taxonID	type	description	language	source
2B55EA35FFEEFFC6FF31B9BFFE69FA3B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Anthia variegata Fabricius (= Graphipterus serator Forskal), designated by Latreille (1810: 426).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE9FFC0FF31B996FA49F8D6.taxon	description	Figure 1	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE9FFC0FF31B996FA49F8D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large adults, length 13 – 18 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive, with a narrow dark band of pubescence along the suture and extensive areas of yellowish-grey to orange pubescence which surround an oval patch of dark pubescence on the basal half of the elytra (Figure 1). The triangular patch of lighter pubescence along the suture at the very apex of the elytra is also diagnostic of many specimens from RSA (specimens from Botswana and Namibia often lack the patches of dark pubescence on the apical half of the elytra). Adults can be separated from G. westwoodi by the differences in elytral pubescence patterns (compare Figure 1 with Figures 5 – 9) and by the somewhat coarser elytral vestiture. Adults can also be separated from G. distinctus (Figure 2) by the much larger body size and by the coarser elytral vestiture.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE9FFC0FF31B996FA49F8D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Republic of South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Northern Cape, North West Provinces). For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 71 – 72). Taxonomic Notes. I tentatively include G. giganteus and G. ancora subgiganteus with this species, based on the overall similarity in elytral vestiture among the three forms, especially the similar large oval patch of dark pubescence on the base of the elytra (see Basilewsky 1977: 70). The few specimens known of G. giganteus and G. ancora subgiganteus have much more extensive areas of pale pubescence on the apical half of the elytra than the nominate form. It is possible that these forms will ultimately be found to represent one or more separate species. Further material is needed to resolve the status of these two forms, which are known collectively from a total of nine specimens (Basilewsky 1977: 71).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEBFFC3FF31BCFFFDC6F8F8.taxon	description	Figures 10 – 14	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEBFFC3FF31BCFFFDC6F8F8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smaller adults, length 11 – 15 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figures 10 – 14), with contrasting patches of yellowish-grey and black pubescence, the latter forming a narrow band along suture and a single broad, rounded lobe-like patch extending onto the disc but not attaining the lateral margin. The basal band of lighter pubescence has a distinct triangular projection onto the disc. The color of the lighter pubescence ranges from yellowish-grey to orange. This is also one of the few species of Graphipterus in which the second metatibial spur is arcuate and not spatulate (Basilewsky 1977). The shape of the patches of dark setae and the coloration of the lighter setae varies between populations and was used by Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977) as the basis for recognizing subspecific taxa.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEBFFC3FF31BCFFFDC6F8F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu / Natal, Northern Cape, North West, and Western Cape Provinces), Zambia, Zimbabwe. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 80 - 87). Taxonomic Notes. The names listed above in synonymy (as well as many of the taxa listed under G. wahlbergi below) were generally considered valid species before Burgeon (1929) placed them as subspecies under G. cordiger. Basilewsky (1977) treated all of the names that I have included here under the species G. cordiger and G. wahlbergi as subspecies of a single polytypic species, which he called G. cordiger by priority. This approach is problematic, as there are clear areas of overlap between many of the alleged subspecific forms (e. g. between G. c. betshuana and G. c. subhamatus, between G. c. betshuana and G. c. zambezianus, and between G. c. hamatus and G. c. transfugus), and these overlapping populations generally lack intergrade forms (Basilewsky 1977). Furthermore, several pairs of putative subspecies (G. c. cordiger and G. c. subcordiger, G. c. hamatus and G. c. subhamatus, G. c. betshuana and G. c. wahlbergi) have identical patterns of elytral pubescence and can be separated only by collecting locality (Basilewsky 1977). Having examined extensive collections of this species in the museum collections listed above, I came to the conclusion that at least two separate species are present. One species has a large rounded patch of dark pubescence on the elytra, and a triangular projection on disc associated with the basal band of light pubescence. The other species has a more transverse, often rectangular band of dark pubescence on the elytra, and consistently lacks the triangular projection from the basal band of light pubescence. By priority, these two species are named G. cordiger and G. wahlbergi, respectively. Recognition of two separate species resolves the problems associated with overlapping subspecies, since the observed areas of overlap are always between forms with a rounded patch of dark pubescence and forms with a transverse band of dark pubescence. The subspecific taxa with identical markings can be interpreted as disjunct populations of either G. cordiger (in the case of G. c. cordiger and G. c. subcordiger and in the case of G. c. hamatus and G. c. subhamatus) or G. wahlbergi (in the case of G. c. betshuana and G. c. wahlbergi). Graphipterus cordiger as restricted here is generally distributed throughout the southern and central provinces of the Republic of South Africa, with populations also in central Namibia, central Zimbabwe, southern Zambia, northern Mozambique, and Malawi. For a full synonymy for this species, see Basilewsky (1977: 76 – 77).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEAFFCDFF30B9BFFCF0FDD8.taxon	description	Figure 2	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEAFFCDFF30B9BFFCF0FDD8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smaller adults, length 11 – 13 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figure 2), with the elytra covered in contrasting black and yellowish-grey pubescence. Basal half of elytron with a black linear band of pubescence along suture and a triangular patch of black pubescence completely surrounded by yellowish-grey pubescence; apical half of elytron predominantly covered in black pubescence but with a small ovate patch of yellowish-grey pubescence along the suture at apex, an angled median band of yellowish-grey pubescence which is contiguous with the patches of yellowish-grey pubescence on the basal half, and a narrow lateral band of yellowish-grey pubescence which connects the apical and median patches of yellowish-grey pubescence. The pronotal vestiture is likewise distinctive in that the median longitudinal band of black pubescence is more or less equal in width from base to apex. The shape of the patches of pubescence will readily separate individuals of this species from those of G. fasciatus, which has much more extensive areas of black pubescence on the elytra, and in which the median longitudinal band of dark pubescence on the pronotum becomes distinctly wider from base to apex (Figure 2). Small adults of G. ancora are also similar but that species is generally larger in body size (length 13 – 18 mm) and the elytral vestiture is coarser and more irregular (Figure 1).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFEAFFCDFF30B9BFFCF0FDD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mozambique, Republic of South Africa (Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces), Swaziland. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 93). Taxonomic Notes. This species was considered a subspecies of G. fasciatus by Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977) but the lack of any intergrade specimens between these two rather distinctive forms suggests that two separate species are indicated.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCDFF31BE5FFB5AFA38.taxon	description	Figure 3	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCDFF31BE5FFB5AFA38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smaller adults, length 11 – 13 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figure 3), with the elytra covered mostly in black pubescence except for a median transverse band of yellow-grey pubsecence (which does not attain the suture), an oval apical spot of yellow-grey pubescence along the suture on the apical fifth of the elytra, and a lateral border of yellow-grey pubescence which connects the median and apical spots and extends along the lateral margin to the base of the elytra. The pattern of pronotal pubescence is also diagnostic, with the median longitudinal band of dark pubescence becoming distinctly wider from the base to the apex of the pronotum (Figure 3). The shape of the patches of pubescence will readily separate individuals of this species from those of G. distinctus, in which there is an additional longitudinal band of yellowish grey setae paralleling the suture, and in which the median longitudinal band of dark pubescence on the pronotum is more or less uniform in width from base to apex (Figure 2). Small adults of G. westwoodi are also similar, but in that species the median yellowish-grey band of pubescence is more oblique and less transverse and the basal band of yellowish-grey setae has a distinct triangular projection extending onto the elytral disc (Figures 5 – 9).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCDFF31BE5FFB5AFA38.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Republic of South Africa (KwaZulu / Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces), Swaziland. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 90). Taxonomic Notes. As discussed above under G. distinctus, this species and G. distinctus were treated as subspecies of the polytypic species G. fasciatus by Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977). I have examined the material of this species in NMNH, SANC, and TMSA, as well as recently collected material from the Kruger National Park, and have failed to find specimens with pronotal and elytral setal patterns that could be considered intermediate between G. distinctus (Figure 2) and G. fasciatus (Figure 3). This lack of intermediate forms suggests that two distinct species are involved.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCCFF31BA7FFAFBFF38.taxon	description	Figure 4	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCCFF31BA7FFAFBFF38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smaller adults, length 11 – 13 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figure 4), as this is the only species in the ancora group which has an unbroken line of yellowish-grey pubescence along the entire length of the elytral suture. The species also has a much narrower dark median line on the pronotum than most of the other species in this group, except for certain forms of G. cordiger.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE5FFCCFF31BA7FFAFBFF38.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, Republic of South Africa (Free State, Limpopo, Northern Cape, and North West Provinces), Zimbabwe. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 94 - 97).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE4FFCFFF31BD7FFC93FEFB.taxon	description	Figures 15 – 18	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE4FFCFFF31BD7FFC93FEFB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Smaller adults, length 11 – 15 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figures 15 – 18), with contrasting patches of yellowish-grey and black pubescence, the latter forming a narrow band along suture and a single broad transverse, nearly rectangular patch extending onto the disc but not attaining the lateral margin. The color of the lighter pubescence ranges from yellowish-grey to orange. This species has long been confused with G. cordiger and in fact was placed in synonymy with that species by Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977). In G. cordiger, however, the median elytral patch of dark pubescence is broadly rounded or lobed on the disc, and the anterior band of pale pubescence has a distinct triangular projection onto the disc (Figures 10 – 14). Along with G. cordiger, this is one of the few species of Graphipterus in which the second metatibial spur is arcuate and not spatulate (Basilewsky 1977). The shape of the patches of dark setae and the coloration of the lighter setae varies between populations and was used by Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977) as the basis for recognizing subspecific taxa.	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE4FFCFFF31BD7FFC93FEFB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, Republic of South Africa (Gauteng, KwaZulu / Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North West Provinces), Swaziland, Zimbabwe. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 82 – 88). Taxonomic Notes. Burgeon (1929) and Basilewsky (1977) placed this species in synonymy with G. cordiger and Basilewsky (1977) recognized a total of nine subspecific taxa under that single polytypic species. Application of the polytypic species concept to this group of taxa is not straightforward, as shown by the fact that Basilewsky could only offer a partial key to subspecies (Basilewsky 1977: 78, 80) and a map (Basilewsky 1977: Carte 9) which shows clear areas of overlap between many of the alleged subspecific forms (e. g. between G. c. betshuana and G. c. subhamatus, between G. c. betshuana and G. c. zambezianus, and between G. c. hamatus and G. c. transfugus). Furthermore, several pairs of putative subspecies have identical patterns of elytral pubescence and can be separated only by collecting locality (e. g. G. c. cordiger and G. c. subcordiger, G. c. hamatus and G. c. subhamatus, G. c. betshuana and G. c. wahlbergi; Basilewsky 1977). As discussed above under G. cordiger, many of these difficulties can be resolved by dividing this single polytypic taxon into two distinct species, one with a rounded, lobe-shaped median patch of pubescence on the elytra, the other with a transverse, rectangular median patch of pubescence on the elytra. The observed areas of overlap between the subspecies always involve a form with a lobe-shaped pubescence patch on the elytra (G. c. subhamatus, G. c. zambezianus, G. c. hamatus) and a form with a transverse pubescence patch on the elytra (G. c. betshuana, G. c. transfugus). The forms with identical patterns of pubescence can be interpreted as disjunct forms of either G. cordiger (in the case of G. c. cordiger and G. c. subcordiger and in the case of G. c. hamatus and G. c. subhamatus) or G. wahlbergi (in the case of G. c. betshuana and G. c. wahlbergi). It is possible that even more taxa will be split from G. cordiger and G. wahlbergi when additional material is available for study and the boundaries between the different geographic forms are studied in more detail. Graphipterus wahlbergi is generally distributed throughout the central and northern portions of the Republic of South Africa, where it can be locally abundant (Basilewsky 1977: 82). Populations of this species extend into adjacent portions of Botswana and Zimbabwe (Basilewsky 1977: Carte 9). For a full synonymy for this species, see Basilewsky (1977: 76 – 77).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE7FFCEFF31BDBFFDE8FEDB.taxon	description	Figures 5 – 9	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE7FFCEFF31BDBFFDE8FEDB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large-bodied adults, length 13 – 18 mm. Pattern of elytral vestiture distinctive (Figures 5 – 9), composed of yellowish-grey to orange lighter setae and brownish-black darker setae in well-defined patterns, dark elytral setal fields extensive and contiguous, forming two lobes on the disc and lining the suture until apical fourth or fifth where there is a small oval or rectangular patch of lighter setae, the latter joined along the lateral margin to a large, transverse or slightly oblique median band of lighter setae and a small triangular patch of setae near the scutellum on disc. Easily separated from G. ancora (Figure 1) by the finer, less coarse elytral vestiture and by the lack of a band of lighter-colored setae on the basal half of the elytra which surrounds an oval patch of black setae (Figure 1).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
2B55EA35FFE7FFCEFF31BDBFFDE8FEDB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu / Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North West Provinces), and Zimbabwe. For a list of collecting localities see Basilewsky (1977: 72 – 76). Taxonomic Notes. Graphipterus westwoodi and the taxa listed in synonymy above were considered subspecies of G. ancora by Basilewsky (1977). However, several characters consistently separate adults of G. westwoodi and its synonyms from adults of G. ancora and suggest that at least two species are involved. First, the specimens of G. westwoodi and synonyms tend to have finer setae in their elytral vestiture than do specimens of G. ancora. Second, G. westwoodi lacks the band of light setae paralleling the suture on the basal half of the elytra which is present in G. ancora. The basal half of the elytra in G. westwoodi always has a large lobe of dark pubescence (Figures 5 - 9) rather than an oval of dark pubescence surrounded by lighter pubescence as in G. ancora (Figure 1). Third, most G. westwoodi specimens have a small ovate or rectangular patch of lighter setae along the suture at the apex of the elytra (Figures 5 - 9) whereas in G. ancora this patch is typically larger and more distinctly triangular (Figure 1). Finally, the distributions of these two forms overlap to a minor degree in the Free State and North West Provinces (Basilewsky 1977, see Carte 8), and the lack of putative intergrade specimens suggests again that two separate species are involved. The various taxa listed in synonymy above were all considered valid subspecies of G. ancora by Basilewsky (1977) but should be placed under G. westwoodi according to the classification adopted here. Specimens in NMNH and TMSA which were identified by Basilewsky as these subspecific taxa (e. g. Figures 5 – 9) are much more similar in appearance than would be judged from the illustrations and diagnoses in Basilewsky (1977). The only noticeable differences are found in the elytral vestiture, including minor differences in the shape of the dark patches and variation in the coloration of the light setae which range from orange to yellow to yellowish-grey (see Figures 5 – 9). Based on this strong overall similarity, I infer that only a single species is involved. For a full synonymy for this species, see Basilewsky (1977: 67 – 69).	en	Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (2012): A taxonomic review of the ancora species group of Graphipterus Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Insecta Mundi 2012 (228): 1-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5174192
