taxonID	type	description	language	source
EF1C642548205D25AADAE953AEF22D98.taxon	type_taxon	Type. Phaeoceros himalayensis (Kashyap) Prosk. ex Bapna & G. G. Vyas	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
EF1C642548205D25AADAE953AEF22D98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Capsule green at early stage, becoming yellowish brown, dark brown to blackish at late maturity, twisted when dry causing 1 – 2 longitudinally splits along the capsule length, valves usually adherent at tip, rarely widely opened. Tubers absent or present and long-stalked.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
87F4327648205FE8995D72BCEB40771E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Capsule yellowish to yellowish brown at late maturity, valves two, widely spread at dehiscence. Spores papillate. Tubers sessile or shortly stalked.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	description	Figs 2, 3, 10 A – D	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Phaeoceros aequatus is similar to P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii but differs in the thallus lacking tubers, nearly smooth spores under light microscope (vermiculate under SEM), and the distal face of spores without verrucae.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	description	Description. Thallus green to dark green in fresh material, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate, moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or fan-shaped colonies, dichotomous or irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, sometimes fan-shaped, 10 – 16 mm long, 3 – 7 mm wide; margins nearly entire to shallowly crenulate, usually flat; apex truncate to round, or shallowly lobulate, rarely attenuate, flat; tubers absent. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-convex, 5 – 11 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular rectangular to hexagonal, 27 – 100 × 21 – 45 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell expanded occupying nearly entire cells, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid stellate. Nostoc colonies scattered ventrally, appearing as dark dots in old thallus and pale brown near apex. Rhizoids sparse to densely scattered on ventral surface, smooth in early stage, become pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous, weakly protandrous. Androecia sparse, slightly raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, usually 2 – 7 antheridia per chamber; antheridia subglobose to globose, 2 – 3 - tiered stalk with quadriseriate cells, 160 – 180 × 100 – 126 µm. Archegonia embedded in thallus, connected to the upper surface, sparse, randomly scattered nearly thallus apex. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, (1.2 –) 1.5 – 3 mm long, 3 – 5 cells thick, mouth smooth, rarely shallowly sinuate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, sometimes inclined, cylindrical, up to 13 mm long; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 145 – 243 × 15 – 25 µm; stomata 77 – 88 × 45 – 50 µm, surrounded by 5 – 6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 3 – 5 cells thick in cross section; the innermost cells of capsule elongate-rectangular to hexagonal, 40 – 103 × 17 – 33 µm, pale brown to dark brown; columella consisting of 4 – 6 cells in cross section, reddish brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, rounded-triangular in polar view, 30 – 38 µm in equatorial diameter, nearly smooth under light microscope (LM); distal face convex with finely vermiculate ornamentation, without hump-like projection; proximal face with thin triradiate mark, bordered by vermiculate strip on each side of trilete mark, each facet covered with fine vermiculate pattern. Pseudoelaters pale to dark brown at maturity, thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1 – 3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, without helicoidal band.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet “ aequatus ” refers to smooth distal surface of spore, as observed under light microscope.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
3681BB51BC2A5911B3ECF991F799BC53.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Phaeoceros aequatus is currently known only from the type locality at Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Mai province, and may represent an endemic species of northern Thailand. It occurs on soil on the edge of the mixed bamboo-pine-oak deciduous forests at elevations of 1100 – 1200 m. It grows associated with other bryophytes such as Entodon macropodus (Hedw.) Müll. Hal., Fissidens spp., Notothylas javanica (Sande Lac.) Gottsche, and Phaeoceros carolinianus (Michx.) Prosk.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B.taxon	description	Figs 4, 5, 10 E, F	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B.taxon	description	Description. Thallus bright green in fresh specimens, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate, moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or sometimes fan-shaped colonies, irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, fan-shaped, or tapering toward apex, 4 – 12 mm long, 1 – 5 mm wide; margins nearly entire to irregularly crenulate, flat, rarely ascending upward; apex round to lobulate, frequently attenuated into tuber, rarely curving upward; tubers frequently present, occurring at apex, along margin, or on ventral surface of thallus, with a stalk to 5 mm long, ovoid to subspherical. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-concave, 5 – 8 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular hexagonal to heptagonal, 42 – 100 × 25 – 48 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, expanded, occupying nearly entire to about half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid smooth. Nostoc colonies scattered through the ventral side of thallus, appearing as dark dots. Rhizoids sparse, scattered on ventral surface, smooth in early stage, becomes pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous, weakly protandrous. Androecia sparse, slightly raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, (1 –) 2 – 4 antheridia per chamber. Archegonia embedded in thallus, connected to the upper surface, sparse, randomly scattered nearly thallus apex. Involucres erect, cylindrical, 1.1 – 2 mm long, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, cylindrical, up to 12 mm long at maturity; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 82 – 245 × 12 – 28 µm, thick-walled; stomata 57 – 83 × 40 – 53 µm, surrounded by 5 – 6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 3 – 5 cells thick in cross section; the innermost cells of capsule elongate rectangular to hexagonal, 37 – 125 × 7 – 30 µm, pale brown to dark brown; columella consisting of 5 – 10 cells in cross section, brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 27 – 35 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face with irregular verrucose projections, sometimes with aggregation in center; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark, finely vermiculate along its length; each facet finely vermiculate, with a central depression occasionally with sparsely surrounded by papillae. Pseudoelaters pale to dark brown at maturity, thin to thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1 – 3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, without helicoidal band.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
6C3874E8CBD15226BAB15B44BA66E01B.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Phaeoceros himalayensis is currently known from India (Asthana and Srivastava 1991) and Thailand (Chantanaorrapint et al. 2015). It occurs on rocks and soil in open sites in grassland, pine-oak mixed montane deciduous, and subalpine forests at elevations between 1,000 and 2,200 m. It may grow associated with other bryophytes such as Asterella khasyana (Griff.) Pandé et al., Cyathodium aureonitens (Griff.) Mitt. and Fissidens spp.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.taxon	description	Figs 6, 7, 11 A, B	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.taxon	description	Description. Thallus bright green to yellowish green in fresh samples, become yellowish green to dark brown when dry, growing prostrate with moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or fan-shaped colonies, irregularly branched into several lobes, thallus lobe lingulate to obovate, or fan-shaped, the base usually narrower than the apex, 7 – 20 mm long, 2 – 6 mm wide; margins nearly entire to irregularly crenulate, sometimes lobulate along the margin, flat, rarely ascending upward; apex generally lobulate, broad, occasionally attenuate into apical tuber, rarely curving upward; tubers frequently present, occurring at apex, along margin, or on ventral surface of thallus, with a stalk to 5 mm long, ovoid to subspherical. Thallus in cross section plano-convex to concave-convex, 4 – 8 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular pentagonal to heptagonal, 30 – 150 × 20 – 55 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, expanded, occupying nearly entire to half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, pyrenoid smooth. Nostoc colonies scattered ventrally, appearing as dark spots. Rhizoids sparse, scattered mainly along the middle region of ventral surface, smooth in early stage, becomes pegged at maturity, hyaline to pale brown. Sexuality monoicous or strong protandrous, androecia and archegonia not seen. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, 1.2 – 1.7 mm long, 2 – 4 cells thick, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes frequent, capsules erect, cylindrical, up to 15 mm long at maturity; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 117 – 300 × 10 – 28 µm; stomata 70 – 83 × 42 – 85 µm, surrounded by 5 – 6 epidermal cells; assimilative layer 2 – 4 cells thick in cross section; the innermost capsule cells elongate rectangular to hexagonal, 37 – 155 × 7 – 28 µm, pale brown to brown; columella consisting of 4 – 8 cells in cross section, brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 30 – 38 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face with irregular large verrucose confined to the center; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark, finely vermiculate along its length; each facet finely vermiculate, frequently with sparse papillae confined to the center of each facet. Pseudoelaters thin to thick-walled, occasionally branched, 1 – 3 cells long; pseudoelaters cells irregular rectangular, yellowish brown to dark brown, without helicoidal band.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Phaeoceros kashyapii usually grows in open areas in pine-oak forests ranging from 900 – 2,200 m in elevation.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
9B5A096FA9015750A601FD6A1D453272.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India and Thailand (Asthana and Srivastava 1991).	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
883B2BF1F5D45B258F1D1199CFFBE06B.taxon	type_taxon	Type. Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. (≡ Anthoceros laevis L.)	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	description	Figs 8, 9, 11 C – F	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Phaeoceros stenothallus is similar to P. himalayensis and P. kashyapii but differs in dioicous sexuality, a narrow thallus never broader than 3 mm, wide and the vermiculate spore with hump-like projection on distal face.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	description	Description. Thallus bright to dark green in fresh material, becoming yellowish green to brown when dry, growing prostrate with loosely to moderately adhering to substrate, forming irregular patches or colonies, compactly, irregularly dichotomous branched into several lobes, thallus lobe strap-shaped, narrow, sometimes tapering toward apex, become boarder in sporophyte-bearing thalli, up to 12 mm long, 0.8 – 3 mm wide. margins entire to wavy, rarely crenulate, usually flat; apex usually attenuate, gradually tapering into apical tuber, sometimes shallowly lobulate; tubers always present, occurring at apex, along margins, and on the ventral surface, well-developed stalk, the tip with rounded end or ovoid to globose node, sometimes branched, up to 10 mm long. Thallus in cross section biconvex or plano-convex, with 6 – 16 cells thick in the middle region. Dorsal epidermal cells irregular pentagonal to heptagonal, 23 – 105 × 18 – 50 µm. Chloroplasts 1 per cell, occupying nearly entire to half of cell size, frequently contracted into round shape, occasionally folded at margin or star-like shape. Nostoc colonies irregularly distributed, sparse, appearing as dark spots. Rhizoids sparse to densely scattered along the middle region of ventral surface, hyaline to brown. Sexuality dioicous. Androecia abundant at the middle of thallus, distinctively raised over the dorsal surface of thallus, usually 2 – 3 antheridia per chamber; antheridia subglobose to globose, 2 - tiered stalk with quadriseriate cells, 220 – 240 × 150 – 180 µm. Archegonia not seen. Involucres erect, conical-cylindrical, up to 2 mm long, 2 – 5 cells thick, mouth smooth to shallowly crenulate. Sporophytes often, capsules erect with slightly bending tip, cylindrical, 5 – 10 (– 12) mm long; epidermal cells of capsule elongate-rectangular, 80 – 207 × 10 – 31 µm, thick-walled; stomata 85 – 92 × 50 – 54 µm, surrounded by 6 – 7 cells; assimilative layer 3 – 5 (– 6) cells thick in cross section; the innermost capsule cells subquadrate to rectangular, 30 – 110 × 20 – 38 µm, brown to dark brown; columella consisting 8 – 16 cells in cross section, reddish brown to dark brown. Spores yellowish brown to dark brown, 29 – 38 µm in equatorial diameter; distal face hump-like projection without verrucose; proximal face with distinct thin triradiate mark; ornamentation finely vermiculate throughout the spore. Pseudoelaters thin to thick-walled, rarely branched, 1 – 2 celled; pseudoelaters cells rectangular, brown to dark brown, without helicoidal band.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet “ stenothallus ” refers to the narrow thallus.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
B9EB41C835875E0BA0CA5B4B559800C2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Thailand.	en	Suwanmala, Orawanya, Villarreal A., Juan Carlos, Chantanaorrapint, Sahut (2025): Molecular and morphological insights into Phaeoceros himalayensis (Notothyladaceae) and related species: evidence for two new species from Thailand. PhytoKeys 268: 1-32, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.172910
