identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
267587D7FFFA82437A617C0EDA74F914.text	267587D7FFFA82437A617C0EDA74F914.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimargarodes Silvestri 1938	<div><p>Dimargarodes Silvestri</p> <p>Dimargarodes Silvestri 1938a: 22.</p> <p>Jakubski (1965) established the tribe Dimargarodini, in the subfamily Margarodinae, to take Dimargarodes and Heteromargarodes Jakubski. Vahedi (2002) concluded that Dimargarodes was close to Margarodes. In addition to D. tanganyicus Jakubski described below, males of D. papillosus (Green) were also seen during this study and were very similar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFFA82437A617C0EDA74F914	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFFA82457A617FEBD8FCF9A3.text	267587D7FFFA82457A617FEBD8FCF9A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski. Letters 1965	<div><p>Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski</p> <p>(Fig. 8)</p> <p>Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski, 1965: 97.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>TANGANYIKA (TANZANIA): no details but perhaps collected by Eric Burtt (BMNH): 3/5 ad ♂♂ (in fair to poor condition). Details given by Jakubski: Old Shinyanga, no host, 9.xii.1954, E. Burtt.</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 3.6–4.5+mm long, and 1.0–1.15 mm wide across prealare. Body unusually broad in prothoracic region. With a pair of large compound eyes. Setae on body of 1 type, broad basally and here considered to be fleshy (fs), length 20–85 m, longest anteriorly; without hair­like setae (hs) (except on legs and on base of scape and coxae, where extremely short); hairs (hrs) extremely few or absent; collared setae (cs) and pores absent. Antennae long, about 3/4s total­body length, covered in numerous short setae. Sclerotised areas mostly without nodulations. Legs all exceptionally well developed, particularly all femurs but with anterior legs fossorial; all legs without bifurcated setae (bs); tarsi 1 segmented; posterior tibia and tarsus with some very broad, blunt spines; claws trifurcate and broadly attached to tarsus; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible on venter; with tubular ducts on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised, broad basally and tapering.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular in dorsal view, length 350–415 m, width across compound eyes 590– 700 m. Dorsally with a well­developed postoccipital suture (pos) extending across posterior part of epicranium; dorsal surface of head sclerotised immediately anterior to epicranium otherwise dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) barely sclerotised. Postocciput (poc) possibly represented by an area of light sclerotisation just posterior to postoccipital suture. Midcranial ridge (mcr) very short or absent. Dmep with 9–21 fs (each 40–80 m long) + 0–2 hrs dorsal head setae (dhs) on each side posterior to each scape. Pores absent. Laterally with a pair of large compound eyes (cde), each more or less oval in shape, but much broader ventrally, where they nearly meet; each with about 100–120 ommatidia (each ommatidium 30 x 23 m wide); each cde about 186–210 m long. Each compound eye (cde) with a narrow, heavily sclerotised, ocular sclerite (ocs) along posterolateral margins, each ocs with a single, relatively small ocellus (o) dorsally, width 28– 35 m. Preocular ridge (procr) probably running posteriorly along dorsal margin of cde. Postocular ridge (pocr) present posterior to each ocular sclerite (ocs), extending from near each ocellus to posterior margin of each compound eye; a short sclerotised ventral projection (p) present extending posteriorly from pocr. Ventrally with a strong ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr), which divides between compound eyes (cde), each arm extending anteriorly past inner margin of each scape; vmcr extending posteriorly between compound eyes and nearly reaching preoral ridge (pror); lateral margins of vmcr lightly sclerotised, with 20–28 fs on each side; preocular ridges (procr) probably running along ventral margin of each compound eye; preoral ridge (pror) represented by a short, narrow, strongly sclerotised transverse ridge posteriorly between compound eyes; ventral plate (vp) present medially just posterior to pror, with a narrow sclerotised ridge along each antero­lateral margin. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. Mouth (m) opening membranous, just posterior to ventral plate. Tentorial arms (ata &amp; pta) represented by 2 pairs of barely sclerotised openings and fine tubes, situated just behind and laterad to mouth. Tentorial bridge (tb) and tentorial apodemes not detected. Ventral sclerites (vs) possibly represented by a sclerotisation at anterior apex of each cervical sclerite (cv).</p> <p>Antennae: 10 segmented; length 2.7–3.0 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.7). Scape (scp) 155–170 m long, 175–220 m wide, sclerotised, each with about 20 fs, each about 40–75 m long, + 10–12 very small setae near basal margin on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc) 120–150 m long, 124–140 m wide, articulating with scape; with about 15–20 fs, 11 or 12 basiconic sensilla (bass) ventrally and 2 campaniform sensilla (camp) dorsally. Segments III–X of flagellum all of approximately similar width, each 88–150 m wide; each segment with (on ventral surface) numerous shorter setae, each clearly hollow towards base, with sclerotised walls and without a sclerotised basal socket, length 20–30 m; these becoming longer (length 35–50 m) and more fleshy looking on dorsal surface, where setae rather less numerous; segment IV also with a group of 11–18 coeloconic sensilla (cos) ventrally, mainly at distal end; segment lengths (m): III 190–215; IV 255–305; V 285–335; VI 310–405; VII 345–425; VIII 360–405; IX 330–405; X 350–430. Satellite setae (sats), capitate setae (caps) and bristles (ab) all absent.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: largely membranous but lateral margins mildly sclerotised anteriorly and posteriorly; prothorax separated from head by a broad neck, with no indications of a cervical groove. Dorsally with a pair of large, approximately triangular, quite heavily sclerotised, post­tergites (pt). Pronotum (prn) represented by a single sclerotised bar dorsally, more or less overlying ventral plate. Ventrally with a pair of cervical sclerites (cv), strong basally near coxae, with a proepimeron (epm 1) medially, terminating in a rather triangular, sclerotised point, which appears to touch posterior margin of each compound eye (ventral sclerite (vs)?); cv with an area of small convex nodulations laterally near head. Pleural ridge (plr 1) and pleural apophysis (pla 1) small. Structure of prosternum (stn 1) uncertain, but apparently without a strong median ridge but with some sclerotisation posteriorly. Pores absent. Setae as follows: median pronotal setae (mpns) on pronotum: 5–14 pairs fs + 0–2 hrs; each post­tergite with 10–22 fs post­tergital setae (pts) + some minute pores; laterally with about 19–25 fs anterior propleural setae (apl 1 s) and 40–60 fs posterior propleural setae (ppl 1 s) on separate areas of mild sclerotisation; setae apparently absent ventrally.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and oval (length 250–290 m, width</p> <p>380–600 m); lightly nodulated; mesoprephragma (phr 1) narrow; prescutal ridges (pscr) short, mesad to each prealare (pra) and extending anteriorly to mesoprephragma (phr 1); prescutal sutures (pscs) weak; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and nodulated on anterolateral margin; with a group of 10–30 fs + 4–6 hrs scutal setae (scts) on each side of scutum. Scutellum (scl) triangular; without oval membranous areas laterally; scl with 1–6 fs scutellar setae (scls). Mesopostnotum (pn 2) with a fairly narrow membranous area posterior to scutellum; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a) small or even possibly absent. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegular (teg) large and sclerotised with a group of 20–30 fs tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) large: width of peritremes 100–125 m, each peritreme with a reticulated inner surface and each muscle plate strongly sclerotised. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, not nodulated, length 380–460 m, width 730–770 m; with a total of 35–50 hrs basisternal setae (stn 2 s); median ridge (mdr) absent; without a distinct marginal ridge (mr) anteriorly but ridge well developed anterolaterally between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) moderately broad basally, with short arms, which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) large, approximately triangular, bounded ventrally by a broad marginal ridge, posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by a short, heavily sclerotised, subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl without setae. Without postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s). Wing sclerites: probably similar to other members of this group but most could not be identified; additional sclerite present.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) possibly unsclerotised, but with 0 or 1 fs metatergal setae (mts). Laterally: suspensorial sclerites (ss) well developed. Dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed, extending from metacoxae to base of hamulohalteres (h); precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 380 m ventrally towards metasternum; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral side of metapleural ridge (plr 3), each with 3–9 fs postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s); metepimeron (epm 3) short and extending dorsally. Posterior spiracles (sp 3) large: width of peritremes about 120– 125 m. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) represented by a quadrate median sternite with 2 lateral arms; probably with well­developed lateral sternal apophyses (stn 3 a). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) and anterior metasternal setae (amss) absent; posterior metasternal setae (pmss): total of 5 or 6 pairs of fs.</p> <p>Wings: large and well developed; length 3.7 mm, width 1.95 mm (ratio of length to width 1:0.53; ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.90). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt only mildly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous, sometimes with faint reticulations; with a line of 10–14 circular sensoria (sens) along more distal part of subcostal thickening but alar setae (als) absent; radius (rad) and media (med) veins apparently represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) small and lightly sclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised and quite broad, with a strong vein along anterior margin, which has a distinct indentation proximally; length 584–645 m, width uncertain; with 1 short apical hamulus (ham), about 24–34 m long, which broadens into a flat, plate­like apex.</p> <p>Legs: all legs exceptionally strong and well developed, particularly all femur; prothoracic legs fossorial, markedly different from meso­ and metathoracic legs. Prothoracic legs as follows: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 535–680; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 695–900; tibia (ti) 175–205 and tarsus (ta) 85–110; with a group of 30–40 very small setae near coxal base (mainly on posterior surface) + about 30–40 fs distally; each coxa with a strong internal ridge; trochanter with about 15–20 fs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter with a group of 6 or 7 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; trochanterofemur articulation clear and diagonal; femur with about 130 fs; bifurcated setae (bs) and very short setae absent. Tibia, tarsus and claw all more or less fused and forming a paddle­like structure; tibia with 16–18 fs + 6 small setae; bifurcated setae (bs) and tibial spurs (tibs) absent; tarsus 1 segmented, with 1 (or perhaps 2) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with 7 or 8 fs + 4 or 5 very small setae; tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent; claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, with no real articulation, length 250–315 m; each claw with 5 or 6 fs but with possibly no digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxae (cx) II 505–625; III 440–600 m; metacoxae with a group of 30–60 very small hs near base, plus 20–30 long fs distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 770–930; III 980–1210 m; metatrochanter with about 22 hs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter with a group of 5 or 6 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; trochanterofemur articulation clear and diagonal; metafemur with about 70–80 long fs along ventral and posterior margins, 15–20 shorter fs along dorsal and anterior margins plus about 14 short spinose setae along ventral margin; bifurcated setae (bs) absent. Tibia (ti) lengths: II 645–825; III 760–910; metatibiae with a line of strong spine­ or spur­like setae along ventral margin plus about 14 short spines; setae becoming similar to fs elsewhere, particularly along dorsal margin where they are long and very fleshy at base, including 4 or 5 shorter, stout, very blunt setae; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; each tibia with several tibial spurs (tibs) distally, longest about 65– 70 m. Tarsi (ta) 1­segmented; lengths: II 220–255; III 205–250 m; with 1 (perhaps 2?) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with 8 fs, 2 basiconic sensilla (bass) + 3 very short setae on ventral and lateral surfaces; dorsal surface with 6 very large, long fs + a total of about 8 short, blunt setae in 2 rows; tarsal spurs (tabs) not differentiated, but spur­like setae in this position 70–80 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent or represented by largest and broadest blunt seta. Claws (c) digitate, with 3 fingers of approximately similar length; none with a denticle (cd); claw III about 107–120 m long, with 2 fine, acute digitules (cdgt), each about 40–50 m long; each claw broadly attached to tarsus.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Largely membranous, without caudal extensions. Tergites (at) on segments I and II quite large, very small or absent on II–V and narrow but wide on segments VI–VIII. Large sternites (as) present medially on segments II–VIII. Pleurites only present on segment VIII. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) I–VII few, as follows (on each side): II 4–8 fs, III 3–7 fs, IV 3–6 fs, V 2–6 fs, VI &amp; VII 0 or 1 fs (almost all hairs (hrs) on 1 specimen!). Ventral abdominal setae (avs) in lines of fs along posterior margins of all sternites as follows (totals): II 13–24 fs, III 15–26 fs, IV 15–21 fs, V 13–21 fs, VI 10–13 fs, VII 5–10 fs and VIII 1 or 2 fs. Pleural setae: dorsal pleural setae (dps) only present on segment VIII, with 3–6 on each pleurite; ventral pleural setae (vps) as follows: I–III 0; IV–VI 3–8 fs, VII 2–5 fs, VIII 1–5 fs. Pores absent. With a tightly packed group of membranous tubular ducts (tdc) present medially on segments VI and VII, groups fused to form a single oval area of ducts; outer opening of each duct roughly six­sided and each duct about 33 m long; size of both groups combined about 170–210 m long and 170–230 m wide. Abdominal spiracles (asp) clearly present on segments VI–VIII but trachea present laterally on more anterior segments; width of each peritreme 16– 18 m.</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) presumably present on dorsal surface just anterior to penial sheath. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised and triangular in shape, about 380–470 m long and 345–390 m at widest point. Penial sheath more membranous ventrally, with a long ventral slit through which aedeagus emerges. Aedeagus (aed) quite broad when viewed from the side and roughly S­shaped; narrowly triangular when viewed dorsally, with a pointed apex and a fairly broad base; length 500–600 m, width at base when viewed dorsally 145–160 m; ventrally possibly articulating on a heavily sclerotised basal rod (bra). Eversible endophallus (eph) apparently absent. Penial sheath with some longer setae (pss) basally, each perhaps 40–60 m long; setae nearer apex all very short; also with a group of sensilla (psp) near apex.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>In his phylogenetic analysis of the genera within the Margarodidae based on adult female characters, Vahedi (2002) found that D. tanganyicus was sister to Margarodes. It is clear from the descriptions of Margarodes species below and the description of M. vitium Giard by Theron (1958) (= M. vitis Philippi, but included in Sphaeraspis by Jakubski, 1965)) that the males of these two genera are also very similar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFFA82457A617FEBD8FCF9A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF83823F7A61782BDA51FC83.text	267587D7FF83823F7A61782BDA51FC83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteromargarodes americanus Jakubski. Letters 1965	<div><p>Heteromargarodes americanus Jakubski</p> <p>(Fig. 9)</p> <p>Heteromargarodes americanus Jakubski, 1965: 85.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>USA: Idaho, Hansen, Pole 32, Trap 3, June 25 1931, Wind vane trap (USNM: 34 295): 1/1ad ♂ (in good condition). However, as pointed out by Jakubski (1965), who mentions this specimen in his original description (although his collection data are slightly different), this male may not actually belong to H. americanus as it was not collected with the original type series.</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Fairly large, 2.78 mm long, and 0.6 mm wide across prealare. With a pair of large compound eyes which meet ventrally. Body setae few, apparently all with shallow basal sockets, appearing rather stiff and straight, with finely blunt apices, none very long (range 5–65 m); collared setae (cs), hairs (hrs), loculate pores (lp) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae quite short; long antennal setae randomly distributed, often with satellite setae (sats). Most sclerotised areas nodulated. Legs well developed but with anterior legs fossorial; front femur rather setose but without bifurcated setae (bs); legs otherwise not very setose; spur­like setae not differentiated on any tibia or tarsus; tarsi 1 segmented; claws without a denticle; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; with tubular pores on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised, rather quadrate; aedeagus with an eversible endophallus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Broadly oval in dorsal view, length about 180 m, width across compound eyes 350 m. Dorsally with a small, well­developed, somewhat triangular postoccipital suture (pos) on posterior margin, with 3 small setae. Dorsal epicranium (dmep) with a short, diamond­shaped dorsomedial sclerotisation anteriorly between antennae and a more heavily sclerotised area along posterior margin; rest of dorsal surface membranous. Postocciput (poc) absent. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Dorsal head setae (dhs) and pores absent. Laterally with a pair of large compound eyes (cde), each about 250 m long and more or less oval in shape, but much broader ventrally, where they more or less meet; each with about 65 ommatidia. Each compound eye (cde) with a narrow, lightly sclerotised, ocular sclerite (ocs) along posterior margins, each with a single ocellus (o) dorsolaterally, 33 m wide. Preocular ridge (procr) present along antero­ventral margin of compound eye. Postocular ridge (pocr) present along dorsal margin and posterior to each ocular sclerite (ocs); sclerotised ventral projection (p) probably short. Ventrally with a diamond­shaped ventromedial part of epicranium (vmep) anterior to compound eyes, with a strong midcranial ridge (vmcr) extending posteriorly from between antennae to ventral plate (vp), although possibly incomplete about half­way along; vmep with 11 or 12 setae on each side (each 8–35 m long); rest of vmep membranous. Cranial apophysis (ca) apparently absent. No structures representing tentorial arms, tentorial bridge (tb) or tendon­like apodeme detected, but mouth (m) clearly visible on posterior margin of ventral plate (vp). Ventral plate (vp) rather quadrate and mostly sclerotised, extending posteriorly onto prothorax; vp with 5 setae of variable length. Ventral sclerites (vs) absent or fused to anterior end of cervical sclerites (cv).</p> <p>Antennae: 10 segmented; length 1.26 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.45). Scape (scp) 103–110 m long, 90–95 m wide, sclerotised; with about 14 very short setae basally on dorsal surface and 15 larger, stiff setae, each about 30–50 m long, more distally. Pedicel (pdc) 66–86 m long, 82–86 m wide, articulating with scape; with about 29 setae, mostly moderately short; no campaniform sensilla (camp) or coeloconic sensilla (cos) detected. Segments III–X each somewhat swollen, particularly along outer margin; greatest width (segment IV) 95 m; each segment with 27–48 long setae (each 53–85 m long); each long seta with 0 or 1 (usually 0, rarely 2) satellite setae (sats); short hair­like setae (hs) rare; segments III–XI each with 1–3 larger bristles (ab) + 2–7 short bristles on outer and dorsal surfaces; coeloconic sensilla (cos) not detected. Segment X elongate oval; capitate setae absent. Segment lengths (m): III 112, IV 140–157, V 157–166, VI 165–170, VII 165, VIII 157–166, IX 165–170 and X 157.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: separated from head by a broad neck with little indication of a cervical groove. Dorsally with a more or less quadrate pronotal plate (prn) immediately posterior to postoccipital suture (pos). Also with a pair of quite large post­tergites (pt), which extend longitudinally. Laterally with anterior and posterior areas of pleural sclerotisation. Ventrally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which probably articulate anteriorly with postocular ridge (pocr) and ventral projection (p). Pleural ridge (plr 1) short, extending dorsally from articulation with coxa; pleural apophysis (pla 1) distinct. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) only mildly sclerotised, without a longitudinal ridge and with no transverse ridge; without prosternal apophyses (st 1 a). Pores absent on prothorax. Setae as follows: median pronotal setae (mpns): with 13 setae on each side; each post­tergite with about 10 post­tergital setae; with 1 seta on each side of prescutum; pleural areas with 17 anterior propleural setae (apl 1 s) on each side, each 8–30 m long, and about 8 (somewhat obscured by prothoracic legs) posterior propleural setae (ppl 1 s) on each side; anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) in a band of about 30 extending across anterior part of prothorax. Antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) absent.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and more or less oval (length 270 m, width at widest point 280 m), with a nodulated surface; mesoprephragma (phr 1) short; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) forming posterior margin; without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and lightly nodulated, without a median membranous area; distance from prescutum to scutellum about 165–190 m; with a group of about 22 scutal setae (scts) on each side medially. Scutellum (scl) triangular to diamond­shaped; without oval membranous areas laterally; scutellum with 0 or 1 scutellar setae (scls) on each side. Large membranous area of mesopostnotum (pn 2) present; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a) quite large. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate, extending latero­ventrally to meet mesepisternum (eps 2); tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 17–20 tegular setae (tegs); in addition, there appears to be a small sclerite between prealare and mesepisternum, approximately in position of triangular plate (tp) on more advanced coccoids. Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a shallow pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 58– 60 m. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, nodulated, extending posteriorly rather more than usual; length 415 m, width 415 m; with a total of 45 setae, present throughout; median ridge (mdr) only slightly developed posteriorly; anteriorly without a distinct marginal ridge (mr) but this ridge very well developed anterolaterally between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) moderately narrow posteriorly, without a waist but with short arms which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) approximately triangular in shape, bounded ventrally by a broad marginal ridge (mr), posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge (pcr 2) and laterally by a strong extension of subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl with a group of 10 or 11 setae. Without postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s). Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group but costal complex of veins (ccx) rather strongly developed.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally, metapostnotum (pn 3) present as a pair of large sclerites, each with a narrow arm which extends pleurally towards apex of pleural ridge; with 22 or 23 metatergal setae (mts) on each side extending across segment. Laterally: dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Suspensorial sclerites (ss) well developed. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending medio­ventrally almost to metasternum (stn 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral side of metapleural ridge (plr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Posterior spiracles (sp 3): width of peritremes about 40– 48 m. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) sclerotised, approximately triangular, with short, narrow lateral apophyses (stn 3 a). Postmesoprecoxal setae (ppcr 2 s) in small groups of 2 or 3; anterior metasternal setae (amss): total about 17 (each 18–80 m long); posterior metasternal setae (pmss): 4–6 on each side on metasternite.</p> <p>Wings: large and well developed; length about 2.38 mm; width unknown (ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.85). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt only lightly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous; with a line of 11–14 circular sensoria (sens) along subcostal thickening; alar setae (als) absent; radius (rad) and media (med) veins apparent as faint sclerotisations; alar fold (af) indicated by less sclerotisation. Alar lobe (al) well developed but small and unsclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) quite broad medially; bent about 1/3 along length; mainly sclerotised, with a strong vein along anterior margin; length 300–305 m, width 108–125 m; with 1 blunt apical hamulus (ham), about 25 m long, which bends posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs: prothoracic legs fossorial, markedly different from meso­ and metathoracic legs. Prothoracic legs as follows: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 285–290; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 457–460; tibia (ti) 100–105 and tarsus (ta) 62–65. Coxa (cx) with about 43 small setae near base + about 30 longer setae distally. Trochanter with about 12 hs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter (tr) with a group of 8–11 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation. Femur (fm) with about 75 setae of rather variable length (5–65 m); bifurcated setae (bs) absent. Tibia (ti) with a few spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; with about 28 setae elsewhere; each with 2 short tibial spurs (tibs), each 20–25 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, with 1 campaniform sensillum (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with about 14 setae; with 1 rather spur­like tarsal spur (tabs), about 20 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent or setose. Claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, with no articulation, length 90–95 m; without claw digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxae (cx) II 222; III 270– 285 m. Metacoxae with a group of 37 small hs near base, and 31 longer setae distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 375; III 460–475 m long; metatrochanter with 37 hs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter with a group of about 9 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; metafemur with about 70 hs. Tibia (ti): II 420; III 590 m long; metatibiae with a few spur­like setae along ventral margin, each about 16 m long, plus numerous short setae throughout; bifurcated setae absent; tibial spurs (tibs) undifferentiated. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, II 135; III 150–155 m long; with perhaps only 1 campaniform sensillum (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with 17 setae, of which 3 along ventral margin rather spur­like; tarsal spurs (tabs) undifferentiated but spurs about 18 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) undifferentiated but setose. Claws (c) particularly elongate, without a denticle (cd) and not digitate; claw III about 110–113 m long, with 2 rather spinose digitules (cdgt), each about 20–25 m long.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions. Tergites (at) present medially on all segments; sternites (as) larger, present medially on all segments; small pleurites present on segments II–VIII. Setae: dorsal abdominal setae: segments I–V with 11–21 on each side, segments VI and VII with 11–17 small setae laterally and 16–18 very short setae around tubular ducts (tdc); segment VIII with 8 setae on each side of anus (an); ventral abdominal setae (avs): in 2 media groups and 2 lateral groups on each sternite, with totals of 8–17 on each side, most on segment VIII. Pores absent; segments VI and VII with a median group of 5 and 6 tubular ducts (tdc) respectively; ducts large and sclerotised; each duct about 10–17 m wide, 35–40 m long, largest medially; each with about 2/5th of tube extending above derm surface; each duct with a series of shallow, longitudinal inner ridges; internal apex with numerous small, finger­like projections; each group of tdc with a band of minute setae along anterior margin. Pleural setae divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps), latter represented by a small group of 5–11 setae of varying lengths and dorsal group with 4–6 setae on each side; with total of 16 on each pleurite VIII. Long setae entirely absent from abdomen. Abdominal spiracles (asp) without a sclerotised peritreme, but probably with membranous openings on segments I–IV.</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) present just anterior to penial sheath on dorsal surface, width 30 m. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised and approximately quadrate, but extending to a blunt apex posteriorly; length about 178 m, width 153 m at widest point; most of sclerotised area on posterior half covered in numerous short setae (pss) (each 16–35 m long); posterior apex with many small sensilla (psp). Penial sheath with a ventral slit, whose sides are more membranous than elsewhere. Aedeagus (aed) about 215 m long, broadest posteriorly, probably articulating with a small dense basal rod (bra) on anterior margin ventrally, where ps appears to be bifurcate; emerges through ventral slit posteriorly. Eversible endophallus (eph) present but possibly short.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>The above description agrees closely with that of Jakubski (1965) as far as the latter goes.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF83823F7A61782BDA51FC83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFFC82457A617FA3DE1CF8AC.text	267587D7FFFC82457A617FA3DE1CF8AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteromargarodes Jakubski. Vahedi 2002	<div><p>Heteromargarodes Jakubski</p> <p>Heteromargarodes Jakubski, 1965: 85.</p> <p>According to Jakubski (1965), Heteromargarodes falls within the Tribe Dimargarodini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFFC82457A617FA3DE1CF8AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF88822B7A617A46DF3EFCAB.text	267587D7FF88822B7A617A46DF3EFCAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Margarodes	<div><p>Margarodes ? chukar La Rivers</p> <p>(Fig. 11)</p> <p>Margarodes chukar La Rivers, 1967: 4.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>USA, Inyo Co., Paramint Valley, Sand Dunes, 23.viii.1972, Ray Gill (USNM): 1/ 2ad ♂♂ (in fair condition; although specimens were heavily sclerotised and well developed, the wings appeared to be less well developed and so perhaps had yet to harden properly post­moult).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 3.3–3.9 mm long, 0.82–0.99 mm wide across prealare. Body moderately setose, setae rather variable in length, with rather parallel­sides and a shallow basal socket, tapering eventually to a fairly sharp point; length 20–100 m (mainly about 45–50 m). Collared setae (cs), bifurcated setae (bs), hairs (hrs), loculate pores (lp) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae short, 10­segmented, most segments wider than long with short, parallel­sided setae, some with what might be satellite setae (sats); long setae only frequent on basal 2 segments. Some sclerotised areas with faint nodulations. Legs well developed but all relatively short; anterior legs fossorial; metathoracic leg significantly longest; profemur relatively setose but without bifurcated setae (bs); other legs with distinctly fewer setae; tibial and tarsal spurs absent: tarsi 1 segmented; claws without a denticle, blade like; claw digitules spinose. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; with tubular ducts on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions; abdominal spiracles well developed. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised and appearing rather quadrate, with a short aedeagus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular to roughly oval in dorsal view, length 330–350 m, width across compound eyes 490– 505 m. Dorsally: dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) unsclerotised, with 1 or 2 pairs of medium to long setae. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Postoccipital suture (pos) present as a narrow transverse sclerotisation, with a lightly sclerotised postocciput (poc) posteriorly. Pores absent. Laterally: compound eyes (cde) covering most of head, just or almost touching both dorsally and ventrally; each with about 100 ommatidia, each ommatidium about 25–30 m wide; length of cde 285– 295 m. Each compound eye (cde) with extensions of preocular (procr) and postocular ridges (pocr) around dorsal margin, and also with an extension of preocular ridge (procr) anteriorly and preoral ridge (pror) posteriorly around ventral margin; sclerotised ventral projection (p) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) present dorsally posterior to cde, each with a single large ocellus (o) 40–55 m wide. Ventrally: head almost entirely covered by compound eyes, but with a fairly short midcranial ridge (vmcr) extending posteriorly from between antennae where it expands into a heavily­sclerotised, diamond­shaped ventromedial part of epicranium (vmep), with 17–20 long setae on each side. Ventral plate (vp) present medially on posterior margin of head, rectangular and well sclerotised. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. Anterior tentorial pits clearly present on either side of mouth (m) near posterior margin of ventral plate. Tentorial arms, tentorial bridge and tendon­like apodemes not detected. Ventral sclerites (vs) absent or fused with cervical sclerite (cv).</p> <p>Antennae: 10­segmented; rather short, flagellar segments all wider than long; length 685–840 m (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.21). Scape (scp) 90–125 m long, 100–135 m wide; sclerotised, with 9–17 long setae on dorsal and inner margin + 10 or 11 very short setae, mainly along proximal margin on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc) 50–75 m long, 100–110 m wide, articulating with scape; with 16–22 long setae, 3 short setae + 0 (–1?) campaniform sensilla (camp); no basiconic sensilla (bass) present. Remaining segments broader than long: length/breadth in m: III 80–88/95–109; IV 70–100/110–134; V 60–90/100–120; VI 80–85/100–112; VII 72–88/85–95; VIII 75–92/ 76–80; IX 75–84/65–75; X 100–105/60–72. Each segment with a ring of rather short, blunt, parallel­sided setae, each mainly 17–35 m long, a few with a short hair­like setae associated with basal socket of seta (probably satellite setae (sats)); approx. number of setae per segment: III 34–38; IV 47–63; V 39–49; VI 42–45; VII 35–40; VIII 30–32; IX 24–28 and X 37–40; most segments also with 1–8 hair­like setae (hs). Antennal bristles (ab) undifferentiated.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: separated from head by a broad neck with little indications of a cervical groove. Dorsally: pronotum (prn) unsclerotised. With a pair of large, lightly sclerotised post­tergites (pt), each about as broad as long. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which appear to articulate with ventral end of postocular ridge (pocr), and which broaden close to neck, with a short extension dorsally (possibly ventral sclerite (vs) fused to cv?); with a large pleural apophysis (pla 1); pleural ridge (plr 1) rather short. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) unclear but apparently membranous, without a sternite or prosternal apophysis (stn 1 a), but with a lightly sclerotised median ridge. Setae as follows: dorsal: median pronotal setae (mpns) in a distinct group immediately posterior to postoccipital suture; with about 12 long post­tergital setae (pts) just posterior to each posttergite. Laterally with a group of long anterior propleural setae (apl 1 s) on each side of prothorax and an even larger group of posterior propleural setae (ppl 1 s); ventrally with a group of about 8–10 long anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) postero­laterally to ventral plate; with more than 5 pairs of long prosternal setae (stn 1 s) and with a few antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) between anterior spiracle and procoxae.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and oval, length 320–350 m, greatest width 410–450 m, surface distinctly nodulated; mesoprephragma (phr 1) short; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) forming a distinct groove between prescutum and scutum; prsc without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and mostly lightly nodulated, particularly anteriorly; distance between prescutum and scutellum about 230–375 m; with a group of 20–40 scutal setae (scts), each 13–25 m long, on each side of anterior end of scutellum (scl). Scutellum (scl) triangular; without oval membranous areas laterally; with a group of 3–6 small scutellar setae (scls) or minute pores posterolaterally. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) with a large membranous area anteriorly; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a) large. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 20–25 long tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, but pleural apophysis (pla 2) not detected. Mesepisternum (eps 2) lightly nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 65–75 m, each apparently rather poorly developed and muscle plate rather long and narrow. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) nodulated, approximately 570–650 m long, 635–670 m wide; with a total of 30–50 short setae on either side of median ridge (mdr); median ridge (mdr) present but incomplete both anteriorly and posteriorly; basisternum without a marginal ridge (mr) anteriorly but marginal ridge broad, separating basisternum from lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) rather small, broad basally, lateral arms long, narrow and pointed; lateropleurite (lpl) large and triangular, bounded posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by subepisternal ridge (ser); each lateropleurite (lpl) with a group of 10–18 lateropleurite setae (lpls), each mostly long but with a few of medium­length; also with 1 or 2 small setae on precoxal ridge; subepisternal ridge (ser) distinct posteriorly but fading anteriorly, without setae. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent (or only represented by 0–2 small setae associated with anterior spiracular peritremes). Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) with large sclerites which fuse medially; pn 3 not fused to tergites on abdominal segment I; with about 30–40 metatergal setae (mts) medially. Laterally: with a large group of dorsospiracular setae (dss), these about longest setae on body. Suspensorial sclerites (ss) not detected. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; with a shallow pleural apophysis (pla 3) at point where pleural and precoxal ridges (pcr 3) meet, from where a distinct arm extends dorsally from pleural ridge (plr 3) to fuse with metapostnotum. Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral side of metapleural ridge (plr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Posterior spiracles (sp 3) similar to those on mesothorax; width of peritremes about 70 m; each with 1 or 2 small setae near rim. Ventrally: with a large group of long antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) just ventral to dorsospiracular setae (dss); precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 350 m medio­ventrally, with a group of long setae along most of precoxal ridge. Postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s): 6–10 long setae posterior to precoxal ridge. Metasternum (stn 3) sclerotised, particularly anteriorly, rather quadrate, with long, narrow lateral apophyses (stn 3 a). With a large group of quite long postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s); anterior metasternal setae (amss) in a broad group of perhaps 50 quite long setae fusing with postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s) laterally; posterior metasternal setae (pmss) with 4–6 quite long setae on either side of stn 3.</p> <p>Wings: distorted, but appearing to be small and poorly formed; length unknown, width perhaps 950–1000 m. Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to subcostal thickening almost unsclerotised; rest of wing membranous, without reticulations; with 15 or 16 circular sensoria (sens) along subcostal thickening but without alar setae (als); radius (rad) and media (med) veins possibly represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) well developed and lightly sclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) each mainly membranous, narrow proximally and broadening significantly distally, with a strong vein along anterior margin proximally with distinct indentations on both anterior and posterior margins about 1/3rd along; length 400–425 m, width 350–370 m; with 1 blunt, apically bent, hamulus (ham), about 24–30 m long.</p> <p>Legs: prothoracic legs fossorial; middle legs noticeably shortest. Prothoracic legs as follows: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 320–330; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 545–570; tibia (ti) 145–150; tarsus (ta) + claw (c) 270–275. Coxae (cx) with about 45 very short setae (each 3–7 m long) near coxal base + 9–15 long setae (each 40–50 m) on inner distal surface. Trochanter (tr) with about 20–30 setae but without a long seta on ventral distal margin; each trochanter with about 8–10 campaniform sensilla (camp). Femur (fm) with about 175–200 long setae (each 30–105 m long) + 20–25 short setae (each 8–17 m); bifurcated setae absent (bs). Tibia (ta) with 10–13 long setae + 24–28 short setae; tibio­tarsal segmentation distinct but without articulation. Tarsi (ta) with about 3–10 long setae + 3–9 short setae; tibial (tibs) and tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; with a large group of campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface. Claws (c) broadly fused to base of tibio­tarsus, with no articulation; without claw digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxa (cx): II 290–305; III 385–390 m; metacoxa with a group of about 40–55 very short setae near base, and 30–45 long setae distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 455–460; III 505–635 m long; metatrochanter with 23–45 long setae, and with a group of 10 or 11 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; without a very long seta on ventral distal end; metafemur with 30–53 long + 23–26 short setae. Tibia (ti): II 385–435; III 505–590 m long; metatibia with 12–18 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; with 67–81 short setae; tibial spurs (tibs) absent. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, II 145–160; III 110–135 m long; each with a group of probably at least 5 campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs) but with 3–6 spur­like setae along ventral surface and 27–30 small setae; without tarsal spurs (tabs); tarsal digitules (tdgt) absent. Claws (c) rather long and blade­like, probably not digitate as on some other Margarodes species; without a denticle (cd); claw II 146–158 m, III 110–135 m long, with probably 3 or 4 short, blunt, spinelike digitules (cdgt), each about 10–20 m long.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions. Large tergites (at) and sternites (as) present on all segments (except perhaps tergite VII, which may be absent). Pores entirely absent (apart, perhaps, from near dorsal tubular ducts on segments VI and VII). Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) (of rather variable length, longest about 58–70 m, short setae 8–12 m), distributed as follows: segment I (totals) about 30; II 50–55; III 29–31; IV 29–34; V 18–26; VI 15 or 16; VII 10–13 and VIII 12. Ventral abdominal setae (avs) similar, as follows: II about 11 medially + 7–11 laterally; III 16–26 medially + 3–9 laterally; IV 13–15 medially + 4–9 laterally; V 11–14 medially + 7 or 8 laterally; VI 9 or 10 medially + 4–7 laterally; VII 8–13 medially + 3 or 4 laterally; VIII 21 or 22 medially. Pleurites present on segments II–VIII; pleural setae divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral (vps) groups; with 0–6 dps and 8–23 vps on each segment; pores absent. Segments VI and VII each with a transverse line of large, sclerotised tubular ducts (tdc) dorsally, segment VI with 5–7 and VII with 6, those laterally smaller than those medially; median ducts each about 22 m wide and 53–58 m long, smallest lateral ducts 10 m wide and 35–40 m long; each duct without internal longitudinal ridges but these possibly present on collar. Each group of ducts with a band of minute setae, basal sockets or pores along anterior margin (each socket/pore 4–5 m wide). Abdominal spiracles (asp): 5 pairs, on segments I–V, each oval, strongly sclerotised and obvious; spiracles on segment V appearing to be on a small protuberance, with a strongly sclerotised opening about 80–85 m wide, each inner margin possibly corrugated; openings becoming less distinct anteriorly, so that spiracles on segment I small and relatively unsclerotised; none could be detected on segments VI–VIII, and no trachea visible.</p> <p>Genital segment: anal opening (a) not detected. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised, appearing approximately quadrate with rather parallel sides, but narrowing abruptly to a bifurcate blunt apex; about 207–260 m long, 195–215 m wide; with many short setae (pss) (each perhaps 25 m long) and small sensilla (psp) near apex. Penial sheath with a ventral slit through which aedeagus emerges. Aedeagus (aed) strongly sclerotised, broad, widening basally, probably with a ventral extension to a basal rod (bra); aedeagus about 250–275 m long, 80 m wide, with an eversible endophallus (eph) lying within abdomen, with rather few spines.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>The male of this species of Margarodes (thought likely to be that of M. chukar La Rivers) is unusual within the hypogeal margarodids in having the following combination of characters: (i) antennae unusually short, with each segment wider than long; (ii) absence of bifurcated setae on all legs (as on D. tanganyicus); (iii) presence of a group of campaniform sensilla on all tarsi; (iv) absence of tibial spurs; (v) claws on meso­ and metathoracic legs long and blade­like, each with 3 or 4 digitules; (vi) absence of tarsal digitules; (vii) reduction in structure of thoracic spiracles; (viii) presence of abdominal spiracles on segments I–V, and (x) large size of abdominal spiracles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF88822B7A617A46DF3EFCAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF86823F7A617A89DFF1FB2E.text	267587D7FF86823F7A617A89DFF1FB2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Margarodes Guilding	<div><p>Margarodes Guilding</p> <p>Margarodes Guilding, 1829: 118</p> <p>Theron (1958) described the male of Margarodes vitium Giard (= M. vitis (Philippi)) without giving details of chaetotaxy and pores. Two further species are described below. They are not closely related and M.? chukar should not be in the genus Margarodes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF86823F7A617A89DFF1FB2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF8682317A617C21D95AFC83.text	267587D7FF8682317A617C21D95AFC83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski 1965)	<div><p>Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski)</p> <p>(Fig. 10)</p> <p>Sphaeraspis prieskaensis Jakubski, 1965: 120.</p> <p>Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski): Ben­Dov, 2005: 66.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Upington, no host, Aug. 1977, De Klerk (MNHN): 2/2ad ♂♂ (in fair condition but both lacking wings).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 3.87–4.38 mm long, 0.70–0.88 mm wide across prealare. Body with rather few setae; setae rather variable in length, of 1 type only with a shallow socket, with rather parallel­sides, tapering eventually to a fairly sharp point; length 10–45 m, but mainly about 10–30 m; collared setae (cs) and hairs (hrs) absent; loculate pores (lp) each 5–8 m wide and with 2 or 3 round loculi, present almost throughout; convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae of moderate length, 10­segmented, most segments short and broad, with short, parallel­sided setae; satellite setae (sats) absent; long setae absent on apical 9 segments. Some sclerotised areas with shallow nodulations. Legs well developed but all relatively short; anterior legs fossorial; metathoracic leg significantly longest; profemur relatively setose with bifurcated setae (bs), each seta divided for only a short distance from apex; other legs with clearly fewer setae; tibial and tarsal spurs absent; tarsi 1 segmented; claws bi­ or trifurcated; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; with tubular ducts on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised and appearing rather triangular, with a quite long aedeagus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>More or less triangular in dorsal view, length 265–320 m, width across compound eyes 425– 515 m. Dorsally: dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) with a triangular area of sclerotisation, with 1–4 pairs of short setae but no lp. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Postoccipital suture (pos) present as a broad, irregularly ridged, transverse sclerotisation; without postocciput (poc) posteriorly. Laterally: each compound eye (cde) with about 80–90 ommatidia, each ommatidium about 18–20 m wide; length of cde 240– 260 m. Compound eyes (cde) covering most of head, almost touching ventrally but with quite a broad gap between cde dorsally; each with sclerotised ridges along all margins (although mainly hidden beneath eyes); dorsally each with dorsal extensions of preocular ridge (procr) anteriorly and postocular ridge (pocr) posteriorly; ventrally probably with a ventral extension of preocular ridge (procr) anteriorly and preoral ridge (pror) posteriorly; sclerotised ventral projection (p) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) present dorsally, posterior to cde, sclerotised, probably each with a single large ocellus (o) but these unclear. Ventrally: head almost entirely covered by compound eyes (cde), but with a fairly short sclerotised ventral mid­cranial ridge (vmcr) extending posteriorly from between antennae and expanding into a heavily­sclerotised, diamond­shaped ventromedial part of epicranium (vmep) posteriorly, with a total of 20–26 short setae + 1–4 lp. Ventral plate (vp) present medially on posterior margin of head, 5 sided and well sclerotised; lateral margins heavily sclerotised; mouth (m) present immediately posterior to ventral plate. Cranial apophysis (ca) apparently absent. Tentorial pits, tentorial arms, tentorial bridge and tendon­like apodemes not detected.</p> <p>Antennae: 10 segmented, of moderate length; most segments a little longer than twice width; total length 2.0–2.1 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.5). Scape (scp) 138–145 m long, 125–140 m wide; sclerotised, with 5–9 long setae (each 55–70 m) on dorsal and inner margin + 10 or 11 very short setae (each 20–33 m), mainly along proximal margin on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc) 80–95 m long, 105–125 m wide, articulating with scape; with 19–22 long setae + 1 campaniform sensillum (camp). Most remaining segments broadening distally, each about 40–45 m wide proximally and 95–115 m distally; lengths (m): III 190–225; IV 240–255; V 230–260; VI 250–265; VII 225–250; VIII 200–225; IX 195–225; X 225–255. Each segment with many rather parallel­sided setae, each seta quite short and narrowing to a sharp point, each mainly 20–28 m long; satellite setae (sats) absent; setae on distal end of all terminal eight segments longer and more spinose, up to 35 m long. Segment X with a few small setae and 2 or 3 coeloconic sensilla (cos) near apex. Antennal bristles (ab) on segment X similar to the larger setae on distal end of more proximal segments.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: separated from head by a broad neck with little indication of a cervical groove. Dorsally: pronotum (prn) probably represented by some lightly sclerotised areas just posterior to head. With a pair of large, quite strongly sclerotised, post­tergites (pt), each about 250 m long, broadest posteriorly. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which broaden greatly anteriorly (part of ventral sclerites (vs)?), and with a short extension dorsally which appears to articulate with ventral end of postocular ridge (pocr); with a large pleural apophysis (pla 1); pleural ridge (plr 1) rather short. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) unclear but apparently membranous, without a sternite or prosternal apophyses. Setae and lp as follows: dorsally with few median pronotal setae (mpns) but with many lp, extending to below ocelli laterally; with a group of 5 or 6 short post­tergital setae + a few lp just laterad to each post­tergite; laterally with a group of lp plus an occasional propleural seta (pl 1 s) on each side of prothorax laterad to post­tergites; ventrally with 1–3 pairs of anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) plus many lp postero­laterally to ventral plate; apparently without prosternal (stn 1 s) and antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) or pores.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and triangular to oval (length about 220 m, greatest width about 480 m), surface faintly nodulated; mesoprephragma (phr 1) short; prescutal ridges (pscr) short, mesad to each prealare (pra); prescutal sutures (pscs) forming a distinct groove between prescutum and scutum; without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and not nodulated; without a median membranous area posterior to prescutum; with a large group of scutal setae (scts) (each 15–20 m long) plus many lp medially on each side of scutum. Scutellum (scl) triangular; apex of scutellum about 380 m posterior to prescutum; scutellum with a strong ridge (rd) along posterior margin, extending postero­laterally along posterior margin of scutum to posterior notal wing process (pnp); without oval membranous areas laterally; with a group of 3 small scutellar setae (scls) plus 8–12 lp on each side. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) with a large membranous area; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a) large; postalare (pa) well developed. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Each tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 20–25 short tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed; pleural apophysis (pla 2) shallow. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 80–85 m, each with a broad, sclerotised muscle plate. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) not nodulated, approximate length 420 m, width 860 m; with 35–40 short setae on either side; median ridge (mdr) absent but indicated by some shallow striations; marginal ridge (mr) absent anteriorly but broad marginally between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) well developed, broad basally with a distinct waist, lateral arms quite long; lateropleurite (lpl) large and triangular, bounded posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by a strong subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl with a group of about 18 short setae (lpls) plus some lp; subepisternal ridge (ser) distinct posteriorly but fading anteriorly. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Wing sclerites: wings missing on both specimens.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) represented by large lateral sclerites; with a few metatergal setae (mts) plus more lp medially; without dorsospiracular setae (dss). Laterally: suspensorial sclerites (ss) present. Metapleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; with about 3 postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s) plus about 15 lp on each side. Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral margin of metapleural ridge (plr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) short. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent; metaprecoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 165 m medio­ventrally. Posterior spiracles (sp 3): width of peritremes about 80 m. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) sclerotised, triangular, with long, narrow lateral apophyses (stn 3 a). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) absent; anterior metasternal setae (amss): perhaps 1 seta; posterior metasternal setae (pmss): with a total of about 16 hs on metasternum (stn 3).</p> <p>Wings: missing on both specimens. Hamulohalteres (h) each lightly sclerotised, narrow proximally and broadening significantly distally, with a strong vein along anterior proximal margin; with a distinct indentation on anterior margin about 1/3rd along; length 400–425 m, width 125–130 m; with 1 blunt, apically bent, hamulus (ham).</p> <p>Legs: prothoracic legs fossorial; middle legs noticeably shorter than metathoracic legs. Prothoracic legs as follows: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 500–550; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 775; tibia (ti) 250–275; tarsus (ta) 115, claw (c) 250–275. Coxae (cx) with about 25 short setae (each 16–20 m long) near coxal base + 45–50 long setae (each 50–60 m) on inner distal surface; bifurcated setae (bs) present on anterior margin of femur and tibia (bifurcation shallow near apex). Trochanter (tr) with about 6–10 campaniform sensilla (camp) and 25–30 setae; femur (fm) with numerous long setae (each 80–105 m long) in addition to bifurcated setae (bs), but without short setae. Tibia (ti) with numerous long setae + bifurcated setae; short setae absent; tibio­tarsal segmentation distinct but without articulation. Tarsi (ta) with about 18 long setae + 2 short setae (length about 12 m); tibial (tibs) and tarsal spurs (tabs) absent, although tarsus with 2 longer and slightly stouter setae; with probably 2 campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface. Claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, with no articulation; without distinct claw digitules (cdgt), but with 4 long setae (each about 100 m long) plus 2 even longer (up to 125 m long), which might represent digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxa: II 400–425; III 412–450; metacoxa with a group of about 20–25 very short setae near base, plus 30–45 long setae distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 675–690; III 775–790 m long; metatrochanter with 20–30 long setae, and with a group of 7–12 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; without a long seta on ventral distal end; metafemur with 30 longer setae (length 25–40 m) + 10 short setae (each 8–10 m long); bifurcated setae (bs) absent. Tibia (ti): II 600–690; III 860–925 m long; metatibia with numerous spur­like setae along ventral and lateral margins and 7 short setae distally; dorsal setae longer and more flagellate; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; tibial spurs (tibs) absent. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, II 200–220; III 190–225 m long; each with a group of at least 2 or 3 campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae but with about 10 spur­like setae along ventral and lateral surfaces plus 3–5 small setae; without tarsal spurs (tabs); tarsal digitules (tdgt) absent. Claws (c) rather long and shovel­like, bi­ or trifurcated; without a denticle (cd); claw III 133–140 m long, with 2 short, spine­like digitules (cdgt), each 36–50 m long; claw broadly attached to tarsus.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Almost entirely membranous, with no caudal extensions. Large tergites (at) and sternites (as) present on all segments (except perhaps tergites V–VIII, which may be absent). Loculate pores (lp) present medially on dorsum and mediolaterally on venter. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) (each 10–17 m long), distributed as follows (lp, when present, tending to be along anterior margin of segments): segment I (totals) about 8 setae + 14 lp; II 10 setae + 20 lp; III–VI 8–12 setae + 11–25 lp; VII 0 setae + perhaps 20 lp, and VIII 7 setae. Ventral abdominal setae (avs) slightly longer (each 12–25 m) and stronger, as follows: II–V 17–21 setae + 2–5 lp laterally; VI and VII 6 or 7 setae + 0 lp; VIII 19 setae medially. Pleurites: perhaps with some light sclerotisation on all segments but particularly on VIII; pleural setae: dorsal setae (dpls) very few, perhaps with 2 or 3 setae on each side; pores absent; ventral pleural setae (vpls) (on each side): II 5 setae + 2–5 lp; III 4–8 setae + 3 or 4 lp; IV 8–10 setae + 8 lp; V 4–12 setae + 3–5 lp; VI 5–8 setae + 0 lp; VII and VIII 3 or 4 setae only. Segments VI and VII each with a broad group of large, sclerotised tubular ducts (tdc) dorsally, group on segment VI with 13–24 ducts and that on VII with 37–54 ducts, all subequal in size, each about 16–18 m wide and 35–40 m long; each duct with fairly distinct longitudinal ridges; each group of ducts with a few minute setae (each 2–4 m long) and a line of longer setae along anterior margin of group. Abdominal spiracles (asp): 6 pairs, on segments II–VII, each oval, weakly sclerotised and most easily detected by tracheae, each opening 30 by 40 m wide; none detected on segments I and VIII.</p> <p>Genital segment: anal opening (a) present on dorsal surface of penial sheath, about 70 m wide. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised, appearing approximately triangular, narrowing to a blunt apex; about 475–500 m long, 335–360 m wide at base; with many short setae (pss) (each perhaps 11–18 m long) and with small sensilla (spp) near apex. Penial sheath with a ventral slit through which aedeagus (aed) emerges. Aedeagus (aed) strongly sclerotised, broad, widening basally, probably with a ventral extension anteriorly (50 m long) to a basal rod (bra); aedeagus about 310–350 m long, 160 m wide at base, probably with an eversible endophallus (eph) (possibly without spines).</p> <p>Comment The males of M. prieskaensis differ significantly from those of M.? chukar described below, as follows (character­states on M.? chukar in parenthesis): (i) most antennal segments significantly longer than broad (ring­like); (ii) compound eyes meeting medially ventrally but not dorsally (meet medially both dorsally and ventrally); (iii) loculate pores frequent throughout body (absent); (iv) profemur with numerous bifurcated setae (absent); (v) postmesoprecoxal ridge setae absent (present); (vi) post­tergite elongate (more or less quadrate); (vii) dorsospiracular setae absent (abundant); (viii) abdominal pleurites absent (present); (ix) claws bi­ or trifurcate (large but not divided); (x) thoracic spiracles well developed (reduced); (xi) tubular ducts on abdominal segments VI and VII in distinct groups (in transverse rows), and (xii) abdominal spiracles small (large).</p> <p>Unfortunately Theron (1958) did not describe the setae and their distribution on Margarodes vitium Giard (= Margarodes (Sphaeraspis) vitis (Philippi)), the species of Margarodes he described. However, based on gross integumental morphology, M. prieskaensis is very similar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF8682317A617C21D95AFC83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF9E82247A617C33DE3EFBE8.text	267587D7FF9E82247A617C33DE3EFBE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Margarodidae	<div><p>Key to species considered here within the family Margarodidae.</p> <p>(Details for Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) taken from Foldi, 1990).</p> <p>1. Aedeagus very long (at least 2x length of penial sheath) and very narrow; antennae generally 13 or 14 segmented; loculate pores present, with many "loculi"; setae on most antennal segments much longer than width of segments Porphyrophora hamelii</p> <p>­ Aedeagus short, never more than about 1.25x length of penial sheath, and generally at least half width of penial sheath; antennae 10 segmented or less; loculate pores, when present, with 2–4 "loculi"; setae on most antennal segments subequal to or much shorter than width of segments..................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Tubular ducts on dorsum of abdomen restricted to segment VII.................................................................................................................................. Eurhizococcus brasiliensis</p> <p>­ Tubular ducts on dorsum of abdomen present on segments VI and VII, although occasionally ducts fused into a single group........................................................................ 3</p> <p>3. Tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segments VI and VII fused, forming a single group; setae along dorsal surface of metatibia and tarsus all strongly spine­like, some almost as wide as long; loculate pores absent...................... Dimargarodes tanganyicus</p> <p>­ Tubular ducts on dorsum of abdominal segments VI and VII clearly in 2 separate groups; setae along dorsal surface of metatibia and tarsus at most only slightly spinose; loculate pores present or absent.......................................................................... 4</p> <p>4. Antennae branched; claws on metathoracic legs not digitate; some setae on body and appendages very long; loculate pores absent; ommatidia few (&lt;40) and very large.......................................................................................... Neomargarodes erythrocephalus</p> <p>­ Antennae unbranched; claws on metathoracic legs sometimes digitate; setae on body and appendages all short; loculate pores present or absent; ommatidia of normal size and rather abundant (&gt;60)............................................................................................. 5</p> <p>5. Antennal segments all much shorter than their width; abdominal spiracles sclerotised, large and oval; compound eyes particularly large, meeting medially on both dorsal and ventral surface............................................................................... Margarodes ? chukar</p> <p>­ Antennal segments clearly longer than broad; abdominal spiracles more or less unsclerotised, small and round; compound eyes not nearly meeting medially on dorsal surface of head................................................................................................................. 6</p> <p>6. Tubular ducts on abdominal segments VI and VII in a distinct group, not forming a single line; setae on antennae much shorter than width of antennal segment; claws on metathoracic legs digitate; loculate pores present................... Margarodes prieskaensis</p> <p>­ Tubular ducts on abdominal segments VI and VII few, in a single line across each segment; setae on antennae subequal to width of antennal segments; claws on metathoracic legs not digitate; loculate pores absent................. Heteromargarodes americanus</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF9E82247A617C33DE3EFBE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFF2824B7A617DCBD960FAC8.text	267587D7FFF2824B7A617DCBD960FAC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Matsucoccus Cockerell. Morrison 1927	<div><p>Matsucoccus Cockerell</p> <p>Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909: 56.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFF2824B7A617DCBD960FAC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFF282427A617C81D910FB93.text	267587D7FFF282427A617C81D910FB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer & Harpaz. In 1955	<div><p>Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer &amp; Harpaz</p> <p>(Fig. 7)</p> <p>Matsucoccus josephi Bodenheimer &amp; Harpaz, 1955: 12.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>ISRAEL, Bet Dagan, on Pinus halepensis, 2002, Y. Ben­Dov (BMNH): 18/18ad ♂♂ (described mainly from four specimens in fair to good condition but most mounted on their sides, plus another 14 in good to poor condition, also mounted on their sides but including 2 pharate adults mounted dorsoventrally).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Fairly small, 1.6–1.75 mm long; width very narrow when viewed dorsally or ventrally, only 300–320 m wide across prealare; body deep and very difficult to mount dorsoventrally; basisternum unusually elongate, with anterior margin lying close to point below anterior margin of prescutum. Body with very few setae, these all hair­like (hs) with well­developed, shallow basal sockets; most about 8–10 m long; hairs (hrs), collared setae (cs), loculate pores (lp) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae long, flagellar segments all quite narrow, parallel­sided, becoming slightly shorter near apex; antennae with fleshy setae (fs) but without satellite setae (sats); most segments with capitate setae (caps) and hs, and terminal six segments with antennal bristles (ab). Sclerotised areas without nodulations or reticulations. Legs well developed and setose, with many (apparently) fleshy setae (fs) but no bifurcated setae (bs); tarsi 1 segmented; claws with a strong denticle proximally; claw digitules clavate. Abdomen with segment I visible ventrally; without lateral caudal extensions; terga of abdominal segment VII with a group of large tubular ducts (tdc), each internally ridged; tubular ducts absent from segment VI. Penial sheath short, more or less terminal, with a long narrow aedeagus but without an eversible endophallus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Short but very wide in dorsal view, length 130–160 m, width across compound eyes 380– 420 m. Dorsally: dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) mildly sclerotised across posterior half, with a narrow postoccipital suture (pos) posteriorly, extending full width of head; postocciput (poc) probably absent. Midcranial ridge (mcr) narrow, extending full length of dorsal part of epicranium (dmep), fusing with pos posteriorly. Preocular ridge (procr) very short or absent dorsally. Dorsal epicranium (dmep) with 2 or 3 short hs on each side. Laterally with a pair of large compound eyes (cde), each about 200–230 m long, with about 150–170 ommatidia, each ommatidium about 15 m wide. Each cde with a narrow, sclerotised ocular sclerite (ocs) along posterior margin, each with a single ocellus (o) protruding laterally; width of each ocellus 25–30 m; ocular sclerites without a distinct postocular ridge (pocr) along dorso­lateral margins, but with a short sclerotised ventral projection (p) extending postero­medially to articulate with cervical sclerite (cv). Ventrally: ventromedial part of epicranium (vmep) with a large, mildly sclerotised area medially; vmep membranous anteriorly and laterally, with a short, heavily sclerotised ventral extension of midcranial ridge (vmcr) but also with a lightly sclerotised extension posteriorly on some specimens; without lateral arms to mid­cranial ridge (lmcr); preocular ridges (procr) absent; preoral ridge (pror) suggested by a slightly more heavily­sclerotised transverse ridge about half­way along vmep, which extends almost to (but not actually reaching) compound eyes laterally. Setae: with 1–5 short hs on each side of vmep near anterior margin. Cranial apophysis (ca) absent. Rudimentary mouth (m) present medially, almost in neck region, surrounded by a mildly sclerotised ventral plate (vp); and with another narrow plate (post­oral plate (pop)) posterior to ventral plate. Anterior tentorial arms (ata) arise just postero­laterally to preoral ridge (pror), with tentorial arms extending posteriorly; posterior tentorial arms (pta) possibly present on either side of posterior margin of post­oral plate (pop); tentorial bridge (tb) not detected.</p> <p>Antennae: 10­segmented; length 1.4 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.84). Scape (scp) 53–70 m long, 75–80 m wide, sclerotised, with a sclerotised articulatory socket with head; with, on dorsal surface, 8 or 9 very short setae, each about 3–5 m long, plus 1–3 slightly longer setae (each about 8 m long). Pedicel (pdc) 27–40 m long, 50–55 m wide; with 4 or 5 short setae plus one much longer seta on ventral surface, about 50 m long, plus 3 campaniform sensilla (camp) on dorsal surface. Segments III–IX of flagellum parallel­sided or each widening slightly distally; each about 25–35 m wide; surface of segments with transverse ridges; each segment with many fleshy setae (fs), each 35–45 m long, but without satellite setae (sats). Segment lengths (m): III 150–160, IV 185–190, V 170–180, VI 185–195, VII 170–185, VIII 155–160, IX 135–145 and X 115–120. Setal distribution: III 18–20 fs, IV 21–26 fs, 2 hs + 2 capitate setae (caps); V 42 or 43 fs, 2 hs + 2 caps; VI 33–35 fs, 2 hs, 1 antennal bristle (ab) + 1 or 2 caps; VII 36–39 fs, 1 hs, 2 ab, 2 or 3 caps + 1 coeloconic sensilla (cos); VIII 38 or 39 fs, 1 hs, 2 ab, 2 or 3 caps + 1 coeloconic sensilla (cos); IX 31 fs, 0 hs, 2 ab + 2 or 3 caps, and X 17–21 fs, 0 hs, 2 ab + 5 caps (when present, hs, ab and caps restricted to distal end of each segment).</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: separated from head by a distinct, shallow neck. Dorsally without a pronotal ridge, lateral pronotal sclerites or other signs of pronotum (prn); also without lateral pronotal setae but with a line of 35–45 median pronotal setae (mpns) immediately anterior to prescutum between post­tergites. Post­tergites (pt) longitudinal, lightly sclerotised and elongate, each about 110 m long. Ventrally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which possibly articulate anteriorly with a ventral projection (p) from ocular sclerite. Pleural ridge (plr 1) well developed and quite long, extending dorsally from articulation with coxa and fusing with cv posteriorly. Proepisternum (eps 1) well developed between cervical sclerite (cv) and pleural ridge (plr 1). Propleural ridge (plr 1) rather long, extending ventrally. Prosternum (stn 1) with a lightly sclerotised median ridge about 270 m long, which becomes slightly more sclerotised anteriorly; with a single sternal apophysis (stn 1 a) medially; without a transverse ridge. Ventrally without setae or pores.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) roundly diamond­shaped (length 225–275 m, width 260 m); mesoprephragma (phr 1) narrow; prescutal ridges (pscr) extending anteriorly to mesoprephragma (phr 1); prescutal sutures (pscs) well sclerotised; without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) unusually narrow, sclerotised, without nodulations and without a median membranous area; distance from prescutum to scutellum 125–190 m; scutal setae (scts) absent. Scutellum (scl) almost diamond­shaped although lateral margins occasionally nearly parallel, separated from scutum by weak but distinct scutoscutellar sutures (scuts), which curve posteriorly, fusing with a strong ridge (rd) along posterior margin; scutellum quite deep, posterior margin curving ventrally; scl without either membranous areas laterally or scutellar setae (scls) or pores. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) lying almost vertical, appearing narrow in dorso­ventral view but obviously quite broad when viewed laterally, extending around laterad to scutellum, forming a deep mesopostphragma (phr 2) posteriorly; without mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a); membranous area posterior to scutellum narrow. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate and broad. Tegula (teg) large and sclerotised but without tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, extending vertically from mesocoxal articulation; pleural apophysis (pla 2) apparently absent. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) very small and only lightly sclerotised, peritremes 17–25 m broad; each muscle plate rather poorly sclerotised, narrow, about 45 m long. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) unusually elongate and narrow, anterior margin approximately level with anterior margin of prealare; length 340–360 m, width uncertain but slightly greater than width of prescutum; without a sclerotised median ridge (mdr) and without basisternal setae (stn 2 s); some specimens with derm quite distinctly nodulated; bounded anteriorly by a fairly welldeveloped marginal ridge (mr) which extends round posteriorly along lateral margins, where sides almost parallel; bounded posteriorly by well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) very narrow ventrally, with rather short arms, which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) distinct, without an extension from marginal ridge; subepisternal ridges (ser) only present between each lateropleurite and mesepisternum; without lateropleurite setae (lpls) in this area. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other Coccoidea: costal complex of veins (ccx) distinct; axillary sclerites showing nothing distinctive.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) present as 2, fairly small, mediolateral areas of sclerotisation; with a band of 5–11 metatergal setae (mts) on each side. Laterally: suspensorial sclerites (ss) present. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 140–155 m medio­ventrally; with a well­developed pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) lightly sclerotised; postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s) absent; metepimeron (epm 3) represented by a strong sclerotisation extending dorsoposteriorly around metacoxae. Posterior spiracles (sp 3) similar in structure and size to anterior spiracles. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) quite well developed, with a single, media, circular metasternal apophysis (stn 3 a) and 2 well­developed metafurca. Anterior and posterior metasternal setae absent. All other setae and pores absent.</p> <p>Wings: quite large and well developed; each 1.6–1.7 mm long, 0.6–0.7 mm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.39; ratio of wing length to body length about 1:1). Wings with well­developed subcostal thickening (sclt), radius (rad) and media veins (med) but anal fold vein (af) very faint. Surface of wing with numerous fine parallel folds, mostly running radially from wing margin, where they form a discrete reticulated pattern. Wing anterior to radial vein (rad) also with fine folds at right angles to margin but also well sclerotised proximally, becoming less so towards wing tip; with a distinct group of 7–9 circular sensoria (sens) near base of subcostal thickening; other alar pores and alar setae (als) absent. Alar lobe (al) very narrow, represented by a fold along proximal posterior margin. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised, long and narrow, broadening abruptly distally; length 170–210 m, greatest width 40–45 m; with 3 or 4 hamuli (ham) along anterior margin of swollen distal end, each quite long and highly curved, with a large basal socket and a clavate apex.</p> <p>Legs: prothoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 165–190; II 145–160; III 135–145 m; each with 8–10 very short setae (similar to those on scape) near base and 22–27 fs + 5–7 longer hs more distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 320–345; II 275–295; III 315–325 m; trochanter with 8–14 fs + 2 hs; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position perhaps 26–33 m long; each trochanter with a group of 4 oval campaniform sensilla (camp) on each side, most pores lying within a groove but usually with 1 present elsewhere; trochanterofemur articulation clear and diagonal; femur with about 30–40 fs + 3–5 hs. Tibia (ti): I 405–420; II 365–370; III 375–390 m; each with 39–50 setae, those on distal 2/3rds spur­like laterally and ventrally, these replaced by 3–6 longish flagellate setae dorsally; with about 3–5 tibial spurs (tibs) along distal end, longest about 20–25 m long; bifurcated setae (bs) absent. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length: I 140–145; II 125–130; III 125–130 m; each with a series of shallow transverse ridges; without tarsal campaniform sensilla (camp); without bifurcated setae (bs), but with 14–18 spinose setae along ventral and lateral margins and 1 or 2 hs laterally and dorsally; tarsal digitules (tdgt) rather short (11–15 m long) and setose. Claws (c) broad, with a strong pointed denticle (cd) proximally near base; claw III about 28–30 m long, with 2 strong, clavate digitules (cdgt), each longer than claw (about 35 m long), arising very close to base of tarsus.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Almost entirely membranous; segment I present ventrally; without caudal extensions (ce), margins of segment VII and VIII rounded. Tergites (at) present on all segments, represented by pairs of sclerotisations mediolaterally, these becoming smaller posteriorly; sternites (as) and pleurites absent. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) short, in 2 groups medially on each segment; mostly 5–8 m long; with (hs) on segment I 12–22; II 4–12; III–VI 1–4; VII 3–6 and VIII 0–2. Loculate pores (lp) absent. Pleural setae not clearly divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural groups (vps), with perhaps a total of 2 or 3 hs on segments IV–VIII. Ventral abdominal setae (avs) similar to those on dorsum but perhaps a little longer (8–15 m long), with (totals per segment) I–III 0; IV–VII 1 or 2 and VIII 4 or 5. Dorsally with a plate­like tergite medially on segment VII with a group of 13–18 large tubular ducts (tdc) (each about 6–8 m wide), each pore conical, with a broad inner ductule 25–27 m long with about 8 longitudinal ridges, giving it a corrugated appearance. Abdominal spiracles (asp) present on segments II–VIII, apparently very small and unsclerotised, and placed rather ventrally.</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) hard to discern but present medially over penial sheath.</p> <p>Penial sheath (ps) elongate triangular, more or less on apex of abdomen; about</p> <p>215–240 m long and 125 m wide across base, narrowing to a short, blunt apex posteriorly; mainly sclerotised laterally; ventrally with a group of 19–23 small setae medially (each about 8–10 m long) anterior to base of aedeagus (aed), but setae absent or minute more posteriorly; with a few small sensoria (psp) at apex. Aedeagus (aed) narrow, 210–240 m long, longer than penial sheath, sclerotised and bent ventrally; with a short basal rod (bra) at anterior end of aedeagus, length perhaps 45 m; eversible endophallus (eph) absent.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>The adult male of M. bisetosus Morrison was redescribed by Beardsley (1968) and the above description is very similar. Beardsley provided a long discussion in which he compared the structure of M. bisetosus with the descriptions of adult male Margarodes, Pseudaspidoproctus and Steingelia given by Theron (1958). Beardsley’s discussion is excellent and the points that he made will not be repeated here. In addition to the structures he covered, there are a few others that seem to be worthy of comment.</p> <p>Firstly, the antennae have fleshy setae, hair­like setae, capitate setae and antennal bristles but no satellite setae. This combination appears to be absent from all margarodoids (and aphids) but is present on many neococcoids suggesting, perhaps, a close link with the neococcoids.</p> <p>Secondly, the basisternum on Matsucoccus appears to be very long, extending anteriorly to a point below the prescutum whereas, on all other male coccoids, it only extends anteriorly to about the middle of the scutum. This anterior extension of the basisternum closely resembles the condition on aphids (see Fig. 1), where the anterior border of the prescutum overlies that of the basisternum. This is surely, therefore, a primitive condition.</p> <p>In addition, the mesopostnotum on Matsucoccus appears to be very short when viewed from above but actually is quite long, curving down at a sharp angle posteriorly to form the mesopostphragma. Whilst a mesopostphragma is present on all coccoids, the mesopostnotum usually appears rather broad, only extending below the metatergite at some distance posterior to the scutellum. In appearing narrow, and lying rather vertically, the mesopostnotum on Matsucoccus more closely resembles that on the Aphididae than other coccoids.</p> <p>Thirdly, one character­state which appears to be constant for male Margarodidae, Xylococcidae and Neosteingelia sp. but which is absent from the Monophlebidae and Coelostomidiidae is the group of very small setae on the dorsal surface of the scape and on the base of all the coxae. These groups of setae are also present on Matsucoccus, suggesting a closer relationship to the first two families than to the Monophlebinae and Coelostomidiinae.</p> <p>Other characters which appear to be characteristic of the Matsucoccidae are: (i) what are considered here to be fleshy setae on all legs; (ii) a single tarsal segment; (iii) presence of clavate claw digitules; (iv) trochanter campaniform sensilla more or less in a line and in a shallow groove; (v) each wing with a narrow alar lobe along wing margin; (vi) a single group of tubular ducts present dorsally on abdominal segment VII; (vii) abdominal spiracles small and poorly developed on segments II–VIII; (viii) thoracic spiracles poorly developed; (ix) hamulohalteres with hamuli along anterior margin; (x) aedeagus long and thin; (xi) absence of eversible endophallus; (xii) wing with a group of circular sensoria near base of costal vein; (xiii) wings with a series of parallel ridges; (xiv) derm of legs and antennae with transverse ridges (as on Steingelia), and (xv) absence of tarsal campaniform sensilla.</p> <p>At the time, Beardsley (1968) discussed at considerable length the possible relationships of Matsucoccus to aphids and other Coccoidea, based on adult male characters, and he concluded (p.1458): 1. that the male of Matsucoccus was primitive and not particularly closely related to Margarodes, Xylococcus or to Monophlebidae; 2. Matsucoccus was most closely related to Orthezia among the Coccoidea he considered in his paper; and 3. that the genus Matsucoccus should be treated as a distinct subfamily (Matsucoccinae) within the Margarodidae rather than as a tribe within the Xylococcinae. On the other hand, Koteja (1974) considered that the mouthparts of Matsucoccus were amongst the most specialised within the Orthezioidea (= Margarodidae) and could not be considered primitive!</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFF282427A617C81D910FB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF92822D7A617C5ED86BFBBB.text	267587D7FF92822D7A617C5ED86BFBBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomargarodes erythrocephalus Green. Letters 1914	<div><p>Neomargarodes erythrocephalus Green</p> <p>(Fig. 12)</p> <p>Neomargarodes erythrocephalus Green: 1914: 263.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>Lectotype: ALGERIA, El Maksa, Algerian Shara, South of El Jolea, at light, 2.x.1913, Hartert coll. (BMNH): 1/1ad ♂; paralectotype: site as previous, no date, coll. W. Rothschild (BMNH): 1/1ad ♂ (both specimens in fair to good condition).</p> <p>Mounted material Large, 3.3–3.5 mm long, 0.77–0.94 mm wide across prealare. Body moderately setose, with many very long setae (120–270 m long), most parallel­sided with a blunt apex and shallow basal sockets, here considered to be fleshy setae (fs); other setae short with a slightly more distinct socket, here considered to be hair­like setae (hs). Collared setae (cs), hairs (hrs), loculate pores (lp) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae short, apparently 7­ segmented but with middle 3 segments branched (possibly representing other 3 segments of normal 10­segmented antenna); long setae present only on basal 3 segments; more terminal segments with numerous short, parallel­sided, fleshy setae; satellite setae (sats) absent. Some sclerotised areas on body with nodulations. Legs well developed but all relatively short; anterior legs fossorial; procoxae, protrochanter and profemur with many bifurcating setae (bs); other legs not as setose; spur­like setae present on meso­ and metatibiae and tarsi; tarsi 1 segmented; claws without a denticle; claw digitules setose. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen with groups of tubular ducts on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised and appearing quadrate but perhaps tubular, with a short aedeagus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular in dorsal view, length 285–385 m, width across compound eyes 540– 575 m. Dorsally without a postoccipital suture (pos); rest of dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) lightly sclerotised, forming a median crest (mc) which extends to posterior margin of head. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Dmep with 6–9 long fs on each side (each 60–70 m long). Pores absent. Laterally: compound eyes (cde) covering most of head, just or almost touching each other near posterior margin of head ventrally; dorsally also with only a narrow gap between cde; each with about 31 ommatidia, each ommatidium rather large, 48–75 m wide; total length of cde 254– 300 m. Each compound eye (cde) bordered by dorsal extensions of preocular (procr) and postocular ridges (pocr), and by a ventral extensions of preocular ridge (procr) anteriorly and preoral ridge (pror) posteriorly; sclerotised ventral projection (p) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) and ocelli absent. Ventrally: head almost entirely covered by compound eyes, but with a fairly short ventral mid­cranial ridge (vmcr) extending posteriorly from a pair of short lateral arms (lmcr) anteriorly between antennae. With 8–10 long fs on each side of vmcr posteriorly between eyes. Ventral plate (vp) probably represented by a small inverted Y­shaped sclerotisation medially on posterior margin of head just anterior to mouth (m). Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. No structures representing tentorial arms, tentorial bridge or tendon­like apodemes detected but mouth (m) clearly visible just posterior to ventral plate (vp). Ventral sclerites (vs) absent or fused to anterior end of cervical sclerites.</p> <p>Antennae: structure complex ­ basically 7­segmented, but with lateral extensions from segments IV, V and VI; total length (without lateral extensions) 1.1–1.2 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.34). Scape (scp) 95–135 m long, 95–145 m wide, sclerotised, with 5–8 long fs on dorsal and inner margin + 8–14 very short hs, mainly along proximal margin on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc) 90–105 m long, 90–130 m wide, articulating with scape; with 13–23 long fs, 2–7 hs (mainly very short) + 8–10 small basiconic sensilla (bass); no campaniform sensilla (camp) present. Segment III broader than long (44–55 m long, 85–115 m wide) with 11–15 long fs on inner margin and 6–12 short hs on outer margin. Other "flagellar segments" and lateral extensions rather broad, covered in abundant short fs, each parallel­sided, with a blunt apex, mostly 13–17 m long, but a few much shorter, 5 m long; satellite setae (sats) absent; most segments also with an occasional hs. Segments IV–VI each with a lateral branch, each branch significantly longer than segment from which it arises; segment lengths (m): IV 100–135, lateral arm 225–290; V 120–155, lateral arm 350–395; VI 140–175, lateral arm 370–395; VII 440–470. Segment VI with 1–3 thicker and longer bristle­like setae (ab?); segment IV with 3–5 long fs, segments VI and VII with 0–2 fs; VII without long setae.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: separated from head by a broad neck, with no indications of a cervical groove. Dorsally: pronotum (prn) possibly represented by a lightly sclerotised area just anterior to prescutum. Post­tergites (pt) large and lightly sclerotised, broadest posteriorly and most heavily sclerotised anteriorly. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which may not articulate with any head structure, but broaden close to neck (and therefore possibly fused with ventral sclerites (vs)); pleural ridge (plr 1) short. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) membranous, without a sternite or prosternal apophysis, but with what appears to be a distinct transverse ridge. Setae as follows: with 7 or 8 long fs median pronotal setae (mpns) on pronotum; with an elongate group of long fs propleural setae (pl 1 s) on each side of prothorax; with about 12 long fs post­tergital setae (pts) associated with each post­tergite (pt); ventrally with (on each side) a group of about 8–10 long fs anteprosternal (stn 1 s) setae (stsn 1 s) plus 4 or 5 long fs prosternal setae (stsn 1 s) laterally near end of prosternal transverse ridge. Antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) absent.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and oval, 230–320 m long, greatest width 445 m, surface obscurely nodulated; mesoprephragma (phr 1) short; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) forming posterior margin; without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and mostly faintly nodulated; distance from prescutum to scutellum about 200 m; with an elongate group of 11–20 mainly long fs scutal setae (scts) (occasionally hs) on either side of scutellum. Scutellum (scl) triangular; without oval membranous areas laterally, and without scutellar setae (scls); scutellum with a rather stronger ridge (rd) along posterior margin, extending postero­laterally, but apparently not reaching postalare (pa) laterally. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) with a large membranous area anteriorly, latter overlapped posteriorly by metathorax; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 2 a) large. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 8–16 long fs tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) lightly nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 90– 110 m. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large but poorly demarcated; lightly nodulated; approximate length 455–540 m, width 580–700 m; with a total of 30–80 short hs throughout; median ridge (mdr) absent; anterior margin of basisternum fading anteriorly without a marginal ridge (mr) but mr present laterally between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with welldeveloped precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) poorly developed, broad basally but narrowing and becoming more or less parallel­sided, without lateral arms; length 190–290 m; lateropleurite (lpl) large and elongate, bounded posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge (pcr 2) and laterally by an extension of subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl with group of 10–18 lateropleurite setae (lpls), mainly long fs but with a few hs of medium­length; without setae on marginal and subepisternal ridges; subepisternal ridge (ser) distinct but perhaps short. Without postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s). Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) possibly absent; with 6–8 widely separated long fs metatergal setae (mts) medially. Laterally: with a group of 7–15 long fs dorsospiracular setae (dss). Suspensorial sclerites (ss) not detected. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; pleural apophysis (pla 3) shallow. Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral margin of metapleural ridge (plr 3); precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 190–260 m medio­ventrally; metepimeron (epm 3) present as a short posterior ridge. Posterior spiracles (sp 3): width of peritremes about 80– 105 m. Ventrally: postmetaspiracular (eps 3 s) setae: about 2–4 on each side. Metasternum (stn 3) sclerotised, with well­developed lateral apophyses (stn 3 a) (on 1 specimen, there is an additional sclerotisation anteriorly). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) absent. Anterior metasternal setae (amss): total of 8–30 setae, mainly long fs (on 1 specimen, setae restricted to medially anterior to metasternum, on other much more abundant and extending a long way laterally); posterior metasternal setae (pmss) total of 9–12 setae, mainly long fs.</p> <p>Wings: large and well developed, with anterior margin crenulated along distal half. Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt distinctly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous, sometimes with faint reticulations; without circular sensoria (sens) but with a line of 25–37 fine alar setae (als) along subcostal thickening, each 55–75 m long, extending from near wing base; radius (rad) and media (med) veins represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) well developed and lightly sclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly lightly sclerotised and broad, with a strong vein along anterior margin, which has a deep indentation proximally; length 380–515 m, width 120–200 m; each with 1 blunt, apically bent, hamulus (ham), about 45–50 m long.</p> <p>Legs: prothoracic legs fossorial, meso­ and metathoracic legs much longer and more slender. Prothoracic legs: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 285–300; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 430–525; tibia (ti) + tarsus (ta) + claw (c) 315–375; coxae (cx) with a few very short hs near coxal base + many bifurcating setae (bs) and long fs on inner distal surface; trochanter (tr) with many bifurcating setae (bs) and short hs + 2 or 3 long fs; each trochanter with 8–14 campaniform sensilla (camp); trochanterofemur articulation not clear, diagonal; femur (fm) with about 400–500 bs on posterior surface + 17–23 long fs (each about 100–170 m long) on dorsal margin plus a few short hs; tibia (ti) + tarsus (ta) fused without any sign of segmentation; with about 5 long fs + 35 bs on posterior margin and with about 18 hs of medium­length and 15–20 small, peg­like setae elsewhere; tibial (tibs) and tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; without campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; claws (c) broadly fused to base of tibio­tarsus, with no articulation; without claw digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxa: II 245–290; III 270–340 m; metacoxa with a group of about 25 small hs near base + 24–30 long fs distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 440–535; III 415–560 m; metatrochanter with 11–16 shortish hs + about 0–2 long fs; with a group of 4–11 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; metafemur with 18–20 long fs + 10–12 short hs + 1 bs. Tibia (ti): II 440–515; III 480–600; metatibia with 18 or 19 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcating setae (bs) absent; with 3–6 long fs plus about 4 tibial spurs (tibs) distally, longest about 35 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, II 220–255; III 215–220 m; with only 1 campaniform sensillum (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcating setae but with 0 or 1 spur­like seta along ventral margin plus about 16–24 other hs; tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) very short (22 m long) but perhaps with small swollen apices. Claws (c) large and broad basally, without a denticle (cd); claw III about 76–80 m long, with 2 short, fine digitules (cdgt), each about 15–19 m long.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions (ce). Large tergites (at) and sternites (as) present medially on all segments; tergites all clearly nodulated; sternite VIII with an additional narrow sclerotisation laterally, extending anteriorly from outer margin of penial sheath. Each tergite and sternite with about 6–20 long fs + 6–20 short hs; pores absent. Segments VI and VII each with a median group of 9 large, sclerotised tubular ducts (tdc), each about 17 m wide and 50–70 m long, each with about 6 internal longitudinal ridges which spiral slightly; each group of ducts with a line or band of minute setae (each 3–5 m long) along anterior margin. Pleurites present on segments II–VIII; pleural setae probably divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps) but separation unclear; with perhaps 2–4 dps and 1–3 vps on each segment; pores absent. Abdominal spiracles (asp): perhaps 5 pairs, that on segment VIII strongly sclerotised and obvious, openings becoming less distinct anteriorly, so that spiracles on segment IV very indistinct and none could be detected on segments I–III.</p> <p>Genital segment: anal opening (a) on dorsal surface near anterior margin of penial sheath. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised, appearing quadrate when viewed dorsoventrally, with rather parallel sides but probably rather tubular; about 230–250 m long, 290–300 m wide; penial sheath with many short hs (pss) and, particularly, many small sensilla (psp) near posterior margins. Penial sheath appearing to have an opening posteriorly through which aedeagus (aed) and eversible endophallus (eph) emerge. With a sclerotised basal rod (bra) at base of aedeagus; aedeagus (aed) rather membranous with more or less parallel sides, emerging posteriorly from penial sheath, about 300 m long, 80 m wide; with an eversible endophallus (eph) lying within abdomen.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>The male of N. erythrocephalus was redescribed by Foldi in 1999. The present description differs in some small details. N. chondrillae Arch. was also seen and was very similar. The male of Neomargarodes species appear to be distinct and differ significantly from the other males described here. Thus, although Williams (1969) questioned whether subfamily status was justified, the structure of the adult male suggests that perhaps it is.</p> <p>With regard to the abdominal spiracles, strong tracheae were present running laterally along all segments but, in segments I–III, there did not appear to be any branch that extended to the cuticle unlike the situation on segments V–VIII. The spiracle on segment IV was very faint but, although a spiracular opening could not definitely be detected, it is considered that one was present as there was a distinct tracheal branch extending to the cuticle. The spiracles on segments V–VIII had moderate to strongly sclerotised openings, those on VIII the most sclerotised and distinct. It is therefore considered that spiracles are actually absent on the anterior three or four segments.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF92822D7A617C5ED86BFBBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF92822B7A617AD1DFC9FA9E.text	267587D7FF92822B7A617AD1DFC9FA9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomargarodes Green 1914	<div><p>Neomargarodes Green, 1914</p> <p>Neomargarodes Green, 1914: 263.</p> <p>Morrison (1928) placed this genus in the Margarodini. Jakubski (1965) placed it in its own tribe, Neomargarodini, subfamily Neomargarodinae, family Margarodidae. Williams (1969) commented that a subfamily ranking was too high for this taxon but the male described below is very different from the other male Margarodidae described here.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF92822B7A617AD1DFC9FA9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFB3820B7A617E33DF8DFD0B.text	267587D7FFB3820B7A617E33DF8DFD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neosteingelia Morrison 1927	<div><p>Neosteingelia Morrison</p> <p>Neosteingelia Morrison, 1927: 101. Morrison (1927) considered that Neosteingelia was related to Kuwania and placed it in the Kuwaniini, Margarodinae. Williams (1969) pointed out that the family­group name should not be credited to Cockerell (as in Morrison &amp; Morrison (1966) but to MacGillivray (1921). In their preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison, Hodgson &amp; Foldi (2005) found Neosteingelia to be close to Xylococcus. Unfortunately, no males of Kuwania could be located during this study. Certainly, the males of Neosteingelia show little similarity to the Margarodini (sensu Morrison) but do show some similarities to the Callipappidae, discussed below.</p> <p>Whilst studying material labelled Neosteingelia texana Morrison, it was discovered that the material from Virginia was composed of two easily separable species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFB3820B7A617E33DF8DFD0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFB5820D7A617D0BDE3EF8DB.text	267587D7FFB5820D7A617D0BDE3EF8DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neosteingelia texana Morrison 1927	<div><p>Neosteingelia texana Morrison</p> <p>(Fig. 18)</p> <p>Neosteingelia texana Morrison, 1927: 101.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>USA, Texas, San Antonio, on hackleberry, 18th Sept. 1917, H.G.H. Weinert (USNM): 3/5ad ♂♂, part of type material (in fair to poor condition, only one specimen stained; no metathoracic legs complete; only one complete antenna and all wings somewhat damaged and folded). Also: USA, Virginia, Blacksburg, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, base of Carya ovata, 29.ix.1990, I. Foldi (MNHN): 2/2ad ♂♂ (labelled Neosteingelia texana, collected while copulating; in fair to poor condition; both wings missing off one specimen, and most legs showing some distortion. There are slight signs that one specimen may have been over­treated with KOH as some features are hard to determine).</p> <p>[Note: the data below refers to both lots of material unless otherwise stated; when different, data in square brackets refers to material from Virginia.]</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 1.8 [1.95–2.25] mm long; width across prealare 425 [470–570] µm. Body setae extremely few, mainly short and hair­like (hs), most about 10–20µm long, with normal shallow basal sockets; collared setae (cs), hairs (hrs), loculate pores (lp) and large convex pores (cp) all absent. Antennae long, flagellar segments all quite narrow, parallel­sided, becoming slightly shorter near apex; some basal segments with a few satellite setae (sats) in addition to normal setae. Legs well developed but with few setae, tibia with few spurlike setae, none bifurcated; tarsi clearly 2 segmented [possibly only 1 segmented]; claws with a small denticle [absent]; claw digitules setose. Abdominal segment I thought to be absent ventrally [possibly present]; abdomen without lateral caudal extensions; tergites of segments VI and VII with large tubular ducts; penial sheath triangular and more or less terminal.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Broadly oval in dorsal view; length about 198 [230–260] µm; width across compound eyes 393 [450–480] m. Dorsally: postoccipital suture (pos) present across posterior part of epicranium (dmep), with a fairly narrow postocciput (poc) posteriorly. Midcranial ridge (mcr) represented by a faint, thin, lightly sclerotised ridge; dorsal part of epicranium (dmep) mainly membranous. Preocular ridge (procr) possibly present along margin of compound eye (cde) dorsally. Dorsal epicranium (dmep) with less than 10 hs on each side; loculate pores (lp) absent. Laterally: compound eyes (cde) each about 132 [155–170] m long, with about 90–100 [perhaps 150] ommatidia; each cde with a narrow, barely sclerotised ocular sclerite (ocs) along posterior margin of each compound eye and with a single ocellus (o) close to postoccipital suture; width of each ocellus 33–41 [23–28] µm; each ocular sclerite (ocs) with a sclerotised, longitudinal postocular ridge (pocr) along postero­dorsal margin; ventral projection (p) present. Ventrally with a strongly sclerotised series of ridges forming a five­armed cross, more distinct and heavily sclerotised than on Neosteingelia sp., composed of: (i) a ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) anteriorly; (ii) a pair of lateral preocular ridges (procr) each fusing with preoral ridge (pror) about half­way along latter’s length (Fig 18Z) [fusing where vmcr and pror meet (Fig 18, main drawing)], and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges (pror) posteriorly. Ventral part of epicranium (vmep) membranous apart from ridges; setal distribution as follows: anteriorly between midcranial ridges and antennae with 0–3 hs + 0 or 1 minute convex pore, plus either setae or minute pores present in a group medially on mid­cranial ridge [these setae or pores absent]; lateral area between preocular and preoral ridges with 1–3 hs per side; area posterior to preoral ridges and around mouth (m) with a total of about 11–14 hs. Cranial apophysis (ca) short and broad. Anterior tentorial arms (ata) and posterior tentorial arms (pta) not detected; tentorial bridge (tb) absent. With a pair of long, thin ventral sclerites (vs), appearing as extensions of preoral ridge, each articulating with cervical sclerite in neck region.</p> <p>Antennae: 10­segmented [one antenna 9­segmented]; length uncertain — none complete [1.65–1.85 mm long] [ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.83]. Scape (scp) 74–83 [95–108] m long, 107 [85–90] m wide, sclerotised, with a sclerotised</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFB5820D7A617D0BDE3EF8DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFE982507A617D1BD946FB19.text	267587D7FFE982507A617D1BD946FB19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthezia Bosc d'Antic	<div><p>Orthezia Bosc d’Antic</p> <p>Orthezia Bosc d’Antic, 1784: 173.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFE982507A617D1BD946FB19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF94822D7A617DC9D9FEFA6E.text	267587D7FF94822D7A617DC9D9FEFA6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Porphyrophora Brandt 1833	<div><p>Porphyrophora Brandt, 1833.</p> <p>Porphyrophora Brandt, in Brandt &amp; Ratzeburg, 1833: 355.</p> <p>This genus was considered to be a synonym of Margarodes Guilding until Silvestri (1938b) restored it. Jakubski (1965) made it the only genus of the subfamily, Porphyrophorinae, family Margarodidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF94822D7A617DC9D9FEFA6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF9482277A617F6ED98BFB33.text	267587D7FF9482277A617F6ED98BFB33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt. Letters 1833	<div><p>Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt</p> <p>(Fig. 13)</p> <p>Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt, in Brandt &amp; Ratzeburg, 1833: 356.</p> <p>Material studied IRAN, Kermenshah, on Cynodon dactylon, 5.viii.1999, H. Vahedi (BMNH): 10/10</p> <p>♂♂ (in fair to good condition).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 3.3–4.3 mm long, 0.92–1.15 mm wide across prealare. With a pair of large compound eyes which nearly meet ventrally. Body with few setae, none very long; all setae hair­like, apparently with shallow basal sockets (hs); loculate pores (lp) present on abdomen only, probably in dorsopleural region; each 9–14 m wide, mainly with 7–20 loculi. Collared setae (cs), hairs (hrs) and convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae long, with long setae randomly distributed, often with satellite setae (sats). Some sclerotised areas with nodulations. Legs well developed but anterior pair fossorial; anterior femur rather setose, with many bifurcated setae (bs), legs otherwise with few setae; spur­like setae present on all tibiae and tarsi; tarsi 1 segmented; claws without a denticle; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen without lateral caudal extensions; segments VI and VII with groups of tubular ducts (tdc) dorsally. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised and quadrate; with a very long, thin aedeagus.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular in dorsal view, length 265–290 m, width across compound eyes 410– 475 m. Dorsally with a well­developed postoccipital suture (pos) extending across posterior part of epicranium but not reaching eyes laterally; postocciput (poc) possibly absent; rest of dorsal surface of head (dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep)) barely sclerotised. Midcranial ridge (mcr) absent. Dmep with 0–3 hs dorsal head setae (dhs) on each side, each 5–7 m long. Pores absent. Laterally with a pair of compound eyes (cde), each more or less oval in shape, but much broader ventrally, where they nearly meet; each cde about 155–190 m long and each with about 80–100 ommatidia. Each compound eye (cde) with a narrow, lightly sclerotised, ocular sclerite (ocs) along postero­dorsal and posterior margins, each with a single ocellus (o) dorsally, 50–55 m wide. Preocular ridge (procr) probably present on dorsal margin of cde. Postocular ridge (pocr) present posterior to each ocular sclerite (ocs), extending from near each ocellus to posterior margin of each compound eye; sclerotised ventral projection (p) probably present. Ventrally with a series of strongly sclerotised ridges forming a four­armed cross, composed of: (i) midcranial ridge (vmcr) anteriorly, (ii) a pair of preocular ridges (procr) laterally and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges (pror) posteriorly; each pror extending posteriorly to fuse with ventral plate (vp) which lies medially along anterior margin of prothorax. Ventral part of epicranium (vmep) otherwise membranous except for some lesser sclerotisation in each angle between mid­cranial ridge (mcr) and preocular ridges (procr); setae few ­ with just 3–5 hs on each side anterior to preocular ridges. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. No structures representing tentorial arms, tentorial bridge or tendon­like apodeme detected but mouth (m) clearly visible in centre of ventral plate (vp). Ventral plate (vp) rather quadrate and sclerotised, extending posteriorly onto prothorax. Ventral sclerites (vs) absent.</p> <p>Antennae: usually 14­segmented (2 specimens with 13 segments and 1 with 15 segments); scape without a sclerotised articulatory socket with head; length 1.7–2.0 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.49). Scape (scp) 115–134 m long, 120–140 m wide, sclerotised, with about 6–10 large stiff setae, each about 55–60 m long, + 3–5 minute hs. Pedicel (pdc) 74–84 m long, 90–105 m wide; with 12–20 hs only; no campaniform sensilla (camp) or coeloconic sensilla (cos) detected on any specimen. Each flagellar segment (III to apex) 85–112 m wide; each segment with 12–23 long setae, mostly on outer margin, particularly on more apical segments (setae mostly about 96–110 m long); each long seta with 0 or 1 (usually 0, rarely 2) satellite setae (sats); most segments also with a few short hs; segments III–XI each with 0–5 bristles (ab) on outer surface; segments VI–XI with a group of peg­like setae, also on outer surface, while segment VI (and sometimes IV and apical segment) have a group of coeloconic sensilla (cos). Apical segment elongate oval (partially divided on 1 specimen), with a diffuse group of 14–20 long seta; with a few basiconic sensilla (bass); capitate setae (caps) absent. Segment lengths (m): III 140–145, IV 153–170, V 145–155, VI 150–155, VII 135–153, VIII 130–153, IX 125–135, X 115–135, XI 115–125, XII 110–125, XIII 100–130, XIV 125–169.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: neck broad, with no indications of a cervical groove. Dorsally: pronotum (prn) represented by a single sclerotised bar dorsally more or less overlying ventral plate. Post­tergites (pt) small. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv), which extend anteriorly to ocular sclerite (ocs); with a large proepimeron (epm 1). Pleural ridge (plr 1) short, extending dorsally from articulation with coxa; pleural apophysis (pla 1) distinct. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) membranous, without a sternite or prosternal apophysis; with no transverse ridge. Pores absent. Setae as follows: median pronotal setae (mpns) absent; with a small group of 1–4 hs propleural setae (pl 1 s) on each side; with 1–5 post­tergital setae (pts) associated with each post­tergite; setae absent ventrally.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and oval (length 160–210 m, greatest width 245–270 m), with a nodulated surface; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) present, separating prescutum from scutum; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and nodulated on anterolateral margin; with a group of 21–25 hs scutal setae (scts) on each side medially. Scutellum (scl) triangular, 260–380 m long, 500–700 m wide; anterior margin of scutoscutellar sutures (scuts) extending close to prescutum anteriorly; ridge (rd) along posterior margin slightly weaker; without oval membranous areas laterally; without scutellar setae (scls). Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula (teg) large and sclerotised, with a group of 16–30 short hs tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2): width of peritremes 85– 120 m. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, nodulated; length 445–570 m, width 570–700 m; with a total of 35–70 hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s) distributed throughout; median ridge (mdr) absent; anteriorly without a distinct marginal ridge (mr) but ridge well developed between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); furca (f) moderately narrow posteriorly, waisted, with rather long arms which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) approximately triangular in shape, bounded ventrally by a broad marginal ridge, posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by an extension of subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl with a group of 9–18 hs lateropleurite setae (lpls); 1 or 2 hs also occasionally present on marginal and subepisternal ridges; subepisternal ridge (ser) distinct. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) absent. Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group: costal complex of veins (ccx) distinct; axillary sclerites 1ax, 2ax and 3ax showing nothing distinctive and additional sclerite present.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) present as a pair of large sclerites, each with a broad arm which extends pleurally; with 4–10 hs metatergal setae (mts) extending across segment. Laterally: dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Suspensorial sclerites (ss) well developed. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 202–260 m ventrally; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) present as a sclerotisation on ventral margin of metapleural ridge (plr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Posterior spiracles (sp 3): width of peritremes about 85– 115 m. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) large and sclerotised, with well­developed lateral apophyses (stn 3 a). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) absent; anterior metasternal setae (amss): total of 3 or 4 hs; posterior metasternal setae (pmss): total of 9–13 hs.</p> <p>Wings: large and well developed; length 3.2–3.3 mm; width 1.2–1.4 mm (ratio of length to width 1:0.4; ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.86). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to subcostal thickening only lightly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous, sometimes with faint reticulations; with a line of 9–14 circular sensoria (sens) and 20–27 fine setae (als) along sclt; radius (rad) and media (med) veins apparently represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) present but unsclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised and quite broad, with a strong vein along anterior margin, which has a strong indentation proximally; length 320–340 m, width 55–65 m; with 1 blunt apical hamulus (ham), about 25 m long, which bends posteriorly.</p> <p>Legs. Prothoracic legs: fossorial; lengths (m): coxae (cx) 387–445; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 673–785; tibia (ti) 220–260 and tarsus (ta) 225–260; coxa (cx) with a group of 30–35 small hs near coxal base + about 18–20 longer setae distally. Trochanter (tr) with about 12 hs but without a long flagellate seta; each with a group of 8–19 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation. Femur (fm) with about 110–130 bifurcating setae (bs), 60 long hs (100–110 m long) plus about 60+ short hs. Tibia (ti) with 4–6 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcating setae (bs) absent; with 25–40 hs elsewhere; spurs (tibs) at distal end of tibia (tibs) largest, each about 60–100 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented, with a group of 8–19 campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcating setae; with 0–7 spinose setae along ventral margin plus about 10–12 hs setae on other surfaces; tarsal spurs (tabs) barely differentiated, each 40–55 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent. Claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, without any articulation; length 130–180 m; without claw digitules (cdgt). Meso­ and metathoracic legs: lengths (m): coxae (cx) II 330–385; III 345–415 m; metacoxae with a group of 19–26 small hs near base + 31–55 longer setae distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 645–700; III 645–760 m long; metatrochanter with 14–25 hs but without either a long flagellate seta or bifurcate setae (bs); trochanter with a group of 10–14 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation. Metafemur with 22–24 spinose setae along posteroventral margin, plus 45–60 hs. Tibia (ti): II 660–725; III 715–765 m long; metatibiae with 19–35 spur­like setae along ventral margin; bifurcating setae (bs) absent; with 45–60 hs elsewhere; each tibia with 2 tibial spurs (tibs) distally, longest about 35–50 m long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented lengths: II 260–275; III 280–315 m long; with a group of 2 (–5?) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface and perhaps more distally; without bifurcating setae (bs); with 7–12 spur­like setae along ventral margin plus about 25–30 hs setae on other surfaces; tarsal spurs (tabs) barely differentiated, 28–38 m long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent. Claws (c) broad basally, without a denticle (cd); claw III about 100–120 m long, with 2 strongly spinose digitules (cdgt), each about 20–25 m long.</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions. Small tergites (at) present mediolaterally on anterior borders of all segments; large sternites (as) present medially on segments II–VIII. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) absent medially on dorsum of segments I–VII, but with 2 or 3 on each side of VIII; ventral abdominal setae (avs) in broad bands of about 13–30 hs across posterior margin of sternites II–VII and with a small diffuse group of 3 or 4 on either side of VIII. Loculate pores (lp) absent from tergites and sternites of segments I–VII. Segments VI and VII each with a median group of 15–27 large, sclerotised tubular ducts (tdc) which secrete long wax filaments (each filament perhaps 4–5 mm long); each group of ducts with a band of minute setae along anterior margin. Pleurites only represented by 2 lightly sclerotised areas laterally on segment VIII. Pleural setae probably divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps), latter represented by a single hs per segment; dps very few (1–4 per segment) associated with a group of lp, with 1–3 lp on segments I–IV, 3–8 lp on V &amp; VI, 7–13 lp on VII and 18–20 lp across VIII dorsally; each loculate pore 10–14 m wide, with 7–20 loculi in 1–3 rings but without a central loculus. Long setae entirely absent from abdomen. Abdominal spiracles (asp) apparently absent (also absent on adult female).</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) not detected. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised and quadrate, with rather parallel sides, about 425–520 m long, 245–310 m wide; most of sclerotised area covered in numerous short hs (pss). Penial sheath with a long ventral slit, whose sides are more membranous than elsewhere on penial sheath. Attached to anterior margin of ventral slit is a broad, rather flat, heavily sclerotised basal rod (bra) from anterior end of which emerges a long, thin aedeagus, perhaps 0.9–1.0 mm long, possibly in a membranous sheath along part of its length. Aedeagus (aed) appears to emerge through a small projection on ventral, posterior margin of penial sheath, which has a few minute sensilla (psp); no eversible endophallus (eph) found.</p> <p>Characters typical of male hypogeal margarodids</p> <p>(i) fossorial anterior legs; (ii) thorax broadening rapidly behind head, with no neck; (iii) tarsi all 1 segmented; (iv) hamulohalteres each with 1 hamulus; (iv) each trochanter with a group of round campaniform sensilla; (v) abdominal segments VI and VII each with a median dorsal group of tubular ducts; (vi) scutellum strongly triangular, without a pair of membranous areas laterally; (vii) some species with satellite setae on antennae; (viii) some species with bifurcated setae, particularly on prothoracic legs; (ix) some species with loculate pores; (x) penial sheath generally short and squat; (xi) hamulohalteres with an indentation on anterior margin; (xii) most species with setae on or near each lateropleurite; (xiii) all coxae with a group of very small setae near basal articulation; (xiv) compound eyes particularly large, almost meeting ventrally; (xv) absence of collared setae; (xvi) absence of convex pores; (xvii) scutum without a median membranous area; (xviii) basisternum with marginal ridge poorly demarcated along anterior margin, and (xix) sternites generally well developed.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF9482277A617F6ED98BFB33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFA982107A617DC1DAA4F9D6.text	267587D7FFA982107A617DC1DAA4F9D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stigmacoccus Hempel.	<div><p>Stigmacoccus Hempel.</p> <p>Stigmacoccus Hempel, 1900: 379, 399.</p> <p>Stigmacoccus was placed in the Stigmacoccini, Xylococcinae, by Morrison (1927). Its relationships have not been studied since. The tribe Stigmacoccini Morrison is here being raised to family status. Whilst clearly related to the Xylococcidae, both the adult males and females of Stigmacoccus differ significantly from those of the Xylococcidae and all other margarodoids.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFA982107A617DC1DAA4F9D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFA782107A617CD1D96CFD7B.text	267587D7FFA782107A617CD1D96CFD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylococculus betulae (Pergande 1898)	<div><p>Xylococculus betulae (Pergande)</p> <p>(Fig. 15)</p> <p>Xylococcus betulae Pergande (in Hubbard &amp; Pergande), 1898: 19.</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>USA, Vermont, Moosalamoo, on beech, 22.vi.1977, W.E. Wallner (USNM): 2/ 2♂♂ (one fair, from which most data taken, and the other poor).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 2.82 mm long, 0.62 mm wide across prealare. Body covered in numerous quite short hair­like setae (hs), most about 15–40 but some 70 m long; hairs (hrs) smaller, frequent; collared setae (cs) absent; almost all membranous areas with numerous setae, plus loculate pores (lp) present on both surfaces of head and prothorax but absent from venter of meso­ and metathorax and abdomen, each 4–8 m wide, with several loculi of varying size. Convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae long, flagellar segments all quite narrow, parallel­sided, becoming slightly shorter near apex; each segment with some satellite setae (sats). Sclerotised areas without nodulations. Legs well developed and setose, with many spur­like setae but apparently none bifurcated; tarsi 2 segmented; claw without a denticle; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen with large tubular ducts with longitudinal ridges on tergites VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath more or less terminal.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular in dorsal view, length 310 m, width across compound eyes 550 m. Dorsally: postoccipital suture (pos) well developed, extending across posterior part of epicranium (dmep); postocciput (poc) present posteriorly, small and triangular. Midcranial ridge (mcr) quite broad, extending full length of dorsal part of epicranium (dmep) and fusing with pos posteriorly; sclerotised. Postero­medial part of dmep quite strongly sclerotised, becoming membranous anteriorly and laterally. Preocular ridge (procr) probably represented by a short sclerotisation extending medially from between each compound eye and scape. Dorsal epicranium (dmep) covered in 32–35 hs on each side, plus some hrs and 10–14 lp. Laterally: compound eyes (cde) each about 185–200 m long, with about 110 ommatidia; with a narrow, sclerotised ocular sclerite (ocs) present along dorsal and posterior margins, each with a single dorsal ocellus (o), close to postoccipital suture (pos), each ocellus 50 m wide; each ocular sclerite (ocs) probably with a sclerotised, longitudinal postocular ridge (pocr) along dorsal margin; ventral projection (p) short but distinct and extending ventrally. Ventrally with a strongly sclerotised series of ridges forming a five­armed cross, composed of: (i) a ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) anteriorly, which fuses posteriorly with (ii) a pair of lateral preocular ridges (procr) and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges (pror) posteriorly; preoral ridges probably articulating with a pair of small ventral sclerites (vs) laterally. Ventral part of epicranium (vmep) largely sclerotised postero­medially, becoming membranous anteriorly and laterally; setal distribution as follows: anteriorly between mid­cranial ridges and antennae with 8–10 hs, a few hrs + 6–9 lp; lateral area between preocular (procr) and preoral ridges (pror) with 8–12 hs, mainly medially, + 0 lp; area posterior to preoral ridges and around mouth (m) unsclerotised and without setae or pores. Cranial apophysis (ca) probably short and broad. Anterior (ata) and posterior tentorial arms (pta) not detected; tentorial bridge (tb) distinct, transverse, about 125 m long. Ventral sclerites (vs) present just posterior to each compound eye. Mouth (m) present medially in neck region.</p> <p>Antennae: 10­segmented; length 1.8 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.64); without a sclerotised articulatory socket with head, but with a strong basal articular process (bap) extending from lateral margin of each scape posteriorly. Scape (scp) 140 m long, 115 m wide, sclerotised, with 22 short setae; without bifurcated setae (bs). Pedicel (pdc) 95 m long, 75 m wide; with 10 short setae (no satellite setae (sats)), plus 5 campaniform sensilla (camp) on dorsal surface. Segments III–X of flagellum parallel­sided, each about 50–65 m wide, becoming slightly shorter near apex; each segment with 18–40 fs, each 100–113 m long, some with up to 3 satellite setae (sats). Segment X with 3 bristles (ab) near apex; no basiconic sensilla (bass) or capitate setae (caps) present. Segment lengths (m): III 275, IV 215, V 225, VI 200, VII 195, VIII 175, IX 165 and X 150.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: neck distinct. Dorsally with a strong pronotal ridge (prnr) which extends uninterrupted across hind part of neck but which does not reach cervical sclerite (cv) ventrally; prnr widening slightly medially on dorsum. Post­tergites (pt) complex: mainly composed of a longitudinal sclerite, about 113 m long, with a broad area of sclerotisation on either end, with anterior sclerotisation appearing similar to an apophysis, and with posterior sclerotisation slightly larger. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which possibly articulate anteriorly with both posterior ventral sclerite (vs) and preoral ridge (pror); cervical sclerite with a small proepimeron (epm 1). Pleural ridge (plr 1) short; pleural apophysis (pla 1) distinct. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) with a well­sclerotised median ridge about 200 m long, which broadens anteriorly but without obvious sternal apophyses (stn 1 a) posteriorly. Most membranous areas with short setae and lp, as follows: dorsally with a group of median pronotal setae (mpns) + lp extending between posttergites over anterior end of prescutum; with a few lateral pronotal setae (lpns) just posterior to pronotal ridge (prnr); with groups of anterior and posterior propleural setae (pl 1 s) + lp on each side, clearly separated; ventrally with a distinct group of 9 or 10 anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) + lp on each side anterior to prosternum (stn 1), and with a group of about 14 prosternal setae (stn 1 s) + lp on each side of prosternum. Antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) either absent or fused with posterior propleural setae (ppl 2 s).</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and approximately oval (length 240 m, width 350 m); mesoprephragma (phr 1) narrow; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) less sclerotised than prescutum; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout: distance from prescutum to scutellum 240 m; with about 17 hs scutal setae (scts) + 5–8 lp on each side medially; without setae or pores near lateral margin. Scutellum (scl) roundly triangular (150 m long, 250 m wide); without membranous areas laterally; without scutellar setae (scls) or pores; posterior transverse ridge extending along posterior margin of scutum to posterior notal wing process (pnp) broad. Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula sclerite (teg) well developed, each with 14–18 short hs tegular setae (tegs) but no lp. Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) relatively small, outer part of peritreme 40–50 m wide and rather unsclerotised. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, length 350 m, width 495 m; with a complete, sclerotised median ridge (mdr) although poorly sclerotised in parts; bounded anteriorly by a well­developed marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); with a total of 31 short hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s) on each side, mainly medially in a line along mdr but also with a small group anteriorly; furca (f) moderately narrow ventrally, slightly waisted, with quite long arms, which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) not strongly sclerotised, without an extension from marginal ridge; subepisternal ridge (ser) unusual, broad posteriorly, with a group of about 28 hs (lpls) on posteroventral area of mesepisternum (eps 2); some setae also present along each mesoprecoxal ridge (pcr 2) and in membranous area near mesopleural apophysis (pla 2). Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s): with up to 24 hs in a group posterior to each spiracle (sp 2) and 4–6 medially anterior to marginal ridge (mr); no lp present. Wing sclerites: apparently showing nothing distinctive.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) large and extending full width of segment; with a group of 23 metatergal setae (mts) + 8 lp extending across segment. Laterally: suspensorial sclerites (ss) present. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 180 m medio­ventrally, with a group of 5–10 hs on ventral end; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) slightly sclerotised with a large group of postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s); metepimeron (epm 3) represented by a strong sclerotisation extending dorso­posteriorly around metacoxae, and with an area of lesser sclerotisation dorsally. Posterior spiracles (sp 3) similar in structure to anterior spiracles, each about 42–55 m wide. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) with a large area of sclerotisation medially and large sclerotised apophyses (stn 3 a) laterally. Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) abundant in an elongate group along posterior margin of each precoxal ridge (pcr 2) but pores absent; with a total of about 55 anterior metasternal setae (amss) but no lp; posterior metasternal setae (pmss) (without lp) in a large group medially plus a small group laterally</p> <p>Wings: quite large and well developed; each 2.65–3.0 mm long and 1.03–1.12 mm wide. Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt well sclerotised proximally, becoming less so towards wing tip; rest of wing membranous but with large, broken micro­ridges; with a distinct group of 7 or 8 circular sensoria (sens) near sclt close to wing base, plus about 17 sens on distal half of wing near sclt. Alar setae (als): with 5 setae associated with each basal group of sens plus a single setae more laterally. Radius (rad) vein very faint. Alar lobe (al) represented by a sclerotised fold along proximal posterior margin. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised, rather long and narrow; length 255–290 m, width 65–70 m; with 3 hamuli (ham), each highly curved; possibly without a clavate apex.</p> <p>Legs: metathoracic legs perhaps marginally longest. Coxae (cx) lengths (m): I 275; II</p> <p>250–260; III 250; each with about 60–75 longer setae along lateral margins plus a small group of shorter setae near basal articulation. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) lengths (m): I 500; II 520; III 540; trochanter with 33–55 shortish setae + 2 long flagellate setae, longest about 125 m, other slightly shorter; trochanter with a group 5–8 round campaniform sensilla (camp) on each side; femur with about 90 setae, most shortish but some along ventral margin long. Tibia (ti) lengths (m): I 620; II 700; III 740; distal 2/3rds with spurlike setae laterally and ventrally, these replaced by long flagellate setae dorsally; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; tibial spurs (tibs) distally without clavate apices, longest about 35 m long. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, proximal segment (ta 1) very short and triangular; length of ta 1 + ta 2 (m): I 180; II 200; III 210; with a tarsal campaniform sensillum (camp) (on segment ta 2); without bifurcated setae (bs), all setae short and setose; tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) probably represented by 2 small, fine setae on dorsal margin near claw. Claws (c) broad, without a denticle (cd); claw III about 37 m long, with 2 fine setose digitules (cdgt).</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions (ce). Tergites (at) present across all segments, covering full width of segments III–VIII; sternites (as) present across all segments, covering almost full width of each segment; pleurite (apt) of segment VIII mildly sclerotised. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) rather less frequent than ventral abdominal setae (avs), tergites I–V each with about 30–40 (total) hs ads (longest seta 50 m, shortest 25 m — all finer and more flagellate than avs) + 7–20 lp; tergites VI and VII each with 20–25 hs + 7–14 lp along anterior margin and 5–10 hs + 1–8 lp along posterior margin; segment VIII with a total of 18 hs + 2 lp. Sternites (as) each with 75–100 hs avs without lp (longest about 65 m, shortest 12 m). Additionally, on segments VI and VII, each tergite with a broad band of large tubular ducts (tdc) (each about 10 m wide), each duct conical, with a broad inner ductule 22–25 m long and 7–9 m wide, each ductule with about 8 longitudinal inner ridges, giving it a ridged appearance; with about 34–36 tdc on segment VI, and 22–24 on segment VII, both in 2 or 3 rows. Other pores absent. Tergite of segment VIII without either lp or tubular ducts (tdc). Pleural setae divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral (vps) groups; dps in groups of 9 or 10 hs + 4 or 5 lp; vps in groups of 11–14 hs + 0 lp on segments I to VI, but fusing with dps more posteriorly. Abdominal spiracles (asp) apparently absent — no tracheae could be detected in abdomen of any specimen.</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) small, present medially above base of penial sheath. Penial sheath (ps) sclerotised, extending posteriorly from beneath segment VIII; about 245–265 m long, 185–200 m wide anteriorly, narrowing to a short, blunt apex posteriorly; with a group of 5–8 small hs penial sheath setae (pss) medially (each about 15–30 m long) on ventral surface anterior to aedeagus, plus a group of 10–12 rather longer setae (each 30–65 m long) on each side (pss); also with a small group of small sensoria (psp) on apex. Aedeagus (aed) sclerotised, almost parallel­sided, apparently without a bifid apex; 175 m long, 45–50 m wide at base; emerging from a ventral groove in penial sheath; with a short basal rod (bra) at anterior end of aedeagus, length perhaps 10 m; a very long setiferous, eversible endophallus (eph) present internally.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>The most obvious differences between X. japonicus and X. betulae are: (i) tibial spurs clavate on former but not on the latter; (ii) the structure of the loculate pores, which are clearly loculate, with broad septa between each loculus on X. japonicus but have unevensized loculi on X. betulae, with fine septa between each loculus, and (iii) the length of the antennae, which are much longer on X. japonicus (about 2.7 mm as against 1.8 mm on X. betulae).</p> <p>On the basis of male structure, there seems little justification in separating Xylococculus from Xylococcus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFA782107A617CD1D96CFD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FFA7821E7A617C1BD96BFA18.text	267587D7FFA7821E7A617C1BD96BFA18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylococculus Morrison 1927	<div><p>Xylococculus Morrison</p> <p>Xylococculus Morrison, 1927: 101.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FFA7821E7A617C1BD96BFA18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF9C821E7A61782BDA94FB5B.text	267587D7FF9C821E7A61782BDA94FB5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylococcus japonicus Oguma. Letters 1926	<div><p>Xylococcus japonicus Oguma</p> <p>(Fig. 14)</p> <p>Xylococcus alni Oguma, 1919: 78 (Homonym of Xylococcus alni, Florence, 1917).</p> <p>Xylococcus japonicus Oguma, 1926: 101 (replacement name).</p> <p>Material studied</p> <p>JAPAN, Soranuma­dake, on Alnus maximuwiczii, 30.viii.1970, Takagi (BMNH):4/ 4ad ♂♂ (mounted from material labelled Xylococcus japonicus; in fair condition but all rather poorly cleared, with broken antennae and one damaged in thoracic region).</p> <p>Mounted material</p> <p>Large, 3.0–3.7 mm long, 0.8 mm wide across prealare. Body covered in numerous quite short hair­like setae (hs), most about 40–100 m long; smaller hairs (hrs) frequent, 25–40 m long; collared setae (cs) absent; almost all membranous areas with numerous setae, plus loculate pores (lp) (each 8 m wide, mainly with 4 or 5 loculi) on both surfaces of head and thorax but absent from venter of abdomen. Convex pores (cp) absent. Antennae long, flagellar segments all quite narrow, parallel­sided, becoming slightly shorter near apex; each segment with some satellite setae (sats). Sclerotised areas without nodulations. Legs well developed and setose, with many spur­like setae but apparently none bifurcated; tarsi 2 segmented; claws with a minute denticle; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen with large tubular ducts with ridged sides on tergites VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath more or less terminal.</p> <p>Head</p> <p>Triangular in dorsal view, length 318 m, width across compound eyes 600 m. Dorsally: postoccipital suture (pos) broad, extending across posterior part of epicranium (dmep); postocciput (poc) triangular, present posteriorly and varying in size between specimens. Midcranial ridge (mcr) quite broad, extending full length of dorsal part of epicranium (dmep) and fusing with pos posteriorly; sclerotised and longitudinally striated. Postero­medial part of dmep quite strongly sclerotised, becoming membranous anteriorly and laterally. Preocular ridge (procr) probably represented by a short sclerotisation extending medially along dorsal margin of each compound eye from each scape. Dorsal epicranium (dmep) covered in many hs (each 55–85 m long), some hrs (each 25–35 m long) and lp. Laterally: compound eyes (cde) each about 200 m long, with about 150 ommatidia; with a narrow, sclerotised ocular sclerite (ocs) along dorsal and posterior margins, each with a single dorsal ocellus (o), close to postoccipital suture; width of each ocellus 30 m; each ocular sclerite (ocs) with a sclerotised, longitudinal postocular ridge (pocr) along dorsal margin; ventral projection (p) short but distinct and extending ventrally. Ventrally with a strongly sclerotised series of ridges forming a five­armed cross, composed of: (i) a ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) anteriorly, which fuses posteriorly with (ii) a pair of lateral preocular ridges (procr) and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges (pror) posteriorly; each preoral ridge articulating with a pair of small ventral sclerites (vs) laterally. Ventral part of epicranium (vmep) largely sclerotised postero­medially, becoming membranous anteriorly and laterally. Setal distribution as follows: anteriorly on vmep between mid­cranial ridges and antennae with many setae (hs + a few hrs, as on dmep) + lp; lateral area between preocular (procr) and preoral ridges (pror) with a few hs, mainly medially; area posterior to preoral ridges and around mouth (m) without setae or pores. Cranial apophysis (ca) probably short and broad. Anterior (ata) and posterior tentorial arms (pta) arise just postero­laterally to preoral ridge (pror), meeting tentorial bridge (tb) posteriorly. Ventral sclerites (vs) present just posterior to each compound eye.</p> <p>Antennae: 10­segmented; length 2.68 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.8); without a sclerotised articulatory socket with head, but with a strong basal articular process (bap) extending from lateral margin of each scape posteriorly. Scape (scp) 136–145 m long, 100–125 m wide, sclerotised, with many short setae, each about 40–60 m long; without bifurcated setae (bs). Pedicel (pdc) 95–110 m long, 75–80 m wide; with many short setae but no satellite setae (sats), plus 4–6 campaniform sensilla (camp) on dorsal surface. Segments III–IX of flagellum parallel­sided, each about 40–45 m wide, becoming slightly shorter near apex; each segment with many setae, each 60–110 m long, about 1/4 with a satellite seta. Segment X basically similar, possibly narrowing slightly, with 4 bristles (ab) near apex; basiconic sensilla (bass) and capitate setae (caps) absent. Segment lengths (m): III 373, IV 373, V 320–375, VI 340, VII 260–315, VIII 260–290, IX 220 and X 210.</p> <p>Thorax</p> <p>Prothorax: neck distinct. Dorsally with a strong pronotal ridge (prnr) which extends uninterrupted across hind part of neck but which does not reach cervical sclerite ventrally. Post­tergites (pt) complex: mainly composed of a longitudinal sclerite, about 125 m long, with a broad area of sclerotisation on either end, anterior sclerotisation appearing similar to an apophysis, about 60 m long and 80 m wide; posterior sclerotisation larger but more diffuse. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites (cv) which possibly articulate anteriorly with ventral sclerites (vs); cervical sclerite with a large proepimeron (epm 1). Pleural ridge (plr 1) short, extending dorsally from articulation with coxa. Pleural apophysis (pla 1) distinct. Ventrally: prosternum (stn 1) with a well­sclerotised median ridge about 185 m long, which broadens slightly anteriorly but with no obvious sternal apophyses (stn 1 a) posteriorly; transverse ridge absent. Most membranous areas with short setae and lp, as follows: dorsally with a broad group of median pronotal setae (mpns) + lp extending between post­tergites over anterior end of prescutum; with a sparse band of lateral pronotal setae (lpns) just posterior to pronotal ridge (prnr); with separate groups of anterior propleural setae (apl 1 s) + lp and posterior propleural setae (ppl 1 s) on each side; ventrally with a distinct group of anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) + lp anterior to prosternum (stn 1), and with a group of prosternal setae (stn 1 s) + lp on each side of prosternum. Antemesospiracular setae (asp 2 s) probably absent.</p> <p>Mesothorax: dorsally: prescutum (prsc) large and approximately oval (length 225 m, width 460 m); mesoprephragma (phr 1) narrow; prescutal ridges (pscr) short; prescutal sutures (pscs) less sclerotised than prescutum; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout; distance from prescutum to scutellum 210 m; with several scutal setae (scts) and a single pore medially but without setae or pores laterally. Scutellum (scl) triangular; without membranous areas laterally; without scutellar setae (scls) or pores; posterior transverse ridge (rd) broad, extending along posterior margin of scutum to posterior notal wing process (pnp). Laterally: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegula sclerite (teg) poorly sclerotised but with a large group of short hs tegular setae (tegs) but no lp. Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 2). Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) relatively small, outer part of peritreme 70–75 m broad and rather unsclerotised, inner part well sclerotised, 35–40 m wide. Ventrally: basisternum (stn 2) large, length 400 m, width 585 m; with a distinct, complete, sclerotised median ridge (mdr); bounded anteriorly by a welldeveloped marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 2); with a line of short basisternal setae (stn 2 s) along mdr medially plus a small group of setae anteriorly; furca (f) moderately narrow ventrally, slightly waisted, with quite long arms, which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) indistinct, without an extension from marginal ridge; subepisternal ridge (ser) unusual, broad posteriorly, with a group of setae (lpls). Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) represented by a small group of hs posterior to each anterior spiracle (sp 2); none medially; lp absent. Wing sclerites: apparently similar to other members of this group.</p> <p>Metathorax: dorsally: metapostnotum (pn 3) apparently absent on some material and well developed on others; when well developed, fused medially; with a group of metatergal setae (mts) + lp extending across segment. Laterally: dorsospiracular setae (dss) + lp in a distinct group laterally. Suspensorial sclerites (ss) present. Pleural ridge (plr 3) well developed; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed and extending about 200 m medio­ventrally; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 3). Metepisternum (eps 3) lightly sclerotised with a small group of postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s); metepimeron (epm 3) represented by a strong sclerotisation extending dorso­posteriorly around metacoxae. Posterior spiracles (sp 3) similar in structure and size to anterior spiracles. Ventrally: metasternum (stn 3) with a triangular sclerotisation medially and large sclerotised apophyses (stn 3 a) laterally. Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 2 s) in small groups anterolaterally; anterior metasternal setae (amss) + few lp in a small group medially; posterior metasternal setae (pmss) (without lp) in a large group medially plus a small group laterally.</p> <p>Wings: quite large and well developed; each 3.0 mm long, 1.13 mm wide (ratio of length to width 1:0.38; ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.9). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt well sclerotised proximally, becoming less so towards wing tip; rest of wing membranous but with large, broken micro­ridges; with a distinct group of 4–9 circular sensoria (sens) near sclt close to wing base, plus a few (12–14?) sens on distal half of wing near subcostal thickening. Alar setae (als) few, perhaps up to 3 or 4 towards base of wing. Radius (rad) vein very faint. Alar lobe (al) represented by a sclerotised fold along proximal posterior margin. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised, rather long and narrow, possibly with a sclerotised ridge along anterior margin; length 290–295 m, width 70–80 m; with 2–5 hamuli (ham), each highly curved and probably with a clavate apex.</p> <p>Legs: metathoracic legs perhaps marginally longest. Coxae (cx) lengths (m): I 266–295; II 260–275; III 260–275; each with some longer setae along lateral margins, longest perhaps 65–85 m; short setae absent basally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) lengths (m): I 515–555; II 480–520; III 535–575; trochanter with several shortish setae + 1 long flagellate seta (length about 165–170 m) plus another seta about half as long; trochanter with a group of 4–6 round campaniform sensilla (camp) on each side; femur with many setae, most shortish but some up to 60 m. Tibia (ti) lengths (m): I 595–650; II 635–650; III 670–705; distal 2/3rds with spur­like setae laterally and ventrally, these replaced by long flagellate setae dorsally; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; with about 10–15 tibial spurs (tibs) distally, all with clavate apices, longest about 35–50 m long. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, proximal segment (ta 1) very short and triangular; length of ta 1 + ta 2 (m): I 175–200; II 180–205; III 180–190; with a tarsal campaniform sensillum (camp) (on segment ta 2); without bifurcated setae (bs), all setae short and setose; tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) probably represented by 2 small, fine setae on dorsal margin near claw. Claws (c) broad, with a minute denticle (cd); claw III about 40–45 m long, with 2 fine setose digitules (cdgt).</p> <p>Abdomen</p> <p>Without caudal extensions (ce), margins of segment VII and VIII rounded. Tergites (at) present across all segments, narrowest on anterior segments, covering full width of segments VI–VIII; sternites (as) present across all segments, those on segments VII and VIII covering almost full width of segment; pleurite of segment VIII mildly sclerotised. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) rather less frequent than ventral abdominal setae (avs); both surfaces with mainly hs (mostly 15–45 m long, but a few avs longer) + a few hrs. Loculate pores (lp) restricted to dorsum, in a line across each segment posterior to most setae. Additionally, on segments VI and VII, each tergite with a broad band of large tubular ducts (tdc) (each about 10 m wide), each pore conical, with a broad inner ductule 20–22 m long and 8 m wide, each ductule with about 8 longitudinal inner ridges, giving it a ridged appearance; with about 31–34 tdc on segment VI, more or less in 2 rows, and with 33–38 on segment VII, more or less in 3 rows. Other pores absent. Tergite of segment VIII without either lp or tubular ducts. Pleural setae divided into dorsal (dps) and ventral (vps) groups; dps in groups with many setae and a few pores; vps in groups on segments I to VI, those on VII and VIII undivided; vps in smaller groups with fewer setae than dps groups, particularly on anterior segments, and all without lp; pleural groups on segments VII and VIII with many setae but no pores. Abdominal spiracles (asp) apparently absent — no tracheae could be detected in abdomen of any specimen (but see under Comment below).</p> <p>Genital segment: anus (an) present medially above base of penial sheath, anal opening about 85 m wide. Penial sheath (ps) sclerotised, extending posteriorly from beneath segment VIII; about 280–325 m long, 200–225 m wide anteriorly, narrowing to a short, blunt apex posteriorly; with a group of 12 or 13 small hs penial sheath setae (pss) medially (each about 10 m long) on ventral surface anterior to aedeagus, plus a group of 20–25 rather longer setae (each 25–35 m long) on each side; also with a small group of small sensoria (psp) on apex. Aedeagus (aed) sclerotised, broadest anteriorly, narrowing towards bifid apex; 230–250 m long, 103–115 m wide at base; emerging from a ventral slit in penial sheath; with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra) at anterior end of aedeagus, length perhaps 10 m; a long setiferous, eversible endophallus (eph) present internally, perhaps 1300 m long.</p> <p>Comment</p> <p>In addition to the above material, 2 other rather poor specimens were also seen (data labelled Kuwania japonica with collection data in Russian (depository: ZIAS)). These specimens appeared to be very similar to the above description, differing mainly in rather more setae and pores. However, perhaps the most significant difference was that there were tracheae present in segments VII and VIII (suggesting the presence of inconspicuous spiracles).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF9C821E7A61782BDA94FB5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
267587D7FF9D82247A617F21D8B9F886.text	267587D7FF9D82247A617F21D8B9F886.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xylococcus Low	<div><p>Xylococcus Löw</p> <p>Xylococcus Löw, 1882: 274.</p> <p>Pergande (in Hubbard &amp; Pergande, 1898) placed this in the Xylococcinae, while Cockerell (1899b) assigned it to the Xylococcini. Morrison (1928) agreed with these higher taxa. Zahradnik (1959) raised it to family status, Xylococcidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/267587D7FF9D82247A617F21D8B9F886	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hodgson, Chris;Foldi, Imre	Hodgson, Chris, Foldi, Imre (2006): A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa 1263 (1): 1-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1263.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1263.1.1
