior margin of tergites II–III white; fore wing softly infumate with two darkly patches centrally and distally. Among the species with females having darkly infumate patches in the fore wing, M. chusaq sp. nov. is most similar to M. soqta Alvarado 2020 as both have the pronotum black and hind leg with tarsomere 1 basally black and distally white, but M. chusaq sp. nov. differs the metasoma with posterior margin of tergites I –II and anterior margin of tergites II–III white (vs. evenly black).</p><p>Description of the female holotype: Fore wing length 7.6 mm</p><p>Head: Face (Fig. 3C) granulate-punctate and weakly polished, 0.7× as long as wide; clypeus granulate with scattered punctures, 2.1× as wide as long; malar space 0.7× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.0× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.8× maximum ocellar diameter; scape with truncated section V-shaped, with 44 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.3:2.8:2.8, subapical flagellomere 1.0× as long as centrally broad.</p><p>Mesosoma: Granulate-punctate and weakly polished (Fig. 3A); notaulus vestigial, weakly impressed anteriorly; subalar prominence low and weakly rounded. Propodeum (Fig. 3E) granulate-punctate; declivous from anterior margin; with posterior transverse carina only centrally; pleural carina absent. Fore wing with vein 1m-cu without a ramellus; vein 2m-cu weakly sinuate with one long bulla, with a spurious vein unpigmented; 2rs-m 2.0× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu. Hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1.</p><p>Metasoma: Metasomal tergites (Figs 3A, 3E) granulate, matte; tergite I 2.4× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.4× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 3.1× as long as metathoracic tibia.</p><p>Colour: Head (Figs 3A, 3C) black, frons with a median lateral white mark between toruli and lateral ocellus; lower half of clypeus, mandible and palpi dark brown; antenna black, flagellomeres 8, 12–14 ventrally and flagellomeres 9–11 entirely white. Mesosoma predominantly black, with humeral plate testaceous, subalar prominence off-white, mesopleuron, upper division of the metapleuron and metanotum laterally with reddish-brown marks. Foreleg black with tarsomeres dark brown; mid leg black with distal half of tarsomere 1 and tarsomere 2 off white, and tarsomeres 3–5 dark brown. Hind leg black with distal half of tarsomere 1 and tarsomeres 2–3 off-white. Coxae with distal end off-white. Fore wing softly infumate with darkly infumate patches centrally and apically. Metasomal tergites black with posterior margin of tergite I–II, and anterior margin of tergite II–III off white; distal of tergites V–VII, centrally, white. Ovipositor sheath black.</p><p>Variation of female paratype. Fore wing length 6.4–7.5 mm. They differ from the holotype in the following features: malar space 0.7–0.9× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.0–1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.6–0.7× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 40–44 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.1–3.3:2.9–3.1: 2.9–3.1; propodeum posterior transverse varying between a well define carina to a weak vestige; 2rs-m 1.4–2.0× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; tergite I 2.2–2.4× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.1–1.4× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 3.0–3.3× as long as metathoracic tibia. Within the colouration: Head with variation on the antennomeres, some individuals with flagellomere 8 entirely and sometimes flagellomere 15 ventrally white. Most individuals with mesopleuron, upper division of the metapleuron and metanotum laterally black, rarely with reddish tint; some individuals with tarsomere 3with distal end black.</p><p>Male. Fore wing length 7.7 mm. The male individuals (Figs 3B, 3D) differ from the females in the following features: face 0.8–0.9× as long as wide; clypeus 2.0–2.3× as wide as long; malar space 0.6–0.8× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.0× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.6× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 43–45 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 5.0–5.5:5.0–5.3:5.0–5.3, subapical flagellomere 1.7× as long as centrally broad; pleural carina faint to undistinguishable; fore wing with vein 2rs-m 1.6–2.6× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1; tergite I 2.6–2.8× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.5–1.9× as long as posteriorly wide.</p><p>Male (colour): Head (Figs 3B, 3D) predominantly black, face (but with a small median vertical black mark that reaches to mid face), clypeus, mandible, palpi, frontal orbits white. Antenna predominantly black with scape and pedicel ventrally (ranging from apical end and apical half) white; generally, flagellomeres between 12–21 ventrally white. Mesosoma predominantly black with anterior margin of pronotum, tegula, humeral plate, subalar prominence and scutellum (from a small mark to entirely white); rarely mesoscutum mesopleuron and propodeum reddish. Foreleg testaceous but coxa laterodorsally (basally) brown, and trochanter and tibia ventrally off white. Mid leg with coxa white but laterodorsally (basally) black; trochanter, trochantellus, femur, tibia and tarsomere brown but trochantellus, femur and tibia off white. Hind leg black with distal end of coxa (ventrally), and tarsomeres 2–3 dorsally or just tarsomeres 2 white. Fore wing hyaline with darkly infumate patches centrally and apically. Metasomal tergites predominantly black but posterior margin of tergites I, II and VII (centrally) and anterior margin of tergite II off white.</p><p>Comments. This species was found only in primary forest, collected in August and September using Malaise and yellow traps, showing its preference for well-preserved forest.</p><p>Distribution. This species was collected in a cloud forest in Moyabamba, La Mar, Ayacucho.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ chusaq ” means zero in Quechua language. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF9FFF9FF9BBE26D3D17FDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
2071AC54FF92FF9EF9BBE789384BF85B.text	2071AC54FF92FF9EF9BBE789384BF85B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes huk Alvarado 2020	<div><p>Mnioes huk Alvarado 2020</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: ♀ “ PERÚ: PA. Villa Rica, Z.A. del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.21027&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.6455555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.21027/lat -10.6455555)">Bosque San Matías San Carlos</a> 75º12’37”W / 10º38’44”S 1596m 06-10.viii.2012 FIT P. Sánchez &amp; E. Rázuri ” (MUSM) . Paratype: 1♀, similar to holotype (MUSM) . Non-type material: 2 ♀♀ forest, 13.IV.2022, Malaise // 1 ♀ MUSM-HYM 0197 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 2 ♀♀ forest, 27.IV.2022, Malaise // 1 ♀ MUSM-HYM 0093 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♂ forest, 09.VI.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0295 [leg removed]; ♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 07.VII.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0205 [leg removed]; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 22.VI.2022, Malaise (MUSM).</p><p>Diagnosis. Mnioes huk can be distinguished from the female congeners by the following combination of traits: facial orbit light yellow, flagellomeres 7 or 8 to 15–17 light yellow, mesoscutum and tegula black, wings evenly infuscate, and ovipositor sheath 2.8× as long as metatibia. The male individual of this species can be distinguished from the male congeners by antenna with flagellomeres entirely black (vs. with a white or yellow band).</p><p>Description of the male. Fore wing length 9.6 mm.</p><p>Head: Face (Fig. 4C) granulate-punctate and weakly polished, 0.9× as long as wide; clypeus granulate with scattered punctures, 1.9× as wide as long; malar space 0.3× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.2× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; scape with truncated section V-shaped, with 53 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.5:3.3:3.1, subapical flagellomere 1.6× as long as centrally broad.</p><p>Mesosoma: Granulate-punctate and weakly polished; notaulus vestigial, weakly impressed anteriorly; subalar prominence low and weakly rounded. Propodeum (Fig. 4B) granulate-punctate; declivous from anterior margin; pleural carina present; with a weak vestige of posterior transverse carina present centrally. Fore wing with vein 1m-cu with a ramellus; vein 2m-cu weakly sinuate with two bullae, without a spurious vein; 2rs-m 2.5× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu. Hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1.</p><p>Metasoma: Metasomal tergites granulate, matte; tergite I 2.6× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.8× as long as posteriorly wide.</p><p>Colour: Head (Fig. 4C) predominantly black with face, clypeus, malar space, mandible, lower half of gena, frontal orbits, scape ventrally and a dorsal apical macula, pedicel ventrally yellow; palpi testaceous; antenna black. Mesosoma (Figs 4A, 4B) predominantly black with anterior and lateral margin of pronotum, propleuron, diagonal mark on mesopleuron, mesosternum, subalar protuberance, tegula, humeral plate, metapleuron (except anterior and posterior margins), a central mark on mesoscutum, scutellum, and metanotum yellow. Fore and mid leg testaceous with coxa, trochanter, and tibia dorsally yellow, and tarsomeres 4 and 5 brown. Hind leg with coxa black but anteriorly and a dorsally mark yellow; trochanter, trochantellus, femur ventrally, and tarsomere 1 testaceous; tibia yellow, and femur dorsally and tarsomeres 2–5 black. Wings softly infuscate. Metasoma (Fig. 4A) predominantly black but tergite I anterior half and posterior margin, and tergite II with posterior margin yellow.</p><p>Comments. There is some variation within the structure of the females, the antenna with 48–53 flagellomeres, and a light-yellow band the flagellomeres 7 or 8 to 15–17. There is more variation within the colour of females, especially in the colour of the legs and metasomal tergites; in large individuals the coxae are entirely black or reddish with black tint; in one individual the mid femur laterodorsally black; in some individuals with metatibia from entirely black, yellow basally grading to black or almost completely yellow but distal end black; in some individuals with tergites entirely orange and in few individuals with tergite II brown.</p><p>Although several specimens were sampled for the marker COI, we only succeeded in obtaining sequences of two females and failed to obtain them from the male individual, besides trying two times. Even so, we are confident in assigning the male individual to this species; all the other species treated here are based on morphological and molecular data. As in other species, the male has the anterior margin of pronotum, and meso- and metapleuron with spots, in this case yellow. This species was found in the three habits, principally in the forest between the months of April and July.</p><p>Distribution. This species was collected in cloud forest in Ayacucho and Pasco.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF92FF9EF9BBE789384BF85B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
2071AC54FF90FF9BF9BBE5AD3D17FBBD.text	2071AC54FF90FF9BF9BBE5AD3D17FBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes isqun Ballon-Estacio & Alvarado 2024	<div><p>Mnioes isqun sp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: ♀ “ PERÚ:AY. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.50916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.087722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.50916/lat -13.087722)">La Mar</a>, Moyabamba 13°5’15.8”S / 73°30’33.0”W 1847m 20.xii.2022 M. Alvarado “café bajo sombra” T. Malaise 7” (MUSM).</p><p>Paratypes: 1♀ and 1♂ forest, 06.XII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0367, 1♂ MUSM-HYM 0415 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♀ forest, 09.XI.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0371 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 2♀♀ and ♂ shaded-coffee plantation, 20.XII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0364, 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0428, 1♂ MUSM-HYM 0365 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1 ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 25.X.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0354 [leg removed, COI obtained]; ♀ monoculture of coffee plantation, 06.XII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0375 [leg removed, COI obtained] (MUSM).</p><p>Diagnosis: Mnioes isqun sp. nov. can be distinguished from its female congeners by the following combination of traits: antenna black with a white dorsal band; lower face entirely black; frons with a small median lateral brown or yellow marks; pronotum (rarely with a minute yellow anterolateral spots), propodeum, mesoscutum and scutellum entirely black; metasoma predominantly black; fore wing infumate. It can be distinguished from its male congeners by the following combination of traits: fore wing softly infumate without patches and meso- and metapleuron predominantly black, at most with two off-white small maculae on mesopleuron and one in metapleuron.</p><p>Description of the female holotype: Fore wing length 9.2 mm</p><p>Head: Face granulate-punctate and weakly polished, 0.7× as long as wide; clypeus granulate with scattered punctures, 2.1× as wide as long; malar space 0.7× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.6× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.5× maximum ocellar diameter; scape with truncated section V-shaped, with 48 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 2.9:2.6: 2.6, subapical flagellomere 1.2× as long as centrally broad.</p><p>Mesosoma: Granulate-punctate and weakly polished; notaulus vestigial, weakly impressed anteriorly; subalar prominence low and weakly rounded. Propodeum (Fig. 5E) granulate-punctate; declivous from anterior margin; with a weak vestige of posterior transverse carina only centrally; pleural carina present. Fore wing with vein 1m-cu with a ramellus; vein 2m-cu weakly sinuate with two bullae and a spurious vein; 2rs-m 5.3× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu. Hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1.</p><p>Metasoma (Fig. 5A): Metasomal tergites granulate, matte; tergite I 2.7× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.4× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 2.1× as long as metathoracic tibia.</p><p>Colour: Head (Figs 5A, 5D) predominantly black; lower half of clypeus off-white; mandible and palpi dark brown; small macula on frontal orbit black (Fig. 5D); antenna black, apical third of flagellomere 8, flagellomeres 9–16 ventrally white. Mesosoma predominantly black, with humeral plate anteriorly off-white. Foreleg reddish with outer base of coxa, trochantellus, and tarsomeres brown. Mid leg reddish with trochantellus, distal end of femur, tibia, and tarsomeres dark brown. Metathoracic leg with coxa, trochanter, and base of trochantellus reddish; trochantellus, femur, tibia, basal 2/3 of length of basitarsus, distal 2/3 of length tarsomere 4, and tarsomere 5 black; distal 1/3 of length of basitarsus, tarsomeres 2 and 3, and proximal third of tarsomere 4 white. Wings evenly infuscate. Metasomal tergites black with proximal 1/3 of tergite I reddish; distal of tergites V-VII brown. Ovipositor sheath dark brown.</p><p>Variation of female paratype. Fore wing length 9.5–10.5 mm. They differ from the holotype in the following features: clypeus 2.1–2.3× as wide as long; malar space 0.7–0.8× as long as basal mandibular width; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.3–1.4× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.1–1.2× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 46–49 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.0–3.1:2.6–2.8:2.6–20.8, subapical flagellomere 1.0–1.2× as long as centrally broad; vein 2rs-m 5.7–6.0× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; hind wing with length of abscissa of Cu1 between Cu1 and 1A 0.2× as long as length of vein Cu1 between M and Cu1; tergite I 2.4–2.8× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.2–1.5× as long as posteriorly wide; ovipositor sheath 2.0–2.1× as long as metatibia. Within the colouration: Antenna black but with variation on the number of flagellomeres the ventral white band, in some individual with flagellomere 8 apically or completely, flagellomere 16 basally or completely white. Pronotum with minute off-white anterolateral spots. Foreleg entirely brown, or entirely black, or predominantly reddish with trochantellus, tarsomeres, outer base of coxa, and base of femur brown. Mid leg entirely brown, entirely black, or predominantly reddish with trochantellus, distal end of femur, tibia, tarsomeres brown. Hind leg predominantly black; rarely coxa black with extreme base reddish, trochanter ranging between entirely reddish to entirely black; trochantellus ranging from only distal end black to entirely black, rarely femur basal end reddish or usually entirely black; distal 1/3 to 1/4 of basitarsus length white. Metasomal tergite I from completely black to anterior 1/3 of length reddish.</p><p>Male. Fore wing length 8.9–9.6 mm. The male individuals (Figs 5B, 5C) differ from the females in the following features: clypeus 1.9–2.1× as wide as long; lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1.2× maximum ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.0–1.1× maximum ocellar diameter; antenna with 49–51 flagellomeres, ratio of length from second to fourth flagellomeres: 3.6–3.7:3.4–3.6:3.4–3.6, subapical flagellomere 2.3× as long as centrally broad; pleural carina distinct along its length; fore wing with vein 1m-cu with a ramellus, vein 2m-cu with one long bulla, with a spurious vein unpigmented, 2rs-m 2.2–4.0× as long as abscissa of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu; tergite I 3.9–4.1× as long as posteriorly wide; tergite II 1.4–1.5× as long as posteriorly wide.</p><p>Male (colour): Head (Figs 5B, 5C) black but face (Fig. 5C) off-white with vertical central black mark; mandible entirely off-white or off-white with distal half testaceous; labial palp and maxillary palp off-white with segments 3– 5 or only 4–5 brown; frontal orbits, scape ventrally, and scape ventrally off-white; antenna black with flagellomeres 14–21 dorsally white. Mesosoma predominantly black, anterior margin and distal postero-dorsal corner of pronotum, subalar prominence, postero-dorsal corner of mesopleuron, proximal half of humeral plate, distal margin of tegula, scutellum, and in one individual with two soft maculae on mesopleuron and one in metapleuron (Fig. 5B) off-white; propleuron testaceous in one individual and black in the other one. Foreleg entirely dark brown or testaceous with tarsomeres brown. Midleg entirely dark brown or reddish with tibia and tarsomeres brown. Hind leg black with distal 1/6 of the length of basitarsus and tarsomeres 2–4 white or reddish with half of femur, tibia, basal 5/6 of length of basitarsus and tarsomere 5 black; distal 1/6 of the length of basitarsus and tarsomeres 2–4 white. Wings evenly and softly infumate. Metasomal tergites (Fig. 5F) black with or without basal 1/3 of tergite I and anterior margin of tergites II and III reddish; distal margin (centrally) of tergites V–VII or only VI and VII white.</p><p>Comments. This species was found in all three habitats, primary forest, shaded coffee, and unshaded coffee, between the months of October and January and only collected with Malaise Traps, showing that its occurrence is not affected by the preservation state of its habitat.</p><p>Distribution. This species was collected in cloud forest in Moyabamba, La Mar, Ayacucho.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ isqun ” means nine in Quechua language. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF90FF9BF9BBE5AD3D17FBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
2071AC54FF96FF9BF9BBE1593F0BF815.text	2071AC54FF96FF9BF9BBE1593F0BF815.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mnioes soqta Alvarado 2020	<div><p>Mnioes soqta Alvarado 2020</p><p>Comments. The females of M. soqta Alvarado 2020 and the newly described species, M. chunka sp. nov. and M. chusaq sp. nov., are quite similar. The initial presumption was that all the individuals with blackish patches in the wings belonged to the already described species M. soqta Alvarado 2020; but two distinctive colour patterns in the wings were found in the males, suggesting that more than one species may be present. To supplement species identification, we included sequences of CO1 marker and to our surprise three species mentioned were found. With that information we re-examined the specimens to determine if there was a patron that could allow its identification using morphological features, and these features are mentioned in the diagnosis and key.</p><p>This species was collected predominantly in the forest (47 individuals), and just two individuals were collected in the shaded-coffee plantation, showing its preference for well-preserved forest. Additionally, it is present throughout the year.</p><p>Material examined. Non-type material: 1♀ forest, 15.III.2022, Malaise; 2♀♀ forest, 01.III.2022, Malaise; 1♀ forest, 29.IV.2022, Malaise; 3♀♀ forest, 13.IV.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0294 [leg removed]; 3♀♀ forest, 05.V.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0294 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 4♀♀ and 1♂ forest, 07.VII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0204 [leg removed, COI obtained], ♂ MUSM-HYM 0204 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 3♀♀ forest, 02.VIII.2022; 2♀♀ forest, 16.VIII.2022, Malaise // 1♀ MUSM-HYM 0242 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♀ and 1♂ forest, 30.VIII.2022, Malaise // ♀ MUSM-HYM 0244 [leg removed, COI obtained], ♂ [genitalia extracted]; 2♀♀ and 1♂ forest, 15.IX.2022, Malaise // and ♂ MUSM-HYM 0339 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 2♂♂ forest, 29.IX.2022, Malaise // 1♂ MUSM-HYM 0221 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♀ forest, 11.X.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0388 [leg removed, COI obtained]; 1♀ forest, 25.X.2022, Malaise; 3♀♀ forest, 20.XI.2022, Malaise; 2♀♀ forest, 20.XII.2022, Malaise; 2♀♀ forest, 03. I.2023, Malaise; 2♀♀ forest, 13. I.2023, Malaise; ♀ forest, 29. VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 2♀ forest, 30. VIII.2022, yellow pan trap; 1♀ shaded-coffee plantation, 09.VI.2022, Malaise // MUSM-HYM 0241 [leg removed] (MUSM) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2071AC54FF96FF9BF9BBE1593F0BF815	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo;Alvarado, Mabel	Ballon-Estacio, Ricardo, Alvarado, Mabel (2024): Three new species of parasitoid wasps of the genus Mnioes Townes, 1946 (Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) in a humid forest in Peru. Zootaxa 5523 (2): 269-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.8
