taxonID	type	description	language	source
201E87ADFF95FFD0186DFD4D42E98CB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ within Epeolus Members of the presumably monophyletic ‘ Trophocleptria group’ within Epeolus share the following diagnostic features: 1) the penis lacks the pair of divergent, fleshy lateral lobes present in at least all other New World male Epeolus (Fig. 1) (such lobes are also absent in all other Epeolini genera); 2) in both sexes, the pronotal collar is relatively straight (as opposed to convex) along its anterior margin, and is in most species distinctly elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD) (Fig. 2); 3) the mesoscutellum (except in E. pulchellus) is depressed along its posterior margin beneath a distinct overhanging ridge, which in several species is produced to two posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 3); and 4) there is a pair of sparsely punctate to impunctate protrusions on the frontal area, each of which is located near the upper mesal margin of the compound eye (Fig. 4 A), although these are greatly reduced / inconspicuous in several species (Fig. 4 B) (such protrusions are absent in other Epeolus). Furthermore, each mesopleuron (except in E. fumipennis) has a carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces, whereas in other New World Epeolus spp. the anterior and lateral surfaces of each mesopleuron are not clearly differentiated from one another (Fig. 5).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	description	Figs 1 A, 2 A, 6, 7 A	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Bolivian epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. boliviensis apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are crenulate along the lateral margin, each with a large tooth near the base (Fig. 6 D); the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 6 D); the fore wings are deeply infuscate apically (Fig. 6 A – B); T 1 has only a bright to pale yellow subapical fascia, which is usually narrower than the T 2 apical fascia (Fig. 6 B); and the remaining terga lack fasciae, although the apical impressed areas occasionally have sparse, off-white hairs (Fig. 6 A – C). In overall appearance, this species is more nomadiform than epeoliform (sensu Michener 2007). Epeolus boliviensis most closely resembles E. fulvopilosus Cameron, 1902 and E. nomadiformis sp. nov., but in E. fulvopilosus T 3 and T 4 are distinctly fasciate and in both E. fulvopilosus and E. nomadiformis sp. nov. T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted bright to pale yellow basal fascia, which in E. boliviensis is lacking entirely.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material BOLIVIA • ♂, E. boliviensis holotype; La Paz Department, Mapiri; 1900; ZMB. COSTA RICA • ♀, Tro. schraderi holotype; Limón?, Los Diamantes; 26 May 1948; F. Schrader leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1461052. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable. Non-barcoded material ARGENTINA • 1 ♂; Tucumán Province, 12 km N of El Cadillal; 21 Nov. 1989; J. G. Rozen and A. Roig leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290827. BOLIVIA • 1 ♂; Chuquisaca Department, E of Muyupampa; 20 Dec. 1984; L. E. Peña leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290828. BRAZIL • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (formerly State of Guanabara), Represa Rio Grande; Jan. 1972; M. Alvarenga leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290831. COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Alajuela, Peñas Blancas; 7 Jul. 1981; E. Cruz leg.; RAM • 1 ♀; Cartago, Turrialba (grounds of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture); 3 – 5 Jun. 1976; M. Wasbauer leg.; EMEC 1135891 • 1 ♀; Heredia, La Selva (4 km SE of Puerto Viejo); 8 May 1980; R. Coville leg.; EMEC 1135892. ECUADOR • 1 ♀; El Oro, 10 km NE of Piñas; 7 Jul. 1989; L. Stange and R. Miller leg.; FSCA. PANAMA • 1 ♂; Darién, Cana Field Station; 7.7550 ° N, 77.6850 ° W; 3 Jun. 1996; J. Ashe and R. Brooks leg.; KUNHM SM 0039429. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO • 1 ♀; Tunapuna-Piarco, Simla Research Station (8 km N of Arima); 24 Jun. – 8. Jul. 1993; S. and J. Peck leg.; CNC 754052. VENEZUELA • 1 ♀; Aragua, Cuyagua; 14 May ?? 94; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290829 • 1 ♂; Aragua, El Limon; 26 Mar. 1987; R. Miller and L. Stange leg.; FSCA • 1 ♀; Aragua, Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande (Portachuelo Pass); 10.3500 ° N, 67.6833 ° W; 4 Jun. 1998; J. Ashe, R. Brooks and R. Hanley leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28315 D 02; KUNHM SM 0124173 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; KUNHM SM 0124174 • 1 ♂; Carabobo, Canoabo; 21 Aug. 1992; L. Masner leg.; CNC 754053 • 2 ♀♀; Táchira, Pregonero (Campamento Siberia hospital); 10 – 31 Jul. 1989; S. and J. Peck leg.; CNC 754054, 754055.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	description	Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Length 6.2 mm; head length 1.6 mm; head width 1.9 mm; fore wing length 5.5 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Black in part, at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, clypeus, supraclypeal area, frontal area, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum, legs, T 1, pygidial plate and metasomal sterna. Mandible with apex darker than rest of mandible; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype because mandibles closed; described from non-type specimens). Antenna brown except scape, pedicel and F 1 extensively orange. F 2 with orange spot basally. Pronotal collar, pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Tomentum slightly sparser on clypeus; upper paraocular and frontal areas and vertexal area mostly exposed. Pronotal collar mostly bare in holotype, but with narrow band of pale yellow short, appressed setae along posterior margin in nontype specimens. Mesoscutum without pale tomentum. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly off-white. T 1 with narrow, pale yellow subapical fascia. T 2 with broader, complete pale yellow apical fascia without anterolateral extensions. Metasoma otherwise without fasciae, although T 3 – T 6 basally with inconspicuous bands of sparse pale gray-brown hairs. S 4 and S 5 with long (> 1 MOD), curved coppery to silvery subapical hairs, which are often darker apically. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper and more distinct. Labrum and clypeus with punctures equally dense (most i ≤ 1 d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i = 1 – 2 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate along margins. Mesopleuron with larger and denser (i ≤ 1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (i ≤ 2 d), interspaces shining (somewhat dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture in multiple non-type specimens). Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. Pygidial plate with large deep punctures more or less evenly spaced throughout, with interspaces shining. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with pair of small denticles (separated by shallow concavity), each preceded by longitudinal carina. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete sparsely punctate protrusions, interspaces shining; each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.5 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.2). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by about 1.5 – 2 MOD. Pronotal collar elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view and somewhat concave along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath distinct overhanging ridge produced to pair of posteriorly directed teeth. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.7) and tip extending beyond apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip distinctly pointed, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 2 ∕ 5 (though more than ⅓) the medial length of axilla (with free portion 2 ∕ 5 its medial length or longer in multiple non-type specimens); axilla with lateral margin crenulate, with large tooth near base, and carinate but relatively straight. Mesopleuron with carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Female Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 even longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.4); T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae; T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex less than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum; pygidial plate with much smaller punctures; S 4 and S 5 with straight and much shorter hairs (S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ½ MOD).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America and tropical South America + Trinidad in the Lesser Antilles (Fig. 7 A). Based on known records, E. boliviensis appears to be the most widely distributed species of Epeolus in the Neotropics.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Michener (1974) reported that females of E. boliviensis (as Tro. schraderi) were observed frequently flying about the nests of Ancyloscelis Latreille, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerinae) and Melitoma Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerinae), which they entered, and the earth wall where they were located. It remains to be seen whether either or both of these associations is / are true, but, given the strong association of Epeolus with Colletes, these alternative associations are unexpected to say the least. One member of the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, Epeolus bifasciatus, has been observed on separate occasions (personally and by T. Roulston, personal communication, 2016) in the presence of a single species of Colletes, C. latitarsis Robertson, 1891, so one would expect similar species of Epeolus to be associated with Colletes as well. Floral records The label of one examined voucher specimen indicates a floral association with Coffea L. (Rubiaceae).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF95FFDB1852FB2D40808D2B.taxon	discussion	Remarks The examined primary type specimen of E. boliviensis bears a label that simply says “ Type ”, which is presumed to be Heinrich Friese’s original type label. Below it is a label that says “ LECTOTYPUS ” and “ A. Roig Alsina, 1989 ”. The lectotype designation cannot be traced to any publication, nor does it seem warranted since Friese’s (1908) original description of the species gives no indication that it was described from more than one (male) specimen. Moure et al. (2007) refer to this specimen as the holotype, not the lectotype, and in the present study it is also recognized as such. This species exhibits notable variability in integument coloration, with the following features varying from black to partially or entirely ferruginous among examined specimens: pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, axilla, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum. In some examined specimens of this species, the T 1 subapical fascia has a pair of anterolateral extensions (longitudinal bands). Michener (1974) indicates that Tro. schraderi (herein synonymized under E. boliviensis) is probably only a geographic variant of E. variolosus (Holmberg, 1886) (as Tro. variolosa). This seems unlikely given that in E. variolosus the mesoscutum is consistently red laterally and black medially, the mesopleura are more densely and finely punctate, and T 1 has a single broad apical fascia (the remaining terga lack fasciae), whereas in the Tro. schraderi holotype the mesoscutum is entirely black, the mesopleura are more sparsely and coarsely punctate, T 1 has a narrow bright to pale yellow subapical fascia and T 2 has a single broad apical fascia (the remaining terga also lack fasciae). Although the male holotype of Tro. variolosa was not examined (according to Moure et al. 2007 it is probably lost), two male syntypes (one at the AMNH and one at the ZMB, the latter bears a label that says “ Lectotypus ” and “ A. Roig Alsina, 1989 ”, but the lectotype designation cannot be traced to any publication) of E. unifasciatus Friese, 1908, a name which Schrottky (1910) established as a junior synonym of E. variolosus, were examined, along with many non-type specimens from Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil (Supplementary File 1). In the holotype of E. boliviensis the mesoscutum is red laterally and black medially, as it is in E. variolosus, but the specimen much more closely resembles the holotype of Tro. schraderi and specimens from the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America in its much smaller size, more slender appearance, more sparsely and coarsely punctate mesopleuron, and presence of an apical fascia on T 2. Although BIN-compliant sequences are presently not available for E. boliviensis, a partial sequence 293 bp in length is available for a female specimen from Venezuela that closely resembles the Tro. schraderi holotype, which does not cluster closely with the only two BIN-compliant sequences available for what is herein considered to be E. variolosus (sequenced female specimens from Argentina resembling the syntypes of E. unifasciatus) in a NJ tree of sequences> 200 bp in length (minimum distance = 2.8 %, Supplementary File 3). Moreover, the morphological differences between the specimens from the Caribbean, Central America and tropical South America understood to be E. boliviensis and those from in and around the Southern Cone that are understood to be E. variolosus are consistent, and therefore the two forms are herein considered to be heterospecific.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	description	Figs 1 B, 5 A, 7 B, 8	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Clear-winged epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. claripennis apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are crenulate along the lateral margin, each with a large tooth near the base (Fig. 8 D); the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 8 D); the mesopleura are coarsely punctate, each with sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 2 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture (Fig. 5 A); the fore wings are deeply infuscate basally and (unusually for Epeolus) clear apically (Fig. 8 A – B); and the metasomal terga lack pale pubescence (Fig. 8 A – C). Epeolus claripennis most closely resembles E. niger (Michener, 1954) in that both species are almost entirely black and at least the fore wings of females are deeply infuscate basally and clear apically, but in E. niger there is no large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla, the mesoscutellum does not have a pair of posteriorly directed teeth and the mesopleura are more finely punctate, each with punctures more or less equally dense throughout (few i ≥ 2 d).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material BOLIVIA • ♀, E. claripennis holotype; Cochabamba Department, Tarata; 1900; ZMB. PANAMA • ♀, Tro. odontothorax holotype; Chiriquí, El Volcán Chiriquí; 27 Feb. 1936; F. E. Lutz leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00324262. Secondary type material PANAMA • 1 ♂, Tro. odontothorax allotype; Coclé, El Valle de Antón; 1 Apr. 1945; C. D. Michener leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00324263. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Available. BOLD: ADB 1637. Specimens examined and sequenced: COSTA RICA • 1 ♂; San José, Montecarlo (MORA ref. site); 9.3419 ° N, 83.6041 ° W; 14 Feb. 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28315 F 06; PCYU. Non-barcoded material COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Puntarenas, F. Las Cruces (6 km S of San Vito); 21 or 25 Aug. 1976; E. M. Fisher leg.; LACM LACM ENT 363332 • 1 ♂; San José, Montecarlo (MORA ref. site); 9.3420 ° N, 83.6039 ° W; 7 May 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 13 May 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 13 Jul. 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 2 Sep. 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 9 Jan. 2006; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 1 ♀; San José, Quizarra (Sr. Rojas’ farm); 12 May 2005; H. T. Ngo leg.; PCYU • 2 ♀♀; San José, San Isidro de El General; Feb. 1993; F. D. Parker leg.; BBSL. PANAMA • 1 ♂; Panamá, 15 km N of El Llano (Camino Cartí); 10 May 1981; R. W. Brooks leg.; KUNHM SM 0738700 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; KUNHM SM 0738701. VENEZUELA • 1 ♀; Aragua, Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande (Portachuelo Pass); 10.3500 ° N, 67.6833 ° W; 9 Mar. 1995; R. Brooks leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248355 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Jun. 1998; J. Ashe, R. Brooks and R. Hanley leg.; KUNHM SM 0124175, SM 0124178, SM 0124179 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Jun. 1998; J. Ashe, R. Brooks and R. Hanley leg.; KUNHM SM 0124176, SM 0124177 • 1 ♂; Carabobo, Henri Pittier National Park (Portachuelo Pass); 10.3475 ° N, 67.6878 ° W; 15 Sep. 2008; J. Skevington leg.; PCYU • 1 ♂; Lara, Parque Nacional Yacambú (16.1 km SE of Sanare); 9.7000 ° N, 69.5850 ° W; 2 Jun. 1998; J. Ashe, R. Brooks and R. Hanley leg.; KUNHM SM 0122036.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	description	Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.5 mm; head length 2.0 mm; head width 2.4 mm; fore wing length 7.5 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly dark brown to black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, antenna, tegula and legs. Mandible with apex darker than rest of mandible; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in E. claripennis holotype because mandibles closed; described from non-type specimens). Flagellum, except left F 1 and F 2, missing in E. claripennis holotype, but brown and (except F 1) slightly lighter than partially dark brown (otherwise orange) scape, pedicel and F 1, primarily due to extensive pilosity on flagellum, in Tro. odontothorax holotype and multiple non-type specimens. Wing membrane subhyaline, basally dusky. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Tomentum slightly sparser on clypeus; upper paraocular and frontal areas and vertexal area mostly exposed. Pronotal collar with narrow band of ferruginous short, appressed setae along posterior margin. Mesoscutum without pale tomentum in E. claripennis holotype, but with some ferruginous short, appressed setae along posterior margin in multiple non-type specimens. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum discolored or rubbed off in E. claripennis holotype, but sparser medially and uniformly light brown / pale ferruginous in Tro. odontothorax holotype and multiple non-type specimens. Dorsum of metasoma without bands of pale tomentum. T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex twice as wide as medial length, with basal impressed triangular portion covered in gray-brown short, appressed setae differentiated from transverse band of coppery to silvery short, appressed setae along posterior-facing apical margin. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ½ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper and more distinct. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (most i> 1 d) than clypeus (i ≤ 1 d). Impunctate spot lateral to lateral ocellus absent in E. claripennis holotype, but shiny spot present in multiple non-type specimens. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugosepunctate. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i = 1 – 2 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate along margins. Mesopleuron with denser (i <1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (many i ≥ 1 d), interspaces dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with pair of small denticles (separated by shallow concavity), each preceded by longitudinal carina. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete, sparsely punctate granulose protrusions, each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.5 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.5). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by about 1.5 – 2 MOD. Pronotal collar elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath distinct overhanging ridge produced to pair of posteriorly directed teeth. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.7) and tip extending beyond apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion approximately half its medial length; axilla with lateral margin crenulate, with large tooth near base, and carinate but relatively straight. Mesopleuron with carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 shorter, but still longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.2); pygidial plate apically rounded, with larger and deeper punctures, closely punctate throughout; S 3 – S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD) coppery to silvery subapical hairs, those of S 4 and S 5 curved.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America and northwestern to western-central South America (Fig. 7 B).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate floral associations with Coffea and Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF9EFFC7185EFABD472E8A93.taxon	discussion	Remarks The examined primary type specimen of E. claripennis bears a label that simply says “ Type ”, which is presumed to be Heinrich Friese’s original type label. Below it is a label that says “ LECTOTYPUS ” and “ A. Roig Alsina, 1989 ”. The lectotype designation cannot be traced to any publication, nor does it seem warranted since Friese’s (1908) original description of the species gives no indication that it was described from more than one (female) specimen. Moure et al. (2007) refer to this specimen as the holotype, not the lectotype, and in the present study it is also recognized as such. Although the holotypes of E. claripennis and Tro. odontothorax are from widely separated localities, in Bolivia and Panama, respectively, there are no apparent differences between the two specimens that fall outside the range of variation observed among conspecifics that were, by contrast, collected at the same place and time. Although only a single BIN-compliant sequence is available for a specimen identified as E. claripennis, a partial sequence 297 bp in length obtained from a visibly different bee (see Figs 8, 16), herein considered to be a separate species (E. nomadiformis sp. nov.), has been matched to it with 99.7 % similarity. Thus, it seems unlikely that additional barcodes from specimens exhibiting the diagnostic features of E. claripennis should uncover any cryptic species. Epeolus claripennis exhibits very little intraspecific morphological variation and appears to be one of the more widespread and commonly collected species in the ‘ Trophocleptria group’. The extensive black coloration and apically clear fore wings of this species (presumably the latter is what inspired the epithet ‘ claripennis ’) and E. niger give both the distinctive appearance of Parachartergus R. von Ihering, 1904 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae). These features are also shared with various tropical stingless bees (e. g., Trigona Jurine, 1807 spp.), some of which are known to be in mimetic complexes that include a diversity of aculeates, including other bees (Smith-Pardo 2005), and even nonhymenopterous insects such as flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) (Reemer 2013).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	description	Figs 7 C, 9	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Daniel’s epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell E. danieli apart from all other New World Epeolus: the axillae are large, each with the tip extending as far back as the apex of the horizontal dorsal portion of the mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, each with the tip unattached to the mesoscutellum for more than ⅓ of the entire medial length of the axilla, and like the mesoscutellum ferruginous (Fig. 9 C); T 1 has a distinct, although medially interrupted, basal fascia, which on each side is connected to the apical fascia by a longitudinal band (Fig. 9 B); the T 1 – T 4 apical fasciae are broadened submedially and separated into rounded lobes medially (Fig. 9 B); and the metasomal fasciae are uniformly yellow (Fig. 9 B).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material DOMINICAN REPUBLIC • ♀, Tri. danieli holotype (studied from images); La Altagracia Province, Cueva del Puente (Guaraguao, Parque Nacional Del Este); 9 May 1992; B. Hierro leg.; MNHNSD 18.107. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	description	Description This species was recently described (Genaro 2014).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is presently known from a single location in the Dominican Republic and is the only species of Epeolus known to occur on the island of Hispaniola (Fig. 7 C).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Only members of the genus Colletes have been confirmed as hosts of Epeolus, but there are no records of Colletes from Hispaniola on either Moure’s Bee Catalogue (Moure et al. 2007) or Discover Life (Ascher & Pickering 2019). Floral records Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF82FFC11811FCFA41748B5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Although originally described as a species of Triepeolus, images of the holotype of Tri. danieli (fig. 5 in Genaro 2014 and additional images kindly provided by Gabriel de los Santos, MNHNSD, which are presented in Fig. 9 of the present study) show features that are diagnostic for Epeolus (sensu Rightmyer 2004; see also Onuferko 2017). Specifically, the apical lateral processes of S 6 are convergent, spatulate, and bear setae modified into minute, pointed denticles, which are directed laterally (Fig. 9 D). By contrast, in Triepeolus and all other Epeolini the processes are parallel or slightly divergent, rod-like and bear coarse, spine-like setae, which are directed medioventrally to ventrally (Rightmyer 2004). Additionally, as in most Epeolus spp., the pseudopygidial area in the Tri. danieli holotype is lunate and wider than long (the apex> 2 × the medial length) (Fig. 9 D). In Triepeolus, the pseudopygidial area varies greatly among species but very rarely forms a wide silvery lunule on the apical margin (Rightmyer 2004). The only (female) paratype (fig. 8 in Genaro 2014) is meant to have been deposited in the USNM but does not appear to be there (B. Harris and S. Droege, personal communication, 2019). Genaro (2014) reports that the collection data for the paratype is the same as for the holotype. The male of E. danieli is still unknown, and no additional representatives of this species appear to have been found since its original description. Although recognizable as an Epeolus, within the genus the species is incertae sedis. It is difficult to confirm the species’ placement within or outside of the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ from images of the holotype and published description alone. Since no representatives of this species were available for more detailed examination, the species is not redescribed herein. However, despite having been described as a species of Triepeolus, Genaro’s (2014) original description is sufficiently detailed to tell E. danieli apart from all other New World Epeolus occurring south of the United States. Epeolus danieli is the only species in the genus known to occur in Hispaniola, where it appears to be endemic, and apart from the diagnostic generic features can be distinguished from the other two known Hispaniolan species of Epeolini (Tri. nisibonensis Genaro, 2001 and Tri. victori Genaro, 1998) using the illustrated key presented in Genaro (2014: 23).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	description	Figs 1 C, 3 A, 7 D, 10	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Yellow-haired epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. fulvopilosus apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are crenulate along the lateral margin, each with a large tooth near the base (Fig. 10 D); the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 10 D); the mesopleura are coarsely punctate, each with sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 2 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces shining; the fore wings are deeply infuscate apically (Fig. 10 B); T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted, bright to pale yellow basal fascia (Fig. 10 B); and T 2 – T 4 have complete bright to pale yellow apical fasciae (Fig. 10 A – C). Epeolus fulvopilosus most closely resembles E. boliviensis and E. nomadiformis sp. nov. in terms of integument coloration, surface sculpture and structure. Whereas in E. fulvopilosus T 3 and T 4 are distinctly fasciate, in E. boliviensis and E. nomadiformis sp. nov. T 3 and T 4 lack fasciae, although the apical impressed areas occasionally have sparse, off-white hairs. Epeolus boliviensis also lacks a basal fascia, which is present in E. fulvopilosus and E. nomadiformis sp. nov. In terms of the patterns of pubescence on the mesosoma and metasoma, E. fulvopilosus is more similar to E. fumipennis. However, in E. fumipennis the mesoscutum has a pair of well-defined paramedian bands, which are absent in E. fulvopilosus, although in the latter the mesoscutum of the female anteriorly has faint lines of bright yellow tomentum along the midline and between the midline and parapsidal lines; there is no large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla; the mesoscutellum does not have a pair of posteriorly directed teeth; the anterior and lateral surfaces of each mesopleuron are not clearly differentiated from one another; the mesopleura are more finely punctate, each with punctures more or less equally dense throughout (few i ≥ 2 d); and T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed bright to pale yellow submedial fascia.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material MEXICO • ♀, holotype; west coast; G. F. Mathew leg.; NHMUK NHMUK 010812213. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable. Non-barcoded material EL SALVADOR • 1 ♂; La Libertad, Mount San Salvador; 8 Jul. 1963; M. E. Irwin and D. Q. Cavagnaro leg.; EMEC 1135878. MEXICO • 1 ♀; Chiapas, 20 – 25 mi N of Huixtla; 4 Jun. 1969; H. J. Teskey leg.; CNC 754058.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	description	Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.5 mm; head length 2.2 mm; head width 2.6 mm; fore wing length 7.2 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, legs and pygidial plate. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype because mandibles closed; described from non-type specimen). Antenna brown except scape, pedicel and F 1 extensively orange (antennae, except left scape, missing in holotype; described from non-type specimen). F 2 with orange spot basally. Pronotal collar, pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket, slightly sparser on clypeus, upper paraocular and frontal areas, and vertexal area. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of bright to pale yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly bright yellow. Mesoscutum anteriorly with faint lines of bright yellow tomentum along midline and between midline and parapsidal line. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly pale yellow. T 1 with pale tomentum mostly rubbed off in holotype, but with broad, medially interrupted bright yellow basal fascia and very narrow, bright yellow subapical fascia in non-type specimen. T 2 with complete bright yellow apical fascia, broadest medially and without anterolateral extensions. T 3 and T 4 with complete, bright yellow apical fasciae of slightly sparser tomentum. T 5 with large, continuous patch of bright yellow tomentum bordering and contacting pseudopygidial area, laterally with long, erect simple setae. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs not extending beyond apex of sternum by much more than ¼ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper, and more distinct. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i = 1 – 2 d) than clypeus (i <1 d). Small impunctate dull / textured spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 1 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with denser (i <1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (i ≤ 2 d), interspaces shining though with some coriarious surface miscrosculpture; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with pair of small denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete, sparsely punctate protrusions, interspaces shining; each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.5 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.5) (antennae, except left scape, missing in holotype; described from non-type specimen). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by no less than 1 MOD (difficult to see in holotype; described from non-type specimen). Pronotal collar elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath distinct overhanging ridge produced to pair of posteriorly directed teeth. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.7) and tip extending as far back as apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked and axilla with free portion 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin crenulate, with large tooth near base and carinate but relatively straight. Mesopleuron with carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: face more sparsely hairy; F 2 shorter, but still longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.2); mesoscutum without lines of bright or pale yellow tomentum; T 1 with basal fascia absent or rubbed off in only available male specimen (only small patch of pale yellow hairs present anterolaterally (left side only )); pygidial plate apically rounded, with larger and deeper punctures, closely punctate throughout; S 3 – S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD) coppery to silvery subapical hairs, those of S 4 and S 5 curved.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	distribution	Distribution Presently only known from a few sites along the Pacific coast in Central America and Mexico (Fig. 7 D).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Cockerell (1933) indicated floral associations with Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. ex Rich.) DC. (Asteraceae) and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae), although the identification of the specimens with which these records are associated could not be confirmed in the present study.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF84FFC21835FC8B418F8BB1.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimen upon which Cameron’s (1902) description is based is female, not male as is indicated in the original publication. Herein, the male is described from a specimen that more closely resembles the primary type of E. fulvopilosus than that of any other species. Cockerell (1933) claims to have examined 17 specimens of this species, including both sexes, although their whereabouts are unknown and his identification of them could not be confirmed in the present study. DNA barcode sequences are presently not available for E. fulvopilosus, but a unique combination of physical attributes supports its status as a separate species as outlined in the diagnosis.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	description	Figs 1 D, 2 B, 3 B, 7 E, 11, 12 A	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Dusky-winged epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with most of the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ (see exception below), the following in combination can be used to tell E. fumipennis apart from all other Epeolus: the mesoscutum has a pair of well-defined paramedian bands (Figs 2 B, 11 B); there is no large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla (Fig. 11 D); the mesoscutellum does not have a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 11 D); the mesopleura are finely punctate, each with punctures more or less equally dense throughout (few i ≥ 2 d); the fore wings are deeply infuscate apically (Fig. 11 A – B); T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed, bright to pale yellow submedial fascia (Fig. 11 B); and T 2 – T 4 have complete bright to pale yellow apical fasciae (Fig. 11 B). Whereas in other species in the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ each mesopleuron has a carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces, in E. fumipennis the anterior and lateral surfaces of each mesopleuron are not clearly differentiated from one another. Epeolus fumipennis is similar to E. fulvopilosus in terms of the patterns of pubescence on the mesosoma and metasoma. However, in E. fulvopilosus the mesoscutum lacks paramedian bands, although the mesoscutum of the female anteriorly has faint lines of bright yellow tomentum along the midline and between the midline and parapsidal lines; there is a large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla; the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth; each mesopleuron has a carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces; the mesopleura are more coarsely punctate, each with sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 2 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces shining; and T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted bright to pale yellow basal fascia. Additionally, females may be separated on the basis of the pseudopygidial area, which uniquely in E. fumipennis consists of a basal impressed triangular portion covered in silvery short, appressed setae differentiated from a transverse band of coppery short, appressed setae along the posterior-facing apical margin of T 5 (Fig. 12 A). Epeolus fumipennis is also similar to E. obscuripes Cockerell, 1917 stat. nov. in that in males of both species T 1 – T 6 are typically fasciate. However, in E. obscuripes the mesoscutum lacks paramedian bands, the axillae are shorter, not extending as far back as the ridge overhanging the depressed posterior margin of the mesoscutellum, and T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted, bright to pale yellow basal fascia.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material MEXICO • (not examined, presumably destroyed). DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Available. BOLD: ACZ 0714. Specimens examined and sequenced: PANAMA • 1 ♂; Chiriquí, 8 km S of Boquete; 8.6986 ° N, 82.4505 ° W; 14 – 20 Jan. 2012; F. D. Parker and T. D. McIntyre leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28239 H 01; BBSL FDP 119767 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 21 – 31 Jan. 2012; F. D. Parker and T. D. McIntyre leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28239 G 12; BBSL FDP 120261. Non-barcoded material COSTA RICA • 1 ♂; San José, Pérez Zeledón (San Isidro vicinity); 1 Feb. – 12 Apr. 2001; T. H. Ricketts leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248326. MEXICO • 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; ANSP • 1 ♀; Chiapas, Ei. La Palma (Acacoyagua); 15.5665 ° N, 92.7902 ° W; 17 Dec. 2004; M. Rincón, R. Ayala, M. Guzmán, J. Esponda and C. Balboa leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TAE- 42220 • 1 ♂; Chiapas, Ei. Rosario Zacatonal (Acacoyagua); 15.2783 ° N, 92.3983 ° W; 17 Nov. 2006; C. Balboa, J. Mérida, M. Guzmán, M. Cigarroa and J. Toto leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TAE- 50698 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 29 Nov. 2006; C. Balboa, J. Mérida, M. Guzmán, M. Cigarroa and J. Toto leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TAE- 51519 • 1 ♀; Sinaloa, 9 mi E of Chupaderos; 19 Mar. 1962; F. D. Parker leg.; BBSL • 1 ♀; Yucatán, Chichén Itzá; 18 Apr.; 1962; F. D. Parker and L. A. Stange leg.; UCBME. PANAMA • 1 ♀; Chiriquí, 8 km S of Boquete; 8.6986 ° N, 82.4505 ° W; 15 – 29 Feb. 2012; F. D. Parker and T. D. McIntyre leg.; BBSL FDP 126465.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	description	Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 6.8 – 9.2 mm; head length 1.7 – 2.2 mm; head width 2.2 – 2.8 mm; fore wing length 5.9 – 7.2 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron and legs. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth slightly lighter than mandibular apex. Antenna brown and orange in part. Pronotal collar, pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket, slightly sparser on clypeus, upper paraocular and frontal areas, and vertexal area. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of bright to pale yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly pale yellow. Mesoscutum with paramedian band. Mesopleuron sparsely hairy, but tomentum dense ventrally as well as between two sparsely hairy patches (one beneath base of fore wing (hypoepimeral area), a larger circular patch occupying much of ventrolateral half of mesopleuron). Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly off-white. T 1 with broad, medially narrowed bright yellow submedial fascia. T 2 with complete bright yellow apical fascia, broadest medially and without anterolateral extensions. T 3 and T 4 with complete, pale yellow apical fasciae of slightly sparser tomentum. T 5 with large, continuous patch of pale yellow tomentum bordering and contacting pseudopygidial area. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex less than twice as wide as medial length, with basal impressed triangular portion covered in silvery short, appressed setae differentiated from transverse band of coppery short, appressed setae along posterior-facing apical margin. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ⅓ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense. Labrum and clypeus with punctures equally dense (i <1 d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 1 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i ≤ 1 d), interspaces shining; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth forming right-angled triangle. Labral apex with three small denticles, lateral two each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of very discrete densely punctate protrusions, each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.5 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.4 – 1.5). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by no less than 1 MOD. Pronotal collar rather short (medial length ~ ⅔ MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view, and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath overhanging ridge. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.6) and tip extending as far back as apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and carinate. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 shorter, not noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.1); pygidial plate apically rounded, with larger and deeper punctures, closely punctate basomedially and sparsely punctate apically and laterally, with interspaces shining; S 3 – S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD), coppery to silvery subapical hairs, those of S 4 and S 5 curved.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America and Mexico (Fig. 7 E).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF87FFCE1868FBD741828C98.taxon	discussion	Remarks The specimen upon which Say’s (1837) description is based was probably destroyed, along with most of Thomas Say’s insect collection (LeConte 1859: v – vi, xix (footnote )). Mawdsley (1993) lists only four Hymenoptera specimens from Say’s collection that are presently housed in the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, MA, USA, and all are ichneumonids. Personal searches through the collections of most (20 / 28) of the entomological institutions listed in the Materials and Methods of Onuferko (2018 a) did not turn up any specimens authoritatively identified as E. fumipennis. Nevertheless, the original description suggests a species of Epeolus in the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ in which the mesoscutum has paramedian bands of pale tomentum, and among the examined Neotropical Epeolus specimens are several fitting such a description, and all appear to be conspecific. Morphological features suggesting a species within the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ are as follows, quoted verbatim: “ collar with a ferruginous disk, contracted in the middle ”, “ tergum, first and second segments with a yellow band, the first broader and widely interrupted; remaining segments with a whitish band ” and “ the last segment with the addition of an obscure rufous terminal margin ” (Say 1837). The last of these appears to describe the apical portion of the female pseudopygidial area, which is covered in coppery (rather than silvery) setae in the examined specimens that appear to be representatives of this species (Fig. 12 A). According to Brumley (1965), who considered E. fumipennis to be within the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, specimens at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA, USA and KUNHM that were collected from the Midwestern and Southeastern United States and identified as E. fumipennis are actually E. bifasciatus. Given that the taxonomic understanding of this species has been problematic, a re-description is warranted, and is based on all available representatives of this species. Although the sex upon which Say’s (1837) original description is based was not stated, the description of the last metasomal segment suggests a female. Therefore, in the present redescription of the species (vide supra) a detailed description of the female is given, whereas the description of the male lists only key differences between the sexes.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 3322 A 0 B- 3133 - 4 BA 9 - A 752 - F 5009 E 03 B 1 ED Figs 1 E, 2 C, 5 G, 7 F, 13	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Anna’s epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell E. hanusiae sp. nov. apart from all other New World Epeolus except E. interruptus Robertson, 1900: the metanotum has a blunt median process (Fig. 13 D) and T 1 has a wide triangular discal patch with concave anterolateral sides (Fig. 13 B). Whereas in E. interruptus each mesopleuron has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i> 1 d) than in the upper half and the axillae and mesoscutellum are usually entirely ferruginous, in E. hanusiae sp. nov. each mesopleuron is densely punctate throughout (most i ≤ 1 d) (Fig. 5 G) and the axillae and mesoscutellum are entirely black. Epeolus hanusiae sp. nov. is also similar to E. tessieris in that in both species the mesoscutum has short paramedian bands, the axillae do not attain the midlength of the mesoscutellum and T 1 – T 4 have medially interrupted apical fasciae. However, in E. tessieris the axillae and mesoscutellum are entirely ferruginous, the metanotum is flat, each mesopleuron has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i> 1 d) than in the upper half and T 1 has a trapezoidal to nearly semicircular discal patch.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet honors the author’s sister, Hanusia (Anna) Onuferko, in gratitude for her support throughout this project. The noun is feminine and declined in the genitive case.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material MEXICO • ♀, holotype; Jalisco, El Tigre; 18 Jul. 1954; J. W. MacSwain leg.; EMEC 1135889. Secondary type material MEXICO • 1 ♀, paratype; Chihuahua, Cuiteco; 25 Jul. 1969; T. A. Sears, R. C. Gardner and C. S. Glaser leg.; UCBME • 1 ♂, paratype; Chihuahua, Matachic; 7 Jul. 1947; D. Rockefeller Exp., Michener leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀, paratype; Durango, Navíos (26 mi E of El Salto); Aug. 1964; L. A. Kelton leg.; CNC 754077 • 1 ♂, paratype; same collection data as for preceding; 2 Aug. 1964; L. A. Kelton leg.; CNC 754086 • 1 ♂, allotype; same collection data as for holotype; EMEC 1135885. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	description	Description Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.4 mm; head length 2.1 mm; head width 3.0 mm; fore wing length 7.0 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: partially to entirely ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula, legs and pygidial plate. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex. Antenna brown except scape and F 1 extensively orange. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Tomentum slightly sparser on clypeus; upper paraocular and frontal areas and vertexal area mostly exposed. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white and yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly yellow. Mesoscutum with paramedian band. Mesopleuron densely hairy, except for three sparsely hairy, circular patches (one below pronotal lobe, one behind pronotal lobe and a larger one occupying much of ventrolateral half of mesopleuron). Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, black laterally and pale yellow medially (uniformly pale yellow in allotype and multiple paratypes). T 1 with discal patch very wide, basal and apical fasciae only narrowly joined laterally and in shape of rounded triangle with anterolateral sides concave. T 1 with basal fascia interrupted medially, T 1 – T 3 with apical fasciae interrupted medially and narrowed before becoming somewhat broader laterally, T 2 fascia with anterolateral extensions of sparser tomentum. T 4 with fascia narrowed medially. T 5 with two large patches of pale tomentum lateral to and separate from pseudopygidial area, laterally with long, erect simple setae. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs not extending beyond apex of sternum by much more than ¼ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger punctures than clypeus, but punctures of both equally dense (i ≤ 1 d). Small impunctate matte spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i ≤ 1 d), less so laterally (i = 1 – 2 d). Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i ≤ 1 d), interspaces shining; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size and more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth forming right-angled triangle. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Head dorsally with pair of weak protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area weakly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.8 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.4). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by about 1.5 – 2 MOD (difficult to see in holotype; described from paratype). Pronotal collar short (medial length ~ ½ MOD) and convex along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.4) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip distinctly pointed, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 2 ∕ 5 medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Metanotum with blunt median process obscured by tomentum. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 shorter, as long as wide (L / W ratio = 1.0); pygidial plate apically rounded, with larger and deeper punctures, closely punctate throughout; S 4 and S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD), curved, coppery to silvery subapical hairs.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Presently only known from western Mexico (Fig. 7 F).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8BFFCB1876FAC941048CE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Epeolus hanusiae sp. nov. and the very similar E. interruptus exhibit marked differences in mesosomal puncture density (see diagnosis). DNA barcode sequences are presently not available for E. hanusiae sp. nov., but the morphological difference is consistent, and the two forms are herein recognized as heterospecific. The ranges of the two species may overlap to some extent, but that of E. interruptus is much more extensive and includes most of the United States as well as southern Canada (Onuferko 2018 a: fig. 62), whereas E. hanusiae sp. nov. is currently only known from a few sites in western Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental (Fig. 7 F). In males of both species, the penis has a pair of short, fleshy lateral lobes, which are absent altogether in species within the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ but more elongate in other New World Epeolus spp.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	description	Figs 1 F, 5 C, 7 C, 14, 27 A	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Yellow-winged epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell E. luteipennis apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are small to intermediate in size, not extending much beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum (extending to <⅔ its length) but the free portion of each axilla is more than ¼ as long as its entire medial length, and the axillae (except sometimes their tips) and mesoscutellum are black (Fig. 14 D); the mesoscutellum does not have a distinct ridge delineating its dorsal and posterior portions; T 1 has only a complete or medially interrupted off-white to pale yellow basal fascia (Fig. 14 A – B); and T 2 – T 4 have complete bright to pale yellow apical fasciae (Fig. 14 A – C). Epeolus luteipennis most closely resembles E. odyneroides sp. nov. and E. splendidus in terms of integument coloration, pubescence and structure. However, in E. odyneroides sp. nov. T 1 lacks fasciae altogether, whereas in E. splendidus T 1 has a complete bright yellow apical fascia as well as a complete white basal fascia, with little space in between. Also, in E. odyneroides sp. nov. each mesopleuron has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i> 1 d) than in the upper half, whereas in E. luteipennis each mesopleuron is densely punctate throughout (most i <1 d) (Fig. 5 C). This species is also very similar in overall appearance to Triepeolus bilineatus Cockerell, 1949, Tri. cameroni (Meade-Waldo, 1913) and Tri. mexicanus (Cresson, 1878), but both sexes of E. luteipennis can easily be told apart from any similar-looking Triepeolus by the presence of a preapical tooth on each mandible; in all Triepeolus spp., the mandibles are simple (Rightmyer 2004).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material COSTA RICA • ♂, E. luteipennis lectotype; San José, San José; 1903; Schmidt leg.; ZMB. ECUADOR • ♂, E. xanthurus holotype; “ Collection CF Baker ”; USNM 534608. HONDURAS • ♀, E. rugosus holotype; Francisco Morazán, Zamorano; 14 Jul. ????; Vidales leg.; USNM 534050. Secondary type material COSTA RICA • 1 ♂, E. luteipennis paralectotype; Alajuela, San Mateo; AMNH 25582. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable. Non-barcoded material COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Cartago, Turrialba; 9 Jun. 1948; F. Schrader leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248314 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 21 Jun. 1948; F. Schrader leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248315 • 1 ♂; San José, Pérez Zeledón (San Isidro vicinity); 1 Feb. – 12 Apr. 2001; T. H. Ricketts leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248325. MEXICO • 1 ♀; ANSP • 1 ♀; Chiapas, Comitán; 20 Jul. 1969; L. A. Kelton leg.; CNC 754065 • 1 ♂; Chiapas, Ei. La Palma (Mapastepec); 15.5665 ° N, 92.8165 ° W; 27 Oct. 2006; C. Balboa, J. Mérida, M. Guzmán, M. Cigarroa and J. Toto leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TAE- 49935 • 1 ♀; Chiapas, Ei. Las Golondrinas (Acacoyagua); 15.2562 ° N, 92.3880 ° W; 29 Nov. 2004; M. Guzmán, M. Rincón, J. Esponda, C. Balboa and J. Mérida leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TA-E- 41388 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 24 Oct. 2006; C. Balboa, J. Mérida, M. Guzmán, M. Cigarroa and J. Toto leg.; ECOSUR ECO-TAE- 49452, ECO-TAE- 49453 • 1 ♂; Chiapas, Teopisca; 31 Jul. 1969; L. A. Kelton leg.; CNC 754066 • 2 ♀♀; Jalisco, Guadalajara; “ 8.10. ?? ”; McClendon leg.; ANSP • 1 ♂; Michoacán, Morelia; 25 Jun. 1957; J. A. Chemsak and B. J. Rannells leg.; EMEC 1135854 • 2 ♀♀; Morelos, 2 mi SW of Yautepec; 2 Jul. 1961; C. D. Michener leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1247913, SEMC 1247914 • 1 ♂; Veracruz, 10 km N of Coscomatepec; 9 Jul. 1974; J. A. Chemsak, E. and J. Linsley, and J. Powell leg.; EMEC 1135855 • 3 ♂♂; Veracruz, 7.1 km E of Huatusco; 16 Jul. 1990; R. L. Minckley leg.; KUNHM SM 0735386, SM 0735387, SM 0735388 • 1 ♂; Veracruz, S of Ixhuatlán (SE Huatusco); 17 – 18 Jul. 1990; I. Yarom leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28315 D 04; KUNHM SEMC 1248289. PANAMA • 1 ♀; Panama Canal Zone Summit; Jan. 1947; N. L. H. Kraus leg.; EMEC 1135853 • 1 ♂; Chiriquí, 8 km S of Boquete; 8.6986 ° N, 82.4505 ° W; 5 – 13 Jan. 2012; F. D. Parker and T. D. McIntyre leg.; BBSL FDP 118503. VENEZUELA • 1 ♀; Mérida, Valle de Culata; 23 Jul. 1988; C. Porter and L. Stange leg.; FSCA.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	description	Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Length 6.3 mm; head length 1.7 mm; head width 2.2 mm; fore wing length 5.5 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: partially to entirely ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula, legs, metasomal terga (including pygidial plate) and metasomal sterna. Mandible with apex and preapical tooth darker than all but basal quarter (preapical tooth difficult to see in E. luteipennis lectotype because mandibles closed; described from non-type specimens). Antenna brown except F 1 extensively orange. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky on anterior margin. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest on clypeus and around antennal socket, sparser on upper paraocular area and vertexal area. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white and bright yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly bright yellow. Mesoscutum with large anteromedial patch of bright yellow tomentum. Mesopleuron with upper half densely hairy, except beneath base of fore wing (hypoepimeral area); ventrolateral half sparsely hairy. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, pale yellow laterally and black medially. T 1 with broad, medially narrowed pale yellow basal fascia (medially interrupted in multiple non-type specimens). T 2 – T 4 each with complete bright yellow apical fascia, T 2 fascia without anterolateral extensions. S 4 and S 5 with long (> 1 MOD), curved, coppery to silvery subapical hairs, which are often darker apically. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i = 1 – 2 d) than clypeus (i <1 d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula very densely punctate mesally (i <1 d), less so laterally (i = 1 – 2 d). Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half coarsely and densely punctate (most i <1 d) to rugose; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size and more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. Pygidial plate with large, deep punctures more or less evenly spaced throughout, with interspaces shining. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles not preceded by carinae. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Vertexal area weakly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.8 × greatest width. F 2 as long as wide (L / W ratio = 1.0). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by about 1.5 MOD. Pronotal collar short (medial length ~ ½ MOD) and convex along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.4) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip distinctly pointed, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 2 ∕ 5 medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically rounded. Female Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 slightly but not noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.1); T 5 with large, continuous patch of bright yellow tomentum bordering and separate from pseudopygidial area present only in female; T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum; pygidial plate apically truncate, with smaller, denser punctures; S 4 and S 5 with straight and much shorter hairs (S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ⅓ MOD).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America, Mexico and northwestern South America (Fig. 7 C). This is the only species of Epeolus outside of the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ that has been recorded from South America.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFF8EFFF7185DFB67402E8B7C.taxon	discussion	Remarks Friese (1916) described E. luteipennis from both sexes but provided a more complete description of the male. For this reason, and since only male syntypes were examined in the present study, a male is herein designated as the lectotype, and is the specimen upon which the redescription of the male of this species is based. Below what is presumed to be Heinrich Friese’s original type label for this specimen, which simply says “ Type ”, is a label that says “ LECTOTYPE ” and “ desig. Melo, 2016 ”. Since Melo’s (2016) lectotype designations of Friese’s Neotropical Epeolus types cannot be traced to any publication, the designation for E. luteipennis is made herein instead. Ferrari (2017) cites personal communication with G. Melo regarding the addition of the latter’s lectotype label to another of Friese’s syntype specimens (in this case Colletes nigritulus Friese, 1910), with 2015 given as the year of the designation, indicating that the designation (at that time) remained to be published. Moure et al. (2007) list E. xanthurus as a possible synonym of Triepeolus buchwaldi (Friese, 1908), an outwardly very different species. I have examined the holotype of E. xanthurus, a male, which except for its larger size (length 7.9 mm) agrees with the present redescription based on the lectotype of E. luteipennis. Moure et al. (2007) also list E. rugosus as the original name under which Triepeolus rugosus (Cockerell, 1949) was published, but the name Tri. rugosus refers to a different species from Eastern North America, described by Mitchell (1962). The holotype of E. rugosus, a female, exhibits the following features typical of its genus, Epeolus: the pseudopygidial area is lunate, its apex is more than twice as wide as its medial length and covered in short, silvery hairs, and the apices of the processes of S 6 are convergent, spatulate and bear setae modified into pointed denticles. The holotype of E. rugosus too is larger (length 8.3 mm) than the lectotype of E. luteipennis, but otherwise there are very few morphological differences among the three primary type specimens, which are understood herein to be conspecific. Although BIN-compliant sequences are presently not available for E. luteipennis, a partial sequence 421 bp in length is available for a male specimen from the Mexican state of Veracruz, which does not cluster closely with any sequences from other Epeolus species in a NJ tree of sequences> 200 bp in length (minimum distance = 4.2 %, Supplementary File 3).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	description	Figs 1 G, 5 B, 7 G, 15	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Black epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. niger apart from all other Epeolus: there is no large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla (Fig. 15 D); the mesoscutellum does not have a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 15 D); the mesopleura are finely punctate, each with punctures more or less equally dense throughout (few i ≥ 2 d) (Fig. 5 B); and the metasomal terga lack pale pubescence (Fig. 15 A – C). Epeolus niger most closely resembles E. claripennis in that both species are almost entirely black and at least the fore wings of females are deeply infuscate basally and (unusually for Epeolus) clear apically, but in E. claripennis there is a large tooth laterally near the base of each axilla, the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth and the mesopleura are more coarsely punctate, each with sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 2 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material PANAMA • ♀, Tro. nigra holotype; Chiriquí, El Volcán Chiriquí; 29 Feb. 1936; F. E. Lutz leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00324260. Secondary type material PANAMA • 1 ♂, Tro. nigra allotype; Chiriquí, El Volcán Chiriquí; 23 Feb. 1936; F. E. Lutz leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00324261. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable. Non-barcoded material COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Alajuela, Alajuela? (Eladio’s, river trail); 19 May 1989; J. Ashe, R. Leschen and R. Brooks leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248345 • 3 ♀♀; Alajuela, Peñas Blancas; Apr. 1987; E. Cruz leg.; RAM • 1 ♂; Guanacaste, Volcan Cacao Station (Guanacaste National Park); 13 Feb. 1995; L. S. Kimsey leg.; UCBME.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	description	Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.0 mm; head length 2.1 mm; head width 2.7 mm; fore wing length 8.1 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly dark brown to black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, antenna, pronotal collar, tegula, mesopleuron and legs. Mandible with apex darker than rest of mandible; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype because mandibles closed; described from non-type specimen). Antenna brown except scape, pedicel and F 1 extensively orange. Wing membrane subhyaline, basally dusky. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Clypeus, upper paraocular and frontal areas, and vertexal area mostly exposed. Pronotal collar with narrow band of ferruginous short, appressed setae along posterior margin. Mesoscutum with some ferruginous short, appressed setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum sparser medially, uniformly light brown / pale ferruginous. Dorsum of metasoma without bands of pale tomentum. T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ½ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (many i ≥ 1 d) than clypeus (i <1 d). Small impunctate dull / textured spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 1 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i ≤ 1 d), interspaces dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with pair of small denticles (separated by shallow concavity), each preceded by small, discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete, sparsely punctate, granulose protrusions, each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.4 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.4). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by no less than 1 MOD. Pronotal collar rather short (medial length ~ ⅔ MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view, and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath overhanging ridge. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.6) and tip extending as far back as apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion between ⅓ and 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and carinate. Mesopleuron with weak carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically rounded. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 shorter, not noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.1); wing membrane dusky throughout; pygidial plate with larger and deeper punctures, closely punctate throughout; S 4 and S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD), curved coppery to silvery subapical hairs.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	distribution	Distribution Previously known only from Panama, herein newly reported from Costa Rica (Fig. 7 G).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB2FFF01857FCE840178A74.taxon	discussion	Remarks Epeolus niger exhibits unusual sexual dimorphism in that in females the fore wings are only deeply infuscate basally, whereas in males the wings are infuscate throughout. The extensive black coloration and apically clear fore wings of this species and E. claripennis give both the distinctive appearance of Parachartergus. These features are also shared with various tropical stingless bees (e. g., Trigona spp.), some of which are known to be in mimetic complexes that include a diversity of aculeates, including other bees (Smith-Pardo 2005), and even non-hymenopterous insects such as flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) (Reemer 2013). In addition to the examined material, this species is known from another four specimens from Panama (Michener 1954). Thus, E. niger appears to be uncommon, or at least uncommonly collected, compared to the similar-looking but much more widely distributed species E. claripennis. Based on known records, adults of E. niger are active between February and May.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 905 E 8 BD 4 - 657 C- 4323 - A 2 F 4 - A 08 B 30 F 3484 E Figs 7 H, 16	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Nomadiform epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. nomadiformis sp. nov. apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are crenulate along the lateral margin, each with a large tooth near the base (Fig. 16 D); the mesoscutellum has a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 16 D); the mesopleura are coarsely punctate, each with sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 2 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces smooth and shining; the fore wings are deeply infuscate apically (Fig. 16 A – C); T 1 has only a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted bright to pale yellow basal fascia (Fig. 16 A – B); T 2 has a complete bright to pale yellow apical fascia (Fig. 16 A – B); and the remaining terga lack fasciae (Fig. 16 A – C), although the apical impressed areas occasionally have sparse, off-white hairs. In overall appearance, this species is more nomadiform than epeoliform (sensu Michener 2007). Epeolus nomadiformis sp. nov. most closely resembles E. boliviensis and E. fulvopilosus, but in E. boliviensis T 1 lacks a basal fascia, although a subapical fascia is present, which is usually narrower than the T 2 apical fascia, and in E. fulvopilosus T 3 and T 4 are distinctly fasciate.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from ‘ Nomada ’, a genus of cleptoparasitic bees similar in overall appearance to this particular species of Epeolus. The Latin suffix – formis means ‘ having the form of’.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material MEXICO • ♀, holotype; Veracruz, S Ixhuatlán (SE Huatusco); 17 – 18 Jul. 1990; I. Yarom leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248290. Secondary type material BELIZE • 1 ♀, paratype; Stann Creek, Middlesex; 18 Mar. 1965; E. C. Welling leg.; CNC 754064 • 1 ♀, paratype; same collection data as for preceding; 7 Apr. 1965; E. C. Welling leg.; CNC 754063. MEXICO • 1 ♀, paratype; Nuevo León, Cola de Caballo; 19 Jun. 1975; H. V. Weems Jr. leg.; FSCA • 1 ♀, paratype; Quintana Roo, 12 km NW of Reforma; 14 Oct. 1986; C. D. Michener leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1247933 • 1 ♀, paratype; Veracruz, El Desengaño (El Mirador); 19.2101 ° N, 96.8966 ° W; 26 Jul. 2006; M. Bonet leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28238 B 01; BBSL 0000003960 • 1 ♀, paratype; Veracruz, Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas (33 km NE of Catemaco); 1 Jul. – 1 Aug. 1983; S. and J. Peck leg.; RAM. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	description	Description Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.5 mm; head length 2.1 mm; head width 2.5 mm; fore wing length 7.5 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, propodeum, legs and pygidial plate. Mandible with apex darker than all but extreme base; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex. Antenna brown except scape, pedicel and F 1 extensively orange. Pronotal collar, pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Clypeus, upper paraocular and frontal areas, and vertexal area mostly exposed. Pronotal collar and dorsum of metasoma with bright to pale yellow short, appressed setae. Mesoscutum without pale tomentum, except for small patch between tegula and axilla. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly pale yellow. T 1 with broad, medially interrupted pale yellow basal fascia. T 2 with complete bright yellow apical fascia, broadest medially and without anterolateral extensions. Metasoma otherwise without fasciae. T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ½ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper and more distinct. Labrum with areas of sparser punctures (i> 1 d) than clypeus (i <1 d). Small impunctate matte spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 1 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with denser (i <1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (i ≤ 2 d), interspaces shining though with some coriarious surface miscrosculpture; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with pair of small denticles (separated by shallow concavity) not preceded by carinae. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete, sparsely punctate granulose protrusions, each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of prominent protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.5 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.4). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by no less than 1 MOD. Pronotal collar elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath distinct overhanging ridge produced to pair of posteriorly directed teeth. Axilla large, its lateral margin more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.7) and tip extending as far back as apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin crenulate, with large tooth near base, and carinate but relatively straight. Mesopleuron with carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Male Unknown.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America and Mexico (Fig. 7 H).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records The label of one examined voucher specimen indicates a floral association with Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB5FFFD186BFDEC41128CD6.taxon	discussion	Remarks Females of Epeolus nomadiformis sp. nov. differ from those of E. fulvopilosus only in the absence of yellow tomentum along the midline of the mesoscutum and fasciae on T 3 and T 4. Otherwise, the two forms are virtually identical. The male of E. nomadiformis sp. nov. is presently unknown, and the only male of E. fulvopilosus was identified as such in part because it has pale yellow apical fasciae on T 3 and T 4 (Fig. 10 C). Another species within the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, Epeolus obscuripes, exhibits continuous variation in the density of hairs on the apical impressed areas of T 3 and T 4; at one extreme the hairs are as dense as those on the preceding terga, whereas at the other they are virtually absent. Moreover, sequenced representatives of the two forms (with and without fasciae on T 3 and T 4) share the same BIN, further justifying their treatment as a single species. By contrast, in E. fumipennis, another species within the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, T 3 and T 4 (as well as T 1 and T 2) are always fasciate in both sexes. Presently, no intermediates are known between E. fulvopilosus and the form that lacks fasciae on T 3 and T 4. DNA barcode sequences are presently not available for E. fulvopilosus, but a partial sequence 297 bp in length is available for a female specimen of what is herein considered to be E. nomadiformis sp. nov., from Veracruz (state), Mexico, which is most similar (99.7 %) to the single BIN-compliant sequence available for E. claripennis (a visibly different bee, see Figs 8, 16), obtained from a male specimen from San José Province, Costa Rica. Given the low level of genetic divergence between these two morphologically very different forms, it is unclear whether DNA barcodes would be helpful in differentiating E. nomadiformis sp. nov. from E. fulvopilosus, to which E. nomadiformis sp. nov. is even more similar. However, a lack of barcode sequence divergence would not necessarily mean that the different forms are conspecific anyway, as it is not uncommon in bees to have merged BINs with multiple species. For example, Gibbs (2017) found that 43 out of the 110 species of the Lasioglossum Curtis, 1833 subgenus Dialictus Robertson, 1902 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) for which barcode data were examined were not assigned separate BINs, but all are considered valid and diagnosable using morphological features. Similarly, Packer & Ruz (2017) found no barcode sequence differentiation between two species of Chilicola Spinola, 1851 subgenus Chilioediscelis Toro & Moldenke, 1979 despite considerable morphological differences between them in both sexes and their not being sister taxa in a morphology-based phylogeny (Willis & Packer 2007). Hence, in the absence of intermediates and since at this time there is no genetic evidence suggesting that the distinctly yellow-banded form, known as E. fulvopilosus, and that which consistently exhibits reduced mesosomal and metasomal pubescence are the same species, I have opted to treat them as heterospecific, and herein newly describe the latter under the name E. nomadiformis sp. nov.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	description	Figs 1 H, 4 B, 7 I, 12 C, 17	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Dark-legged epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Together with the morphological features that are diagnostic for the ‘ Trophocleptria group’, the following in combination can be used to tell E. obscuripes apart from all other Epeolus except E. bifasciatus: the mesoscutum lacks paramedian bands; the axillae are smooth (i. e., not crenulate) along the lateral margin (Fig. 17 D); the mesoscutellum does not have a pair of posteriorly directed teeth (Fig. 17 D); the mesopleura are coarsely punctate, each with smaller and sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i ≥ 1 d) than in the upper half, with interspaces smooth and shining; T 1 has only a broad, medially narrowed or interrupted, bright to pale yellow basal fascia (Fig. 17 A – C); and T 2 has a complete, bright to pale yellow apical fascia (Fig. 17 A – C). Whereas in E. bifasciatus the frontal area has a pair of pronounced granulose protrusions, the pseudopygidial area of the female is very wide (the apex> 2 × the medial length), only T 1 and T 2 of the male are distinctly fasciate, and the pronotal collar, pronotal lobes, axillae and mesoscutellum are entirely ferruginous, in E. obscuripes the frontal area typically has only a pair of weak protrusions, which are virtually lacking in some specimens, the pseudopygidial area of the female is more elongate medially (the apex ≤ 2 × the medial length), T 3 – T 6 of the male typically have well-developed bright to pale yellow fasciae, and the pronotal collar, pronotal lobes, axillae and mesoscutellum range from entirely black to entirely ferruginous. Epeolus obscuripes is also similar to E. fumipennis in that in males of both species T 1 – T 6 are typically fasciate. However, in E. fumipennis the mesoscutum has a pair of well-defined paramedian bands, the axillae are longer, extending as far back as or beyond the ridge overhanging the depressed posterior margin of the mesoscutellum, and T 1 has a broad, medially narrowed bright to pale yellow submedial fascia. Despite the specific epithet ‘ obscuripes ’, meaning dark foot in Latin, the color of the legs does not reliably distinguish this species from E. bifasciatus, which may also have dark brown to black legs.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material COSTA RICA • ♂, E. schmidti lectotype; San José, San José; May 1922; Schmidt leg.; ZMB. MEXICO • ♂, E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype; Veracruz, Medellín; “ H. H. Hyde; Baker coll. 1785 ”; USNM 534041. Secondary type material COSTA RICA • 1 ♀, E. schmidti lectoallotype; Alajuela, San Mateo; May 1922; Schmidt leg.; ZMB. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Available. BOLD: ACW 1534. Specimens examined and sequenced: MEXICO • 1 ♂; Jalisco, San José del Carmen; 10 Oct. 2008; L. Packer leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28238 A 08; PCYU • 1 ♀; Oaxaca, S of San Sebastián Frontera; 18.2163 ° N, 97.6466 ° W; 25 Sep. 2008; L. Packer leg; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 22014 C 06; PCYU • 1 ♀; Sonora, Rancho Fundición (30 km E of Álamos); 27.0183 ° N, 108.7483 ° W; 3 Oct. 2006; M. E. Irwin leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28239 G 08; BBSL FDP 124693. Non-barcoded material BELIZE • 1 ♂; Cayo, Central Farm; 325 ft a. s. l.; 17.1773 ° N, 89.0053 ° W; 10 – 20 Feb. 2004; G. Steck and B. Sutton leg.; FSCA • 1 ♀; Cayo, Las Cuevas Access Rd and Caracol Rd; 29 Apr. 2009; J. S. Ascher leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290833. COSTA RICA • 1 ♀; Puntarenas, Las Cruces; 25 Aug. 1977; T. P. Cogley leg.; FSCA. EL SALVADOR • 1 ♂; La Libertad, Mount San Salvador; 8 Jul. 1963; M. E. Irwin and D. Q. Cavagnaro leg.; EMEC 1135879. GUATEMALA • 1 ♀; Alta Verapaz, 5 km W of Purulhá; 11 Oct. 2005; J. B. Heppner leg.; FSCA. HONDURAS • 1 ♀; Cortés, Estación Experimental Café (ca. Peña Blanca rainforest); 15 Aug. 1992; C. Porter and L. Stange leg.; FSCA • 1 ♂; Santa Bárbara, La Fé, Finca La Roca (5.3 km S of Peña Blanca); 14.9500 ° N, 88.0333 ° W; 21 Jun. 1994; Brooks and Ashe leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248337. MEXICO • 1 ♀; ANSP • 1 ♂; Chiapas, 3 km S of Palenque (Nututun); 25 Apr. 1993; W. LaBerge leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248323 • 1 ♂; Chiapas, 32 mi W of San Cristóbal (Jct 190 - 195); 20 May 1969; H. J. Teskey leg.; CNC 754056 • 1 ♂; Chiapas, Palenque ruins; 22 Jun. 1969; B. V. Peterson leg.; CNC (754061) • 1 ♀; Jalisco, Chamela; 7 Nov. 1986; J. G. and B. L. Rozen leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Jalisco, El Tuito; 6 Nov. 1987; L. Godinez leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248317 • 2 ♀♀; Jalisco, Estación de Biología - Chamela; 30 Sep. 1985; J. G. Rozen leg.; AMNH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 6 Oct. 1985; J. G. Rozen leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Nov. 1987; L. Godinez leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248316 • 1 ♂; Jalisco, Guadalajara; “ 8.1.03 ”; McClendon leg.; ANSP • 1 ♀; Jalisco, Tuxpan; “ ix. 4 ”; McClendon leg.; ANSP • 1 ♂; Morelos, 12 mi E of Cuernavaca; 14 Aug. 1954; J. G. Chillcott leg.; CNC 754076 • 2 ♀♀; Nuevo León, Cola de Caballo; 20 Jun. 1976; D. Weems leg.; FSCA • 1 ♀; Oaxaca, 3 mi S of El Camarón; 2 Oct. 1986; R. Miller and L. Stange leg.; FSCA • 1 ♂; Puebla, Tepexco-Izúcar de Matamoros (Carretera Federal 160); 18.6540 ° N, 98.6595 ° W; 4 Sep. 1998; T. L. Griswold leg.; BBSL BBSL 334999 • 1 ♀; Querétaro, Jalpan de Serra (along Río Jalpan); 3 Sep. 1991; D. Yanega leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248286 • 1 ♀; San Luis Potosí, 14 mi W of Xilitla; 22 Jul. 1954; J. G. Chillcott leg.; CNC 754075 • 1 ♀; San Luis Potosí, 9 km N of Tamazunchale (Hwy 85); 9 Jul. 1990; W. Bell leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248283 • 1 ♀; San Luis Potosí, Cascada el Salto (12 km NW of El Naranjo); KUNHM SEMC 1248330 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 20 May 1989; D. Yanega leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248284 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Jul. 1990; I. Yarom leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248288 • 1 ♂; San Luis Potosí, Col Salto del Agua; 20 May 1989; D. Yanega leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248285 • 1 ♂; San Luis Potosí, El Salto; 19 Jun. 1973; H. V. Weems Jr. leg.; FSCA • 1 ♂; Tabasco, Teapa; Mar. 1911 – 1924; “ Godman-Salvin Collection ”; KUNHM SEMC 0938794 • 1 ♂; Veracruz, 8 km S of Carrizal; 5 Nov. 1991; T. Griswold leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248324 • 1 ♀; Veracruz, Catemaco; 16 – 18 Jun. 1969; W. R. M. Mason leg.; CNC 754059 • 2 ♀♀; Yucatán, Chichén Itzá; 24 Nov. 1981; L. A. Stange leg.; FSCA • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 5 Jan. 1992; J. R. Vockeroth leg.; CNC 754062 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 17 Dec. 1993; L. Masner leg.; CNC 754060.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	description	Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Length 6.1 mm; head length 1.9 mm; head width 2.3 mm; fore wing length 5.6 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutellum, metanotum and legs. Mandible with apex darker than all but basal quarter; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype because mandibles closed; described from nontype specimens). Antenna brown except scape, pedicel and F 1 extensively orange. F 2 with orange spot basally. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs with brown or black more extensive than reddish orange. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest around antennal socket. Tomentum slightly sparser on clypeus; upper paraocular and frontal areas and vertexal area mostly exposed. Pronotal collar and dorsum of metasoma with bright yellow setae. Mesoscutum without pale tomentum, except for small patch between tegula and axilla. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, uniformly pale yellow. T 1 with broad, medially interrupted bright yellow basal fascia. T 2 with narrower, complete, bright yellow apical fascia without anterolateral extensions. T 3 – T 6 with tomentum sparse and partly rubbed off in E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype, but with complete, bright yellow apical fasciae of moderately dense tomentum in E. schmidti lectotype and most non-type specimens. S 3 – S 5 with long (> 1 MOD), curved, coppery to silvery subapical hairs. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper and more distinct. Labrum with larger punctures than clypeus, but punctures of both equally dense (most i <1 d). Small, impunctate, shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 2 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with larger and denser (i <1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (many i ≥ 1 d), interspaces shining. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. Pygidial plate with large deep punctures closely clustered basomedially and sparser apically and laterally, with interspaces shining. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labral apex with three small denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of sparsely punctate granulose protrusions, each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. In E. schmidti lectotype and lectoallotype and multiple non-type specimens, protrusions discrete and more densely punctate, interspaces shining. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.7 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.3). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by ≥ 2 MOD. Pronotal collar elongate (medial length ~ 1 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous, depressed along posterior margin beneath overhanging ridge. Axilla intermediate in size, its lateral margin nearly half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.4 – 0.5) and tip extending well beyond midlength of mesoscutellum but not as far back as its posterior margin; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion between ⅓ and 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and carinate. Metanotum with blunt median process obscured by tomentum (process more pronounced in E. schmidti lectotype and multiple non-type specimens than in E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype). Mesopleuron with carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate. Female Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 even longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.5); T 3 – T 5 usually without fasciae; T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae; T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum; pygidial plate with smaller, denser punctures; S 4 and S 5 with straight and much shorter hairs (S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ⅓ MOD).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northwestern Mexico to Costa Rica (Fig. 7 I).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records The label of one examined voucher specimen indicates a floral association with Bidens pilosa.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFB8FFF81800FB33462B89F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks In Moure et al. (2007), E. bifasciatus obscuripes appears as a junior synonym of E. fulvopilosus, although it is not clear when and where this change in taxonomic status was first proposed, as no such change appears in any of the accompanying references. The holotype of E. bifasciatus obscuripes differs from that of E. fulvopilosus in many aspects, and the latter is structurally more similar to E. boliviensis, E. claripennis and E. nomadiformis sp. nov. In the holotype of E. bifasciatus obscuripes, the axillae are much shorter than in the holotype of E. fulvopilosus, the lateral margin of each axilla is smooth (not crenulate as in E. fulvopilosus) and the axillae extend beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum but not as far back as its posterior margin. By contrast, in the holotype of E. fulvopilosus the axillae extend as far back as the apex of the horizontal dorsal portion of the mesoscutellum, which is produced to two posteriorly directed teeth (not straight as in E. obscuripes). Cockerell (1932) indicated that E. bifasciatus obscuripes is sufficiently distinct such that there may be justification to elevate its name to the taxonomic rank of species. In addition to the diagnostic morphological features that separate E. obscuripes from other similar species, its status as a separate species is supported by a separate BIN and large barcode sequence divergence (6.3 %) from its nearest neighbor, E. bifasciatus (Supplementary File 3). Friese (1925) described E. schmidti from both sexes, represented by two syntypes (one female and one male) deposited at the ZMB. Both specimens were examined, and the male is herein designated as the lectotype, the same sex as the primary types of E. bifasciatus obscuripes (herein recognized as belonging to the same species) and E. bifasciatus, the species to which it is most similar. The female syntype at the ZMB is herein designated as the lectoallotype. Below what is presumed to be Heinrich Friese’s original type label for the male specimen, which simply says “ Type ”, is a label that says “ LECTOTYPE ” and “ desig. Melo, 2016 ”. The female bears a label that says “ PARALECTOTYPE ” and “ desig. Melo, 2016 ”. Since Melo’s (2016) lectotype designations of Friese’s Neotropical Epeolus types cannot be traced to any publication, the designation for E. schmidti is made herein instead. Ferrari (2017) cited personal communication with G. Melo regarding the addition of the latter’s lectotype label to another of Friese’s syntype specimens (in this case Colletes nigritulus), with 2015 given as the year of the designation, indicating that the designation (at that time) remained to be published. The E. schmidti lectotype differs from the E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype most notably in that the frontal protrusions are much less obvious and more densely punctate and that the frontal keel and metanotum are much more strongly protuberant. However, these differences fall within the range of variation observed among sequenced specimens that were assigned the same BIN. Also, in the E. schmidti lectotype T 3 – T 6 have more pronounced bands of dense, bright yellow pubescence, which are less conspicuous and more sparsely hairy in the E. bifasciatus obscuripes holotype and multiple nontype specimens. These bands are absent altogether in most studied female specimens of E. obscuripes.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ACB 2 A 692 - 644 C- 4 DFC-A 133 - E 1 CA 56 EECAC 4 Figs 3 D, 5 D, 7 J, 18, 27 B	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Potter-wasp epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell E. odyneroides sp. nov. apart from all other Epeolus: the axillae are small to intermediate in size, not extending beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum and the free portion of each axilla is less than ⅓ as long as its entire medial length, and like the mesoscutellum black (Fig. 18 D); the mesoscutellum does not have a distinct ridge delineating its dorsal and posterior portions (Fig. 3 D); T 1 does not have any fasciae (Fig. 18 B – C); and T 2 – T 4 have complete, bright to pale yellow apical fasciae (Fig. 18 A – C). Epeolus odyneroides sp. nov. most closely resembles E. luteipennis in terms of pubescence and structure. Whereas in E. luteipennis each mesopleuron is densely punctate throughout (most i <1 d) and T 1 has a complete or medially interrupted off-white to pale yellow basal fascia, in E. odyneroides sp. nov. each mesopleuron has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (many i> 1 d) than in the upper half (Fig. 5 D) and T 1 lacks fasciae altogether. Additionally, in E. odyneroides sp. nov. the frontal keel has a small tooth-like process, which is absent in E. luteipennis, and the mesoscutum and mesopleura have long, erect simple setae among the shorter branched hairs; only the latter type is present in E. luteipennis. This species is also very similar in overall appearance to Triepeolus bilineatus, Tri. cameroni and Tri. mexicanus, but both sexes of E. odyneroides sp. nov. can easily be told apart from any similar-looking Triepeolus by the presence of a preapical tooth on each mandible; in all Triepeolus spp., the mandibles are simple (Rightmyer 2004).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from ‘ Odynerus ’, a genus of potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). This name has become the root in the names of many genera, including Pachodynerus de Saussure, 1875 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae), which is similar in overall appearance to this particular species of Epeolus. The Greek suffix – oides means ʻresemblingʼ.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material MEXICO • ♀, holotype; Tlaxcala, Volcán La Malinche (N side); 19.2900 ° N, 98.0453 ° W; 10 Sep. 1996; R. Brooks leg.; KUNHM SM 0253729. Secondary type material MEXICO • 1 ♀, paratype; Estado De México, 6 km E of Tenancingo; 30 Oct. 1991; Rodriguez leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248301 • 1 ♂, allotype; Tlaxcala, Volcán La Malinche; 19.2900 ° N, 98.0453 ° W; 10 Sep. 1996; R. Brooks leg.; BOLD sample ID: CCDB- 28237 E 04; KUNHM SM 0255860 • 1 ♀, paratype; same collection data as for preceding; KUNHM SM 0253730. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Available. BOLD: ACZ 2542. See Type material for specimens examined and sequenced (indicated by unique CCDB-plate and well number).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	description	Description Female MEASUREMENTS. Length 8.8 mm; head length 2.3 mm; head width 3.1 mm; fore wing length 8.3 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Almost entirely dark brown to black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, antenna and T 5. Mandible with apex and preapical tooth lighter than rest of mandible (preapical tooth difficult to see in holotype because mandibles closed; described from paratype). Tegula pale ferruginous to amber along lateral and posterior margins. Wing membrane subhyaline, apically dusky on anterior margin. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum densest on clypeus and around antennal socket, sparser on upper paraocular area and vertexal area. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of off-white and bright yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly bright yellow. Mesoscutum with faint anteromedial, V-shaped patch of bright yellow tomentum, short, appressed, bright yellow setae also present along posterior margin; mesoscutum otherwise covered in sparse and erect, simple pale hairs. Mesopleuron sparsely hairy, but tomentum moderately dense ventrally as well as between two sparsely hairy patches (one beneath base of fore wing (hypoepimeral area), a larger circular patch occupying much of ventrolateral half of mesopleuron). Mesopleuron with long, erect simple setae among shorter branched hairs. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted, pale yellow laterally and black medially. T 1 without fasciae, basally and laterally with sparse off-white tomentum. T 2 – T 4 each with complete bright yellow apical fascia, T 2 fascia without anterolateral extensions. T 5 with large patch of bright yellow tomentum bordering and separate from pseudopygidial area. T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs not extending beyond apex of sternum by more than ¼ MOD. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (most i> 1 d) than clypeus (i <1 d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate mesally (i = 1 – 2 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate along margins. Mesopleuron with denser (i ≤ 1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half; ventrolateral half with most interspaces large (i> 1 d), interspaces shining; mesopleuron with punctures similar in size throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth acute. Labrum with pair of small subapical denticles not preceded by carinae. Frontal keel not strongly raised, but small tooth present. Vertexal area weakly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.8 × greatest width. F 2 as long as wide (L / W ratio = 1.2). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by about 1.5 MOD. Pronotal collar rather short (medial length ~ ⅔ MOD) and convex along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.3) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip broadly rounded, unattached to mesoscutellum for less than ⅓ medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate mostly hidden in holotype, but apically truncate in paratype. Male Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 shorter, not noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.1); pygidial plate apically rounded; S 4 and S 5 with much longer (> 1 MOD), curved, coppery to silvery subapical hairs.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Presently only known from two locations in Central Mexico (Fig. 7 J).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Floral records Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate floral associations with Heterotheca inuloides Cass. (Asteraceae), Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), and Simsia lagasceiformis DC. (Asteraceae).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFBDFFE51867FE16477A89C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks In addition to the diagnostic morphological features that separate E. odyneroides sp. nov. from other similar species, its status as a separate species is supported by a separate BIN and large barcode sequence divergence (5.1 %) from its nearest neighbor, E. canadensis, which is a visibly different bee (see Figs 18, 22 D). Epeolus odyneroides sp. nov. most closely resembles E. luteipennis, for which only a partial sequence 421 bp in length is available. However, the distance between the two sequences (only one is presently available per species) is larger (6.3 %, Supplementary File 3). As well as resembling certain eumenines, E. odyneroides sp. nov. very closely resembles honey wasps in the genus Brachygastra Perty, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	description	Figs 1 I, 3 C, 7 K, 19	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	vernacular_names	Proposed common name Cuban epeolus.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Epeolus pulchellus has unique patterns of pubescence on the dorsum of the mesosoma and metasoma, which can be used to tell it apart from all other Epeolus: the mesoscutum has three large patches of bright yellow tomentum (an anteromedial ovate patch, which is slightly separated from the anterior margin of the mesoscutum, and a pair of posterolateral patches) (Fig. 19 B), T 1 has a pair of submedial triangular (almost semicircular) patches of bright yellow tomentum (Fig. 19 B), T 2 and T 3 have widely separated bright yellow apical fasciae and T 4 has a pair of widely separated patches of bright yellow tomentum (Fig. 19 B). Epeolus pulchellus does not closely resemble any other species of Epeolus and is the only species in the genus known to occur in Cuba, where it is endemic.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Primary type material CUBA • ♂, holotype (studied from images); J. Gundlach leg.; IESH. DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences Unavailable. Non-barcoded material CUBA • 1 ♂; Guantánamo, Limonar (near Centro Cient.); 9 Apr. ?? 95; E. P. F. leg.; FSCA • 1 ♂; Guantánamo, mountains near Guantánamo; BBSL • 1 ♂; Pinar Del Río, El Mulo (Sierra del Rosario); Jun. ?? 87; KUNHM SEMC 1248271 • 1 ♀; Sancti Spíritus, El Hondan - Topes de Collantes; Jul. ?? 93; L. Roque leg.; LACM LACM ENT 363336.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	description	Redescription Male MEASUREMENTS. Length 7.6 – 7.9 mm; head length 2.0 – 2.2 mm; head width 2.6 – 2.8 mm; fore wing length 6.9 – 7.5 mm. INTEGUMENT COLORATION. Mostly black; notable exceptions as follows: at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, antenna, pronotal lobe, tegula and legs. Mandible with apex darker than all but basal quarter; preapical tooth lighter than mandibular apex. Antenna entirely orange. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs from trochanter to tarsus entirely orange, coxae brown. PUBESCENCE. Face with tomentum very dense around antennal socket, otherwise almost entirely bare. Dorsum of mesosoma and metasoma with bands of bright yellow short, appressed setae. Pronotal collar with tomentum uniformly bright yellow. Mesoscutum with anteromedial ovate patch of bright yellow tomentum, slightly separated from anterior margin, and pair of separated posterolateral patches of bright yellow tomentum. Mesopleuron with upper half densely hairy, although scrobe visible; ventrolateral half densely hairy along margins, otherwise sparsely hairy. Metanotum with tomentum very narrowly interrupted medially, uniformly yellow. T 1 with pair of submedial triangular verging on semicircular patches of bright yellow tomentum, medially separated from one another and from apical margin. T 2 and T 3 with fasciae widely interrupted medially and narrowed before becoming somewhat broader laterally, T 2 fascia without anterolateral extensions. T 4 and T 5 each with pair of widely separated patches of bright yellow tomentum tapering laterally. S 3 – S 5 with long (> 1 MOD), curved, coppery to silvery subapical hairs. SURFACE SCULPTURE. Punctures dense, but those of head and mesosoma sparser in some areas, larger, deeper and more distinct. Labrum and clypeus with punctures equally dense (most i ≤ 1 d). Small impunctate shiny spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and axilla very coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula densely punctate anteriorly and mesally (i ≤ 2 d), sparsely punctate (i> 2 d) to impunctate posteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with denser (i <1 d) punctures in upper half than ventrolateral half (many i ≥ 1 d), interspaces shining; mesopleuron with many smaller punctures among large ones. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i ≈ 1 d), evenly distributed on disc. Pygidial plate with large deep punctures closely clustered throughout. STRUCTURE. Preapical tooth forming right-angled triangle. Labral apex with three small denticles, each preceded by small discrete longitudinal ridge. Frontal keel strongly raised. Frontal area with pair of discrete, sparsely punctate protrusions, interspaces shining; each located near upper mesal margin of compound eye. Head dorsally with pair of protrusions, each located where upper genal area meets vertexal area. Vertexal area strongly convex in frontal view. Scape with greatest length 1.7 × greatest width. F 2 noticeably longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.2). Preoccipital ridge separated from hypostomal carina by no less than 1 MOD. Pronotal collar somewhat elongate (medial length ~ 4 ∕ 5 MOD), expanded laterally to about 2 × medial length in dorsal view, and relatively straight along anterior margin. Mesoscutellum weakly bigibbous. Axilla small to intermediate in size, its lateral margin less than half as long as mesoscutellar width (AL / MSCW ratio = 0.4) and tip not extending beyond midlength of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip conspicuously diverging from side of mesoscutellum, distinctly hooked, and axilla with free portion between ⅓ and 2 ∕ 5 its medial length; axilla with lateral margin relatively straight and without carina. Metanotum with blunt median process obscured by tomentum. Mesopleuron with weak carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically rounded. Female Description as for male except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: F 2 even longer than wide (L / W ratio = 1.6); T 5 laterally with long, erect simple setae; T 5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on impressed disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum; pygidial plate with smaller, denser punctures; S 4 and S 5 with straight and much shorter hairs (S 5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by ~ ⅔ MOD).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is known only from Cuba and is the only species of Epeolus known to occur in the country (Fig. 7 K).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Host records Unknown. Presumably E. pulchellus is associated with one or more of the three species of Colletes — C. granpiedrensis Genaro, 2001, C. hicaco Genaro, 2003 and C. submarginatus Cresson, 1865 (Genaro 2003) — known to occur in Cuba. Floral records This species has been observed visiting the flower of Tridax procumbens (L.) L. (Asteraceae) (J. A. Genaro, personal communication, 2018).	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA0FFE61844FE0447608996.taxon	discussion	Remarks Images of the holotype of E. pulchellus (kindly provided for study by the curatorial staff at the IESH) show the specimen to be in poor condition; both antennae are missing, the wings are badly damaged, on the specimen there are hyphae and fruiting bodies from mold, and much of the pubescence is discolored / rubbed off. However, still visible on the specimen’s right side is one of the two submedial triangular verging on semicircular patches of bright yellow tomentum on T 1, which are unique to this species among Epeolus. Since many of this species’ features cannot be described from the holotype, the redescription of the male of E. pulchellus provided herein is based mainly on other material — male specimens available for detailed examination that closely match Cresson’s (1865) original description. The female of E. pulchellus is described here for the first time. Epeolus pulchellus is herein recognized as belonging to the ‘ Trophocleptria group’ on the basis of the following morphological features, which are diagnostic for the intrageneric group: the pronotal collar is relatively straight along its anterior margin and somewhat elongate, each mesopleuron has a weak carina delineating its anterior and lateral surfaces, and the penis lacks a pair of divergent, fleshy lateral lobes, which are unique to Epeolus among Nomadinae (Rightmyer 2004). Although the frontal area does not have any conspicuous protrusions, a small swelling (more sparsely punctate than the surrounding area) is present on each side, near the upper mesal margin of the compound eye.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA3FFE61AE1FD6C42118B73.taxon	materials_examined	MEXICO • 1 ♀; Chihuahua, 5 km W of Ciudad Jiménez; 21 Aug. 1991; T. Griswold leg.; KUNHM SM 0307746.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA3FFE61AE1FC9447818BE9.taxon	materials_examined	GUATEMALA • 1 ♂; Zacapa, San Lorenzo; Nov. 1986; M. Sharkey leg.; CNC 754068.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA3FFE61AE1FC79429E8C60.taxon	materials_examined	BELIZE • 1 ♂; Belize, Tropical Education Center; 1 Mar. 2007; J. G. Rozen and J. S. Ascher leg.; AMNH AMNH _ IZC 00290832.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
201E87ADFFA3FFE61AE1FBE642B58CF9.taxon	materials_examined	MEXICO • 1 ♂; Chihuahua, 29 mi N of La Bufa (La Bufa-Creel Rd); 28 Aug. 1950; R. F. Smith leg.; KUNHM SEMC 1248344.	en	Onuferko, Thomas M. (2019): A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico. European Journal of Taxonomy 563: 1-69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.563
