taxonID	type	description	language	source
266587BED551FF880834702DFD93FED1.taxon	description	Six unequivocal synapomorphies unite Maelestes, Batodon, and Cimolestes (appendix 4: node M 1), but the distribution of the first three is not well known for either Batodon or Cimolestes. The anteriormost and posterior lower incisors are procumbent (characters 17 and 21), but the condition is unknown in Batodon and the teeth are preserved only in C. propalaeoryctes KU 3756 (Lillegraven, 1969), although the parts of the three preserved incisor alveoli in C. incisus UCMP 46874 suggest the presence of procumbent teeth (fig. 32). The P 1 and p 1 are single rooted (characters 33 and 48), but the P 1 or its alveolus is unknown in Batodon and only on the right side of C. simpsoni UCMP 36658; the P 1 alveolus is absent on the specimen’s right side (Reynolds, 1936; Van Valen, 1966). The p 1 or its alveolus is known in Batodon (Simpson, 1929; Lillegraven, 1969; Clemens, 1973) and C. incisus, C. cerberoides, and C. propalaeoryctes (Lillegraven, 1969; Clemens, 1973) (fig. 32). The p 5 talonid is narrower than the anterior portion of the crown (character 57), which is known in Batodon (Clemens, 1973; Archibald et al., 2001) and Cimolestes magnus Clemens and Russell, 1965, C. incisus, C. cerberoides, and C. propalaeoryctes (Lillegraven, 1969; Clemens, 1973). Lastly, there is the lingually placed M 2 protocone (character 95), which is known for Batodon (Archibald et al., 2001; Wood and Clemens, 2001) and the studied species of Cimolestes (Lillegraven, 1969; Clemens, 1973; Archibald et al., 2001) (fig. 33). Five unequivocal synapomorphies unite Maelestes and Batodon (appendix 4: node M 2). The first four are molar features that highlight the greater similarity of the molars of Maelestes and Batodon compared to those of Cimolestes (figs. 33, 34). On the upper molars (M 2), the stylar shelf is less then 25 % of the total tooth width (character 65) and the preparacingulum is interrupted between the stylar margin and the paraconule (character 75); the stylar shelf is wider and the preparacingulum is not interrupted in Cimolestes. On the lower molars (m 2), the protocristid is transverse (character 113) and the hypoconulid is lingually placed with slight approximation to the entoconid (character 120); the protocristid is oblique and the hypoconulid is in a posteromedial position in Cimolestes. Lastly, the anteriormost mental foramen is below p 2 (character 129); it is below p 1 in C. incisus UCMP 46874, C. cerberoides KU 3054; and C. propalaeoryctes KU 3756 (fig. 32). Maelestes differs from Batodon and Cimolestes in the presence of P 3 and p 3, presence of pre- and postcingulum on P 5, p 5 that is shorter than p 4, presence of weak upper molar conules, lower molars with more compressed trigonids, protoconid subequal to metaconid, and postcristid nearly transverse and taller than hypoconulid. Batodon differs from Maelestes in having a metaconid swelling and anterolingual cingulid on p 5, and shallow ectoflexus and metacone only slightly smaller than paracone on M 2.	en	Wible, JR, Rougier, GW, Novacek, MJ, Asher, RJ (2009): The Eutherian Mammal Maelestes Gobiensis From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia And The Phylogeny Of Cretaceous Eutheria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (327): 1-123
266587BED522FFFA0A727495FEF8FAFD.taxon	description	Wible et al. (2007; figs. 29: P, 30) support- ed a monophyletic Zalambdalestidae (that included the above taxa minus Beleutinus, which was not considered) with 10 synapomorphies (appendix 4: node P): ultimate upper incisor in the maxilla (character 14); anteriormost lower incisor size greatly enlarged (character 15; fig. 35); anteriormost lower incisor procumbent (character 17; fig. 35); anteriormost lower incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly (character 20); posterior lower incisor (s) procumbent (character 21; fig. 35); m 2 hypoconulid lingually placed with slight approximation to the entoconid (character 120; fig. 34); posteriormost mental foramen below the penultimate premolar (character 130; fig. 35); translacrimal canal of Wible et al. (2004) present (character 182); premaxillary-maxillary suture on the palate wedge-shaped, pointing anteriorly (character 184); and a medial course of internal carotid artery (character 270; fig. 36). Kulbeckia is the basalmost zalambdalestid, followed by Zhangolestes, and a trichotomy of Zalambdalestes, Barunlestes, and Alymlestes. Archibald et al. (2001) (fig. 31 B herein) have interpreted Zalambdalestidae, represented by Kulbeckia, Zalambdalestes, and Barunlestes, as a paraphyletic stem lineage to Glires (rodents and lagomorphs). Howev- er, as noted already, all phylogenetic analyses published since 2002 that include zalambdalestids have supported them as members of the placental stem lineage (fig. 29; Ji et al., 2002; Meng et al., 2003 a; Luo et al., 2003; Asher et al., 2005; Zack et al., 2005; Luo and Wible, 2005; Wible et al., 2007). Maelestes has few resemblances to zalambdalestids. Both have procumbent lower incisors, but in the case of Maelestes the anteriomost is neither enlarged (fig. 35) nor has an open, elongate root (fig. 9 B). Maelestes shares two unusual features with Zalambdalestes and Barunlestes: a postcristid (between the entoconid and hypoconulid) that is taller than the hypoconulid and nearly transverse (fig. 34), and a midline rod-shaped eminence on the basisphenoid (fig. 36). However, such a postcristid is lacking in Kulbeckia and Zhangolestes and the morphology of the basisphenoid is unknown for zalambdalestids other than Zalambdalestes and Barunlestes, or for most other Cretaceous eutherians for that matter. CONCLUSIONS Maelestes is the seventh genus of Late Cretaceous eutherian known from associated upper and lower jaws and most of the skull. Five of the other genera (Zalambdalestes, Barunlestes, Kennalestes, Asioryctes, and Ukhaatherium) are also from the Campanian of Mongolia, with the sixth (Uchkudukodon) from the Turonian of Uzbekistan (fig. 35). Further, Maelestes is one of five Late Cretaceous eutherian genera (with Ukhaa- therium, Asioryctes, Zalambdalestes, and Barunlestes) known by postcranial elements other than the atlas and / or axis. To observe the impact of Maelestes on our analysis, we ran a TNT iteration without it, which resulted in six most parsimonious trees at 2245 steps. The strict consensus of these captured the same principal Late Cretceous clades as the original analysis (fig. 29) with one exception; Cimolestes and Batodon were not grouped together. Furthermore, all resolution between the principal Late Cretaceous clades disappeared, leaving a multichotomy with Montanalestes Cifelli, 1999, Cimolestes, Batodon, Zhelestidae, Paranyctoides + Eozhelestes, Asioryctitheria, and the clade including Deccanolestes, Zalambalestidae, Leptictidae, and Placentalia. In turn, we eliminated individually the remaining six well-known Late Cretaceous craniodental genera from our TNT analysis. The most extreme modification to the original tree (fig. 29) was produced by eliminating Kennalestes, which produced a strict consensus similar to that produced by the elimination of Maelestes but retaining Cimolestidae. At the other extreme, eliminating Ukhaatherium retrieved the same three most parsimonious trees and strict consensus as did the original tree (of course, minus Ukhaatherium). Finally, we simultaneously eliminated all seven well-known craniodental Late Cretaceous genera, which resulted in a strict consensus with virtually no resolution among the remaining Late Cretaceous taxa and the exclusion of the Early Cretaceous genera Eomaia, Prokennalestes, Murtoilestes Averianov and Skutschas, 2001, and Montanalestes from Eutheria, the last to Metatheria and the others outside Theria. Our analysis including Maelestes supports relationships between Batodon and Cimolestes, as suggested in the absence of phylogenetic analysis by Lillegraven (1969) and Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004). Affinities between Batodon and Cimolestes were not supported in the only two prior phylogenetic analyses that included both forms (i. e., Nessov et al., 1998; Archibald et al., 2001; fig. 31 B). Moreover, recent classifications (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Rose, 2006 a) have these two forms in widely divergent clades: Batodon in soricomorph lipotyphlans and Cimolestes in Ferae. Our inclusion of Mae- lestes in Cimolestidae sensu Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004) expands the previous upper Campanian-Maastrichtian North American Mesozoic range of this clade to the lower Campanian of Mongolia and suggests a possible Asian origin for Cimolestidae. Because few nondental characters are known for Batodon (in particular) and Cimolestes, the features allying these forms with Maelestes are largely from the antemolar lower dentition (fig. 32). The relationship of Batodon and Maelestes is supported principally by upper and lower molar features (figs. 33, 34). The type of the early Paleocene Cimolestes simpsoni preserves the anterior two-thirds of the skull, which has been commented on by Reynolds (1936) and Van Valen (1966) but not fully treated. Given that knowledge of the skull in Late Cretaceous eutherians has expanded significantly since 1966 (e. g., Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981, 1984 a, 1984 c; Wible et al., 2004, 2005), this specimen deserves additional consideration. Among the seven Late Cretaceous eutherian genera known from fairly complete skulls, Maelestes is unique. Although not carbon copies, the skulls of the Mongolian asioryctitheres Kennalestes, Asioryctes, and Ukhaatherium are generally similar to one another (fig. 35; Novacek et al., 1997; Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004) as are the skulls of the zalambdalestids Zalambdalestes and Barunlestes to each other (fig. 35; Kielan- Jaworowska et al., 2004; Wible et al., 2004). The Uzbekistani asioryctithere Uchkudukodon has the poorest preserved skull of the lot, but it generally resembles those of the Mongolian asioryctitheres (fig. 35; McKenna et al., 2000; Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004). On the other hand, Maelestes is the only one to have five upper and lower premolars in the adult (a juvenile Kennalestes has five uppers), a palatal vacuity, a prootic canal, and a postglenoid foramen behind the postglenoid process (fig. 36); it is also the only one not to have an entoglenoid process of the squamosal, which in the other forms is continuous (fig. 36) with the postglenoid process and provides abutment for the anterior crus of the ectotympanic (the latter condition cannot be verified in Uchkudukodon). Postcranially, the elements preserved in Maelestes that are also preserved in the much more complete Ukhaatherium are generally similar. According to Horovitz (2003: 866): Among placental mammals, the skeletal morphology of Ukhaatherium nessovi resembles that of generalized insectivores, for example tenrecs, although Ukhaatherium is more primitive than any placental mammals known in several respects. Ukhaatherium and Asioryctes display several characters that were unknown to occur in eutherians before their discovery, but were known to be present in its outgroups, such as metatherians and Vincelestes. Some of these characters are the presence of epipubic bones (absent in Placentalia but present in zalambdalestids), astragalofibular and medial astragalotibial facets placed at an angle larger than 90 ° with respect to the lateral astragalotibial facet (unlike Placentalia where the angle is straight), lack of a groove on the astraglar trochlea, and a tuber calcis that is depressed in its anteriormost area (whereas it is compressed in Placentalia). Another feature that can be added to the list as a result of Maelestes is a supraspinous fossa that is not coplanar with the infraspinous fossa. Horovitz’s (2003) suspicion that the position of the infraspinous fossa deep to the supraspinous fossa in Ukhaatherium was natural, rather than the result of postmortem damage, is supported by the preservation of the same arrangement in Maelestes (figs. 24, 25). In turn, a similar positional relationship is preserved in Vincelestes and the dryolestoid Henkelotherium Krebs, 1991 (Rougier, 1993). We believe that a similar arrangement is present in the Early Cretaceous eutherian Eomaia, despite the crushed nature of the type specimen (see Ji et al., 2002). More than half of the roughly 40 genera of Cretaceous eutherians have been named in the last 25 years. An outcome of our increased understanding of morphological diversity among Cretaceous eutherians is a reduction in the number of features diagnostic of Eutheria and Metatheria as well as between crown placentals and their stem lineage. One example is the prootic canal in Eutheria and Metatheria. The absence in placentals, and presence in monotremes and basal marsupials, of the primary lateral head vein and its major distributary, the prootic sinus (which passes through the petrosal on the skull base via the prootic canal) was long believed to be a vascular distinction among modern mammals (Wible and Hopson, 1993, 1995). This distinction held for fossil members of these clades (canal present in metatherians but absent in eutherians) until 2001, when a prootic canal was reported in an isolated petrosal referred to the Early Cretaceous eutherian Prokennalestes (Wible et al., 2001). More recently, a prootic canal was reported in isolated petrosals referred to Late Cretaceous zhelestids (Ekdale et al., 2004) and in Maelestes (figs. 11, 16; Wible et al., 2007). A prootic canal no longer distinguishes eutherians and metatherians, but is present in two of the most diverse Late Cretaceous eutherian clades (i. e., Zhelestidae and Cimolestidae + Asioryctitheria). Moreover, the recent report of a small prootic canal in the extant Hispanolan solenodon (Wible, 2008) is the first for Placentalia. Our tree topology makes the occurrence of the prootic canal in Solenodon a convergent acquisition, and the absence of this structure is still recovered as synapomorphic of Placentalia. Given the level of detail needed to record small structures of the ear region, it is actually likely that these subtle features have been overlooked and a reexamination of basal placentals with a heightened level of awareness may identify a broader distribution of the prootic canal among placentals and eutherians. Regarding crown placentals and their stem lineage, four early Cenozoic taxa usually considered placentals (Protungulatum, Oxyprimus, Purgatorius, and Leptictis) (McKenna and Bell, 1997; Archibald et al., 2001; Kielan- Jaworowska et al., 2004; Rose, 2006 a) fall outside Placentalia in our tree (fig. 29). This alteration in turn has a profound effect on the morphological features occurring at the base of Placentalia (appendix 4). Many features previously considered by some of us (Wible et al., 2004, 2005) to be placental synapomorphies fall at nodes outside the crown group in our tree, including loss of epipubic bones, a complete auditory bulla, pterygoid bones that do not meet on the midline, and contact between the frontal and maxillary bones on the rostrum. This result is firmly supported by our analysis; however, some caveats are pertinent. The taxon sample of the putative placental groups to which these fossils could be related is limited in our analysis and a full treatment would require a sampling effort outside the scope of this project and better suited for long term, broad scale phylogenetic endeavors, such as the mammal part of the National Science Foundation’s Tree of Life program. The three most diverse clades of Late Cretaceous eutherians (Zhelestidae, Zalambdalestidae, and Cimolestidae + Asioryctitheria) are dentally distinct, but within each there are repeating convergent trends in dental evolution. The most unexpected is the reduction in premolar number from five per jaw quadrant. Twenty-five years ago only two Late Cretaceous eutherians were known to have five premolars. Today five premolars are the rule among Early Cretaceous eutherians and occur in Parazhelestes, Zhelestes, and Aspanlestes among Zhelestidae (Archibald et al., 2001); in Zhangolestes among Zalambdalestidae (Zan et al., 2006); and in Maelestes (and juvenile Kennalestes) among Cimolestidae + Asioryctitheria (Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981; Wible et al., 2007). At least some members of each clade reduce to four (or even three in Zalambdalestidae). In contrast, modern placentals have a maximum of four premolars (e. g., dog) down to none (e. g., mouse). Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004: 463) painted a somewhat bleak picture of the state of our knowledge of Cretaceous eutherians: With few exceptions, though, the relationships of these taxa [Cretaceous eutherians] to one another — and, perhaps more importantly, to mammalian groups that rose to prominence in the Cenozoic — remain poorly understood. For these reasons, systematic arrangement is arbitrary and unsatisfactory in many cases, and the general adequacy of the Mesozoic record to either calibrate or test models of mammalian evolution based on molecular data (e. g., Foote et al., 1999) is highly suspect. Overall phylogenies should be taken for what they are: hypotheses rather than definitive statements of relationships. Phylogenies should always be taken as hypotheses. Although our overall picture is perhaps not strongly supported, it is relatively well resolved. The principal clades of Late Cretaceous eutherians identified in our phylogenetic analysis (figs. 29, 30) have been supported over the last few years in phylogenetic analyses by several teams of authors (e. g., Archibald et al., 2001; Luo and Wible, 2005; Archibald and Averianov, 2006). Of course, repetition of a result is not proof of its veracity, but it does further corroborate the hypothesis. Morever, several papers (e. g., Foote et al., 1999; Archibald and Deutschmann, 2001) have tested positively the adequacy of the Cretaceous eutherian fossil record for assessing evolutionary models; Kielan-Jaworowska et al. ’ s claim that these data are highly suspect is not justified. We acknowledge that controversy exists regarding the relationships of Cretaceous eutherians and Tertiary placentals. Nevertheless, the evidence from the current analysis, which represents the most thorough to date regarding taxa and characters, along with the analyses by Meng et al. (2003 a) and Asher et al. (2005), strongly refutes the identification of any skeletally well-known Cretaceous clades within crown Placentalia. The oldest placental in our tree is Mimotona from the early-middle Paleocene of China (Li and Ting, 1986; Wang et al., 1998), which with Heomys from the same formation represent the oldest members of Glires (Li and Ting, 1986; Asher et al., 2005). Given the nested position of Glires in our tree (fig. 29), the diversification of Placentalia likely straddled the K-T boundary into the Mesozoic, but we contend not by much. Latest Cretaceous placentals likely existed, but we have yet to uncover them.	en	Wible, JR, Rougier, GW, Novacek, MJ, Asher, RJ (2009): The Eutherian Mammal Maelestes Gobiensis From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia And The Phylogeny Of Cretaceous Eutheria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (327): 1-123
266587BED50EFFD209AC7312FCC3FB44.taxon	description	amended one of this report are deposited at Morpho- Bank (O’Leary and Kaufman, 2007) and can be obtained at http: // morphobank. org. A 5 0 / 1 B 5 0 + 1 C 5 0 / 2 D 5 0 + 2 E 5 0 / 3 F 5 0 + 3 G 5 0 / 1 / 2 H 5 0 + 1 + 2 J 5 0 / 1 / 3 K 5 1 / 2 L 5 1 + 2 M 5 1 / 3 N 5 1 + 3 P 5 1 / 2 / 3 R 5 1 + 2 + 3 S 5 2 / 3 T 5 2 + 3	en	Wible, JR, Rougier, GW, Novacek, MJ, Asher, RJ (2009): The Eutherian Mammal Maelestes Gobiensis From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia And The Phylogeny Of Cretaceous Eutheria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (327): 1-123
266587BED51AFFCC09AC76DEFBDCFD4B.taxon	description	APPENDIX 4 CHARACTERS IN COMMON ON THE MOST PARSIMONIOUS TREES DIAGNOSING THE NODES ON THE STRICT CONSENSUS TREES IN FIGURE 29 The following is from the analysis of the matrix in appendix 3 with TNT (Goloboff et al., 2003). To recover the same results in PAUP (Swofford, 2002), multistate taxa should be set to ‘‘ uncertainty’ ’ and zero-length branches should be set to collapse if their minimum length is zero (‘‘ ambi- ’’). Numbers refer to the characters in appendix 2 with the character states in parentheses. With few exceptions, this is the same as that included in Part VI of the online supplementary information of Wible et al. (2007). The exception are: the deletion of Character 73 (0) from the diagnosis of Node E; the addition of Characters 68 (2), 76 (2), 77 (2), 93 (1), 97 (2), and 98 (2) to the diagnosis of Node H 1; and the addition of Character 112 (1) to the diagnosis of Node H 2. Node A: Vincelestes + (Kielantherium + Theria) 68 (1) upper molar parastylar lobe less than 30 % but more than 20 % of tooth length 84 (1) upper molar postmetacrista noncuspate 103 (1) lingual root on upper molars supporting trigon Node B: Kielantherium + Theria 64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75 % but less than 99 % of width) 65 (1) upper molar stylar shelf less than 50 % but more than 25 % total tooth width 66 (1) upper molar parastylar and metastylar lobes of similar labial extent 74 (2) upper molar stylar cusp E small to indistinct 75 (2) upper molar preparacingulum continuous between stylar margin and paraconule or paraconule position 87 (1) upper molar postvallum shear with second rank that does not extend labial to metaconal base 115 (1) multicuspidate lower molar talonid 118 (1) lower molar trigonid with some anteroposterior shortening relative to talonid (trigonid 50 % to 75 % of tooth length) Theria 70 (0) upper molar stylar cusp A subequal to or larger than B 88 (2) upper molar paraconule prominent, midway, or closer to paracone 89 (2) upper molar metaconule prominent, midway, or closer to protocone 91 (1) upper molar conular region moderate (0.31 – 0.50 total tooth length) 121 (1) hypoconulid of ultimate lower molar tall and sharply recurved 122 (1) lower molar entoconid smaller than hypoconid and / or hypoconulid Metatheria 3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families 22 (1) staggered lower incisor 29 (2) three premolars 47 (1) first lower premolar oblique 62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly 130 (3) posteriormost mental foramen at ultimate premolar first molar junction or more posterior 139 (0) labial mandibular foramen absent 140 (0) condyloid crest absent 142 (1) angular process shelf along ventral border of dentary 143 (1) angular process medially directed 154 (1) ‘‘ Meckelian’ ’ groove absent 156 (1) ‘‘ coronoid’ ’ facet absent 179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face 183 (1) palatal process of premaxilla reaches nearly or to canine alveolus 252 (1) glenoid fossa troughlike 270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery 274 (2) stapedial artery absent 297 (2) foramen for ramus superior absent 299 (2) ascending canal absent 313 (1) opening for inferior petrosal sinus separate from jugular foramen 327 (1) sulcus for anterior distributary of transverse sinus posterolateral to subarcuate fossa Node C: Mayulestes + Pucadelphys 32 (1) first upper premolar procumbent 71 (2) upper molar stylar cusp B subequal to paracone 77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone 78 (2) upper molar metacone lingual relative to paracone 79 (1) upper molar paracone and metacone bases separated 93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded 94 (1) upper molar protocone procumbent 109 (1) lower molar mesiolingual vertical crest of paraconid keeled 113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid 120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approximation to entoconid 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present 185 (1) incisive foramen intermediate in length (length of 3 to 4 incisors) 190 (1) palatal expanded posterior to ultimate molar 255 (1) glenoid process of alisphenoid present 272 (1) deep groove for internal carotid artery on anterior pole of promontorium 300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow 312 (1) jugular foramen larger than fenestra cochleae Eutheria 31 (1) tall, trenchant upper premolar in penultimate position 36 (1) penultimate upper premolar protocone small lingual bulge 40 (1) ultimate upper premolar protocone smaller than paracone 55 (1) ultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive but low 118 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed (less than 50 % total length) 175 (1) preorbital length more than one-third skull length 202 (1) zygomatic arch delicate 293 (1) epitympanic recess lateral wall with extensive squamosal contribution 380 (1) ossified patella present 391 (1) astragalar medial plantar tuberosity protruding 400 (1) calcaneal sustentacular facet with dorsal mesiolateral orientation Node D: Murtoilestes + (Prokennalestes + Eomaia) 69 (1) upper molar preparastyle present 84 (0) upper molar postmetacrista cuspate 88 (1) upper molar paraconule prominent, closer to protocone Node D 1: Prokennalestes + Eomaia 66 (0) upper molar parastylar lobe labial relative to metastylar lobe 77 (0) upper molar metacone noticeably smaller than paracone 89 (1) upper molar metaconule prominent, closer to protocone Node E 71 (1) upper molar stylar cusp B vestigial or absent 90 (1) upper molar internal conular cristae distinctive and winglike 94 (1) upper molar protocone procumbent 96 (1) upper molar protocone height approaching paracone and metacone 157 (2) mandibular foramen recessed dorsally from ventral margin, but below alveolar plane Node F 60 (1) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid present 154 (1) ‘‘ Meckelian’ ’ groove absent Node G 57 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid as wide as anterior portion of crown 119 (2) lower molar talonid width subequal to or wider than trigonid 122 (2) lower molar entoconid larger than hypoconid and / or hypoconulid 156 (1) ‘‘ coronoid’ ’ facet absent Node H: Zhelestidae, defined here as the clade formed by Sheikhdzheilia, Zhelestes, and all - their descendants 65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25 % total tooth width 83 (2) upper molar postmetacrista weak or absent 91 (2) upper molar conular region wide (greater than 0.51 total tooth length) 96 (2) upper molar protocone height subequal to paracone and metacone 120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approximation to entoconid Node H 1 68 (2) upper molar parastylar lobe 20 % or less of tooth length 76 (2) upper molar deep ectoflexus strongly reduced or absent 77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone 93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded 97 (2) upper molar precingulum present, reaching labially passed paraconule 98 (2) upper molar postcingulum present, reaching labially passed metaconule 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid Node H 2 112 (1) lower molar protoconid height subequal to para- and / or metaconid 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present Node H 3: Avitotherium + Gallolestes 97 (1) upper molar precingulum present 114 (0) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present Node H 4: Parazhelestes + (Zhelestes + Aspanlestes) 53 (1) penultimate lower premolar metaconid swelling 55 (0) ultimate lower premolar paraconid indistinctive 66 (2) upper molar metastylar lobe labial relative to parastylar lobe 69 (1) upper molar preparastyle present 113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse 116 (2) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching labial to notch in protocristid 121 (0) hypoconulid of ultimate lower molar short and erect Node H 5: Zhelestes + Aspanlestes 43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present 44 (1) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum present 64 (2) upper molar much wider than long (length less than 75 % of width) Node J 42 (2) ultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe larger than metastylar 95 (1) moderate labial shift of upper molar protocone Node K: Paranyctoides + Eozhelestes 25 (1) lower canine small 52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present Node L 3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families 8 (1) three lower incisors 29 (1) four premolars 39 (1) penultimate upper premolar three roots Node M: Cimolestidae + Asioryctitheria 77 (0) upper molar metacone noticeably smaller than paracone 79 (0) upper molar metacone and paracone bases adjoined 119 (1) lower molar talonid width narrower than trigonid 194 (1) minor palatine foramen formed by palatine and pterygoid 226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal 296 (1) fossa incudis anterior relative to fenestra vestibuli 315 (1) hypoglossal foramen housed in opening larger than jugular foramen 321 (0) petrosal roof for external acoustic meatus Node M 1: Cimolestidae 17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent 21 (1) posterior lower incisor (s) procumbent 33 (1) first upper premolar one root 48 (1) first lower premolar one root 57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown 95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone Node M 2: Maelestes + Batodon 65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25 % total tooth width 75 (1) upper molar preparacingulum interrupted between stylar margin and paraconule 113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse 120 (2) lower molar hypoconulid lingually placed with slight approximation to entoconid 129 (2) anteriormost mental foramen below second premolar Node M 3: Asioryctitheria sensu Archibald and Averianov, 2006 26 (0) lower canine two roots 94 (0) upper molar protocone not procumbent 122 (1) lower molar entoconid smaller than hypoconid and / or hypoconulid 216 (2) postorbital process absent 258 (1) postglenoid foramen medial or anterior to postglenoid process Node M 4: Bulaklestes + (Daulestes + Uchkudukodon) 39 (0) penultimate upper premolar two roots 67 (1) first upper molar parastylar lobe anterior to paracone 121 (2) ultimate lower molar hypoconulid posteriorly procumbent Node M 5: Daulestes + Uchkudukodon 70 (0) upper molar stylar cusp A subequal to or larger than B 71 (0) upper molar stylar cusp B distinctive 95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone 111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed Node M 6: Kennalestes + (Asioryctes + Ukhaatherium) 49 (1) diastema separating first and second lower premolars present 113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse 135 (2) tilting of coronoid process near vertical (95 ° to 105 °) 270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery 340 (1) atlas neural arch fused Node M 7: Asioryctes + Ukhaatherium 8 (0) four lower incisors 36 (2) penultimate upper premolar protocone with enlarged basin 41 (2) ultimate upper premolar metacone large 52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive 111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed 129 (0) anteriormost mental foramen below incisors (or anteriormost dentary) 200 (1) maxillary-jugal contact bifurcated Node N 38 (1) penultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe well developed 56 (2) ultimate lower premolar metaconid large 96 (2) upper molar protocone height subequal to paracone and metacone 404 (1) tuber calcis ventral curvature absent 405 (1) calcaneal facet for fibula absent Node O 65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25 % total tooth width 68 (2) upper molar parastylar lobe 20 % or less of tooth length 76 (2) upper molar deep ectoflexus strongly reduced or absent 83 (2) upper molar postmetacrista weak or absent 91 (2) upper molar conular region wide (greater than 0.51 total tooth length) 111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed 385 (2) astragalus, angle between medial and lateral facets for tibia 90 ° 395 (2) astragalar canal absent Node P: Zalambdalestidae 14 (2) ultimate upper incisor in maxilla 15 (1) anteriormost lower incisor size greatly enlarged 17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent 20 (1) anteriormost lower incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly 21 (1) posterior lower incisor (s) procumbent 120 (2) lower molar hypoconulid lingually placed with slight approximation to entoconid 130 (1) posteriormost mental foramen below penultimate premolar 182 (1) translacrimal canal present 184 (1) premaxillary-maxillary suture on palate wedge-shaped, pointing anteriorly 270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery Node P 1: Zhangolestes + (Alymlestes + Zalambdalestes + Barunlestes) 25 (1) lower canine small 60 (0) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid absent 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid Node P 2: Alymlestes + Zalambdalestes + Barunlestes 108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin 120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approxima- tion to entoconid Node Q 40 (2) ultimate upper premolar protocone approaches paracone in height 44 (1) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum present 97 (2) upper molar precingulum present, reaching labially past paraconule 98 (2) upper molar postcingulum present, reaching labially past metaconule 150 (2) condyle more than molar length above tooth row 163 (1) lateral margin of paracanine fossa formed by maxilla and premaxilla 170 (1) nasofrontal suture with no medial process of frontals wedged between nasals 173 (1) frontal-maxillary contact on rostrum 183 (1) palatal process of premaxilla reaches nearly or to canine alveolus 216 (2) postorbital process absent 235 (1) vomer contacts pterygoid 236 (1) pterygoids do not contact on midline 238 (0) midline crest in basipharyngeal canal absent 244 (2) exit for maxillary nerve in front of alisphenoid 246 (2) foramen ovale in alisphenoid 248 (1) alisphenoid canal present 312 (1) jugular foramen larger than fenestra cochleae 333 (2) posttemporal canal absent 341 (1) atlas neural arch and intercentrum fused 342 (1) axis without suture between atlantal and axial parts 371 (1) epipubic bones absent Node R: Gypsonictops + Leptictis 43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present 45 (1) ultimate upper premolar conules prominent 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid Node S 31 (2) tall, trenchant upper premolar absent 77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone 93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded 268 (0) medial flange of petrosal absent Node T: Purgatorius + (Protungulatum + Oxyprimus) 57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown 95 (2) substantial labial shift of M 2 protocone 111 (1) lower molar trigonid more acute Node T 1: Protungulatum + Oxyprimus 52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive 62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly 87 (2) upper molar postvallum shear with second rank extending to metastylar lobe 89 (1) upper molar metaconule prominent, closer to protocone 119 (1) lower molar talonid narrower than trigonid 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present Placentalia 38 (0) penultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe absent or small 60 (0) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid absent 98 (3) upper molar postcingulum present, extending to labial margin 140 (0) condyloid crest absent 311 (2) inferior petrosal sinus endocranial Node U 49 (1) diastema separating first and second lower premolars present, subequal to one toothroot diameter or more 143 (0) angular process posteriorly directed 149 (1) condyle cylindrical 204 (0) palatine reaches infraorbital canal 230 (1) nuchal crest posterior relative to foramen magnum 249 (1) posterior opening of alisphenoid canal in common depression with foramen ovale 278 (0) promontorium flat 279 (1) promontorium higher relative to basioccipital 289 (1) tensor tympani fossa circular pit 392 (2) astragalar neck present, similar in length to body width Node U 1: Carnivora (Vulpavus + Miacis) 31 (0) tall, trenchant upper premolar in ultimate position 32 (1) first upper premolar procumbent 40 (1) ultimate upper premolar protocone shorter than paracone 42 (3) ultimate upper premolar metastylar lobe larger than parastylar lobe 44 (0) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum absent 57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown 96 (1) upper molar protocone tall, approaching paracone and metacone 98 (1) upper molar postcingulum present 107 (1) lower molar paraconid subequal in height to metaconid 108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin 127 (1) ultimate lower molar smaller than penultimate lower molar 147 (1) angular process anterior relative to condylar process 224 (1) orbitotemporal canal absent 227 (1) frontoparietal suture with anterior process of parietal off the midline 262 (1) posttympanic crest of squamosal present 285 (2) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) prolonged anterior to promontorium 302 (0) postpromontorial tympanic sinus dorsal to cochlear fossula 305 (0) paroccipital process vertical 395 (1) astragalar canal, dorsal foramen only Node U 2: Gujaratia + (Hyopsodus + (Meniscotherium + Phenacodus )) 43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present 63 (1) form of molar cusp inflated, robust 64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75 % but less than 99 % of width) 117 (2) lower molar trigonid height subequal to talonid height 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present 364 (1) humeral articulation on radius via two fossae 367 (1) radial articulation with carpals via two fossae Node U 3: Hyopsodus + (Meniscotherium + Phenacodus) 58 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid with two cusps 86 (2) upper molar postprotocrista absent 87 (0) upper molar postvallum shear present but only by first rank: postmetacrista 99 (2) upper molar hypocone on postcingulum present, subequal to protocone 145 (1) angular process rounded, base as wide as tip 221 (1) optic foramen broadly separated from sphenorbital fissure 226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal 234 (0) choanae as wide as posterior palate 267 (1) basicochlear fissure patent 333 (1) posttemporal canal present, small Node U 4: Meniscotherium + Phenacodus 11 (4) anteriormost upper incisor spatulate 45 (1) ultimate upper premolar conules prominent 70 (1) upper molar stylar cusp A distinct but smaller than B 72 (1) upper molar stylar cusp Cmesostyle present 82 (1) upper molar centrocrista V-shaped 85 (2) upper molar preprotocrista absent 185 (1) incisive foramen intermediate in length (length of 3 to 4 incisors) 289 (0) tensor tympani fossa shallow 354 (1) acromion proximal to glenoid articulation 373 (1) articular surface of femoral head limited to sphere of head 395 (0) astragalar canal present Node V: (Euarchontaglires + (‘‘ Eulipotyphla’ ’ + (Xenarthra + ‘‘ Afrotheria’ ’ ))) 3 (2) six postcanine tooth families 17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent 21 (1) posterior lower incisor (s) procumbent 23 (1) upper canine small 29 (2) three premolars 86 (0) upper molar postprotocrista extends to mid-lingual surface of metacone 99 (2) upper molar hypocone on postcingulum present, subequal to protocone 114 (2) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present with shelf continuing along buccal border 152 (1) mandibular symphysis extends posteriorly top 2 157 (3) mandibular foramen recessed dorsally from ventral margin, at or above alveolar plane 209 (1) maxilla not excluded from medial orbital wall 210 (1) frontal and maxilla contact in medial orbital wall 308 (0) ‘‘ tympanic process’ ’ absent 370 (1) pubic symphysis narrow Node W: Euarchontaglires 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid 161 (2) premaxilla, facial process contacts frontal posteriorly 196 (1) posterior edge of anterior zygomatic root aligned with anterior molars 227 (1 / 2) frontoparietal suture with anterior process of parietal off / on midline 286 (1) width of bony shelf lateral to promonotorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) expanded anteriorly 300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow 356 (0) greater tubercle of humerus ventral to humeral head Node W 1: Euarchonta (Ptilocercus + (Plesiadapis + (Notharctus + Adapis ))) 126 (1) upper molar labial postcingulid present 179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face 218 (1) postorbital bar present 274 (1) canal for stapedial artery on promontorium 294 (1) fossa incudis separated from epitympanic recess 317 (1) ectotympanic aphaneric or hidden 318 (0) ectotympanic ringlike 374 (0) greater trochanter lower than femoral head 375 (0) lesser trochanter of femur large 389 (1) sustentacular and navicular facets of astragalus contact 401 (1) calcaneal sustentacular facet expanded onto body 402 (2) calcaneal anterior peroneal tubercle at a distance from anterior end Node W 2: Primates (Plesiadapis + (Notharctus + Adapis )) 43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present 58 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid with two cusps 62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly 151 (1) mandibular symphysis deep 203 (0) roots of molars not exposed in orbit floor 224 (1) orbitotemporal canal absent 226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal 244 (1) exit for maxillary nerve within alisphenoid 248 (0) alisphenoid canal absent 251 (1) glenoid fossa partly on braincase 269 (2) rostral tympanic process of petrosal tall ridge, contributing to ventral bulla 301 (1) cochlear canaliculus visible canal in middle ear space 303 (1) fenestra cochleae posterior to fenestra vestibuli 304 (1) posterior septum shields fenestra cochleae 308 (2) ‘‘ tympanic process’ ’ present, high 319 (0) anterior crus of ectotympanic does not broadly contact facet on squamosal 320 (1) elongate ossified external acoustic canal 339 (1) atlantal foramen absent 396 (1) posterior trochlear shelf of astragalus strong 408 (1) deep groove for tendon of flexor fibularis present on calcaneum Node W 3: Notharctus + Adapis 3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families 8 (2) two lower incisors 16 (4) anteriormost lower incisor spatulate 17 (0) anteriormost lower incisor not procumbent 29 (1) four premolars 39 (0) penultimate upper premolar with two roots 106 (1) lower molar paraconid present 116 (2) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching labial to notch in protocristid 117 (2) lower molar trigonid height subequal to talonid height 129 (1) anteriormost mental foramen below p 1 153 (1) mandibular symphysis fused 161 (1) premaxilla, facial process extends posteriorly beyond canine 169 (1) nasal does not overhangs external nasal aperture 181 (1) lacrimal foramen with maxillary contribution 196 (0) posterior edge of anterior zygomatic root aligned with last molar 261 (0) entoglenoid process of squamosal absent 390 (0) astragalar sustentacular facet does not reach medial edge of neck 397 (1) calcaneum narrow with sustentacular and ectal facets in line with long axis 403 (2) calcaneal plantar tubercle more proximal 407 (2) cuboid facet much wider (mediolateral) than deep (dorsoventral) Node W 4: Glires 3 (3) five or fewer postcanine families 5 (1) lower diastema behind incisors enlarged 13 (1) anteriormost upper incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly 16 (2) anteriormost lower incisor anteroposteriorly compressed 18 (1) anteriormost lower incisor ever-growing, with large apical opening 19 (3) anteriormost lower incisor root extending posteriorly below molars 20 (1) anteriormost lower incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly 23 (2) upper canine absent 29 (3) two premolars 82 (2) upper molar centrocrista absent 95 (2) substantial labial shift of upper molar protocone 105 (1) metastylar lobe on ultimate molar present 106 (1) paraconid absent 114 (3) anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) absent 138 (1) masseteric fossa extending anteriorly onto mandibular body Node W 5: Duplicidentata (Rhombomylus + Gomphos + Mimotona) 75 (0) upper molar preparacingulum absent Node X: ‘‘ Eulipotyphla’ ’ + (‘‘ Afrotheria’ ’ + Xenarthra) 96 (1) upper molar protocone height tall, approaching paracone and metacone 120 (0) lower molar hypoconulid absent 135 (2) tilting of coronoid process near vertical (95 ° to 105 °) 143 (3) angular process posterodorsally directed 146 (1) angular process vertical position at or near the alveolar border 190 (1) palatal expansion posterior to ultimate molar 383 (1) tibia and fibula fused distally 403 (0) calcaneal plantar tubercle absent Node Y: ‘‘ Eulipotyphla’ ’ 57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown 95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone 130 (3) posteriormost mental foramen at ultimate premolar and first molar junction or more posterior 169 (1) nasal does not overhang external nasal aperture 174 (1) maxillary process of frontal elongate and thin 202 (2) zygomatic arch incomplete 260 (1) suprameatal foramen present 307 (1) crista interfenestralis and caudal tympanic process of petrosal connected by curved ridge 308 (2) ‘‘ tympanic process’ ’ present, high 318 (1) ectotympanic fusiform 407 (1) cuboid facet depth and width subequal Node Y 1: Blarina + Erinaceus 8 (2) two lower incisors 9 (1) anteriormost upper incisor alveoli separat- ed by broad gap 27 (1) lower canine procumbent 64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75 % but less than 99 % of width) 85 (0) upper molar preprotocrista does not extend labially passed base of paracone 101 (1) upper molar with four roots 102 (1) ultimate upper molar two roots 108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin 116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid 127 (1) ultimate lower molar size smaller than penultimate lower molar 179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face 319 (0) anterior crus of ectotympanic does not broadly contact facet on squamosal Node Y 2: Solenodon + (Eoryctes + Potamogale) 17 (0) anteriormost lower incisor not procumbent 42 (2) ultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe larger than metastylar lobe 55 (1) ultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive but low 76 (1) deep ectoflexus on penultimate and preceding molars 86 (1) upper molar postprotocrista extends distal to metacone 114 (0) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present 117 (0) lower molar trigonid height twice or more than talonid height 119 (0) lower molar talonid very narrow, subequal to base of metaconid 235 (0) vomer does not contact pterygoid 285 (1) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) confined posterolaterally 348 (1) five or fewer lumbar vertebrae 357 (1) deltopectoral crest reaches distal half of humerus Node Y 3: Eoryctes + Potamogale 44 (0) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum absent 176 (1) lacrimal absent 210 (0) frontal and maxilla do not contact in medial orbital wall 265 (1) alisphenoid tympanic process present 266 (1) basisphenoid tympanic process present 305 (0) paroccipital process vertical Node Z: ‘‘ Afrotheria’ ’ + Xenarthra 129 (0) anteriormost mental foramen below incisors (or anteriormost dentary) 134 (1) coronoid process narrow, subequal to or less than one molar length 138 (1) masseteric fossa extending anteriorly onto mandibular body 152 (2) mandibular symphysis extends posteriorly to p 3 or more posterior 203 (0) roots of molars not exposed in orbit floor 293 (2) epitympanic recess lateral wall with no squamosal contribution 322 (1) entotympanic present 367 (1) radial articulation with carpals two fossae Node Z 1: Xenarthra (Chaetophractus + (Bradypus + Tamandua )) 2 (1) simple peglike teeth without enamel 130 (0) posteriormost mental foramen in canine and anterior premolar region 132 (0) space between ultimate molar and coronoid process absent 140 (1) condyloid crest present 179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face 188 (3) multiple small major palatine foramina 191 (0) postpalatine torus absent 228 (1) temporal lines do not meet on midline to form sagittal crest 239 (2) entopterygoid process approaches ear region 273 (1) perbullar carotid canal present 281 (2) tympanic aperture of hiatus Fallopii absent 285 (1) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) confined posterolaterally 291 (1) hypotympanic sinus formed by squamosal, petrosal, and alisphenoid 294 (1) fossa incudis separated from epitympanic recess 331 (0) anterior semicircular canal does not form lateral wall of subarcuate fossa aperture 348 (1) six or more lumbar vertebrae 349 (1) xenarthrous articulations on lumbar vertebrae present 351 (1) sacral vertebrae fused to pelvis Node Z 2: Bradypus + Tamandua 143 (0) angular process posteriorly directed 202 (2) zygomatic arch incomplete 233 (2) foramina for temporal rami absent 234 (0) choanae as wide as posterior palate 251 (1) glenoid fossa partly on braincase 335 (1) posttemporal canal position dorsal to external acoustic meatus 353 (0) suprascapular incisure absent 356 (0) greater tubercle of humerus ventral to humeral head 372 (1) articular surface of femoral head limited to sphere of head 374 (0) greater trochanter lower than femoral head 376 (0) third trochanter of femur absent 383 (0) tibia and fibula distally fused 393 (0) astragalar head convexity absent 405 (1) calcaneal facet for fibula absent Node Z 3: ‘‘ Afrotheria’ ’ (( Orycteropus + Rhynchocyon) + (Moeritherium + Procavia )) 4 (1) upper diastema narrow between canine and premolars 14 (1) ultimate upper incisor between maxilla and premaxilla 252 (4) glenoid fossa convex, open anteriorly 300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow 370 (0) pubic symphysis extensive 388 (1) cotylar fossa on astragalus present 391 (1) astragalar medial planar tuberosity protruding Node Z 4: Orycteropus + Rhynchocyon 177 (0) facial process of lacrimal large, triangular, and pointed anteriorly 202 (1) zygomatic arch delicate 204 (0) palatine reaches infraorbital canal 205 (0) lacrimal contributes to maxillary foramen 208 (1) sphenopalatine foramen proximal to maxillary foramen 210 (0) frontal and maxilla do not contact in medial orbital wall 313 (1) jugular foramen separated from opening for inferior petrosal sinus 318 (1) ectotympanic fusiform 336 (2) one mastoid foramen in mastoid 347 (0) 13 or fewer thoracic vertebrae 381 (1) articulation between femur and fibula present 384 (1) trochlear groove moderately deep (Ushaped) Node Z 5: Moeritherium + Procavia 5 (1) lower diastema behind incisors enlarged 8 (2) two lower incisors 43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present 86 (2) upper molar postprotocrista absent 87 (3) upper molar postvallum shear absent 125 (1) lower molar hypolophid present 130 (1) posteriormost mental foramen below penultimate premolar 131 (1) mandibular body deep and short 145 (1) angular process rounded, base as wide as tip 153 (1) mandibular symphysis fused 175 (0) preorbital length less than one-third skull length 247 (1) foramen ovale on ventral surface of skull 254 (0) glenoid process of jugal present, with articular facet 337 (1) amastoidy or lack of occipital exposure of mastoid present 354 (2) acromion absent 360 (1) entepicondylar foramen absent APPENDIX 5 ANATOMICAL ABBREVIATIONS aa anterior ampulla adm arteria diploëtica magna an angular process ap acromion process art articular surface as alisphenoid asc anterior semicircular canal bo basioccipital bpc basipharyngeal canal bs basisphenoid C last last cervical vertebra c lower canine caf caudal articular fovea Calv upper canine alveolus cap capitulum cc condyloid crest ccp coracoid process cec centrocrista cf carotid foramen ch choanae ci crista interfenestralis cl clavicle cm caudal margin co cristid obliqua coc coronoid crest con condylar process cor coronoid process cp crista parotica craf cranial articular fovea crp crista petrosa crt open root of canine ctpp caudal tympanic process of petrosal cuf cuspule f da dorsal arch dc deltopectoral crest eam external acoustic meatus roof ec ectotympanic ecp ectopterygoid process eef entepicondylar foramen ef ethmoidal foramen efl ectoflexus egp entoglenoid process encd entocristid end entoconid enp entopterygoid process eo exoccipital er epitympanic recess ew epitympanic wing of petrosal fad facies articularis dorsalis fai foramen acousticum inferius fas foramen acousticum superius fc fenestra cochleae fdv frontal diploic vein foramen fh fossa hypophyseos fi fossa incudis fm foramen magnum fo foramen ovale fr frontal frt foramen for ramus temporalis fv fenestra vestibuli gf glenoid fossa gica transpromontorial groove for internal carotid artery gmpn groove for major palatine nerve gpn groove for greater petrosal nerve gr groove connecting maxillary and sphenopalatine foramina gsa groove for stapedial artery gt greater tubercle h humerus ham pterygoid hamulus hf hypoglossal foramen hh humeral head hyd hypoconid hyld hypoconulid hyp hypocone i 1 lower first incisor i 1 rt root of lower first incisor i 2 lower second incisor i 3 lower third incisor ica internal carotid artery icn intercondyloid notch ijv internal jugular vein ioc matrix within infraorbital canal iof infraorbital foramen ips inferior petrosal sinus isf infraspinous fossa jf jugular foramen ju jugal juf facet for jugal on maxilla lac lacrimal lacf lacrimal foramen lec lateral epicondyle lhv lateral head vein lmf labial mandibular foramen lsc lateral semicircular canal lt lesser tubercle m 1 lower first molar M 1 upper first molar m 2 lower second molar M 2 upper second molar M 2 rt lingual root of upper second molar m 3 lower third molar M 3 upper third molar M 3 rt lingual root of upper third molar maf masseteric fossa mas masseteric spine mc midline crest me mastoid exposure mec medial epicondyle med metaconid mee matrix within middle ear space mes metastyle (stylar cusp E) met metacone metl metaconule mf mental foramina mfl medial flange mipf minor palatine foramen mn mandibular notch mre midline rod-shaped eminence mx maxilla mxf maxillary foramen na nasal nc nuchal crest nsc scapular neck oc occipital condyle of olecranon fossa of humerus op olecranon process of ulna os orbitosphenoid p 1 lower first premolar p 2 lower second premolar P 2 upper second premolar p 3 lower third premolar P 3 upper third premolar p 3 rt root of lower third premolar p 4 lower fourth premolar p 5 lower fifth premolar P 5 upper fifth premolar pa parietal pad paraconid paf facet for parietal on frontal pal palatine par paracone parl paraconule pas parastyle (stylar cusp A) pc prootic canal pcp paracondylar process of exoccipital ped pedicle pet eam external auditory meatus on petrosal (base of tympanohyale in Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981) pet petrosal pf piriform fenestra pfc prefacial commissure pff primary facial foramen pgf postglenoid foramen pgp postglenoid process pgv postglenoid vein pmc postmetacrista pmx premaxilla poc postcingulum pocd postcristid pomtlc postmetaconularcrista pop postorbital process (broken base) popc postprotocrista poz postzygopophysis ppc preparacrista ppci preparacingulum ppr paroccipital process of petrosal pps post-promontorial tympanic sinus pr promontorium of petrosal prc precingulum prcd protocristid prd protoconid pro protocone prpc preprotocrista prplc preparaconularcrista prz prezygopophysis ps groove for prootic sinus psc posterior semicircular canal pt pterygoid ptc posterior opening, posttemporal canal pv palatal vacuity r rib raf radial fossa ri ramus inferior rmt retromolar triangle rs ramus superior rt ramus temporalis saf subarcuate fossa safe endocast of subarcuate fossa sc scapula sf stapedius fossa smf suprameatal foramen so supraoccipital sof? sphenorbital fissure? sp spinous process spf sphenopalatine foramen spT 1 spinous process for first thoracic vertebra sq eam external auditory meatus on squamosal sq squamosal ss spine of scapula sscf subscapular fossa ssf supraspinous fossa stf supratrochlear foramen suc supinator crest sva sulcus for vertebral artery sym mandibular symphysis T thoracic vertebra tal talonid tb trigon basin th tympanohyal tor postpalatine torus tp transverse process typ tympanic process typ * tympanic process (broken base) tr trochlea trd trigonid trn trochlear notch of ulna tt tegmen tympani ul fac ulnar facet vdm vena diploëtica magna ver vermis endocast vg vascular groove vm vertebral margin vt vena temporalis zlac zygomatic process of lacrimal zmx zygomatic process of maxilla	en	Wible, JR, Rougier, GW, Novacek, MJ, Asher, RJ (2009): The Eutherian Mammal Maelestes Gobiensis From The Late Cretaceous Of Mongolia And The Phylogeny Of Cretaceous Eutheria. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 (327): 1-123
