taxonID	type	description	language	source
2E764378FFE2FFF8FF8508A1F674FA4D.taxon	description	Despite the preference of N. viridula for legumes and brassicas (Todd 1989), its extreme polyphagy makes it adapted to feed on an array of plants. These include several species of cultivated and non-cultivated plants, weeds, fruit trees, and ornamentals. In Table 1, we have listed all the plants on which N. viridula has been recorded feeding and / or reproducing or utilizing as shelter, or as a source of water in the neotropics. In general, N. viridula in the neotropics completes six generations / year. For example, in Paraná, Brazil, Londrina County (S 23 ° - W 50 °) it completes three generations on the soybean crop during spring and summer months. It then moves to weed plants such as Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC. (Fabaceae), wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum L., wild mustard Brassica campestris, L. (Brassicaceae), and pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) (Fabaceae), where it completes two additional generations, during fall and early winter. One more (sixth) generation is completed on the wild weed Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae), before colonizing soybean again in the next spring (Panizzi 1997). In addition to these plants, N. viridula has been observed feeding on seed heads of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), during late winter and early spring (A. R. Panizzi, personal observation). The list of plants on which N. viridula has been recorded in the neotropics includes 70 plant species belonging to 19 families, from which 29 species were considered to be reproductive hosts, i. e., plants on which bug can complete development (Table 1).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE2FFFEFF850F7FF6E7FA70.taxon	description	Compared to N. viridula, P. guildinii feeds on fewer plant species, being confined mostly to legumes (Fabaceae) (Panizzi & Slansky 1985 b; Panizzi & Parra 2012). Among the legumes, plants of the genus Indigofera seem to be preferred (Panizzi 1992). However, other species of cultivated and non-cultivated plants of different families are at various times used by this pentatomid, either as a source of nutrients or water, or as shelter (Table 2). Downloaded From: https: // bioone. org / journals / Florida-Entomologist on 17 Jul 2024 Terms of Use: https: // bioone. org / terms-of-use In the northern state of Paraná, Brazil, in Londrina County, it completes three generations on soybean during the spring and summer months; then it moves to other legume plants such as lanceleaf crotalaria, Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey, and pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) (Fabaceae), completing another generation. During the mild winter in this area it moves to indigo legume plants completing a fifh generation, before returning to soybean the following spring (Panizzi 1997). In cooler areas of the south (e. g., Rio Grande do Sul) it is found on alternate plants such as chickling pea, Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae), wild radish, Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae), and white lupin, Lupinus albus L. (Fabaceae) (Silva et al. 2006). Further south in Uruguay, in ad- Downloaded From: https: // bioone. org / journals / Florida-Entomologist on 17 Jul 2024 Terms of Use: https: // bioone. org / terms-of-use * Plants on which bug can complete development. (1) Silva et al. 1968 (Brazil, ES, MG, SP); (2) Panizzi & Smith 1976 (Brazil, PR); (3) Miranda et al. 1979 (Brazil, SP); (4) Ferreira & Panizzi 1982 (Brazil, PR); (5) Link & Grazia 1987 (Brazil, RS); (6) Ventura 1988 (Bolivia); (7) Panizzi 1992 (Brazil, PR); (8) Costa et al. 1995 (Brazil, RS); (9) Malaguido & Panizzi 1998 (Brazil, PR); (10) Panizzi et al. 2000 b (Brazil, PR); (11) Panizzi et al. 2002 (Brazil, PR); (12) Lafuente 2004 (Uruguay); (13) Massoni & Frana 2005 (Argentina); (14) Stadler et al. 2006 (Argentina); (15) Silva et al. 2006 (Brazil, RS); (16) Gomez et al. 2013 (Paraguay); (17) Zerbino et al. 2015 (Uruguay). dition to reproducing on soybean, at least two generations occur on cultivated forage legumes (Medicago sativa L., Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L. - Fabaceae) during the spring and summer. Other associated plants include Pittosporum undulatum Ventenat (Pittospo- raceae), Ligustrum lucidum Aiton (Oleaceae), and Phyllostachys sp. (Poaceae) on which they do not reproduce but seek shelter and may eventually feed. Adults are found underneath eucalyptus litter during autumn and winter, peaking in July (Zerbino et al. 2015). The list of plants on which P. guildinii has been recorded in the neotropics includes 49 plant species belonging to 22 families, of which 24 species were considered to be reproductive hosts (Table 2).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE4FFFEFF850F60F12FF878.taxon	description	Despite its polyphagy, the number of recorded host plants is small- er than recorded for the former two species (Table 3). This might be explained because of the habit of E. heros to overwinter under dead leaves (Panizzi & Niva 1994). It may stay on the ground for up to six months during the fall-winter and the beginning of spring in partial dormancy without feeding (Panizzi & Vivan 1997). E. heros historically completed four generations per year in northern Paraná State, Brazil (Panizzi 1997). However, two main factors fa- Downloaded From: https: // bioone. org / journals / Florida-Entomologist on 17 Jul 2024 Terms of Use: https: // bioone. org / terms-of-use vored its biology, adding additional generations and increasing its numbers: the widespread adoption of the no-tillage cultivation systems, and the introduction of multiple cropping. These allowed the species to expand in the Brazilian territory and into Argentina (Saluso et al. 2011). In the southern-most state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in Brazil E. heros is now the most abundant species of pentatomid on soybean, reaching over 80 % of the total number of stink bugs collected in Passo Fundo, RS, latitude S 28 ° 15 ’ 46 ” (A. R. Panizzi, unpublished). A survey in the state indicated its presence on Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae), Solanum megalochiton Mart., S. mauritianum Scop., and Vassobia breviflora (Sendtn.) Hunz. (Solanaceae) (Medeiros & Megier 2009). Elsewhere, it has begun feeding on seedlings of soybean (Corrêa-Ferreira et al. 2010 b) and corn (Rosa-Gomes 2010). The list of plants on where E. heros has been recorded in the neotropics includes 21 plant species belonging to 11 families, from which 6 species were considered to be reproductive hosts (Table 3).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE5FFFFFF750DE3F79FF87D.taxon	description	The list of plants on which D. furcatus has been recorded in the neotropics includes 32 plant species belonging to 13 families, from which 7 species were considered to be reproductive hosts (Table 5). Downloaded From: https: // bioone. org / journals / Florida-Entomologist on 17 Jul 2024 Terms of Use: https: // bioone. org / terms-of-use * Plants on which bug can complete development. (1) Silva et al. 1968 (Brazil, AM, ES, MG, PA, PE, RJ, RS, SP); (2) Lopes et al. 1974 (Brazil, RS); (3) Rizzo 1976 (Argentina); (4) Panizzi & Machado- Neto 1992 (Brazil, PR); (5) Frota & Santos 2007 (Brazil, RS); (6) GonÇalves et al. 2008 (Brazil, RJ); (7) Ribeiro et al. 2009 (Brazil, PR); (8) Golin et al. 2011 (Brazil, MT); (9) Krinski & Pelissari 2012 (Brazil, PA); (10) Krinski 2013 (Brazil, PA).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE5FFFFFF7509A6F75AFBF1.taxon	description	Beginning in the 1970 ’ s, this species was reported as occurring in and damaging soybeans in Brazil (Costa & Link 1974; Galileo et al. 1977). These early studies seemed to indicate that this species had a minor impact on soybean yield; however, it was later demonstrated that it can cause significant damage to seed quality, reducing the potential of seed germination (Silva et al. 2012). Edessa meditabunda is also known to colonize sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), in several areas in Paraná state, feeding on the stems and seed heads (Panizzi & Machado-Neto 1992; Malaguido & Panizzi 1998; Frota & Santos 2007). In general, phytophagous stink bugs prefer to feed on the reproductive structures (seeds / fruits) of their hosts. Edessa meditabunda is also known to commonly feed on alternate vegetative plant tissues, such as soybean and sunflower stems, and potato and tomato growing tips (references in Panizzi et al. 2000 a). Recently, this bug has been report- ed feeding on leaves of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., and chicory, Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) in the central-western and northern states of Brazil (Krinski et al. 2012; Krinski & Pelissari 2012; Krinski 2013). It is also commonly found feeding on vegetative alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) in southern Brazil (L. F. Smaniotto, unpublished). The list of plants with which E. meditabunda was reportedly associated in the neotropics includes 40 plant species within 13 families, from which 19 species were ranked as reproductive hosts (Table 4).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE6FFFDFF850E45F56EF9B5.taxon	description	Downloaded From: https: // bioone. org / journals / Florida-Entomologist on 17 Jul 2024 Terms of Use: https: // bioone. org / terms-of-use The majority of the population is concentrated on field crops (corn, soybean, and wheat) and it stays in the field during the off season underneath crop residues (Chocorosqui 2001). Since its first report on corn in Mato Grosso do Sul (Ávila & Panizzi 1995), D. melacanthus has become widespread on this crop, particularly in the central-west and southern states of Brazil. On soybean, nymphs and adults are found mostly during the crop’s reproductive period (Silva et al. 2013). On wheat, and on other winter cereals, nymphs and adults are found on the soil, feeding on fallen soybean seeds of the previous crop, and then feeding on stems of seedlings of these cereals (Pereira et al. 2010). In northern Paraná, Brazil, nymphs and adults of D. melacanthus feed and reproduce on the weed lanceleaf crotalaria, Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey (Fabaceae), and adults peak in July (Silva et al. 2013). Although there is high mortality of nymphs on pods of lanceleaf crotalaria (> 70 %) (Chocorosqui & Panizzi 2008), this seems to be an important alternate food plant for D. melacanthus in this area since it is widespread. Another important weed that is used by D. melacanthus is the tropical spiderwort Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae), on which nymphs and adults are commonly found in Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul (Carvalho 2007; Silva et al. 2013). Chocorosqui (2001) tried to raise nymphs in the laboratory on seedlings of the tropical spiderwort, but no nymphs completed development. The same was observed when seedlings of corn, soybean or wheat were tested; on soybean and wheat seeds they complete development, but on seeds of corn they do not (L. F. Smaniotto, unpublished); no attempts were made to raise nymphs on tropical spiderwort seeds. The list of plants on which D. melacanthus has been recorded in the neotropics includes 29 species belonging to 10 plant families, from which 5 species were considered to be reproductive hosts (Table 6).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
2E764378FFE6FFFDFF850E45F56EF9B5.taxon	description	In Brazil, T. perditor has been referred to as a minor pest of soybean in several states (Rosseto et al. 1978; Kishino 1980; Panizzi & Herzog 1984). Also, it has frequently been associated with Gramineae (= Poaceae) such as sorghum, rice and wheat in several states (Rosseto et al. 1978; Panizzi & Herzog 1984; Ferreira & Silveira 1991; Amaral-Filho et al. 1992). Perez et al. (1980) provided data on the nymph and adult biology of T. perditor on wheat. Laboratory and greenhouse studies, however, suggested that soybean and wheat were not suitable hosts for nymphal development and reproduction of T. perditor; in contrast, on the weed plant Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae), nymphs developed well and adults reproduced (Panizzi & Herzog 1984). Despite the damage of this bug to wheat seed yield and quality (Ferreira & Silveira 1991), and to its occurrence on soybean fields, apparently these two plant species only provide some nutrients, whereas T. perditor populations are in fact reproducing on the weed B. pilosa. In northern Paraná, Brazil, T. perditor is commonly found feeding on sunflower, but no reproduction on this plant has been recorded (Malaguido & Panizzi 1998). Recently (2013) it was observed feeding on seed heads of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae) in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil (L. F. Smaniotto, unpublished). The list of plants on which T. perditor has been recorded in the neotropics includes 15 plant species belonging to 8 families, of which 3 species were considered to be reproductive hosts (Table 7). Reproductive Incidental Host plant (Family / Species) hosts * record Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. (6) — X Gomphrena globosa L. (6) — X Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. (6) — X Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight (6) — X Tridax procumbens L. (6) — X Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. (3,7) X — Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (6) — X Fabaceae Crotalaria pallida Ait. (5) — X Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. (7) X — Glycine max (L.) Merr. (1,3) X — Indigofera hirsuta L. (5) X — Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (6) — X Leonurus sibiricus L. (6) — X Stachys arvensis L. (6) — X Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) (6) — X Sida rhombifolia L. (6) — X Poaceae Avena strigosa Schreb. (3) — X Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (5) — X Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. (6) — X Cenchrus echinatus L. (6) — X Chloris gayana Kunth (6) — X Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (6) — X Panicum maximum Jacq. (6) — X Triticum secale Wittmack (3) — X Triticum aestivum L. (3, 4, 8) X — Zea mays L. (2,3) — X Rubiaceae Spermacoce alata Aubl. (6) — X Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (6) — X Solanaceae Solanum americanum Mill. (6) — X * Plants on which bug can complete development. (1) Galileo et al. 1977 (Brazil, RS); (2) Ávila & Panizzi 1995 (Brazil, MS); (3) Bianco & Nishimura 1998 (Brazil, PR); (4) Gomez 1998 (Brazil, MS); (5) Bianco 2005 (Brazil, PR); (6) Carvalho 2007 (Brazil, MS), (7) Chocorosqui & Panizzi 2008 (Brazil, PR); (8) Silva et al. 2013 (Brazil, PR).	en	Smaniotto, Lisonéia F., Panizzi, Antônio R. (2015): Interactions of selected species of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) from leguminous crops with plants in the Neotropics. Florida Entomologist 98 (1): 7-17, DOI: 10.1653/024.098.0103, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.098.0103
