identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
247A87ADFFD30749FD1246C2B761B180.text	247A87ADFFD30749FD1246C2B761B180.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammobatis extenta (Garman 1913)	<div><p>Psammobatis extenta (Garman, 1913)</p><p>Raja erinacea (non Mitchill). — Miranda Ribeiro, 1907:176, pl. XII, XIII (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; catalogue).</p><p>Raia extenta Garman, 1913:356 (original description; type-locality: off the coast of Ilha Rasa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</p><p>Psammobatis extenta — Fowler, 1942:131 (Brazil; listed). —Menni, 1972 (clasper morphology). —Carvalho, Figueiredo, 1994 (systematic study and lectotype selection). — McEachran, Dunn, 1998:286 (systematic study). — Mazzoleni, Schwingel, 1999:114 ( Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; listed). — Compagno, 1999:489 (listed). — Cousseau et al., 2000:30 (Argentina and Uruguay; catalogue). — Menni, Stehmann, 2000:87 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). — Muto et al., 2001 ( Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; diet). — Paragó, 2001 (systematic study). — Gomes, 2002 (systematic study). — Braccini, Chiaramonte, 2002 (Argentina; reproductive biology). — Braccini, Chiaramonte, 2005 (Argentina; morphometry). — Gomes, Gadig, 2003:29 (São Paulo, Brazil; listed). — Mabragaña, 2007 (Argentina; biological and ecological study). — Cousseau et al., 2007:62 ( Mar del Plata, Argentina; catalogue). —Rocha et al., 2010 (egg capsules). — Weigmann, 2016:100 (listed). — Last et al., 2016:457 (listed). — Nión et al., 2016:23 (Uruguay; listed). — Viana et al., 2017:3 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; diet). — Cordeiro, Oddone, 2019:47 (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; reproductive biology). — Gomes et al., 2019:299, fig. 291 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; catalogue). — Brum-Neto, Lucena, 2020 (Brazil; tooth morphology). — Sabadin et al., 2020:1901 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). — Mabragaña, Cousseau, 2021:64 (Argentina; listed). — Hoff et al., 2023 (Brazil; listed) .</p><p>Psammobatis sp. —Figueiredo, 1977:34, fig. 75 (Southern Brazil; catalogue).</p><p>Psammobatis glansdissimilis —McEachran, 1983:67, fig. 18 (systematic study). —Mazzoleni, Schwingel, 1999 (Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; listed). —Menni, Stehmann, 2000:87 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed).</p><p>Diagnosis. Psammobatis extenta is distinguished from P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum by the dark brown coloration pattern of tiny dark spots (vs. black in P. lentiginosa and whitish in P. rutrum); tiny spots distributed around the orbits (vs. absent in P. lentiginosa and concentrated in the preorbital region in P. rutrum); presence of thorns on pectoral fins (vs. reduced or absent in P. lentiginosa); pectoral thorns with tip oriented towards the caudal region (vs. tip oriented towards the lateral margin of disc in P. rutrum); presence of a mid-pectoral thorn (vs. absent in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum); continuous rows of dorsal thorns posterior to the scapular region (vs. interruption only from the middorsal to the pelvic insertion in P. lentiginosa and interruption of the three rows in P. rutrum); spermatic groove of claspers positioned dorsally with dermal denticles (vs. lateral spermatic groove and denticles absent in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum); presence of ocelli on the posterior region of pectoral fins in adults and juveniles (vs. absent in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum); anterior fontanelle rectangular (vs. trapezoidal in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa); basal fenestrae rectangular and narrow (vs. kidney-shaped in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa); posterior nasal cartilage perpendicular in relation the anteroposterior axis (vs. oblique in relation the anteroposterior axis in P. rutrum); dorsal terminal cartilage 2 and accessory terminal cartilage 2 absent (vs. present in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum); accessory terminal cartilage 1 continuous with the ventral marginal cartilage (vs. articulated in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum).</p><p>External description. Disc 1.4–1.5 times wider than long (Tab. 1). Heart-shaped disc in juvenile and adult specimens; subtle in the former and accentuated in the latter. Adults with wide pectoral fins and convex margins in the posterior region, while the anterior region narrows towards the snout. Adult males with concave anterior disc margin close to the orbital region; disc width at eye line in females is 1.2 times longer than in males.</p><p>Preorbital length 3.0–3.6 times the eye horizontal diameter and 2.5–2.6 times the interorbital distance. Preoral length 1.4–1.6 times the mouth width. Upper jaw arched, especially in middle region; lower jaw convex. First pair of gill openings 1.3 times larger than the fifth. Distance between first gill slits 1.8–2.2 times the distance between the fifth.</p><p>Pelvic fins convex externally with a notch forming anterior and posterior lobes. Pelvic anterior lobe shorter with a convex anterior margin; posterior margin distinguished by radial tips and continuously connected to the lateral margin of posterior lobe. Posterior lobe with a convex lateral margin and a straight inner margin. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape, with rounded apex. Distance from pelvic posterior margin to origin of first dorsal fin 2.2 times the distance from first dorsal origin to posterior margin of caudal fin. Tail long, 1.7–1.8 times in total length and 1.4 times the snout-vent distance. Caudal fin rounded.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal coloration dark brown, its intensity varying according to development stage (Fig. 3A). In adults, a grouping of tiny dark spots distributed over the dorsal surface produces a reticulated appearance, contributing to the darkening of this region. Spots can still form circular borders, smaller or equal to the eye diameter. Preorbital region with a lighter triangular area contrasting to the predominant background color and tiny spots distributed around the orbits, projecting towards disc margin (Fig. 4A). An ocellus is observed near the posterior region of each pectoral fin in both adults and juveniles (Figs. 3A, 5A). In juveniles, a dark spot located in the central region of each pectoral fin and a cluster of dark spots located on the posterior region of each pectoral fin as in P. rutrum, but spots can be less intensely colored (Figs. 3E, 5A). Some specimens present a black spot on the snout tip as in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum (Figs. 3A, C, E). Tail region presenting the same predominant background color, but also with lighter bands formed by the union of spots on dorsal region. In adults, some bands form an hourglass. Ventral region uniformly cream (Fig. 3B).</p><p>Dermal denticles. Rostral and malar thorns forming rows with no differences between sexes; star-shaped base and a curved crown that narrows towards its distal end (Figs. 6C–D). Rows of alar thorns of adult males situated posterior to the malars and positioned horizontally, close to pectoral lateral margin, with distal end oriented medially; elongated base and a thorn-shaped crown, arranged in two to six alternating rows, five to 20 denticles (Fig. 6A; Tab. 2).</p><p>Head with two to five preorbital thorns, none to three midorbital thorns, none to two postorbital thorns, and two to four spiracular thorns. Thorns similar in structure to the nuchal and scapular but smaller. Nuchal and scapular thorns forming a triangular grouping, organized into one to three nuchal thorns and five to 21 scapular thorns. Scapular thorns more concentrated in the central region, resulting in a smaller base for the triangle; leaf-shaped base with shallow grooves and a curved crown with an extremely sharp distal end (Figs. 6E–F).</p><p>Mid-pectoral thorns located on the medial region of each pectoral fin. Stellate base with well-defined grooves between the dorsal ridges, a slightly curved crown, and a tapered distal end with a straight orientation; occurring individually or grouped into two to four thorns (Figs. 7A–B). Smaller, cross-shaped dermal denticles with a tapered distal end around the mid-pectoral thorns, giving a rough texture to this region. Posterior pectoral thorns present in both males and females; cross-shaped or star-shaped base, with a curved crown and tapered distal end (Fig. 6B).</p><p>Well-developed dermal denticles located along the margin of clasper spermatic groove (Fig. 8A). Middorsal row of thorns presenting or not a small interruption, while dorsolateral rows extend to the tail region, although there is considerable individual variation in this pattern (Fig. 4D). Middorsal and dorsolateral thorns similar in structure to the nuchal and scapular ones. Smaller denticles present posteriorly to the scapula and adjacent to thorn rows, giving a rough texture to this region. Cross-shaped or plateaulike bases and crown curved with a tapered distal end.</p><p>One row of mid-caudal thorns and two caudo-lateral thorns, one at each side of the tail, all oriented anteroposteriorly; denticles arranged randomly between rows. Caudo-lateral thorns with base and crown flattened dorsolaterally. Mid-caudal thorns similar in structure to middorsal thorns and forming a continuous row with them, 26 to 39 denticles (Tab. 2).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Examined specimens with a wide geographical distribution, extending along the coasts of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Fig. 9). This species is also recorded in the Gulf of San Jorge, Argentina (Mabragaña, 2007).</p><p>Material examined. MNRJ 12317, lectotype . MNRJ 12318, paralectotype, 4, off the coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.0/lat -23.0)">Ilha Rasa</a>, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 23°S 43°W. Santa Catarina : DBAV. UERJ 1545 *, male, 241 mm TL, 110 mm DW, Itajaí . DBAV. UERJ 1624.7, male, 190 mm TL, 94.5 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.11, female, 196 mm TL, 111 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.12, male, 180 mm TL, 94 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.14, female, 180 mm TL, 107 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.16, male, 200 mm TL, 111 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.17 *, male, 184 mm TL, 107 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.18, female, 230 mm TL, 126 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.19, female, 220 mm TL, 118 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1624.20, male, 225 mm TL, 127 mm DW, São Francisco do Sul. São Paulo : DBAV. UERJ 883, female, 256 mm TL, 144 mm DW, between Paranaguá, Paraná and Ilha do Bom Abrigo, São Paulo . DBAV. UERJ 1623.1, male, 210 mm TL, 120 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1623.2, male, 225 mm TL, 138 mm DW, Santos . DBAV. UERJ 1627.4, female, 267 mm TL, 135 mm DW, Santos . DBAV. UERJ 1720.1, female, 242 mm TL, 135 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1720.2, male, 185 mm TL, 106 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1720.3, female, 178 mm TL, 87 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1720.5, female, 154 mm TL, 82 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1720.6, female, 235 mm TL, 133 mm DW, Arquipélago de Alcatrazes . DBAV. UERJ 1868, male, 220 mm TL, 118 mm DW, Santos . DBAV. UERJ 1871.1, male, 84 mm TL, 44 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1871.2, female, 272 mm TL, 148 mm DW, between Paranaguá, Paraná and Ilha do Bom Abrigo, São Paulo . DBAV. UERJ 1874.3, male, 255 mm TL, 135 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 1874.4, male, 251 mm TL, 140 mm DW, Ubatuba . DBAV. UERJ 1885.9 *, female, 200 mm TL, 115 mm DW, Barra de Santos . DBAV. UERJ 1886.1, female, 195 mm TL, 110 mm DW, Barra de Santos . DBAV. UERJ 1886.8, male, 202 mm TL, 120 mm DW, Barra de Santos. Rio de Janeiro: DBAV. UERJ 759, female, 176 mm TL, 100 mm DW, Maricá . DBAV. UERJ 763, female, 176 mm TL, 100 mm DW, Ilha Grande . DBAV. UERJ 2124, female, 263 mm TL, 145 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2125, female, 261 mm TL, 138 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2126, female, 247 mm TL, 138 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2127, male, 258 mm TL, 140 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2128, female, 231 mm TL, 134 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2129, female, 206 mm TL, 115 mm DW, DBAV. UERJ 2139, female, 262 mm TL, 135 mm DW, Angra dos Reis . DBAV. UERJ 2144.2 *, female, 275 mm TL, 165 mm DW, 23º27.4’S 44º13.4’W . DBAV. UERJ 2146.8, female, 240 mm TL, 149 mm DW, Angra dos Reis . MNRJ 14159, male, 254 mm TL, 141 mm DW, Ilha Feia . MNRJ 17763, 2, 246–253 mm TL, 143–153 mm DW, Macaé . MNRJ 32323, 5, 125.8 – 267 mm TL, 77–152 mm DW, Rio de Janeiro. MNRJ 32468, 3, 233–262 mm TL, 129.85–141.5 mm DW, Rio de Janeiro. MNRJ 32595, 2, 107.95 – 141.9 mm TL, 61.85–77.65 mm DW, Rio de Janeiro. MNRJ 33103, 3, 225–245 mm TL, 129–140 mm DW, between Ilha Rasa and Marambaia. MNRJ 49365, male, 235 mm TL, 115 mm DW, Armação dos Búzios . MNRJ 49227, male, 245 mm TL, 131.5 mm DW, Armação dos Búzios. Locality undetermined : DBAV. UERJ 1645, male, 245 mm TL, 137 mm DW. DBAV. UERJ uncataloged*, male, 262 mm TL, 144.7 mm DW.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/247A87ADFFD30749FD1246C2B761B180	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Santiago, Evelyn F.;Soares, Karla D. A.	Santiago, Evelyn F., Soares, Karla D. A. (2025): Taxonomy and morphology of three species of Psammobatis distributed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) with notes on intraspecific variation. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240074) 23 (2), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074
247A87ADFFD80756FD30402FB684B6E0.text	247A87ADFFD80756FD30402FB684B6E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammobatis lentiginosa McEachran 1983	<div><p>Psammobatis lentiginosa McEachran, 1983</p><p>Psammobatis extenta —Norman, 1937:28 (in part) (Patagonia; catalogue).</p><p>Psammobatis lentiginosa McEachran, 1983:62, fig. 17 (original description; type-locality: off the coast of Uruguay). —Andreata, Séret, 1995:581 (Espírito Santo, Brazil; listed). —McEachran, Dunn, 1998 (systematic study). —Compagno, 1999:489 (listed). —Mazzoleni, Schwingel, 1999:114 (Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil; listed). —Cousseau et al., 2000:29 (Argentina and Uruguay; catalogue). —Menni, Stehmann, 2000:87 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). —Paragó, 2001 (systematic study). — Gomes, 2002 (systematic study). —Gomes, Gadig, 2003:29 (São Paulo, Brazil; listed). —Mabragaña, 2007 (Argentina; biological and ecological study). —Cousseau et al., 2007:64 (Mar del Plata, Argentina; catalogue). —Perier et al., 2011 (Argentina; reproductive biology). —Mabragaña et al. 2012 (reproductive biology). —Weigmann, 2016:100 (listed). —Last et al., 2016:458 (listed). —Nión et al., 2016:23 (Uruguay; listed). —Gomes et al., 2019:300, fig. 292 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; catalogue). —Brum-Neto, Lucena, 2020 (Brazil; tooth morphology). —Mabragaña et al., 2020 (systematic study). —Sabadin et al., 2020:1900–1 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). —Mabragaña, Cousseau, 2021:65 (Argentina; listed). —Gabbanelli et al., 2022 (systematic and biological study).</p><p>Diagnosis. Psammobatis lentiginosa is distinguished from P. extenta and P. rutrum by the dark brown background color with darker spots distributed randomly throughout the dorsal region (vs. smaller spots in P. extenta and whitish spots in P. rutrum); thorns on the pectoral fin reduced or absent (vs. present in P. extenta and P. rutrum); interruption of only the middorsal thorn row up to the axillary region of pelvic fin (vs. continuous dorsal thorns rows after the scapular region in P. extenta and interruption of all three rows in P. rutrum); a rough band of denticles in dorsal central region, contrasting with the smooth aspect of pectoral fins (vs. absence of contrast in P. extenta and P. rutrum); thorns reduced or absent in the pectoral posterior region of males (vs. present in P. extenta and P. rutrum); females with well-developed prickles on the posterior lobe of the pelvic fins (vs. dermal denticles poorly developed in P. extenta and P. rutrum); anterior fontanelle trapezoidal (vs. rectangular in P. extenta); basal fenestrae kidney-shaped (vs. rectangular and narrow in P. extenta); dorsal terminal cartilage 2 plate-shaped (vs. triangular in P. rutrum and absent P. extenta); accessory terminal cartilage 2 projected transversely to lateral (vs. flattened dorsoventrally in P. rutrum and absent in P. extenta); accessory terminal cartilage 1 articulated with the ventral marginal cartilage (vs. continuous in P. extenta).</p><p>External description. Disc 1.6–1.8 times wider than long (Tab. 3). Heart-shaped disc in juvenile and adult specimens; subtle in the former and accentuated in the latter. Adults with wide pectoral fins and convex margins in the posterior region, while the anterior region narrows towards the snout. Adult males with concave anterior disc margin close to the orbital region; disc width at eye line in females is 1.1 times longer than in males.</p><p>Preorbital length 2.9–3.2 times eye horizontal diameter and 3.0–3.3 times interorbital distance. Preoral length 1.4–1.7 times mouth width. Upper jaw arched, especially in middle region; lower jaw convex. First pair of gill openings 1.3–1.5 times larger than fifth. Distance between first gill slits 1.8–2.1 times the distance between fifth.</p><p>Pelvic fins convex externally with a notch forming anterior and posterior lobes. Pelvic anterior lobe shorter with convex anterior margin; posterior margin distinguished by radial tips and continuously connected to lateral margin of posterior lobe. Posterior lobe with a convex lateral margin and a straight inner margin. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape, with rounded apex. Distance from the pelvic posterior margin to origin of first dorsal fin 2.7–2.9 times the distance from first dorsal origin to posterior margin of caudal fin. Tail long, 1.7 times in total length and 1.3–1.4 times the snout-vent distance. Caudal fin rounded.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal coloration dark brown, covered with darker spots distributed randomly and sometimes forming circles (Fig. 3C). Whitish spots distributed over the dorsal surface. Preorbital region with a lighter triangular area contrasting to the predominant background color as in P. extenta (Figs. 3A, C). In juveniles, a dark spot located in the central region of each pectoral fin as in P. rutrum (Figs. 3E, 5B). Black spot on the snout tip present in some specimens as in P. extenta and P. rutrum (Figs. 3A, C, E). Tail region similar to that described for the rest of the body. Ventral region predominantly cream (Fig. 3D).</p><p>Dermal denticles. Rostral and malar thorns forming rows with no differences between sexes; star-shaped base and a curved crown that narrows towards its distal end (Fig. 10E). Rows of alar thorns of adult males situated posterior to the malars and positioned horizontally, close to pectoral lateral margin, with distal end oriented medially; elongated base and a thorn-shaped crown, arranged in one to three alternating rows, with around five to 20 denticles (Fig. 10A; Tab. 2).</p><p>Head with one to four preorbital thorns, none to two midorbital thorns, none to two postorbital thorns, and none to four spiracular thorns. Thorns similar in structure to the nuchal and scapular. Nuchal and scapular thorns fworming a triangular grouping, organized into one to three nuchal thorns and three to 16 scapular thorns; leaf-shaped base with shallow grooves and a curved crown with an extremely sharp distal end (Fig. 10C).</p><p>No mid-pectoral thorns on pectoral fins. Thorns reduced or absent on pectoral fins of adults, giving a smooth appearance. Posterior pectoral thorns present in females and reduced or absent in adults males; cross-shaped or star-shaped base, with a curved crown and tapered distal end (Figs. 10B, D).</p><p>Males with no dermal denticles on their claspers (Fig. 8B). Adult females with a cluster of prickles located on the posterior lobe of the pelvic fin; cross-shaped base and crown curved with a tapered distal end (Fig. 10F). Adult males with reduced or absent dermal denticles on this region.</p><p>Middorsal row of thorns presenting an interruption that extends to pelvic insertion. Middorsal and dorsolateral thorns similar in structure to nuchal and scapular thorns but relatively smaller. Smaller denticles present posteriorly to scapula and around rows, giving a rough texture to this region (Fig. 4E). Cross-shaped base and crown curved with a tapered distal end.</p><p>One row of mid-caudal thorns and two caudo-lateral thorns, one on each side of the tail, all oriented anterior-posteriorly. Caudo-lateral thorns with base and crown flattened dorsolaterally. Mid-caudal thorns similar in structure to the middorsal thorns and forming a continuous row with them, with around 26 to 54 denticles (Tab. 2).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Examined specimens collected between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina; most of the collection sites are concentrated in Santa Catarina (Fig. 9). The geographic distribution of P. lentiginosa extends as far as the Gulf of San Jorge, Argentina (Mabragaña, 2007).</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 1935.9 . 11.2, holotype. ZMH 25230 [ex ISH 1034– 1966], 1 . ZMH 25231 [ex 1501–1966], 1. ZMH 25232 [ex 1622–1966], 1. ZMH 25233 [ex 1676–1966], 1. MZUSP 13089–102, 14, paratypes, off the coast of Uruguay, 34°S 50°W. Santa Catarina: MZUSP 42847, male, 312 mm TL, 166 mm DW, between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina. MZUSP 86551 *, male, 315 mm TL, 171 mm DW, 26°42’7.0”S 46°43’19.0”W . MZUSP 86758 *, female, 226 mm TL, 126 mm DW, between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina. MZUSP 127757, 4, 280–406 mm TL, 146–215 mm DW. MZUSP 127758, 6, 283–345 mm TL, 153–185 mm DW, Bombinhas . MZUSP 127759, 8, 118.4 – 306 mm TL, 61.3–162 mm DW, Bombinhas. Locality undetermined : MNRJ 20608, 2, 290–296 mm TL, 150– 150 mm DW.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/247A87ADFFD80756FD30402FB684B6E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Santiago, Evelyn F.;Soares, Karla D. A.	Santiago, Evelyn F., Soares, Karla D. A. (2025): Taxonomy and morphology of three species of Psammobatis distributed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) with notes on intraspecific variation. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240074) 23 (2), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074
247A87ADFFC40759FCFD4609B1F0B00B.text	247A87ADFFC40759FCFD4609B1F0B00B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammobatis rutrum	<div><p>Psammobatis rutrum Jordan, 1891</p><p>Psammobatis rutrum Jordan, 1891:334 (original description; type-locality: near Gulf San Matías, Argentina). —McEachran, 1983:58, fig. 16c (systematic study). — McEachran, Dunn, 1998:286 (systematic study). —Compagno, 1999:489 (listed). —Cousseau et al., 2000:31 (Argentina and Uruguay; catalogue). — Menni, Stehmann, 2000:87 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). —Paragó, 2001 (systematic study). —Gomes, 2002 (systematic study). —Gomes, Gadig, 2003:29 (São Paulo, Brazil; listed). —Mabragaña, 2007 (Argentina; biological and ecological study). —Cousseau et al., 2007:70 (Mar del Plata; Argentina; catalogue). —Weigmann, 2016:100 (listed). —Last et al., 2016:461 (listed). —Nión et al., 2016:23 (Uruguay; listed). —Martins, Oddone, 2017 (Brazil; reproductive biology). —Viana et al., 2017:3 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; diet). —Cordeiro, Oddone, 2019:47 (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; reproductive biology). —Gomes et al., 2019:301, fig. 293 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; catalogue). —Brum-Neto, Lucena, 2020 (Brazil; tooth morphology). Sabadin et al., 2020:1900–1 (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil; listed). — Batista et al., 2021 (Barra de Santos, São Paulo, Brazil; reproductive biology). —Mabragaña, Cousseau, 2021:65 (Argentina; listed).</p><p>Raia extenta —Garman, 1913:356 (systematic account).</p><p>Malacorhina cirrifer —Regan, 1914:16 (systematic account).</p><p>Psammobatis extenta —Figueiredo, 1977:33, fig. 74 (Southern Brazil; catalogue).</p><p>Diagnosis. Psammobatis rutrum is distinguished from P. extenta and P. lentiginosa by the brown coloration pattern with whitish spots distributed randomly throughout dorsal region (vs. tiny dark dots in P. extenta and dark dots in P. lentiginosa); dark dot on the central of pectoral fins in adults and juveniles (vs. absent in adults in P. extenta and P. lentiginosa); tiny spots concentrated in preorbital region (vs. distributed around orbits P. extenta and absent in P. lentiginosa); pectoral thorns with tip oriented towards lateral margin of disc (vs. tip oriented towards caudal region in P. extenta and reduced or absent in P. lentiginosa); interruption of the three rows of dorsal thorns posterior to scapular region (vs. continuous rows of dorsal thorns in P. extenta and interruption only from the middorsal to pelvic insertion in P. lentiginosa); anterior fontanelle trapezoidal (vs. rectangular in P. extenta); basal fenestrae kidney-shaped (vs. rectangular and narrow in P. extenta); posterior nasal cartilage oblique in relation the anteroposterior axis (vs. perpendicular in relation the anteroposterior axis in P. extenta); dorsal terminal cartilage 2 triangular (vs. plate-shaped in P. lentiginosa and absent P. extenta); accessory terminal cartilage 2 flattened dorsoventrally (vs. projected transversely to lateral in P. lentiginosa and absent in P. extenta); accessory terminal cartilage 1 articulated with the ventral marginal cartilage (vs. continuous in P. extenta).</p><p>External description. Disc 1.5–1.7 times wider than long (Tab. 4). Heart-shaped disc in juvenile and adult specimens; subtle in the former and accentuated in the latter. Adults with wide pectoral fins and convex margins in the posterior region, while the anterior region narrows towards the snout. Adult males with concave anterior disc margin close to the orbital region; disc width at eye line in females is 1.2 times longer than in males.</p><p>Preorbital length 2.5–3.2 times eye horizontal diameter and 2.5–2.6 times interorbital distance. Preoral length 1.3–1.7 times mouth width. Upper jaw arched, especially in middle region; lower jaw convex. First pair of gill openings 1.3 times larger than fifth. Distance between the first gill slits 1.8–1.9 times the distance between fifth.</p><p>Pelvic fins convex externally with a notch forming anterior and posterior lobes. Pelvic anterior lobe shorter with a convex anterior margin; posterior margin distinguished by radial tips and continuously connected to the lateral margin of posterior lobe. Posterior lobe with a convex lateral margin and a straight inner margin. Dorsal fins similar in size and shape, with rounded apex. Distance from pelvic posterior margin to the origin of first dorsal fin 1.9–2.1 times distance from first dorsal origin to posterior margin of caudal fin. Tail long, 1.8–1.9 times in total length and 1.2–1.3 times the snout-vent distance. Caudal fin rounded.</p><p>Coloration in alcohol. Dorsal coloration brown (Fig. 3E). Adults with whitish spots all over the dorsal surface. Dark spot in the central region of each pectoral fin and another in each region of malar thorns in both adults and juveniles (Figs. 3E, 5C). A cluster of dark spots located on posterior region of each pectoral fin (may not be visible in juveniles). Preorbital region with tiny dark spots, projecting towards disc margin (Fig. 4C). Some specimens present a black spot on snout tip as in P. extenta and P. lentiginosa . Tail region presenting the same predominant background color. Ventral region uniformly cream (Fig. 3F).</p><p>Dermal denticles. Rostral and malar thorns forming rows with no differences between sexes; star-shaped base and a curved crown that narrows towards its distal end (Figs. 11C–D). Adult males with rows of alar thorns situated posterior to the malars and positioned horizontally, close to the pectoral lateral margin, with the distal end oriented medially; elongated base and a thorn-shaped crown, arranged in one to three alternating rows, with around five to 20 denticles (Fig. 11A; Tab. 2).</p><p>Head with one to five preorbital thorns, one to three midorbital thorns, none to two postorbital thorns, and one to four spiracular thorns. Thorns similar in structure to the nuchal and scapular but smaller. Nuchal and scapular thorns forming a triangular grouping, organized into one to three nuchal thorns and five to 17 scapular thorns. Scapular thorns more dispersed, resulting in an arch in some individuals; leaf-shaped base with shallow grooves and a curved crown with an extremely sharp distal end (Figs. 11E–F).</p><p>No mid-pectoral thorns on pectoral fins. Pectoral thorns scattered randomly throughout the pectoral fin and varying in size; stellate base poorly defined and tip slightly inclined to posterior margin of pectoral fin (Figs. 7C–D). Posterior pectoral thorns present in both males and females. Larger and more clustered; cross-shaped or star-shaped base, with a curved crown and tapered distal end. Males lack dermal denticles on their claspers (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Middorsal and dorsolateral thorns with an interruption after between scapula and pelvic insertion (Fig. 11F). Middorsal and dorsolateral thorns similar in structure to nuchal and scapular thorns. Smaller denticles present posteriorly to scapula and around rows. Cross-shaped base and crown curved with a tapered distal end.</p><p>One row of mid-caudal thorns and two caudo-lateral thorns, one on each side of tail, all oriented anteroposteriorly; denticles arranged randomly between rows. Caudo-lateral thorns with base and crown flattened dorsolaterally. Mid-caudal thorns similar in structure to middorsal thorns and forming a continuous row with them, with around 15 to 34 denticles (Tab. 2).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Although some specimens do not have the capture locality, the distribution is also between the coasts of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and, mainly, Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 9). Records of P. rutrum are also found in northern Argentina (Cousseau et al., 2007).</p><p>Material examined. USNM 43431, holotype, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.64167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.006668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.64167/lat -42.006668)">Gulf San Matías</a>, off the coast of Argentina, Albatross Station 2678, 42°00’24”S 61°38’30”W, depth 78 meters. São Paulo : DBAV. UERJ 848.3 *, female, 230 mm TL, 140 mm DW, Santos. Rio de Janeiro: DBAV. UERJ 2142.8 *, female, 251 mm TL, 144 mm DW, Angra dos Reis . MNRJ 607, 3, 242–264 mm TL, 110.15–160 mm DW, Ilha Rasa . MNRJ 32626, female, 263 mm TL, 151 mm DW, Rio de Janeiro . MNRJ 33565, 3, 247–265 mm TL, 133–166 mm DW, between Ilha Rasa and Marambaia. Rio Grande do Sul : MNRJ 20610, 2, 203–245 mm TL, 130–142 mm DW. MZUSP 9953, male, 235 mm TL, 134 mm DW. MZUSP 9954, female, 242 mm TL, 140 mm DW. MZUSP 13128, female, 231 mm TL, 142 mm DW. MZUSP 13129, female, 242 mm TL, 143 mm DW, 31°19’0.0”S 50°22’0.0”W . MZUSP 45151, 2, 125.4 – 257 mm TL, 75.3–147 mm DW, 31°48’0.0”S 50°22’0.0”W . MZUSP 45152 *, male, 240 mm TL, 140 mm DW, 31°50’0.0”S 50°21’0.0”W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.35/lat -31.833334)">Locality</a> undetermined : DBAV. UERJ 2130 *, male, 251 mm TL, 137 mm DW. AC. DBAV. UERJ 937.1, male, 215 mm TL, 125 mm DW. MNRJ 20609, 2, 194–222 mm TL, 115.35–117.4 mm DW.</p><p>Statistical analysis. Significant differences between males and females were observed in six measurements within P. extenta, five in P. lentiginosa and seven in P. rutrum (Tab. S1). In P. extenta, measurements with significant p-values (&lt;0.05) were prenasal length (T: 2.577, df = 35, p = 0.014), eye diameter (T: -3.156, df = 28, p = 0.004), preoral length (T: 2.4161, df = 31, p = 0.021), mouth width (T: -2.1475, df = 35, p = 0.039), distance between fifth gill slits (W: 191, p = 0.001) and disc width at eye line (T: 4.4696, df = 35, p = 0.000). For P. lentiginosa, the significantly different measures were preorbital length (T: 2.8283, df = 20, p = 0.010), prenasal length (W: 93, p = 0.010), preoral length (T: 5.7438, df = 20, p = 0.000), distance between fifth gill slits (T: 3.7949, df = 20, p = 0.001) and disc width at eye line (T: 4.3859, df = 20, p = 0.000). In P. rutrum, significant differences were observed in prenasal length (T: 3.6525, df = 20, p = 0.002), eye diameter (T: -2.4898, df = 21, p = 0.021), preoral length (W: 116, p = 0.000), mouth width (W: 29, p = 0.033), distance between first gill slits (T: 3.4305, df = 18, p = 0.003), distance between fifth gill slits (T: 5.4503, df = 14, p = 0.000) and disc width at eye line (T: 6.9238, df = 21, p = 0.000).</p><p>Analyses between species resulted in seventeen measurements with p-values lower than 0.05, in the Kruskal-Wallis test (Tab. S2). Using Dunn’s test, differences between species were identified for each variable analyzed (Tab. S3). Differences between P. extenta and P. lentiginosa were observed for caudal length (p = 0.000), disc length (p = 0.012), preorbital length (p = 0.000), prenasal length (p = 0.000), internasal distance (p = 0.000), eye diameter (p = 0.000), preoral length (p = 0.000), snout-vent length (p = 0.000), mouth width (p = 0.000), distance from first dorsal fin origin to posterior end of caudal fin (p = 0.001). For P. rutrum and P. extenta, significant variables were disc width (p = 0.005), disc length (p = 0.001), internasal distance (p = 0.046), eye diameter (p = 0.028), snout-vent length (p = 0.000) and distance between fifth gill slits (p = 0.044). For P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum, significant values were obtained for the variables disc width (p = 0.048), caudal length (p = 0.000), preorbital length (p = 0.001), prenasal length (p = 0.008), internasal distance (p = 0.023), interorbital distance (p = 0.042), preoral length (p = 0.005), mouth width (p = 0.007), distance from first dorsal fin origin to posterior end of caudal fin (p = 0.000), distance from posterior margin of pelvic fin to first dorsal fin origin (p = 0.000), first gill slit width (p = 0.019) and fifth gill slit width (p = 0.004).</p><p>Comparative morphology of internal structures.</p><p>Neurocranium. The neurocranium of the three Psammobatis species is compressed dorsoventrally and has an hourglass shape, with the greatest width located in the medial section of the nasal capsules and the second greatest in the section of the otic capsules (Figs. 12–14). Rostrum not observed, but it is very thin and uncalcified, not continuous or fused to the neurocranium (McEachran, 1983).</p><p>Nasal capsule slightly oblique in relation to the anteroposterior axis, with thin walls and a basal fenestra, located in the anterodorsal region, varying from kidney-shaped in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa to rectangular and narrow in P. extenta (Figs. 12–16). Nasal aperture relatively narrow, 1.4–1.5 times in the internasal distance (Tab. 5). Antorbital facet lies on the lateral surface of the nasal capsule, close to its posterior margin, and articulating to the antorbital cartilage. Nasal cartilages not preserved in P. lentiginosa . In P. extenta and P. rutrum, outer nasal cartilage triangular and short, not dividing incurrent and excurrent apertures (Fig. 16). Internal nasal cartilage rectangular in shape and running laterally from the nasal fontanelle, adjacent to the internasal septum, dorsal and attached to the posterior nasal cartilage medially. Posterior nasal cartilage narrow at the anterior tip, wide and rounded at the posterior tip and perpendicular in relation the anteroposterior axis in P. extenta, while uniformly wide and oblique in relation the anteroposterior axis in P. rutrum (Fig. 16).</p><p>Cranial roof extends from the posterior margin of the anterior fontanelle to the parietal fossa. Anterior fontanelle rectangular in P. extenta and trapezoidal in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa (Figs. 12–15), limited anteriorly by the anterior cranial margin, extending to the anterior edge of the supraorbital ridge. Epiphyseal bridge thin, equivalent to 4.9–7.1 times the length of the anterior fontanelle (Tab. 5). Posterior fontanelle sub-rectangular, 1.6–1.7 times longer than the anterior fontanelle (Tab. 5). Posterior margin moderately pointed in P. lentiginosa while slightly pointed in P. extenta and P. rutrum (Fig. 15). Preorbital process continuous with the supraorbital ridge and relatively developed in P. extenta and P. rutrum, while it is less noticeable in P. lentiginosa (Fig. 15).</p><p>Orbital region delineated anteriorly by the posterior wall of the nasal capsules and posteriorly by the anterior margin of the otic capsules, dorsally delimited by the cranial roof and ventrally by the basal plate (Fig. 17). Orbital wall perforated by several foramina for the passage of cranial nerves and blood vessels. Oronasal canal lies anteriorly and near the posterior wall of nasal capsules. Foramina for the anterior cerebral vein situated posterior to the oronasal canal. Foramina for the ophthalmicus nerve situated dorsally near the supraorbital crest. Posterior to the foramen for the optic nerve (II) and dorsal to the optic nerve foramen, there is a single foramen for the trochlear nerve (IV). The foramen for the optic nerve lies anteriorly to the half-length of orbital wall, quite near the foramina for the anterior cerebral vein in P. rutrum than in P. extenta and P. lentiginosa (Fig. 17). Posterior to the foramen for the trochlear nerve is the foramen for the oculomotor nerve (III), posterior to half-length of orbital wall. The foramen for the afferent pseudobranchial artery is located ventrally to the foramen for the oculomotor nerve, close to the basal plate. Dorsally, on the same vertical line as the foramen for the afferent pseudobranchial artery, is the foramen for the abducens nerve (VI) in P. lentiginosa and P. extenta, while in P. rutrum it is located posteriorly on the same horizontal line. Anterior to the otic region, the foramina for superficial ophthalmic is located in dorsal portion, the foramen prootic in medial portion and the foramen for the passage of the hyomandibular ramus of the facialis nerve (hVII), in ventral portion (Fig. 17).</p><p>Basal plate begins anteriorly at the ethmoidal fossa right after the nasal capsules, runs to the posteroventral end of the optic region and ends at the ventral margin of the foramen magnum. A single foramen for the internal carotid artery ventrally situated and slightly anterior to the level of the postorbital process (Fig. 16).</p><p>Otic region begins posterior to orbital wall and extends to occipital region, containing otic capsules, impressions of semicircular canals and parietal fossa. Parietal fossa lies posteriorly and between otic capsules, with a pair of endolymphatic canals (smaller apertures) and another pair of perilymphatic canals (Fig. 16). Hyomandibular facet elongated and positioned obliquely on the lateral otic region, lined dorsally by the postorbital groove and jugal arch (Fig. 17).</p><p>Occipital condyle situated on the lateral margin of the foramen magnum and lateral to it lies the foramen for the vagus nerve (X). Lateral to the foramen for the vagus nerve lies the foramen for the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).</p><p>Clasper. The clasper of the three Psammobatis species is slender and covered entirely by the dorsal and ventral lobes of glans. External morphology varies mainly in terms of the coverage of dermal denticles and the position of the spermatic groove. Dermal denticles present along the margins of spermatic groove in P. extenta and absent in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa . Spermatic groove and hypopyle located entirely in lateral position in P. rutrum and P. lentiginosa, while found in dorsal position in P. extenta (Figs. 8, 18).</p><p>Clasper skeleton consists of a slender axial cartilage and considerably tapered distal end in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum, while slightly tapered distally in P. extenta (Figs. 19–20). Dorsal marginal cartilage distally tapered, reaching the level of the articulation between ventral marginal and ventral terminal cartilages in P. extenta, while in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum it is truncated with distal margin articulated with proximal margin of dorsal terminal 2 cartilage, which is absent in P. extenta (Figs. 19–20). Dorsal terminal 2 cartilage dorsoventrally flattened, plate-shaped with a narrow proximal margin and large medial region in P. lentiginosa, while triangular in P. rutrum, with a large proximal margin and tapered distal end. Ventral marginal cartilage elongated and uniform, in P. lentiginosa, and distally robust, in P. rutrum, articulating with the proximal margins of accessory terminal 1 cartilage and accessory terminal 2 cartilage; in P. extenta, it is uniformly narrow up to the level of the articulation with ventral terminal, where it expands slightly as it extends distally continuously to the accessory terminal 1 cartilage. Ventral terminal cartilage elongated and spoon-like, in P. extenta and P. lentiginosa, and short with blade-shaped distal end in P. rutrum; proximal margin articulated with ventral marginal cartilage, in P. extenta, while proximal margin articulated with accessory terminal 1, in P. lentiginosa and P. rutrum . Accessory terminal 2 cartilage projected transversely to lateral and tapered distally in P. lentiginosa, flattened dorsoventrally and tapered distally in P. rutrum and absent in P. extenta . Accessory terminal 1 cartilage tapering anteroposteriorly, projected transversely to lateral at its medial portion, and with a rounded posterior tip, in P. extenta; proximally robust and distally acute, in P. lentiginosa; dorsoventrally flattened and with a tapered distal tip, in P. rutrum (Figs. 19–20).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/247A87ADFFC40759FCFD4609B1F0B00B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Santiago, Evelyn F.;Soares, Karla D. A.	Santiago, Evelyn F., Soares, Karla D. A. (2025): Taxonomy and morphology of three species of Psammobatis distributed in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) with notes on intraspecific variation. Neotropical Ichthyology (e 240074) 23 (2), DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0074
