identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2B0387CFFFD22E32FB0EFCBEFB868791.text	2B0387CFFFD22E32FB0EFCBEFB868791.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros commersonii (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1813)	<div><p>neotype of H. commersonii</p><p>(FMNH 175972)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0387CFFFD22E32FB0EFCBEFB868791	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Foley, Nicole M.;Goodman, Steven M.;Whelan, Conor V.;Puechmaille, Sebastien J.;Teeling, Emma	Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Steven M., Whelan, Conor V., Puechmaille, Sebastien J., Teeling, Emma (2017): Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001
2B0387CFFFD22E32FBF4FC42FC40878E.text	2B0387CFFFD22E32FBF4FC42FC40878E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros cryptovalorona Goodman et al. 2016	<div><p>holotype of H. cryptovalorona</p><p>(FMNH 175970).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0387CFFFD22E32FBF4FC42FC40878E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Foley, Nicole M.;Goodman, Steven M.;Whelan, Conor V.;Puechmaille, Sebastien J.;Teeling, Emma	Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Steven M., Whelan, Conor V., Puechmaille, Sebastien J., Teeling, Emma (2017): Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001
2B0387CFFFD62E3AFCC8F8FBFB218385.text	2B0387CFFFD62E3AFCC8F8FBFB218385.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macronycteris Gray 1866	<div><p>Genus Macronycteris Gray, 1866 (p. 82)</p><p>New combination — Macronycteris gigas (Wagner, 1845) .</p><p>Also including the following species M. commersonii (E. Geoffroy, 1813), M. cryptovalorona (Goodman, Schoeman, Rakotoarivelo &amp; Willows-Munro, 2016), M. gigas, M. thomensis (Bocage, 1891) and M. vittatus (Peters, 1852)</p><p>Synonyms</p><p>Rhinolophus Commersonii E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813 .</p><p>Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845 .</p><p>Phyllorhina vittata Peters, 1852 .</p><p>Phyllorhina Commersoni Peters, 1871 .</p><p>Phyllorhina commersonii Dobson, 1878 .</p><p>Phyllorhina commersoni var. thomensis Bocage, 1891 .</p><p>Hipposideros commersoni Andersen, 1906 .</p><p>Hipposideros gigas Wagner, 1845 .</p><p>Hipposideros thomensis Bocage, 1891 .</p><p>Hipposideros Commersoni Dorst, 1948 .</p><p>Hipposideros vittatus Monadjem et al., 2010 .</p><p>Hipposideros cryptovalorona Goodman et al., 2016 .</p><p>Macronycteris Gray, 1866</p><p>Description of the Genus Macronycteris</p><p>Morphological characters</p><p>Gray (1866) in his description of Macronycteris, focused exclusively on the forehead and noseleaf structure of this genus, and the type species was designated as M. gigas . Here we provide further details on Gray’s diagnosis and some other characters to differentiate Macronycteris from Hipposideros .</p><p>All five species of Macronycteris have a frontal sac (Hill, 1963; Happold, 2013 c) on the forehead, in a central portion behind the posterior noseleaf. It varies in shape and size from a slightly oblong to longitudinal slit, but in all species of this genus (Fig. 4), as well as in ‘ H. cyclops ’, it is distinctly vertical in shape; the latter species differs notably from Macronycteris in aspects of the noseleaf (Happold, 2013 c: Fig. 68 a and see below). The shape and size of the frontal sac shows intraspecific variation, associated with sexual dimorphism (Andersen, 1906), being more developed in males of at least three out of the five species now placed in this genus. The structure opening reaches its maximum length of 9 mm in M. gigas, which is the largest species in the genus (see below). In M. commersonii M. gigas and M. vittatus, the frontal sac and the distal portion of the forehead is covered with fine hair (Fig. 4), although in large males of at least M. gigas it can be largely naked.</p><p>The noseleaves of Macronycteris have several particular structures, that when taken together separate them from all other genera of hipposiderids. The lateral fleshy leaflets number 4 and occasionally 3 (Fig. 4). Most species of Hipposideros either lack the leaflets or have a maximum of 2, the exceptions being H. abae, H. alongensis, H. cervinus (apparently in some cases only 2), H. dinops, H. larvatus, H. lekaguli and H. speoris with up to three leaflets and H. armiger, H. diadema, H. griffini, H. lankadiva, H. papua, H. pendleburyi and H. turpis with four leaflets (Andersen, 1905, 1906; Payne et al., 1985; Strahan, 1995; Flannery, 1995 a, 1995 b; Bates and Harrison, 1997; Francis, 2008; Thong et al., 2012 a, 2012 b; Happold, 2013 c); in all cases these species have other morphological aspects of the noseleaves that separate them from members of the genus Macronycteris . Further, the largely unornamented noseleaves of Macronycteris include the following characters: 1) anterior portion is broad and without any median modifications, internarial septa form small and narrow structures not obscuring the slightly deep-set nasal passages, and small but distinct lappets surround the nasal passages; 2) middle portion of noseleaf is simple, slightly expanded and lacking other structures; and 3) posterior portion of noseleaf without lateral process or other adornment, with a vertical medial septum, and two prominent vertical lateral septa, which divide the structure into four separate cells. (These three septa in some cases are not prominent and poorly defined.) The different aspects of the noseleaf and forehead pore are unique to Macronycteris and are not found in any other genus of the family Hipposideridae (Rosevear, 1965; Payne et al., 1985; Flannery, 1995 a, 1995 b; Bates and Harrison, 1997; Francis, 2008; Monadjem et al., 2010; Happold, 2013 c).</p><p>The separated ears in Macronycteris are constricted towards the base, triangular in shape and with pointed distal tips and curved posterior margins that give a limp or droopy appearance. The ear length average in M. commersonii 29.6 mm (♂♂, n = 27) and 28.8 mm (♀♀, n = 76), in M. cryptovalorona 26 mm and 27 mm (n = 2), in M. gigas 31.4 mm (sexes combined, n = 34) and in M. vittatus 29.5 mm (sexes combined, n = 95) (Happold, 2013 c; Goodman et al., 2016). Antitragus not notably developed. The genus is the largest amongst living hipposiderids, often showing sexual dimorphism in external measurements. The size of these animals can be best expressed by mean forearm length, which in M. commersonii is 90.7 mm (♂♂, n = 27) and 86.4 mm (♀♀, n = 76), in M. cryptovalorona 80 and 81 mm (n = 2), in M. gigas 107.9 mm (♂♂, n = 39) and 103.8 (♀♀, n = 39), in M. thomensis 79–82 mm (n = 3) and in M. vittatus 101.5 mm (♂♂, n = 78) and 93.9 (♀♀, n = 58) (Andersen, 1906; Happold, 2013 c; Goodman et al., 2016). The only Hipposideros approaching the size of Macronycteris are H. dinops from Papua New Guinea with a forearm of 93.3 mm (♂♂, n = 3) and 91.6 mm (♀♀, n = 5) and H. inexpectatus from northern Sulawesi with a forearm of 100.8 mm (Laurie and Hill, 1954; Flannery, 1995 b). All species of Macronycteris have relatively dense and short fur, with a mixture of rich fawn to rufus on the dorsum and slightly lighter ventrum, and distinctive white fur on the shoulders; certain species have a distinct rufus-orange colour phase. The unfurred wing and tail membranes are pale to dark brown. The tail is distinctly shorter than the length of the extended hind foot. The plagiopatagium attaches at approximately ankle level.</p><p>The skull of the different members of Macronycteris are notably large, with very pronounced lambdoid and sagittal crests, being more developed in adult males and in M. gigas, the largest member of the genus. The zygomatic arches are robust and form the widest portion of the skull. The rostrum is notably wide and in dorsal view the naso-frontal portion of the skull has a distinct pentagonal shape. The mandible is notably large, with a deep symphysis, large angular process and elevated coronoid process.</p><p>Dentition notably massive, clearly indicative of a powerful bite for subduing prey. Dental formula — premolars 1/2, canines 1/1, premolars 2/2 and molars 3/3. The upper incisors are widely spaced on the outer portion of the premaxillae and in fresh adult dentitions weakly lobed. The upper canine is massive and in direct contact with the second upper premolar, with the first upper premolar being small and external to the toothrow. The upper canine is grooved and with a distinct cusp on the upper posterior edge. In general, cusp structure of premolars and molars similar to large members of the genus Hipposideros following the description of Miller (1907).</p><p>Karyological characters</p><p>On the basis of karyological information from the literature, further evidence can be found for the resurrection of the genus Macronycteris for species formerly placed in the commersonii group. Hipposideros is characterised by its extreme karyological conservatism, with nearly all species examined so far having a 2 n complement of 32 (Harada et al., 1982; Hood et al., 1988; Rautenbach et al., 1993; Bogdanowicz and Owen, 1998; Koubínová et al., 2010; Mao et al., 2010; Porter et al., 2010). However, Macronycteris taxa, previously attributed to Hipposideros, differ markedly from this conserved karyotype with M. commersonii s.l., M. commersonii s.s. and M. gigas having 2 n = 52 (Rautenbach et al., 1993; Koubínová et al., 2010), as well as M. commersonii s.s. having chromosome characters unlike those in Hipposideros (Richards et al., 2016) . The exception to the n = 32 complement for members of the genus Hipposideros is ‘ H. cyclops ’ having 2 n = 36 (Koubínová et al., 2010); herein we present evidence that this species is best placed in the genus Doryrhina (see below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0387CFFFD62E3AFCC8F8FBFB218385	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Foley, Nicole M.;Goodman, Steven M.;Whelan, Conor V.;Puechmaille, Sebastien J.;Teeling, Emma	Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Steven M., Whelan, Conor V., Puechmaille, Sebastien J., Teeling, Emma (2017): Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001
2B0387CFFFDB2E3CFF46FE71FDA58120.text	2B0387CFFFDB2E3CFF46FE71FDA58120.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doryrhina Peters 1871	<div><p>Genus Doryrhina Peters, 1871 (p. 314)</p><p>New combination — Doryrhina cyclops (Peters, 1871) .</p><p>Synonyms</p><p>Phyllorrhina cyclops Temminck, 1853 .</p><p>Phyllorrhina cyclops Temminck, 1853 = Doryrhina cyclops (Temminck, 1853), see Peters (1871).</p><p>Rhinolophus micaceus de Winton, 1897 .</p><p>Hipposideros cyclops de Winton, 1899 .</p><p>Hipposideros langi J. A. Allen, 1917 .</p><p>Doryrhina Peters, 1871</p><p>Description of the Genus Doryrhina</p><p>Morphological characters</p><p>Peters (1871) in his naming of the subgenus Doryrhina presented different characters associated with the noseleaf structure, and the type species for the subgenus was Phyllorhina (Doryrhina) cyclops; a tropical African taxon (Fahr, 2013). Here we elevate the subgenus Doryrhina to the level of genus for cyclops and expand Peter’s diagnosis.</p><p>The single species we place herein in the genus Doryrhina, D. cyclops, has a frontal sac on the forehead (Hill, 1963; Fahr, 2013), in a central position behind the posterior noseleaf, and opening as a relatively small vertical slit (Fig. 4). Within the slit are stiff white hairs that when everted form a distinct hair tuft (Rosevear, 1965). The noseleaf of Doryrhina shows several particular aspects which differ from other hipposiderids, including Macronycteris . Members of the genus Doryrhina have two lateral fleshy leaflets (Fig. 4), a common configuration in Hipposideros, although several members of this genus, as well as Macronycteris, have four leaflets (Andersen, 1905, 1906; Payne et al., 1985; Strahan, 1995; Flannery, 1995 a, 1995 b; Bates and Harrison, 1997; Francis, 2008; Thong et al., 2012 a, 2012 b; Happold, 2013 c). The 2nd lateral leaflet in D. cyclops extends posteriorly and forms a continuous extension of the posterior leaf (Fig. 4). Further, this species has a club-shaped process projecting from the posterior portion of the noseleaf, which distinguishes it from all African members of the genus Hipposideros, as well as Macronycteris . Other aspects of the noseleaf of D. cyclops include: 1) anterior portion is broad and with a club-like structure commencing at anterior margin of lateral leaflet and extending posteriorly to middle portion of noseleaf, internarial septa form relatively large and sculpted structures that partially obscure the deep-set nasal passages, and distinct lappets surrounded the nasal passages; 2) middle portion of noseleaf is absent; 3) posterior portion with a vertical medial septum (that extends as the club-shaped process mentioned above) and two prominent vertical lateral septa on either side of the vertical medial septum, which divide the structure into 6 separate cells, the lateral-most cell merging with the 2nd lateral leaflet, and posterior margin is a thin structure with little expansion. The different aspects of the noseleaf described herein are unique to Doryrhina and not found in another genus of the family Hipposideridae (Rosevear, 1965; Payne et al., 1985; Flannery, 1995 a, 1995 b; Bates and Harrison, 1997; Francis, 2008; Monadjem et al., 2010; Happold, 2013 c). The exception is the African species camerunensis, apparently closely related to cyclops (Hill, 1963) . Further, Tate (1941), Hill (1963) and Koopman (1994) based on anatomical characters considered the H. cyclops group to be distinct from other groups in this genus and composed of the African species H. cyclops and H. camerunensis, and the Australian-New Guinea species H. muscinus, H. wollastoni, H. corynophyllus, H. semoni and H. stenotis . With the exception of cyclops, these other species are not represented in our molecular dataset and are in need of study to determine if they are best placed in the genus Doryrhina or should be retained in Hipposideros .</p><p>The separated ears of D. cyclops are long, narrow and terminating with pointed tips. The average ear length in this species is 33.5 mm (sexes combined, n = 125) (Fahr, 2013). Antitragus not present. Other measurements of D. cyclops, which show sexual dimorphism, include: mean forearm length, 65.3 mm (♂♂, n = 53) and 68.3 mm (♀♀, n = 45); tail length, 26.5 mm (♂♂, n = 42) and 29.2 mm (♀♀, n = 77); and hindfoot length (with claws), 19.8 mm (♂♂, n = 41) and 20.5 mm (♀♀, n = 73) (Decher and Fahr, 2005). Doryrhina cyclops has dense, long and woolly pelage, on the dorsum generally blackish-brown and often with a frosted tint, while the ventrum is lighter and not frosted. No rufus or orange colour morphs are known. The wing and interfemoral membranes are blackish-brown and skin on forearm, wing digits and tibia are paler reddishbrown.</p><p>The skull of D. cyclops, is proportionately large, with a lengthened braincase, and low sagittal crest. The internarial septum is not enlarged. Rostrum is distinctly broad. Zygomatic arches are slender and form the widest portion of the skull. Premaxillae posteriorly wide and in broad contact with the palate. Anterior palatal foramina enclosed. Cochleae greatly expanded.</p><p>Dental formula — premolars 1/2, canines 1/1, premolars 2/2 and molars 3/3. The upper incisors and associated cusps are not well developed. The upper canines lack well-defined cusps, but have distinct cingula. The upper anterior premolar is reduced, visible in lateral view, and in contact with the canine and posterior premolar. Anterior lower premolar is distinctly small.</p><p>Karyological characters</p><p>On the basis of karyological information from the literature, further evidence can be found to support the resurrection of Doryrhina for a species previously placed in the genus Hipposideros, H. cyclops . Hipposideros shows extreme karyological conservatism, with nearly all species examined to date possessing a 2 n complement of 32 (Harada et al., 1982; Hood et al., 1988; Rautenbach et al., 1993; Bogdanowicz and Owen, 1998; Koubínová et al., 2010). However, in the case of H. cyclops, 2 n = 36 (Koubínová et al., 2010), which is also different from Macronycteris, 2 n = 52 (Rautenbach et al., 1993; Koubínová et al., 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B0387CFFFDB2E3CFF46FE71FDA58120	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Foley, Nicole M.;Goodman, Steven M.;Whelan, Conor V.;Puechmaille, Sebastien J.;Teeling, Emma	Foley, Nicole M., Goodman, Steven M., Whelan, Conor V., Puechmaille, Sebastien J., Teeling, Emma (2017): Towards Navigating the Minotaur's Labyrinth: Cryptic Diversity and Taxonomic Revision within the Speciose Genus Hipposideros (Hipposideridae). Acta Chiropterologica 19 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.001
