identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EF1C642548205D25AADAE953AEF22D98.text	EF1C642548205D25AADAE953AEF22D98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros (Himalayanus) Suwanmala, J. C. Villarreal & Chantanaorr. 2025	<div><p>Subgenus Himalayanus Suwanmala, J. C. Villarreal &amp; Chantanaorr. subgen. nov.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Phaeoceros himalayensis (Kashyap) Prosk. ex Bapna &amp; G. G. Vyas</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Capsule green at early stage, becoming yellowish brown, dark brown to blackish at late maturity, twisted when dry causing 1–2 longitudinally splits along the capsule length, valves usually adherent at tip, rarely widely opened. Tubers absent or present and long-stalked.</p><p>Included species.</p><p>Phaeoceros aequatus, P. himalayensis, P. kashyapii, and P. stenothallus .</p><p>Key to Phaeoceros himalayensis and related species</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF1C642548205D25AADAE953AEF22D98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
87F4327648205FE8995D72BCEB40771E.text	87F4327648205FE8995D72BCEB40771E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros (Phaeoceros) Prosk.	<div><p>Subgenus Phaeoceros</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Capsule yellowish to yellowish brown at late maturity, valves two, widely spread at dehiscence. Spores papillate. Tubers sessile or shortly stalked.</p><p>Included species.</p><p>P. carolinianus (Michx.) Prosk., P. engelii Cargill &amp; Fuhrer, P. laevis (L.) Prosk ., P. mohrii (Austin) Hässel, P. parvulus (Schiffn.) J. Haseg., and P. perpusillus Chantanaorr.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/87F4327648205FE8995D72BCEB40771E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.text	3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros aequatus Suwanmala & Chantanaorr. 2025	<div><p>Phaeoceros aequatus Suwanmala &amp; Chantanaorr. sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2, 3, 10 A – D</p><p>Type.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.85985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.40918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.85985/lat 19.40918)">Pang Wao</a>, 19°24'33.05"N, 098°51'35.46"E, 1,178 m elev., 16 Oct 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4070 (holotype: PSU!; isotype: NICH!, QFA!) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Phaeoceros aequatus is similar to P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii but differs in the thallus lacking tubers, nearly smooth spores under light microscope (vermiculate under SEM), and the distal face of spores without verrucae.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus green to dark green in fresh material, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate, moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or fan-shaped colonies, dichotomous or irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, sometimes fan-shaped, 10–16 mm long, 3–7 mm wide; margins nearly entire to shallowly crenulate, usually flat; apex truncate to round, or shallowly lobulate, rarely attenuate, flat; tubers absent. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-convex, 5–11 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular rectangular to hexagonal, 27–100 × 21–45 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell expanded occupying nearly entire cells, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid stellate. Nostoc colonies scattered ventrally, appearing as dark dots in old thallus and pale brown near apex. Rhizoids sparse to densely scattered on ventral surface, smooth in early stage, become pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous, weakly protandrous. Androecia sparse, slightly raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, usually 2–7 antheridia per chamber; antheridia subglobose to globose, 2–3 - tiered stalk with quadriseriate cells, 160–180 × 100–126 µm. Archegonia embedded in thallus, connected to the upper surface, sparse, randomly scattered nearly thallus apex. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, (1.2 –) 1.5–3 mm long, 3–5 cells thick, mouth smooth, rarely shallowly sinuate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, sometimes inclined, cylindrical, up to 13 mm long; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 145–243 × 15–25 µm; stomata 77–88 × 45–50 µm, surrounded by 5–6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 3–5 cells thick in cross section; the innermost cells of capsule elongate-rectangular to hexagonal, 40–103 × 17–33 µm, pale brown to dark brown; columella consisting of 4–6 cells in cross section, reddish brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, rounded-triangular in polar view, 30–38 µm in equatorial diameter, nearly smooth under light microscope (LM); distal face convex with finely vermiculate ornamentation, without hump-like projection; proximal face with thin triradiate mark, bordered by vermiculate strip on each side of trilete mark, each facet covered with fine vermiculate pattern. Pseudoelaters pale to dark brown at maturity, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1–3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, without helicoidal band.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet “ aequatus ” refers to smooth distal surface of spore, as observed under light microscope.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Phaeoceros aequatus is currently known only from the type locality at Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Mai province, and may represent an endemic species of northern Thailand. It occurs on soil on the edge of the mixed bamboo-pine-oak deciduous forests at elevations of 1100–1200 m. It grows associated with other bryophytes such as Entodon macropodus (Hedw.) Müll. Hal., Fissidens spp., Notothylas javanica (Sande Lac.) Gottsche, and Phaeoceros carolinianus (Michx.) Prosk.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The type locality of Phaeoceros aequatus is within the Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, a protected area. Only two small populations of the species have been found along the walking trail, occupying less than a quarter of a square metre. These populations have persisted over six years (2016–2021) of observations. The site remains susceptible to human activities and might be destroyed by fire. However, as suitable habitats appear to occur in the surrounding landscapes and additional survey effort is needed, we propose to treat P. aequatus as Data Deficient (DD) until further information becomes available.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.83302&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.41317" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.83302/lat 19.41317)">beside the road from Chiang Dao to Muang Kong</a>, 19°24'47.41"N, 098°49'58.88"E, 1,118 m elev., 28 Oct 2018, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3447 (PSU) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.85985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.40918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.85985/lat 19.40918)">Pang Wao</a>, 19°24'33.05"N, 098°51'35.46"E, 1,178 m elev., 13 Nov 2016, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 716 (PSU), 16 Oct 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4070 (PSU), 3 Oct 2021, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4092 (PSU) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>The distinctive features of P. aequatus are its monoicous sexuality, absence of thallus tubers, nearly smooth spores under a light microscope, vermiculate spores under SEM, and absence of hump-like projections on the distal surface of the spore. Phaeoceros aequatus could be confused with P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii, as they share similar characters of gametophytes and sporophytes, such as ligulate to obovate thallus lobes, monoicous sexual condition, cylindrical capsules with yellowish brown to dark brown color at maturity, adherent tips of capsule valves, and yellowish brown to dark brown spores and pseudoelaters. However, P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii differ by having irregular verrucose ornamentation on the distal face of the spores that is visible with a light microscope and by producing thallus tubers.</p><p>In spore ornamentation, P. aequatus is similar to P. perpusillus Chantanaorr. var. scabrellus Suwanmala &amp; Chantanaorr., which also has nearly smooth spores under a light microscope. However, P. aequatus differs in having yellowish brown to dark brown spores and longer pseudoelater cells that are more than 1.5 times the spore diameter. In contrast, P. perpusillus var. scabrellus has yellow spores and shorter pseudoelater cells that are as long as the spore diameter.</p><p>Similarly, the spores of Phaeoceros dendroceroides (Steph.) Hässel resemble those of P. aequatus, as both appear nearly smooth under a light microscope. However, P. dendroceroides can be distinguished by its broad thallus (6–10 mm wide), which is more consistent with members of the genus Phaeomegaceros (Villarreal pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B.text	6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros himalayensis (Kashyap) Bapna & G. G. Vyas	<div><p>Phaeoceros himalayensis (Kashyap) Prosk. ex Bapna &amp; G. G. Vyas, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 25: 88. 1962.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 10 E, F</p><p>≡ Anthoceros himalayensis Kashyap, New Phytol. 14 (1): 8. 1915.</p><p>Type.</p><p>India • Western Himalayas: Mussoorie, Kashyap’s illustration (lectotype: Illustration in New Phytologist 14: 8. fig. 4.4. 1915; designated by Chantanaorrapint et al. (2015)) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus bright green in fresh specimens, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate, moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or sometimes fan-shaped colonies, irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, fan-shaped, or tapering toward apex, 4–12 mm long, 1–5 mm wide; margins nearly entire to irregularly crenulate, flat, rarely ascending upward; apex round to lobulate, frequently attenuated into tuber, rarely curving upward; tubers frequently present, occurring at apex, along margin, or on ventral surface of thallus, with a stalk to 5 mm long, ovoid to subspherical. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-concave, 5–8 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular hexagonal to heptagonal, 42–100 × 25–48 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, expanded, occupying nearly entire to about half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid smooth. Nostoc colonies scattered through the ventral side of thallus, appearing as dark dots. Rhizoids sparse, scattered on ventral surface, smooth in early stage, becomes pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous, weakly protandrous. Androecia sparse, slightly raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, (1 –) 2–4 antheridia per chamber. Archegonia embedded in thallus, connected to the upper surface, sparse, randomly scattered nearly thallus apex. Involucres erect, cylindrical, 1.1–2 mm long, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, cylindrical, up to 12 mm long at maturity; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 82–245 × 12–28 µm, thick-walled; stomata 57–83 × 40–53 µm, surrounded by 5–6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 3–5 cells thick in cross section; the innermost cells of capsule elongate rectangular to hexagonal, 37–125 × 7–30 µm, pale brown to dark brown; columella consisting of 5–10 cells in cross section, brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 27–35 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face with irregular verrucose projections, sometimes with aggregation in center; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark, finely vermiculate along its length; each facet finely vermiculate, with a central depression occasionally with sparsely surrounded by papillae. Pseudoelaters pale to dark brown at maturity, thin to thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1–3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, without helicoidal band.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Phaeoceros himalayensis is currently known from India (Asthana and Srivastava 1991) and Thailand (Chantanaorrapint et al. 2015). It occurs on rocks and soil in open sites in grassland, pine-oak mixed montane deciduous, and subalpine forests at elevations between 1,000 and 2,200 m. It may grow associated with other bryophytes such as Asterella khasyana (Griff.) Pandé et al., Cyathodium aureonitens (Griff.) Mitt. and Fissidens spp.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>This species is not under immediate threat, due to many populations being found in India and northern Thailand, with the extent of occurrence (EOO) of over 900,000 km 2 and its occurrence in protected areas. According to the IUCN criteria, the conservation status of P. himalayensis is classified as Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>India • Himachal Pradesh: Shimla, Jakhu Tample, 2 Oct 2012, Duckett et al. IW 1 (QFA) ; • Meghalaya: West Khasi Hills, Thipringsong Forest, Nongstoin, ca 1,636 m elev., 15 Sep 2000, A. P. Singh &amp; M. Lal 208617 (LWG) ; • Uttarakhand: Almora, on way to Binsar, 1,969–2,272 m elev., 4 Oct 1991, V. Nath &amp; A. K. Asthana 205348 C, 205359 B (LWG) ; Almora, on way to P. Nath, 2,500 m elev., 6 Oct 1991, V. Nath &amp; A. K. Asthana 205380 (LWG) ; • Mussoorie, Dehra Dun, Wood Stock College, 2,121 m elev., 3 Oct 1977, S. Chandra 203378 B (LWG) ; • Dhanaulti, 2,121 m elev., 3 Oct 1977, S. Chandra 203385 (LWG) ; • Nainital, on the way of Kilbury, 1,818 m elev., 12 Sep 2001, A. P. Singh &amp; V. Sahu 208943 (LWG) ; • Uttarkashi, Silkiara, 1,818 m elev., 15 Sep 1977, S. Chandra 203229 (LWG) ; • West Bengal: Darjeeling, Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Road, ca 2,060 m elev., A. K. Asthana &amp; V. Sahu 224004 (LWG) . Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.88918&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.397655" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.88918/lat 19.397655)">Angsalung base camp</a>, 19°23'51.56"N, 098°53'21.08"E, 2,191 m elev., 11 Nov 2016, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 651 (PSU) , 29 Aug 2017, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 2024 (PSU), 9 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3875, 3876, 3877 (PSU), 13 Nov 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4079, 4080 (PSU), 24 Nov 2022, O. Suwanmala 854, 856, 857 (PSU); • Doi Luang Chiang Dao, 2,169 m elev., 19 Dec 2011, S. Chantanaorrapint 2540 (PSU) , 1 Nov 2013, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; C. Promma 3123, 3126, 3215 A (PSU); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.89011&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.3926" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.89011/lat 19.3926)">the trail to Kew Lom</a>, 19°23'33.36"N, 098°53'24.40"E, 1,937 m elev., 12 Nov 2016, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 664, 695 (PSU) , 28 Aug 2017, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 2006 (PSU), 9 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3880 A (PSU), 13 Nov 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4081, 4082 (PSU); • Lam Phun: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.28818&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.494495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.28818/lat 18.494495)">Khun Tan National Park</a>, 18°29'40.18"N, 099°17'17.45"E. 1,092 m elev., 20 Aug 2022, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4474 (PSU) ; • Tak: Umphang, Thung Yai Naresuan, 19 Sep 2014, S. Chantanaorrapint 2756 (PSU) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Phaeoceros himalayensis is characterized by 1) the presence of tubers at the ventral and apical regions of the thallus, 2) the distal face of the spore covered by irregular verrucose projections, 3) the presence of a central depression on each proximal face, and 4) yellowish brown to dark brown sporophytes at maturity. Phaeoceros himalayensis resembles P. kashyapii in having irregular verrucae on the distal face of the spore, but it differs from the latter by the presence of a central depression on each proximal face.</p><p>The sexual condition of P. himalayensis has been subject to different interpretations. Kashyap (1915) first described Anthoceros himalayensis (= P. himalayensis) as a dioicous plant with male and female thalli differing in size. However, Mehra and Handoo (1953) noted that it was monoicous but protandrous, based on their collections from Mussoorie, Simla, and Nainital in India. Proskauer (1967) and Asthana and Srivastava (1991) also stated that P. himalayensis was monoicous, while Chantanaorrapint et al. (2015) described it ambiguously as monoicous and dioicous. Based on specimens examined as part of this study, P. himalayensis is monoicous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.text	9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros kashyapii A. K. Asthana & S. C. Srivast.	<div><p>Phaeoceros kashyapii A. K. Asthana &amp; S. C. Srivast., Bryophyt. Biblioth. 42: 129, pl. 30, 48. 1991.</p><p>Figs 6, 7, 11 A, B</p><p>Type.</p><p>India • Western Himalayas: Deoban . 29 Sep 1976, D. K. Singh &amp; J. C. J. 2170/76 (holotype: LWU!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus bright green to yellowish green in fresh samples, become yellowish green to dark brown when dry, growing prostrate with moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or fan-shaped colonies, irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, or fan-shaped, the base usually narrower than the apex, 7–20 mm long, 2–6 mm wide; margins nearly entire to irregularly crenulate, sometimes lobulate along the margin, flat, rarely ascending upward; apex generally lobulate, broad, occasionally attenuate into apical tuber, rarely curving upward; tubers frequently present, occurring at apex, along margin, or on ventral surface of thallus, with a stalk to 5 mm long, ovoid to subspherical. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-convex, 4–8 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular pentagonal to heptagonal, 30–150 × 20–55 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, expanded, occupying nearly entire to half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid smooth. Nostoc colonies scattered ventrally, appearing as dark spots. Rhizoids sparse, scattered mainly along the middle region of ventral surface, smooth in early stage, becomes pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous or strong protandrous, androecia and archegonia not seen. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, 1.2–1.7 mm long, 2–4 cells thick, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, cylindrical, up to 15 mm long at maturity; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 117–300 × 10–28 µm; stomata 70–83 × 42–85 µm, surrounded by 5–6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 2–4 cells thick in cross section; the innermost capsule cells elongate rectangular to hexagonal, 37–155 × 7–28 µm, pale brown to brown; columella consisting of 4–8 cells in cross section, brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 30–38 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face with irregular large verrucose confined to the center; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark, finely vermiculate along its length; each facet finely vermiculate, frequently with sparse papillae confined to the center of each facet. Pseudoelaters thin to thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1–3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells irregular rectangular, yellowish brown to dark brown, without helicoidal band.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Phaeoceros kashyapii usually grows in open areas in pine-oak forests ranging from 900–2,200 m in elevation.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>India and Thailand (Asthana and Srivastava 1991).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Phaeocero kashyapii has an estimated EOO of 200,894 km 2, suggesting a status of Least Concern (LC), while its area of occupancy (AOO) is 36 km 2, which would place it in Endangered (EN). Indian populations are more widely distributed and can be found in disturbed areas, while Thai populations are rare and found alongside walking trails in the conservation areas. However, it is unclear whether the species continued occurrence at some of these sites. Its habitats are probably impacted by development and human disturbance. Therefore, P. kashyapii could be qualified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List Criteria B 2 ab (iii) (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>India • Uttarakhand: Mussoorie, Dehra Dun, Wood Stock College, 2,121 m elev., 3 Oct 1977, S. Chandra 203383 (LWG) ; Nainital, on the way to Kilbury, ca 1,818 m elev., 12 Sep 2001, A. P. Singh &amp; V. Sahu 208947 (LWG) ; • Nainital, on the way to Tippin top, ca 2,181 m elev., 13 Sep 2001, A. P. Singh &amp; V. Sahu 208975 A (LWG) ; • Uttarkashi, Silkiara, 1,818 m elev., 15 Sep 1977, S. Chandra 203222, 203225 B, 203225 C (LWG) ; • Syana Chatti, Janki Chatti, 1,818 m elev., 20 Sep 1977, S. Chandra 203253 A (LWG) ; • Western Himalayas: Deoban, 29 Sep 1976, D. K. Singh &amp; J. C. Joshi 2170 / 76 (LWU) . Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Doi Sam Phe Nong, ca 1,500 m elev., 10 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3898, 3900, 3901 (PSU) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.85985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.40918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.85985/lat 19.40918)">Pang Woa</a>, 19°24'33.05"N, 098°51'35.46"E, 1,178 m elev., 13 Nov 2016, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 718 A (PSU) ; • Lum Phun: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.27887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.498705" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.27887/lat 18.498705)">Khun Tan National Park</a>, 18°29'55.34"N, 099°16'43.92"E, 904 m elev., 11 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3920 (PSU) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Phaeoceros kashyapii is similar to P. himalayensis in several morphological characters of the gametophyte and sporophyte. Both are monoicous and usually grow in irregular patches. The thallus frequently produces tubers with long stalks on the ventral side, margins, and apex. Sporophytes are no longer than 15 mm, turning yellowish brown at maturity with an adhering valve tip. However, P. kashyapii differs from P. himalayensis by its spores lacking a central hollow on the proximal facet and usually bearing a small cluster of minute papillae restricted to the central region of each facet.</p><p>The examination of the holotype of P. kashyapii revealed that the spores of the type collection have a depression at the center of each facet, which morphologically resembles P. himalayensis . This indicates that the holotype of P. kashyapii is possibly mixed. The original publication of P. kashyapii also noted that it was found associated with P. himalayensis . Nevertheless, all specimens examined in this study display characteristics that belong to P. kashyapii, based on the first description and photographs provided by Asthana and Srivastava (1991). Based on collections from Thailand, gametophytes are strongly protandrous, with antheridia or antheridial chambers rarely found in sporophyte-bearing thalli. However, it is quite clear that the Indian population of P. kashyapii presents a monoicous plant producing male and female gametes on the same thallus.</p><p>The proximal spore architecture of P. kashyapii is typically finely vermiculate, with sparse minute papillae limited to the center of each facet. However, the papillae may be present in small numbers or occasionally absent. In such cases, it is quite difficult to distinguish spores of P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii using a light microscope. Therefore, careful investigation of the proximal face of the spore is required for accurate species recognition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
883B2BF1F5D45B258F1D1199CFFBE06B.text	883B2BF1F5D45B258F1D1199CFFBE06B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros Prosk.	<div><p>Phaeoceros Prosk., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 78 (4): 346. 1951.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk . (≡ Anthoceros laevis L.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/883B2BF1F5D45B258F1D1199CFFBE06B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.text	B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaeoceros stenothallus Suwanmala & Chantanaorr. 2025	<div><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus Suwanmala &amp; Chantanaorr. sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 8, 9, 11 C – F</p><p>Type.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Denya Khad, 1,413–1,500 m, 14 Nov 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4086 (holotype: PSU!, isotype: NICH!, QFA!) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus is similar to P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii but differs in dioicous sexuality, a narrow thallus never broader than 3 mm, wide and the vermiculate spore with hump-like projection on distal face.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Thallus bright to dark green in fresh material, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate with loosely to moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or colonies, compactly, irregularly dichotomous branched into several lobes, thallus lobe strap-shaped, narrow, sometimes tapering toward apex, become boarder in sporophyte-bearing thalli, up to 12 mm long, 0.8–3 mm wide. margins entire to wavy, rarely crenulate, usually flat; apex usually attenuate, gradually tapering into apical tuber, sometimes shallowly lobulate; tubers always present, occurring at apex, along margins, and on the ventral surface, well-developed stalk, the tip with rounded end or ovoid to globose node, sometimes branched, up to 10 mm long. Thallus in cross section biconvex or plano-convex, with 6–16 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular pentagonal to heptagonal, 23–105 × 18–50 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, occupying nearly entire to half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, occasionally folded at margin or star-like shape. Nostoc colonies irregularly distributed, sparse, appearing as dark spots. Rhizoids sparse to densely scattered along the middle region of ventral surface, hyaline to brown. Sexuality dioicous. Androecia abundant at the middle of thallus, distinctively raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, usually 2–3 antheridia per chamber; antheridia subglobose to globose, 2 - tiered stalk with quadriseriate cells, 220–240 × 150–180 µm. Archegonia not seen. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, up to 2 mm long, 2–5 cells thick, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes often, capsules erect with slightly bending tip, cylindrical, 5–10 (– 12) mm long; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 80–207 × 10–31 µm, thick-walled; stomata 85–92 × 50–54 µm, surrounded by 6–7 cells; assimilative layer 3–5 (– 6) cells thick in cross section; the innermost capsule cells subquadrate to rectangular, 30–110 × 20–38 µm, brown to dark brown; columella consisting 8–16 cells in cross section, reddish brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 29–38 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face hump-like projection without verrucose; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark; ornamentation finely vermiculate throughout the spore. Pseudoelaters thin to thick-walled, rarely branched, 1–2 celled; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, brown to dark brown, without helicoidal band.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet “ stenothallus ” refers to the narrow thallus.</p><p>Habitat and ecology.</p><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus grows abundantly in open areas in mixed deciduous dipterocarp forest and pine-oak forest at elevations between 1,000 and 2,200 m in elevation.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to Thailand.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus has been found in the north to northwestern part of Thailand, with abundant populations in Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary and spare populations in Mon Long, Doi-Suthep Pui National Park, and Umphang Wildlife Sanctuary. The EOO is estimated to be about 4900 km 2 and the AOO is 36 km 2. The majority of its habitats are unique, occurring in moist but seasonally dry forests, typically on limestone bedrock areas. The species has a risk of habitat disturbance due to human activities and grazing, which may degrade the quality and stability of its natural environment. Therefore, P. stenothallus is here suggested to be Endangered according to IUCN Red List criteria B 1 ab (iii) + B 2 ab (iii) (IUCN 2024).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Thailand • Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao, Doi Sam Phi Nong, 10 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3895, 3896 (PSU) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.83511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.376495" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.83511/lat 19.376495)">Denya Khad station to Dong Noi</a>, 19°22'35.38"N, 098°50'06.41"E, 1,413–1,500 m elev., 6 Sep 2012, S. Chantanaorrapint, J. Inuthai &amp; C. Promma 1573 (PSU) , 10 Nov 2016, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 604, 605 (PSU), 10 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3902, 3904, 3907 A (PSU), 14 Nov 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4083, 4084, 4086 (PSU); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.683334/lat 19.466667)">Muang Kong - Wiang Haeng boarder</a>, 19°28'N, 098°41'E, 814–825 m elev., 29 Oct 2018, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3453, 3456 (PSU) ; 6 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3845, 3846 (PSU); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.83259&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.411797" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.83259/lat 19.411797)">Na Lao Village</a>, 16 Oct 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4073, 4075 (PSU) , 3 Oct 2021, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4098 (PSU), 19°24'42.47"N, 098°49'57.33"E, 1,089 m elev., 7 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3850, 3853 (PSU); • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.90907&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.332209" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.90907/lat 19.332209)">the road to Chiang Dao trail</a>, 19°19'55.95"N, 098°54'32.65"E, 807 m elev., 7 Oct 2019, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 3855, 3860, 3861 (PSU) ; • Mae Rim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.84028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.919796" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.84028/lat 18.919796)">Mon Long</a>, 18°55'11.27"N, 098°50'25.00"E, 1,350 m elev., 4 Oct 2021, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4104, 4106 (PSU) ; • Tak: Umphang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.61939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.867622" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.61939/lat 15.867622)">Doi Mamuang Sam Muen</a>, 15°52'03.44"N, 098°37'09.80"E, 1,119 m elev., 26 Sep 2020, S. Chantanaorrapint &amp; O. Suwanmala 4048, 4054 (PSU) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus can be distinguished by a combination of the following characters: 1) dioicous sexuality, 2) a narrow thallus never broader than 3 mm wide, 3) the presence of long-stalked tubers on the ventral side, margins, and apex of the thallus, 4) the yellowish brown to dark brown sporophyte at maturity with an adhering valve tip, and 5) the vermiculate spore with a hump-like projection on the distal face.</p><p>Phaeoceros stenothallus may be confused with P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii when they are sterile, with a linear and forked thallus. However, P. stenothallus differs from both species by its dioicous sexual condition and the absence of verrucae on the distal face of the spores. Furthermore, this species resembles members of the genus Phymatoceros (especially P. bulbiculosus (Brot.) Stotler et al. and P. phymatodes (M. Howe) R. J. Duff et al.) in general appearance, such as its narrow thallus, long-stalked tubers, dioicous gametophytes, and spore morphology. However, members of Phymatoceros differ from the new species by their larger spores, thicker-walled epidermal cells of the capsule, and tubers arising from apical cells.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Suwanmala, Orawanya;Villarreal A., Juan Carlos;Chantanaorrapint, Sahut	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
