identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.text	336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hahniidae Bertkau 1878	<div><p>Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878</p><p>Hahniidae Bertkau 1878: 393 (type genus Hahnia C.L. Koch, 1841).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Members of Hahniidae resemble other entelegyne spiders of the RTA clade by having entelegyne genitalia and a retrolateral tibial apophysis in the male palp, but (except for Cybaeolus) differ by having the anterior lateral spinnerets well separated, with the posterior medians advanced in-between them, and the posterior laterals well separated, behind the anterior laterals or, most usually, at their sides, so that all the spinnerets are arranged in a row (Figs 7–10). Additionally, they, including Cybaeolus, can be recognized by the male palp with retrolateral tibial apophysis that has a canal, usually curved upwards and with an acute tip bearing regular teeth, a retrolateral patellar apophysis (absent in Amaloxenops Schiapelli and Gerschman, 1958 and Antistea Simon, 1898), and the simple copulatory bulb with the thin embolus circling clockwise (left palp, ventral view), without conductor, and sometimes with a lightly sclerotized median apophysis as a simple lobe (Figs 15, 16). Cybaeolus has grouped spinnerets (Figs 3–6), but the male genitalia have the mentioned diagnostic characters; Amaloxenops and Antistea lack the patellar apophysis, but the tibial apophysis and the spinnerets are typical of the family.</p><p>Note</p><p>The family Hahniidae traditionally listed only representatives with spinnerets in the characteristic arrangement of a transverse line, until Lehtinen (1967) expanded the family limits to include Cybaeolus, with grouped spinnerets, plus several genera now placed in Cybaeidae and Cicurinidae (see: Wheeler et al. 2017, Castellucci et al. 2023, Gorneau et al. 2023). Some hahniids have the posterior lateral spinnerets behind the anterior laterals (e.g. Lizarba Roth, 1967, Paramito Dupérré and Tapia, 2024), others slightly behind and at the sides (e.g. Austrohahnia Mello-Leitão, 1942), and in many the posterior laterals are more at the side of the anterior laterals; this variation forms a continuum. The above diagnosis is provided to reflect those changes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
336E87952764FFAE9631DDA5FBF66D59.text	336E87952764FFAE9631DDA5FBF66D59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hahniinae Bertkau 1878	<div><p>Hahniinae Bertkau, 1878</p><p>Hahniinae Bertkau 1878: 393 (type genus Hahnia C.L. Koch, 1841).</p><p>Cybaeolinae Lehtinen 1967: 226 (type genus Cybaeolus Simon, 1884), synon. nov..</p><p>Note</p><p>Lehtinen (1967) originally included in Cybaeolinae the genera Cybaeolus Simon, 1884, Lizarba Roth, 1967, and tentatively Austrohahnia Mello-Leitão, 1942 . This last genus was tentatively included by Lehtinen (1967: 217) without having seen the type, but he thought that it might be a synonym of Cybaeolus . Rubio et al. (2014) revised the genus Austrohahnia Mello-Leitão, 1942 and transferred it to Hahniinae. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Cybaeolus is nested within Hahniidae, along with other genera typically considered hahniines, thus we synonymize Cybaeolinae with the older name Hahniinae. For a future revision of the classification of the family, Cybaeolinae remains an available subfamily name.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952764FFAE9631DDA5FBF66D59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.text	336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cybaeolus Simon 1884	<div><p>Cybaeolus Simon, 1884</p><p>Cybaeolus Simon 1884: 125 (type species by monotypy Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884); 1898: 244.</p><p>Mevianes Simon 1904: 110 (type species M. delfini Simon, 1904, designated by Petrunkevitch (1928: 93). Synonymized by Lehtinen (1967: 226).</p><p>Clitistes Simon 1902: 20 (type species by monotypy Clitistes velutinus Simon 1902), synon. nov..</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Species of Cybaeolus resemble other hahniids by having a retrolateral hook-shaped tibial process with a groove through which (presumably) the embolus slides (Fig. 15I–K), but are distinguished by having a retrolateral patellar process with two or more tips (Fig. 15D), and spinnerets arranged in a group with the PMS posterior to the ALS (Figs 3–6), instead of arranged in a line or having the PMS advanced in between the ALS.</p><p>Description</p><p>Small spiders (1.50–3.50) with eight eyes (Fig. 15A), anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved to straight in dorsal view, AME normally developed, PME separated by one diameter of PME, clypeus no greater than 2.5× diameter of AME. Colour patterns of prosoma, and especially of opisthosoma, extremely polymorphic (Figs. 21A, 22, 23A, 24, 25D, 26E, 27). Carapace light brown, with or without thoracic markings, without foveal furrow. Opisthosoma oval or elongate, it can be dark, pale, orange, or brown, mottled, with or without chevrons. Chelicerae with three or four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth, male with or without stridulatory file made of minute bumps, rastellum (a row of rake setae with thickened bases; Fig. 18C) present in females of C. delfini and C. rastellus, absent in C. pusillus . Endites not convergent, serrula in a transverse line (Fig. 18B), posterior external margin variably inflated or projecting in males. Labium slightly wider than long, anterior edge straight, posterior slightly convex. Sternum shieldshaped, weakly concave anteriorly at base of labium. Male palp with simple retrolateral patellar apophysis with two or more distal thorns (Fig. 15D), RTA acute, curved, furrowed, tip with regular teeth pointing backwards (Figs 15I–K); a swollen area near the RTA base bears several thick setae. Cymbium oval, with retrolateral furrow leading to RTA (Fig. 17J). Copulatory bulb with disc-shaped tegulum, with a membranous patch where the fleshy median apophysis arises in C. delfini and C. rastellus; only the membranous patch present in C. pusillus . Embolus arising proximally from tegulum, rotating clockwise (left palp, ventral view).</p><p>Epigyne with paired copulatory openings, usually blocked with mating plugs (Figs 17H, 18G). Copulatory ducts long, leading to spherical spermathecae, fertilization ducts short, on posterior margin; accessory bulb unremarkable, restricted to small bump with gland ducts near the copulatory opening (observed only in C. rastellus; Fig.18I). Spinnerets (Figs 3–6) in relatively compact group, PLS 70–80° from ALS, PMS 40–50° from ALS. ALS conical with wide base, PLS and PMS cylindrical, PLS equal in length to ALS, distal segment of ALS very short; distal segment of PLS very short, PLS not extended, length equal to or smaller than ALS. Colulus as two patches of setae. Spigot morphology (examined with SEM in adults of C. pusillus and C. rastellus): ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by a nubbin, and 10–18 piriform gland spigots. PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, two cylindrical gland spigots in female, from five to eight aciniform gland spigots. PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot in female, from six to 11 aciniform gland spigots. Tracheal spiracle wide, slightly separated from spinnerets, leading to two thick trunks, each ramifying in three bundles of tracheoles, all limited to opisthosoma (observed from dissection of C. rastellus; Fig. 18E). Leg formula 1243. Spination: femora I with dorsal and prolateral spines, patellae with two dorsal spines, tibiae I and II with dorsal and prolateral spines, tibiae II and IV with dorsal, prolateral, ventral, and retrolateral spines, metatarsi III and IV with prolateral, retrolateral, and ventral spines. Trichobothria with longitudinal fingerprint striae on proximal plate (Fig. 17F), arranged on tarsi d0-1-0 or d0-1- 1-0 (Figs 17D, 18D), metatarsi d0-1-0 and tibiae d0-1-0. Tarsal organ a simple keyhole (Fig. 17G).</p><p>Composition</p><p>Three species: Cybaeolus pusillus, Cybaeolus rastellus, and Cybaeolus delfini .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>In temperate forests and shrublands of Chile, from Región de Antofagasta to Región de Magallanes, and adjacent Argentina, from Neuquén province to Tierra del Fuego province.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.text	336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cybaeolus pusillus Simon 1884	<div><p>Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884</p><p>(Figs 1C, F, 2A–I, K, L, 3, 4, 17, 19A–C, 20A, B, 21, 22, 28A)</p><p>Cybaeolus pusillus Simon 1884: 125 [female holotype from Bahía Orange (Isla Hoste, c. –55.531, –68.04), Magallanes, Chile, in MNHN, examined]; 1887: E17. Roth 1967: 315, pl. 50, figs 4–6. Lehtinen 1967: 226, fig. 353. Wheeler et al. 2017: fig. 5 (voucher ARASP17).</p><p>Dictyna fuegiana Simon 1895: 168 [female type from Tierra del Fuego, M.C. Bachkausen, in MNHN, examined by Lehtinen (1967)]. Simon 1904: 84. Synonymized byLehtinen (1967: 226). Clitistes velutinus Simon 1902: 20 [female lectotype designated by Dupérré and Harms (2018), from Chile, Magallanes, Isla Navarino, Puerto Toro, c. –55.0827, –67.0741, Wald, 19.XII.1892, col. Michaelsen, in ZMH-A0000761, not re-examined]. Miller 2007: 269 (nomen dubium); Dupérré and Harms 2018: 8, fig. 5A–C (female redescribed, removed from nomen dubium), synon. nov.. Mevianes wilsoni, Simon 1904: 111 [female holotype from Chile, Magallanes, Bahía Allen Gardiner, c. –55.409, –68.301, B. Wilson, in MNHN 22122, examined by Roth (1967) and, Lehtinen (1967)]. Synonymized by Lehtinen (1967: 226).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males and females differ from those of other Cybaeolus species by lacking a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin (Fig. 17B). In addition, males are similar to those of C. rastellus by having a dorsally curved retrolateral patellar process with three to five acute tips (Fig. 19A–C), but differ by the lack a median apophysis in the tegulum (Fig. 19A, B), which is found in males of C. rastellus (Fig. 19D, E) and C. delfini (Fig. 19G, H). Females are similar to those of C. rastellus by having the copulatory openings anteriorly in the epigyne but can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts describing complete loops around the spermathecae, visible in ventral view (Figs 20A, 21B, D). In comparison, in C. rastellus the loops are restricted to the mesal margins of the spermathecae (Figs 20C, D, 23B–D). The copulatory openings are usually closer to each other than in C. rastellus, but this is variable across specimens (Fig. 21D–F).</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (from Región del Maule, Talca Prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.066666/lat -35.6)">Alto Vilches</a>, 14–15 Nov. 1993, elev. 1180 m, 35° 36 ʹ S, 71° 04 ʹ W, N.I. Platnick, K.M. Catley, M.J. Ramírez, and R. T. Allen, AMNH; complemented with SEM images from other specimens). Total length 2.36. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 0.86 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME – AME 0.04, AME –ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE contiguous; MOQ length 0.18, anterior width 0.14, posterior width 0.21. Clypeus height 0.14 (2.8× diameter of AME), orange-brown without marks. Carapace bright orange-brown, thoracic marks extremely faint. Chelicerae length 0.39, ratio 0.45, orange brown, external-posterior side with subtle stridulatory file. Endites orange-brown, not projecting posteriorly. Labium yellow-brown. Sternum slightly wider than long, length 0.57, width 0.64, orange-brown, darker towards edges. Abdomen dorsum mottled white with brick-red stripe over cardiac region extending posteriorly to four indistinct chevrons, laterally dark grey; venter silvery white with dusky median area, broad brick-red band around spinnerets. Pedipalp femur, patella and tibia light-yellow, cymbium dark brown. Pedipalp cymbium distinctly rounded, median apophysis absent, only a pale unsclerotized patch in its place (Fig. 19B); tibial apophysis long and procurved, patellar apophysis recumbent on retrolateral surface armed with three or four teeth (Fig. 19B, C). Spinnerets in relatively compact group (Fig. 4A), pigmented, dusky-yellow with distal segments darker. Proximal segment of ALS 3.8 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.26× length of proximal segment, PLS length equal to ALS. ALS total length 0.19; basal width 0.09, distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.14. PMS length 0.12, PLS total length 0.19; distal segment length 0.04, proximal segment 0.15. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots (Fig. 4C). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot and three aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger (Fig. 4B). PLS with four aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 4D). Epiandrous spigots absent (Fig. 4E). Legs all light yellow-brown, femora with black annulations distally, tibiae and metatarsi with faint markings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.62) femur 0.89, patella 0.31, tibia 0.89, metatarsus 0.90, tarsus 0.54; leg II (3.55) 0.99, 0.28, 0.86, 0.85, 0.57; leg III (2.91) 0.85, 0.28, 0.67, 0.66, 0.45; leg IV (3.29) 0.97, 0.27, 0.73, 0.81, 0.51; palp (1.02) 0.34, 0.21, 0.14, -, 0.33.</p><p>Female (holotype, Fig. 21G–J, complemented with SEM data from other specimens). Total length 2.38. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.80 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 0.99 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME – AME 0.04, AME –ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.19, anterior width 0.14, posterior width 0.21. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. Clypeus height 0.11 (2.2× diameter of AME). Carapace pale-yellow, with no thoracic markings, with only a trace of black border to Carapace. Chelicerae without rastellum (Fig. 17B). Endites yellow-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Sternum yellow-brown with no markings, slightly wider than long. Abdomen dorsum mottled white over entire surface, anterior mid-dorsal aspect with darker line; venter white mottled blotches. Epigyne flat, centrally rugous, copulatory ducts open medially and anteriorly (Figs 17H, I, 20A, B, 21B, D, G, H), beginning with a lateral loop that passes dorsally to the spermatheca and continues in a second ventral loop that surrounds it; spermathecae large, spherical. Spinnerets in relatively compact group (Fig. 3A), yellow-brown. ALS conical with wide base, PLS and PMS cylindrical, proximal segment of ALS 8 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.25× length of proximal segment, PLS smaller than ALS. ALS total length 0.18; basal width 0.13, distal segment length 0.2, proximal segment length 0.16. PMS length (not accessible); PLS total length 0.15; distal segment length 0.03, proximal segment length 0.12. Spigot morphology (Fig. 3): ALS with major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots (Fig. 3B). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, one cylindrical gland spigot, and five to six aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger (Fig. 3C). PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot, six aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 3D). Legs all pale straw-colour with no markings. Leg measurements (formula 2143): leg I (total 2.96) femur 0.83, patella 0.29, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.46; leg II (3.07) 0.82, 0.28, 0.71, 0.78 0.48; leg III (2.55) 0.76, 0.28, 0.51, 0.61, 0.39; leg IV (2.89) 0.76, 0.27, 0.72, 0.74, 0.40; palp (1.06) 0.34, 0.18, 0.21, -, 0.33. Pattern of spines: (most spines missing) pedipalp tarsi p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: I p0-0-1 0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-0. Metatarsi: III p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1.</p><p>Variability and colour polymorphism</p><p>The male endites may be clearly projecting posteriorly (MACN-Ar 46682 MJR-2828) or swollen and slightly projecting (MACN-Ar 29776). The female copulatory openings are usually close to each other (Fig. 21B, D), but they may be more separated in some specimens (Fig. 21E, F). The body coloration is extremely variable (Figs 2A–I, K, L, 22), even among specimens from the same locality and collection event (Fig. 22A, K).</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Specimens were found in webs on foliage of Chusquea bamboo (Fig. 1C) and other trees and shrubs. The eggsacs are affixed to the underside of a leaf and guarded by the female (Fig. 1F).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known from forests in Chile from Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta, in Región de La Araucanía, to Isla Hoste, in Región de Magallanes, and in adjacent Argentina, from Parque Nacional Lanín, in Neuquén Province, to Tierra del Fuego province (Fig. 28A). The gap without records between Parque Nacional Río Simpson in Región de Aysén, and Cueva del Milodón in Región de Magallanes may be due to low sampling effort in the area.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>ARGENTINA: Chubut: Parque Nacional Los Alerces: Lago Verde [–42.718°, –71.736°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 3♂ 3♀ (MACN); Lago Verde reaching Río Rivadavia [–42.709°, –71.724°], Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 5♂ 20♀ (MACN); Río Menéndez [–42.729°, –71.747°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Neuquén: Parque Nacional Lanín: Lago Hermoso [–40.351°, –71.554°], 15 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ (MACN). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Lago Espejo Chico, trail to Cerro La Mona, 40.57593 ºS, 71.70100ºW, 860–1060 m elev., 3 Dec. 2023, mainly Chusquea, manual collecting, A. Pérez-González, L. Martínez, M. Ramírez, and W. Porto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 46821); Lago Ortiz Basualdo [–40.983°, –71.864°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 3♀ (MACN); Puerto Blest, [–41.033436, –71.816678], 7 Jan. 2000, beating, L. Lopardo and A. Quiaglino, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42790); Puerto Blest, trail to Laguna Los Cántaros, 41.013754º S, 71.822738º W, 820–890 m elev., 28 Dec. 2010, wet forest, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut, and S. Aisen, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33576); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33592); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33598); PuertoBlest, SenderodelaBahía, 41.02583ºS 71.82250º W, 789 m elev., 4 Dec. 2024, secondary forest, manual collecting, A. Pérez-González, L. Martínez, M. Ramírez, and W. Porto, 1♂, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 46817); Río Frías [incorrect label as PN Los Alerces] [–41.11°, –71.8°], Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 3♀ (MACN). Río Negro: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Seccional Villegas, in front of camping La Pasarela de El Manso, 23 km W Río Villegas (air), 41.564945 S, 71.771917 W, 464 m elev., 8–9 Dec. 2021, beating, Pacheco, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 3♂ (MACN-Ar 43386 AGB-0012). Tierra del Fuego: Lago Roca, N margin, 1.3 km SE Chilean border, 54.81699 S, 68.58022 W, 40 m elev., 12 Dec. 2023, mixed forest, beating, M.J. Ramírez, F. Sola, V. Lencinas, and G. Sancho, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 46684 MJR-2827); 1♂ (MACN-Ar MJR-2828). Isla de los Estados: Bahía Franklin, Caleta Lacroix [–54.84°, –64.68°], 26 Nov. 2013, on Berberis ilicifolia, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 34106). Puerto Cook, S 54.77970, W 64.05944, 13 m elev., 28–30 Nov. 2014, peat with shrubs, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 5♂ 8♀ (MACN-Ar 35866); 19♂ 18♀ (MACN-Ar 35877); Puerto Hoppner, S 54.78344, W064.41387, 13 m elev., 25 Nov. 2014, shrubby forest of Nothofagus betuloides near coast, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 4♂ 7♀ (MACN-Ar 35871); Puerto Hoppner, 4 km (air) NW Puerto Parry, 54.78091 S, 64.40683 W, 10 m elev., 8–9 Mar. 2017, wet coastal forest, mosses, canelo ( Drymis winteri) and guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides), M. Ramírez, 1♀, (MACN-Ar MJR-1789); Puerto Parry, 54.81319º S, 64.37043 W, 2 m elev., 26–27 Nov. 2014, forest of Nothofagus betuloides, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 5♂ 10♀ (MACN-Ar 35824); San Juan de Salvamento, at the end of bay, 54.75294 S, 063.88901 W, 31 m elev., 1 Dec. 2014, forest of Nothofagus betuloides, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 14♂ 24♀ (MACN-Ar 35838). Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego: road to Cascada Río Pipo 9 km (air) W Ushuaia, 54.82008º S, 68.47024º W, 89 m elev., 4 Dec. 2012, manual collecting and beating, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 29791); E margin of Lago Roca 15 km (air), W Ushuaia, 54.82581 S, 68.56300 W, 11 m elev., 4 Dec. 2012, mixed forest, manual collecting, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 29748); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29776 male MLB-04362, female MLB-04363); 4♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 29781). Península Mitre, Bahía Buen Suceso, 54.79355 S, 065.2623 W, 15 m elev., 23 Nov. 2014, forest of Nothofagus, near coast, beating, I.L.F. Magalhaes and A.O. Porta, 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35875). Puerto Español, Península Mitre, 148 km (air) E Ushuaia, 54.90635 S, 65.99230 W, 5 m elev., 5 Mar. 2017, forest with guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides) and canelo ( Drymis winteri), M. Ramírez, 1♀, (MACN-Ar MJR-1789). Pta. Aguirre [–54.91°, –66°], 16 Nov. 1949, E.J. Nuñez, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 43426). Ruta B Estancia despedida, 44 km (air) WSW Rio Grande, 53.92318º S, 68.34422º W, 90 m elev., 6 Dec. 2012, forest of ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica), manual collecting, M. Ramírez, C. Grismado, A. Ojanguren, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29857). CHILE: Región de Aysén: Parque Nacional Río Simpson, S margin of Río Simpson [–45.562°, –72.325°], 17 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ (MACN). Región de La Araucanía: Estero Molco [–38.822°, –73.071°], 3 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Cabañas Ruiz, 20.5 km W Angol (air), 37.81290º S, 72.93690º W, 1023 m elev., 11 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42791). Monumento Natural Contulmo: [–38.013°, –73.188°], 300 m elev., 11–12 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♀ (AMNH); [–38.027°, –73.203°], 12 Jan. 1989, M.A. Ramírez, 2♀ (MACN); 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 3♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 41386); 38º00 ʹ 46.2 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ O, 360 m elev., 12–13 Jul. 2012, manual night collecting, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, and D. Valdivia, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42874 LNP-4084); beating, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, and D. Valdivia, 1♀ 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42879); 38º00 ʹ 46.8 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 10–11 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42794); Berlese, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42786). Parque Nacional Huerquehue: near Laguna Toro, NE Pucón, 39.14320º S, 71.71238º W, 1225 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, forest with Nothofagus, Araucaria, Chusquea, general collecting, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 2♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 35138); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35142 MAI-1866); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 35144 MAI-1868; 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35149); Laguna Toro, 39º08 ʹ 18.7" S, 71º42 ʹ 30.9" W, 995 m elev., 7 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus, Araucaria, Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33702 MLB-4320); 4♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42793). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta: 37º49 ʹ 39 ʹʹ S, 73º 00 ʹ 32.2 ʹʹ W, 1100 m elev., 15 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus, Araucaria, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 2♂ (MACN-Ar 33658 MLB-4307); 40 km W Angol [–37.82°, –73.01°], 1120 m elev., 13 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 5♂ 6♀ (AMNH); Pichinahuel, 37º47 ʹ S, 73º0 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 22 Nov. 2004, T., fogging s/ Araucaria araucana, N. dombeyi, J.E. Barriga, 13♂ 11♀ (MACN-Ar 42781 AGB-0018); sector Piedra del Aguila, 29 km W Angol (air), 37.82241º S, 73.03518º W, 1400 m elev., 12 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson. and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42789); 37º47 ʹ S, 73º00 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, fogging Nothofagus antarctica, J.E. Barriga, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42787); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43235); 2♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43237); 3♂ 14♀ (MACN-Ar 43238); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43242 AGB-0009); 3♂ 4♀ (MACN-Ar 42795). Río Pedregoso, Fundo Nueva Pomeramia [–39.17°, –72.3°], 19 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 3♀ (AMNH). Tolhuaca [–38.23°, –71.73°], 15–23, Mar. 1986, L. Peña, 7♂ 3♀ (AMNH). Región de Los Lagos: Abtao 5 km N Pargua [–41.776°, –73.422°], 7 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Caleta La Arena [–41.681°, –72.654°], 30 Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Chaitén, road side, at night [–42.92°, –72.7°], 10 m elev., 16 Jan. 1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and R. Schuh, 3♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Lemuy, Aldachildo [–42.583°, –73.61°], 20 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Lemuy, Ichuac [–42.617°, –73.717°], 20 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Feb. 9, 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 3♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Lemuy, Puerto Haro [–42.63°, –73.66°], 24 May 2000, T. Cekalovic, 3♂ 10♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao, Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 4♂ 11♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao, 3.5 km from Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao, Hullar Alto [–42.407°, –73.573°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 19♀ (AMNH); 17 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 10♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao, Hullar Bajo [–42.39°, –73.56°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 7♀ (AMNH); Feb. 16, 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao, Quetro [–42.418°, –73.58°], 16 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); 19 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 36♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH); 22 Jun. 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH). Isla Chiloé: 15 km S Chepu [–42.044°, –73.968°], 3 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN); Chepu [–42.04°, –73.97°], 12 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 19 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 21 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); 75 m elev., 21 Nov. 1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 2♀ (AMNH); Chepu, NW coast Chiloé Island [–42.04°, –73.97°], 75 m elev., 21 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♀ (AMNH); Cucao, Tepual [–42.649°, –74°], 2 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ 3♀ (MACN); El Pozuelo (km 1.5 NE Butalcura) [–42.242°, –73.723°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH); km 11 N Castro [–42.38°, –73.76°], 19 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 5♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH). Km 2 Puente Río Pudeto [–41.867°, –73.768°], 18 May 1998, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); km 5 SW Chonchi [–42.64°, –73.81°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); 20 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 4♀ (AMNH); 22 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 4♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH); Mellico, 11 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ (AMNH); Pid-Pid [–42.4°, –73.78°], 17 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 8♀ (AMNH); Pindapulli [–42.3°, –73.62°], 7 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 9♀ (AMNH). Pío-Pío [–42.814°, –73.584°], 10–12 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 5♀ (together with 2 immatures) (AMNH); Piruquina [–42.38°, –73.79°], 11 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ (AMNH); 10 Feb. 1983, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH); 16 Feb. 1995, 2♂ 3♀ (AMNH); 7 Feb. 1998, 4♂ ♀ (AMNH); 15 Feb. 1996, 3♀ (AMNH); 18 Feb. 1997, 4♀ (AMNH); 9 Feb. 1993, 1♀ (AMNH); 1♂ 4♀ (AMNH); Río Dongo [–42.603°, –73.876°], 19 May 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 2♀ (AMNH); San Juan de Chadmo [–42.97°, –73.58°], 20 Feb. 1997, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Vilupulli [–42.605°, –73.788°], 14 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 5♂ 4♀ (AMNH); native forest totally destroyed, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Hills S Maicolpue [–40.62°, –73.74°], 50 m elev., 19 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P.Goloboff, and M.Ramírez, 2♂ ♀ (AMNH); 1♂ ♀ (AMNH); 2♀ (AMNH). Lago Calafquen, Casa de Piedra, 7 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). NW shore Lago Chapo, 41°27 ʹ S, 72°30 ʹ W, 250 m elev., 13 Nov.1966, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, 1♂ 1♀ (CAS). Osorno [–40.58°, –73.11°], 24 Jan. 1952, Ross Michelbacher, 1♂ 4♀ (CAS). Parque Nacional Alerce Andino: sector Sargazo, between start of sendero Los Ulmos and sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.509747° S, 72.616501° W, 347 m elev., 3–4 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 43952); sector Sargazo, sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.51613° S, 72.604081° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43957); sector Sargazo, sendero Los Ulmos, 41.507524° S, 72.619967° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43967); sector Sargazo, sendero ‘Rodal Alerce’, wet forest, 41º30 ʹ 35.8 ʹʹ S, 72º36 ʹ 44.6 ʹʹ W, 340 m elev., 4 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 5♀ (MACN-Ar 42779); trail to Saltos del Río Chaica 7–10 km NE Lenca, 41º34 ʹ 41.9 ʹʹ S, 72º33 ʹ 24.2 ʹʹ W, 205 m elev., 2 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42780). Parque Nacional Chiloé: 15 km S Chepu [–42.14°, –74.05°], 3 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42792); Arroyo Cole Cole 25 km N Cucao [–42.406°, –74.108°], 8–11 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN); Cucao, sendero El Tepual, 42.61766º S, 74.10120º W, 15 m elev., 15 Feb. 2012, wet forest of Tepualia stipularis,M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo,P.Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42877). Parque Nacional Puyehue: 4.1 km E Anticura [–40.66°, –72.19°], 430 m elev., 19–26 Dec. 1982, trap site 662, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 5♂ ♀ (AMNH); Aguas Calientes [–40.733°, –72.3°], 600 m elev., 18 Dec.to 8 Feb.1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH); 6♂ 18♀ (MACN-Ar 21092); Antillanca road [–40.776°, –72.209°], 470–720 m elev., 18–24 Dec. 1982, screen-sweeping at dusk, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 5♂ 8♀ (AMNH); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Berlin, 40.741952° S, 72.299176° W, 490 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 3♂ 19♀ (MACN-Ar 43965); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero El Recodo, 40º44 ʹ 17.1 ʹʹ S, 72º18 ʹ 25.6 ʹʹ W, 367 m elev., 10 Jul. 2010, Beating, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, and E.Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42863); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42876 LNP-4133); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Los Pioneros, 40.73794° S, 72.311679° W, 572 m elev., 9 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43970); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Recoba, 40.735181° S, 72.30985° W, 474 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43955); sector Anticura, sendero Pudú, 39º44 ʹ 08.2 ʹʹ S, 71º40 ʹ 13 ʹʹ W, 396 m elev., 8 Jul.2010, under logs, A. Ojanguren, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42866); beating, 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42869); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42881 LNP-4140); manual night collecting, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42871); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Indio, 40.663337° S, 72.17616° W, 358 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43963); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Pudú, 40.675656° S, 72.164139° W, 480 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 2♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43971). Parque Nacional Villarrica: 10 km S Pucón [–39.359°, –71.964°], 900 m elev., 15 Dec. 1984 to 10 Feb. 1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); road to Coñaripe, near sector Quetrupillén, 39.45314º S, 71.80915º W, 925 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42864 AGB-0017); Laguna Quillehue, sendero Fauna, S Curarrehue, S39.55426, W71.53685, 1119 m elev., 12 Feb. 2012, forest with Nothofagus, Chusquea, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 29286); sector Quetrupillén, 39º27 ʹ 42.1 ʹʹ S, 71º50 ʹ 44.2 ʹʹ W, 1280 m elev., 8 Feb. 2005, forest with Araucaria, Nothofagus, Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42782). Puerto Montt, Río Blanco [–41.45°, –72.888°], 24–29 Jan. 1983, G. Arriagada, 8♀ (MACN). Puerto Montt, sector Chapo Rio Blanco [–41.45°, –72.888°], 30 Jan. 30 to 15 Feb. 1983, G. Arriagada, 1♂ (MACN); 2♀ (MACN). Puyehue [–39.669°, –72.286°], 700 m elev., 9 Dec. 1994, L. Peña, 2♂ 2♀ (AMNH). Termas de Puyehue [–40.736°, –72.308°], 180 m elev., 24 Nov. 1981, forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). 10 km E Puyehue [–40.72°, –72.45°], 24 Jan. 1951, beating, Valdivian rainforest, Ross Michelbacher, 3♂ 2♀ (CAS). Región de Los Ríos: La Herradura, 6km E Niebla [–39.85°, –73.33°], 20 m elev., 16 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 2♀ (AMNH). Ñancul, Fundo El Lingue [–39.74°, –72.44°], Feb. 8, 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 4♀ (AMNH). Parque Nacional Alerce Costero: sendero Los Melíes, 39.951827° S, 73.55019° W, 32 m elev., 5 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43961). Parque Oncol: intersection Tepual trail to Río Cruces [–39.7°, –73.355°], 8 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 11♀ (AMNH); km 1 before instersection of Cariñanco to Parque Oncol [–39.7°, –73.355°], 13 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); rd intersection from Ronoval Canelos to Los Tepuales [–39.7°, –73.32°], 12 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ (AMNH); road intersection to Tepual trail [–39.7°, –73.32°], 19 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 11♀ (AMNH); Sendero Oncol, 13 km NNW Valdivia (air), 39.68806º S, 73.30408º W, 590 m elev., 14 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42788 AGB-0015); Quitaqui trail [–39.7°, –73.32°], 19 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 4♂ 13♀ (AMNH). Las Lajas, W La Unión, 13–15 May 1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH); May 9–13 May 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ 4♀ (AMNH). Las Trancas, W La Unión, 500 m elev., 6–10 Feb. 1988, L. Peña, 3♀ (AMNH); May 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). 36 km W La Unión [–40.18°, –73.46°], 600 m elev., 25–28 Mar. 1981, L. Peña, 3♀ (AMNH). 45 km W La Unión [–40.13°, –73.56°], 900 m elev., 1–2 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 1♂ 2♀ (AMNH). Reserva Costera Valdiviana: Chaihuin, Las Garzas, 39º 59.687 ʹ S, 73º 35.227 ʹ W, 26 Feb. 2008, Fogging 150cc/l N. nitida, Arias et al. 1♀ (CASENT 9039051 JMA-0094); 1♂ (CASENT 9039053 JMA-0220); 1♀ (CASENT 9039054 JMA-0102); 27 Feb. 2008, 1♂ (CASENT 9034002 JMA-0161); 1♂ (CASENT 9034003 JMA-0100). Río Llancahue, km 3 S Coñaripe [–39.58°, –71.92°], 7 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Región de Magallanes: Monumento Natural Cueva del Milodón: sector Silla del Diablo [–51.57630°, –72.59473°], 140 m elev., 24 Jan. 2023, forest of ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica), general collecting, M. Ramírez, G. Sancho, and M. V. Lencinas, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43976 MJR2700); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43977 MJR2702); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43978 MJR2704); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43979). Punta Arenas, Puerto de Hambre [–53.60985º, –70.93426º], 18 m elev., 26 Jan. 2023, forest of Guindo ( Nothofagus betuloides) and peat with ñire ( Nothofagus anctartica), general collecting, M. Ramírez, G. Sancho, M. V. Lencinas, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43980). Chile: Región de Ñuble: Puente Marchant 1300m, 36º 53.5 ʹ S, 71º32.5 ʹ W, 1130 m elev., 20 Feb. 2005, fogging s/ Nothofagus dombeyi, J. E. Barriga-Tuñón, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42783 AGB-0016); 2♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42784); 12♂ 9♀ (MACN-Ar 42785). Región del Maule: Parque Nacional Gil de Vilches: [–35.6°, –71.04°], 1200 m elev., 8 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH). Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles: 35º50 ʹ 02.6 ʹʹ S, 72º30 ʹ 35.7 ʹʹ W, 174 m elev., 17 Jul. 2010, manual night collecting, A. Ojangueren, L.Piacentini, E.Soto, D. Valdivia, and J. Pizarro Araya, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42868).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.text	336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cybaeolus rastellus (Roth 1967)	<div><p>Cybaeolus rastellus (Roth, 1967)</p><p>(Figs 1A, B, 2J, M, 5, 6, 15, 18, 19D–F, 20C, D, 23, 24, 28B)</p><p>Mevianes rastellus Roth 1967: 308 pl. 50, figs 7, 8 [male holotype, two males, and five female paratypes from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.5/lat -42.0)">Región de Los Lagos</a>, Llanquihue Prov., Isla Calbuco, c. 42° 0 ʹ S, 73° 30 ʹ W (c. –41.79°, –73.15°) 21–28 Feb. 1963, H.J. McMillin and A. Archer, in AMNH, examined].</p><p>Cybaeolus rastellus, Lehtinen 1967: 226 .</p><p>Cybaeolus cf. rastellus, Wheeler et al. 2017: fig. 5 (sequenced, voucher ARAMR-290, reexamined).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Both sexes are similar to C. delfini by having a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin (although sometimes with thinner setae, see Fig. 15B). Males of this species are also similar to those of C. delfini by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb (Figs 15E, H, 19D, E) and a two-pointed retrolateral patellar process. In C. rastellus the median apophysis is distally wider, and the patellar process is directed posteriorly (Fig. 19E, F), instead of anteriorly as in C. delfini (Fig. 19H, I). Females are similar to those of C. pusillus by having the copulatory openings anteriorly in the epigyne (Figs 20C, D, 23B–D) but can be distinguished by these being further apart from each other, the shorter and thicker copulatory ducts, describing a closer loop on the mesal margin of the spermathecae, six-shaped in ventral view, and the smaller spermathecae.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (holotype, complemented with data from other specimens when not visible in the holotype). Total length 2.63. Carapace 1.06 long, 0.92 wide. Abdomen 1.64 long, 0.80 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME – AME 0.05, AME –ALE0.06, PME–PME 0.10,PME– PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.02; MOQ length 0.16, anterior width 0.15, posterior width 0.24. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row straight in dorsal view. Clypeus height 0.12 (2.4× diameter of AME). Carapace castaneous with indistinct darker border, darker thoracic V-shaped mark, cephalic region weakly setose. Chelicerae orange-brown, without visible stridulatory file (weak stridulatory file observed in some specimens, on external-posterior side). Endites yellow-brown, longer than wide, posterior lateral edge strongly protruding (Fig. 15C). Labium light brown. Sternum castaneous, as wide as long. Opisthosoma distinctly elongated, dorsum: whitishgrey with three to four sepia chevrons posteriorly, mottled laterally, without setae expect on anterior dorsum; venter: mottled greyish-white with two indistinct longitudinal marks extending from epigastric furrow to base of spinnerets, darker around spinnerets. Palpal cymbium oval, copulatory bulb with small median apophysis (Fig. 15E, H), tibial apophysis long and procurved with several long, strong, upwardly curved setae at base, patellar apophysis recumbent on retrolateral side, with two or three teeth (Figs 15D, 19E, F). Spinnerets in relatively compact group (Fig. 6A), ALS pigmented, PLS and PMS unpigmented. Proximal segment of ALS 2.4 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.24× length of proximal segment. PLS 1.1 × length of ALS. ALS total length 0.24; basal width 0.12, distal segment length 0.07, proximal segment length 0.17. PMS total length 0.13. PLS total length 0.26; distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.21. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots (Fig. 6B). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot and three aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 6C). PLS with five aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 6D). Epiandrous spigots absent (Fig. 6E). Legs orange-brown, all articles strongly annulated, lightly spined. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 4.13) femur 1.19, patella 0.32, tibia 1.00, metatarsus 0.99, tarsus 0.63; leg II (4.07) 1.15, 0.35, 1.04, 0.92, 0.62; leg III (3.06) 1.04, 0.28, 0.68, 0.61, 0.45, leg IV (3.45) 1.05, 0.32, 0.81, 0.77, 0.48, palp (1.30) 0.44, 0.25, 0.22, -, 0.39. Leg formula 1243. Pattern of spines: Femora: I d0-1-0, p0-0-1; II d0-1-1 (or 0-1-0), p0-0-1 (or p0-1-1-0); III d0-0-1, p0-0-1. Patellae: I d1-0-1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1; IV d1-0- 1. Tibia: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1; II d1-0-1, p0-1-1; III d1-0-1, p0-0-1, v0-1-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-1. Metatarsus: III p0-1-1, v0-0-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-1-1, v0-2-2, r0-0-1.</p><p>Female (paratype). Total length 3.63. Carapace 1.13 long, 0.92 wide. Abdomen 2.28 long, 1.42 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.06, PLE 0.08; AME – AME 0.06, AME –ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.02; MOQ length 0.21, anterior width 0.16, posterior width 0.21. Clypeus height 0.13 (2.6× diameter of AME). Carapace cephalic region castaneous, shading to orange-brown laterally and posteriorly very faint radiating thoracic marks, weakly setose in cephalic region. Chelicerae length 0.47, ratio: 0.51, dark orange-brown, with prominent rastellum near base of fang. Endites short, as wide as long, without the posterior lateral extension of the male. Labium dusky. Sternum orange-brown, about as long as wide. Abdomen dorsum grey mottled with white, dark purplish-brown mark over cardiac region, dark band around posterior tip of abdomen, venter; without markings, sparsely setose along midline. Epigyne rugose, copulatory openings on shallow elevations (Fig. 18G), copulatory duct begins with a loop anterior to the spermatheca, continues with a second loop, and connects through the ventral part of the spermatheca (Figs 18H, 20C, D, 23B–D); accessory bulb as a small bump with gland ducts near the copulatory opening (Fig. 18I). Spinnerets in relatively compact group (Fig. 5A), ALS conical with wide base, distal segment of PLS very short, proximal segment of ALS 5.5 × length of distal segment; distal segment of PLS 0.19× length of proximal segment: PLS 1.2 × length of ALS. ALS total length 0.26; basal width 0.15, distal segment length 0.04, proximal segment length 0.22. PMS total length 0.20. PLS total length 0.31; distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.26. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by a nubbin and 13 piriform gland spigots (Fig. 5B). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, two cylindrical gland spigots, and eight aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 5C). PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot and 11 aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 5D). Spinneret topology PLS 70 ° from ALS; PMS 45–50 ° anterior to ALS. Legs orange-brown, without distinct annulations but with dusky patches ventrally on femora and distally on metatarsus, pedipalp tarsi and tibiae dark orange-brown with patellae and femora a sharply contrasting light straw colour. Legs measurements: leg I (total 3.84), femur 1.11, patella 0.31, tibia 0.95, metatarsus 0.83, tarsus 0.64; leg II (3.86) 1.10, 0.37, 0.94, 0.90, 0.55; leg III (2.91) 0.90, 0.29, 0.64, 0.67, 0.41, leg IV (3.57) 1.06, 0.30, 0.86, 0.82, 0.53, palp (1.18), 0.33, 0.20, 0.27, -, 0.38. Pattern of spines: pedipalp patellae: d1-0- 1; tibiae: d1-0-0, p0-0-1; tarsi: d1-0-0, p1-1-1, v0-0-2, r1-1-1. Femora: I d0-0-1, p0-0-1 (or 2); II d0-0-1. Patellae all with: d1-0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1; II d1-0-1, p0-0-1; III d1-0- 1, p0-0-1, vO1-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-1. Metatarsi: III and IV as male. Trichobothrial distribution tibiae: d1-2, metatarsi: d0-0- 1, tarsi: d0-1-0 or 0-1-1-0 (Fig. 18D).</p><p>Variability and colour polymorphism</p><p>Some males have a weak stridulatory file on the external-posterior side of the chelicerae which is difficult to see.The cheliceral rastellum may have less conspicuous setae in some specimens. The body coloration is extremely variable (Figs 2J, M, 24), even among specimens from the same locality and collection event (Fig. 24A, D).</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Specimens were found in webs on foliage of trees, bamboo and shrubs in humid forests (Fig. 1A, B).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known from forests in Chile from Región de Ñuble to Parque Nacional Río Simpson, in Región de Aysén, and in wet forests of adjacent Argentina in Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi in Neuquén Province, and Parque Nacional Los Alerces in Chubut province (Fig. 28B).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>ARGENTINA: Chubut: Parque Nacional Los Alerces: Lago Futalaufquen [–42.845°, –71.705°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♂ (MACN); Lago Menéndez, Pto Sagrario [–42.611°, –71.892°], 29 Nov. 1996, wet forest with alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides), M. Ramírez, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42799). Neuquén: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Puerto Blest, Sendero de la Bahía, S 41.02583, W 71.82250, 789 m elev., 4 Dec. 2024, secondary forest, beating, A. Pérez-González, L.A. Martínez, M.J. Ramírez, and W.L. Porto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 46685 MJR-2798); Lago Ortiz Basualdo [–40.983°, –71.864°], Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN); Puerto Blest [–41.033436, –71.816678], 10 Jan. 1998, M. Ramírez, 3♀ (MACN-Ar 21086); Puerto Blest [–41.033436, –71.816678], 7 Jan. 2000, L. Lopardo and A. Quiaglino, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 21087); PuertoBlest, SenderodelaBahía, 41.02583º S 71.82250º W, 789 m elev., 4 Dec. 2024, secondary forest, manual collecting, A. Pérez-González, L. Martínez, M. Ramírez, and W. Porto, 2♂, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 46861); Puerto Blest, trail to Laguna Los Cántaros, 41.013754º S, 71.822738º W, 820–890 m elev., 28 Dec. 2010, wet forest, M. Ramírez, V. Werenkraut, and S. Aisen, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33597). Río Negro: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Lago Frías superior [–41.044°, –71.8°], 1 Feb. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN); Puerto Blest, sector Lago Frías, trail before reaching Puerto Frías, 41.04056º S, 71.80083º W, 754 m elev., 5 Dec. 2023, secondary forest, beating, A. Pérez-González, L.A. Martínez, M.J. Ramírez, and W.L. Porto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 46683 MJR-2794); trail to Co. La Mona, near Lago Espejo Chico, 40.580069º S, 71.702972º W, 890–940 m elev., 5 Jan. 2011, forest with Nothofagus dombeyi, Chusquea, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 1♀ 1 (MACN-Ar 34362 MLB-0942). CHILE: Región de Aysén: Parque Nacional Río Simpson: 22 km E Aisén [–45.562°, –72.325°], 300 m elev., 5 Feb. 1985, wet forest, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1♀ (AMNH); S margin of Río Simpson [–45.562°, –72.325°], 17 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 2♂ 5♀ (MACN). 15 km S Las Islas Juntas, 30 km Puyuhuapi [–44.09°, –72.446°], 100 m elev., 30 Dec. 1984 to 28 Jan. 1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 5♂ 1♀ (AMNH). 16 km W Cisnes Medio, Río Grande [–44.685°, –71.968°], 200 m elev., 30 Dec. 1984 to 28 Jan. 1985, mature beech forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). Región de La Araucanía: Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta: 37º47 ʹ S, 73º00 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, fogging Nothofagus antarctica, J.E. Barriga, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43239); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43240). Parque Nacional Ñielol: nr. Temuco [–38.723°, –72.587°], 250 m elev., 14–30 Dec. 1982, pyrethrin fogging tree bark, forest remnant/ Nothofagus, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1♀ (AMNH). 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del Lago [–39.2°, –72.16°], 300 m elev., 14 Dec. 1984 to 10 Feb. 1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♂ 2♀ (AMNH). 17 km W Angol [–37.8°, –72.96°], 800 m elev., 8 Dec. 1984 to 16 Feb. 1985, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH). 21 km NE Pucón, Lago Caburga [–39.18°, –71.81°], 600 m elev., 15 Dec. 1984 to 10 Feb. 1985, mixed forest remnant, S. and J. Peck, 2♂ ♀ (AMNH). Monumento Natural Contulmo: 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 41385); 1♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 41388); 38º00 ʹ 46.8 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 10–11 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33625 MLB-4285); 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42801); 4♀ (MACN-Ar 42803); 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42805); Berlese funnel, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43427); [–38.013°, –73.188°], 300 m elev., 11–12 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♂ 5♀ (AMNH); 2♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 38º00 ʹ 46.2 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 12–13 Jul. 2010, manual night collecting, A. Ojangueren, L. Piacentini, E. Soto, and D. Valdivia, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42822 AGB-0010); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42865 LNP-4082); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42873); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42880 LNP-4077); general collecting, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42872); [–38.014321, –73.180069], 17–21 Dec. 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, and L. Lopardo, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 21090); 2♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 21088); [–38.027°, –73.203°], 12 Jan. 1989, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 5♀ (MACN); sendero Lemu Mau, 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Feb. 2012, manual night collecting, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35134). Región de Los Lagos: Chiloé, Isla Quinchao: 3.5 km from Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Quetro [–42.418°, –73.58°], 16 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Isla Chiloé: Chepu [–42.04°, –73.97°], 17 m elev., 29 Nov. 1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH); Chepu, NW coast Chiloé Island [–42.04°, –73.97°], 75 m elev., 21 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ (AMNH); km 1 N Puente Río Pudeto [–41.867°, –73.768°], 17 Feb. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); km 1 W Huillinco [–42.68°, –73.91°], 24 May 1998, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Lago Huillinco, N margin, 4.6 km (air) ESE Cucao, 42.64117º S, 74.04763º W, 12 m elev., 16 Feb. 2012, wet forest, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 3♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 34138); Pío-Pío [–42.814°, –73.584°], 10–12 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); Piruquina [–42.38°, –73.79°], 19 Feb. 1983, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Río Cipresal, 42º 35.181 ʹ S, 74º 05.576 ʹ W, 2 Mar. 2008, Fogging 150cc/l N. nitida, 1♀ (CASENT 9034054 JMA-0223). Parque Nacional Chiloé: 15 km al S Chepu [–42.14°, –74.05°], 3 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 3♂ 7♀ (MACN-Ar 21085); Arroyo Cole Cole 25 km N Cucao [–42.406°, –74.108°], 8–11 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 4♂ 8♀ (MACN). Llanquihue, Caleta La Arena [–41.681°, –72.654°], 30 Jan. 1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Llanquihue, Ensenada [–41.179°, –72.553°], 50 m elev., 16 Mar. 1965, H.W. Levi, 1♂ (MCZ). Parque Nacional Alerce Andino: 22–24 Jan. 1997, L. Compagnucci, 1♂ 3♀ (together with one immature) (MACN-Ar 21084); sector Sargazo, between start sendero Los Ulmos and sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.509747° S, 72.616501° W, 347 m elev., 3–4 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43953); sector Sargazo, sendero Laguna Sargazo, 41.51613° S, 72.604081° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43958); sector Sargazo, sendero Los Ulmos, 41.507524° S, 72.619967° W, 382 m elev., 3 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 3♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43968); sendero Rodal del Alerce, 41.510801° S, 72.609275° W, 388 m elev., 4 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43959); sendero ‘Rodal Alerce’, 41º30 ʹ 35.8 ʹʹ S, 72º36 ʹ 44.6 ʹʹ W, 340 m elev., 4 Feb. 2005, wet forest, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33406); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33407 MLB-4273); 5♂ 18♀ (MACN-Ar 42800); sector Correntoso, sendero ‘Huillifoten’, wet forest, 41º27 ʹ 53 ʹʹ S, 72º38 ʹ 43.4 ʹʹ W, 135 m elev., 3 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33382 MLB-4252); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42797 ARAMR 000290); 1♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42809); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42807); trail to Saltos del Río Chaica 7–10 km NE Lenca, 41º34 ʹ 41.9 ʹʹ S, 72º33 ʹ 24.2 ʹʹ W, 205 m elev., 2 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33393 male MLB-4261, female MLB-4262); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 10836); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42798 ARAMR 000291); 6♂ 14♀ (MACN-Ar 42802 AGB-0019); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42804 ARAMR 000292); 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42806). Parque Nacional Puyehue: 600 m elev., 12–20 Feb. 1979, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 4.1 km E Anticura [–40.66°, –72.19°], 430 m elev., 19–26 Dec. 1982, trap site 662, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 18♀ (AMNH); 26 Dec. 1982, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1♀ (AMNH); 8–26 Dec. 1982, 6♂ ♀ (AMNH); Aguas Calientes, 40°44 ʹ S, 72°18 ʹ W, 500 m elev., 16 Jan. 1995, N. Platnick, K. Catley and D. Silva, 3♂ 6♀ (AMNH); [–40.733°, –72.3°], 600 m elev., 18 Dec. 1984 to 8 Feb. 1985, malaise, Nothofagus forest, S. and J. Peck, 2♂ ♀ (AMNH); 40°44 ʹ S, 75°18 ʹ 45 ʹʹ W, 450 m elev., J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, F. Alvarez, J. Coddington, and G. Hormiga, 12 Nov. 2000 to 2 Jan. 2001, 1♂ 1♀ (USNM); 500 m elev., 2–5 Jan. 1982, L. Peña, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 450 m elev., 27 Jan. 1986, wet forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♀ (together with one immature) (AMNH); 430 m elev., 28 Jan. 28, 1986, primary forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH); 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 425 m elev., 31 Jan. 1985, Valdivian forest, N. Platnick, and O. Francke, 2♀ (AMNH); 13–17 Dec. 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, and L. Lopardo, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 21091); 7♂ 12♀ (MACN-Ar 42796); Aguas Calientes, Derumbes forest trail [–40.733°, –72.3°], 500 m elev., 20 Dec. 1984 to 8 Feb. 1985, S. and J. Peck, 5♂ ♀ (AMNH); Anticura, 40º39 ʹ 58.6 ʹʹ S, 72º10 ʹ 24 ʹʹ W, 355 m elev., 5 Feb. 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 5♀ (MACN-Ar 42808); Antillanca road [–40.776°, –72.209°], 470–720 m elev., 18–24 Dec. 1982, pyrethrin fogging mossy log: 655 m, Valdivian rain forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1♀ (AMNH); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Berlin, 40.741952° S, 72.299176° W, 490 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43966); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero El Recodo, 40º44 ʹ 17.1 ʹʹ S, 72º18 ʹ 25.6 ʹʹ W, 367 m elev., 10 Jul. 2010, Beating, A. Ojangueren, L.Piacentini and E.Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42820 LNP-4131); beating, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42821 LNP-4132); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42823); 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42870); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Los Pioneros, 40.73794° S, 72.311679° W, 572 m elev., 9 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 6♀ (MACN-Ar 43969); sector Aguas Calientes, sendero Recoba, 40.735181° S, 72.30985° W, 474 m elev., 10 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43954); sector Anticura, sendero Chile, 40.670723° S, 72.163633° W, 457 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43960); sector Anticura, sendero Pudú, 39º44 ʹ 08.2 ʹʹ S, 71º40 ʹ 13 ʹʹ E, 396 m elev., 8 Jul. 2010, under logs, A. Ojanguren, L. Piacentini, and E. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42867 LNP-4141); manual night collecting, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42878); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Indio, 40.663337° S, 72.17616° W, 358 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 3♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43964); sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Pudú, 40.675656° S, 72.164139° W, 480 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43973). 1 km E Termas de Puyehue [–40.66°, –72.2°], 305 m elev., 31 Jan. 1985, wet forest, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1♀ (AMNH). 25–27 km N Chaitén [–42.72°, –72.8°], 40 m elev., 17 Jan.1986, wet virgin forest, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff and R. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH). 36 km W La Unión [–40.18°, –73.46°], 600 m elev., 25–28 Mar. 1981, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH). 4.5 km W La Unión, E El Mirador [–40.3°, –73.14°], 300 m elev., 1–2 Mar. 1987, L. Peña, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH). 70 km S Chaitén [–43.42°, –72.36°], 500 m elev., 16 Jan. 1986, wet streambank, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and R. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH). Anticura, E of Puyehue [–40.658°, –72.253°], 26–31 Aug. and 1–5 Sep. 1983, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Hills S Maicolpue [–40.62°, –73.74°], 50 m elev., 19 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ (AMNH). Lago Chapo, 34 km E Puerto Montt [–41.42°, –72.56°], 300 m elev., 24 Dec. 1984 to 2 Feb. 1985, 2nd grow Nothofagus, S. and J. Peck, 4♂ 2♀ (AMNH). Pucatrihue coast [–40.54°, –73.71°], 1–10 Feb. 1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Termas de Puyehue [–40.736°, –72.308°], 240 m elev., 14 Mar. 1965, beach vegetation, H.W. Levi, 1♀ (MCZ); 180 m elev., 24 Nov. 1981, forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH); 460 m elev., 25 Nov. 1981, litter from moss and forest floor, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 2♀ (AMNH). Región de Los Ríos: Parque Nacional Alerce Costero: sendero Los Melies, 39.951827° S, 73.55019° W, 32 m elev., 5 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43962). 34 km WNW La Unión [–40.21°, –73.45°], 17 Dec. 1984 to 7 Feb. 1985, mixed evergreen forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH). 1 before instersection of Cariñanco to Parque Oncol [–39.7°, –73.355°], 12 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). Las Lajas, W La Unión, 9–13 May 1990, L. Peña, 4♀ (AMNH); Las Trancas, W La Unión, Jun. 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH); 500 m elev., 6–10 Feb. 1988, L. Peña, 1♂ 3♀ (AMNH). Parque Oncol: Quitaqui trail [–39.7°, –73.32°], 19 May 2001, T. Cekalovic, 2♂ 1♀ (AMNH). Región de Ñuble: 9 km W San Fabian de Alico [–36.53°, –71.61°], 24 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♀ (AMNH). Región del Biobío: Arauco, Hualpén [–36.798°, –73.163°], 11 Jan. 1989, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Bosque de Ramuntcho [–36.752°, –73.185°], 14–16 Nov. 1961, A.F. Archer, 1♀ (AMNH). Caramávida [–37.692°, –73.353°], 1–10 Jan. 1954, L.E. Pena, 3♀ (CAS). Curiman [–36.95°, –73.13°], 29 Dec. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Estero Nonguén [–36.87°, –72.98°], 10 Oct. 1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 11 Dec. 1977, 1♀ (AMNH). Lomas Coloradas [–36.9°, –73.12°], 27 May 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ ♀ (AMNH). Pata de Gallina [–38.07°, –73.23°], 560 m elev., 11 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 2♀ (AMNH). Quebrada Caramávida, San Alfonso, reserva Arauco, 20 km ESE Antiguala, 37.70942º S, 73.17107º W, 750 m elev., 15 Jan. 2018, forest with Araucaria, general collecting, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez Gonzalez, G. Azevedo, and W. Porto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43342 MJR-2264).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.text	336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cybaeolus delfini (Simon 1904)	<div><p>Cybaeolus delfini (Simon, 1904)</p><p>(Figs 1E, G, 19G–I, 20E, F, 25–27, 28C)</p><p>Mevianes delfini Simon 1904: 111 [female holotype from Región de Magallanes, Magallanes, Punta Arenas (c. S 53.11° W 71.90°), in MNHN, examined]. Roth 1967: 307.</p><p>Cybaeolus delfini, Lehtinen 1967: 226 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Males of C. delfini are similar to those of C. rastellus by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb and a two-pointed retrolateral patellar process (Fig. 19G–I) but can be distinguished by the patellar process projected anteriorly and then curving abruptly, with its two apical thorns pointing posteriorly, and the median apophysis slightly narrower at the end. In C. rastellus (Fig. 19E, F) the patellar apophysis projects posteriorly, and the median apophysis is distally expanded. Females differ from those of the other species by having the copulatory openings in a central position between the spermathecae, on depressions separated by median septum, and copulatory ducts not forming loops (Figs 20E, F, 25E, G, 26A–D, G, H) while the other species have the copulatory openings more advanced (Fig. 20B, D).</p><p>Description</p><p>Male (MACN-Ar 42819): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen 1.10 long and 0.83 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,05, PME– PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.15, front width 0.12, rear width 0.18. Clypeus height 0.08. Carapace light brown, darker lines radiating from the central region, darker well-defined border, anterior region with setae. Chelicerae length 0.28, ratio 0.38. Endites yellowish-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Labium darker anteriorly. Sternum wider than long, length 0.45, width 0.55, dark brown, dark edge, lighter medially. Abdomen with grey, brown, and white mottling dorsally, four to five reddish posterior chevrons. Ventral grey mottling in longitudinal stripes. Pedipalp cymbium oval, slightly pointed distally, copulatory bulb with fleshy median apophysis; tibial apophysis short and recurved, patellar apophysis erect on dorsolateral surface, with two teeth (Fig. 19G–I). Spinnerets in relatively compact group, with similar pigmentation, darker at the basal part and lighter distally. ALS total length 0.13; basal width 0.08. PMS total length 0.10. PLS total length 0.17. Legs light castaneous-yellow with arrows in the proximal segment of the femur, metatarsus and tarsus, dark in the distal segment of femur and patella. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 2.66) femur 0.67, patella 0.25, tibia 0.47, metatarsus 0.75, tarsus 0.48 leg II (2.63) 0.75, 0.25, 0.67, 0.60, 0.36; leg III (2.21) 0.62, 0.22, 0.45, 0.55, 0.37; leg IV (2.58) 0.73, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.33; palp (0.86) 0.27, 0.20, 0.12, -, 0.27. Leg formula 1243. Pattern of spines: Femora: I d0-0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-1, III d1- 0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1, II d1-0-1, p0-0- 1, III d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1, IV d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1. Trichobothria on all tarsi d0-1-0; all metatarsi d0-1-0; all tibiae d0-1-0.</p><p>Female (MACN-Ar 42819). Total length 2.27. Carapace 0.90 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen 1.50 long and 1.18 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,07, PME–PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.18, front width 0.15, rear width 0.20. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. AME spaced less than their diameter. Clypeus unmarked, 0.12 high. Carapace light brown, slightly darker edges and darker thoracic V-shaped mark. Chelicerae short, with rastellum of five thick setae (Fig. 25B). Endites about as long as wide, rounded posteriorly. Labium wider than long, darker anteriorly. Sternum yellowish brown, wider than long, width 0.58, length 0.50, edge thin brown. Dorsum of abdomen mottled, dark brown in the anterior central line and posterior laterals, mottled light brown in the anterior and posterior part, beige midzone. Epigyne (Figs 20E, F, 25E–G) with two depressions bearing the copulatory openings, separated by median septum. Copulatory ducts relatively short, leading to spherical spermathecae. Spinnerets in relatively compact group, ALS separated by less than a diameter. Legs brownish, with darker pigmentation in the form of rings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.00) femur 0.83, patella 0.30, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.47 leg II (2.97) 0.83, 0.32, 0.67, 0.70, 0.45; leg III (2.32) 0.70, 0.30, 0.47, 0.55, 0.30; leg IV (2.83) 0.80, 0.28, 0.65, 0.68, 0.42; palp (1.02) 0.33, 0.17, 0.22, -, 0.30. Pattern of spines: Femora: I p0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-0, III d1-0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1 v1-0-1, II d0-0-1, III d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1, IV d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-1-1 r0-0-2 v0-1-0. Holotype female, measurements and spines: Total length 2.63. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.83 wide. Abdomen 1.65 long, 1.40 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME– PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.20, anterior width 0.16, posterior width 0.23. Clypeus 0.13 (2.6× diameter AME). Chelicerae length 0.37, ratio 0.44. Sternum width 0.62, length 0.55. Leg measurements (formula 1423): leg I (total 3.07) femur 0.86, patella 0.28, tibia 0.63, metatarsus 0.76, tarsus 0.54; leg II (2.94) 0.81, 0.22, 0.62, 0.76, 0.53; leg III (2.54) 0.67, 0.29, 0.50, 0.62, 0.46; leg IV (3.01) 0.78, 0.28, 0.71, 0.75, 0.49; palp (1.00), 0.26, 0.15, 0.22, -, 0.37, 1.00. Leg formula 1423. Spines: (numerous spines broken, metatarsus and tarsus of leg II missing); pedipalp: patella d1-0-1; tibiae: p1-0-1; tarsi: d1-0-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: no spines. Patellae: I d1-0- 1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1. Metatarsi: III p0-0-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1.</p><p>Variability and colour polymorphism:</p><p>The copulatory openings are most frequently found medially in the epigyne, on the posterior margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is diagonal upwards (Fig. 25E, F). Some rare specimens have the copulatory openings in a more anterior position, on the external margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is transverse (Fig. 26A–C) or slightly diagonal (Fig. 26D, G, H). The copulatory duct may rarely describe a loop on the posterior margin, before entering the spermatheca (bottom arrow in Fig. 26C). We did not detect a geographical pattern of these infrequent morphologies, which are scattered across the species’ distribution in Chile, in Coquimbo (AMNH, LAM-0558), Araucanía (MACN-Ar 43231, 43232), Los Lagos (AMNH, LAM-0559), and Magallanes (holotype). The body coloration is extremely variable (Figs 1G, 27). The phylogenetic analysis resulted in two groups of specimens (marked in shades of red on Fig. 29), one from coastal localities in Chile ( Chiloé and Reserva Costera Valdiviana), the other from localities close to the Andes in Chile and Argentina, in Araucanía, Neuquén, Río Negro, and Santa Cruz. The minimum inter-group divergence of the COI marker was 4.7%, much larger than the maximum divergences intra-group, of 2.3% and 2.0% in the coastal and Andean groups, respectively (maximum likelihood distances, Kimura 2-parameter). We were unable to detect any morphological pattern related with these genetic differences, which could be indicative of cryptic species.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Known from forests and shrublands in Chile from Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, in Región de Atacama, to Punta Arenas in Región de Magallanes, and in adjacent Argentina, from Parque Nacional Lanín, in Neuquén Province, to El Chaltén, in Santa Cruz province (Fig. 28C).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>ARGENTINA: Chubut: Lago Escondido [–41.7°, –71.61°], 19 Nov. 1961, A. Kovács, 1♀ (AMNH). Parque Nacional Los Alerces: Lago Futalaufquen [–42.845°, –71.705°], 1 Feb. 1986, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Neuquén: Lago Hermoso [–40.351°, –71.554°], 15 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ 2♀ (MACN). Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: Puerto Blest, trail to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.82274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.013756" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.82274/lat -41.013756)">Laguna Los Cántaros</a>, 41.013754º S, 71.822738º W, 820–890 m elev., 28 Dec. 2010, M. Ramírez, V. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.82274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.013756" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.82274/lat -41.013756)">Werenkraut</a>, and S. Aisen, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 34359 MAI-1770, MLB-4412). Parque Nacional Lanín: Puerto Canoas and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.47886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.745304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.47886/lat -39.745304)">Lago Curilaufquen</a> [–39.815°, –71.606°], 8 Jan. 1985, M. Ramírez, 1♂ (MACN); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.47886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.745304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.47886/lat -39.745304)">Seccional Puerto Canoa</a>, mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.47886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.745304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.47886/lat -39.745304)">Arroyo Raquithue</a>, 40 km NW Junín de los <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.47886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.745304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.47886/lat -39.745304)">Andes</a> (air), 39.745306º S, 71.478861º W, 906 m elev., 7 Dec. 2021, beating, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43343); Seccional Puerto Canoa, mouth of Arroyo Raquithue, 40 km NW Junín de los Andes (air), 39.745306º S, 71.478861º W, 906 m elev., 7 Dec. 2021, beating, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 5♀ (MACN-Ar 43581 AGB-0013). Río Negro: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi: near Puerto Alegre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.600525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.349316" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.600525/lat -41.349316)">Lago Frías</a>, 41.04394º S, 71.79962º W, 811 m elev., 29 Dec. 2010, M. Ramírez, V. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.600525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.349316" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.600525/lat -41.349316)">Werenkraut</a>, and S. Aisen, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 43241); trail to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.600525&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.349316" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.600525/lat -41.349316)">Co. La Mona</a>, near Lago Espejo Chico, 40.58546º S, 71.70412º W, 832 m elev., 5 Jan. 2011, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33729 MLB-4345); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 36484 DLP-4137); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33730 MLB-4346); 40.590821º S, 71.704036º W, 815–840 m elev., 5 Jan. 2011, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43234); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33731 MLB-4347); trail between Los Rápidos del Río Manso and Lago Los Moscos, 41.349315º S, 71.600526º W, 792 m elev., 13 Sep. 2010, M. Ramírez and V. Werenkraut, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 33791); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 33804); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 33807); 2♀ (together with 1 immature) (MACN-Ar 33822); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42819 AGB-0006). El Bolsón [–41.96°, –71.53°], 13 Mar. 1961, A. Kovács, 1♀ (AMNH). Santa Cruz: bike trail to Chorrillo del Salto, 2 km N El Chalten [–49.30836º, –72.89956º], 406 m elev., 12 Jan. 2022, shrubs and forest, beating, P. Pacheco, 2♂ 4♀ (MACN-Ar 43327 AGB-0011).</p><p>CHILE: Región de Atacama: Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar: Las Lomitas, 26.7 km (air) N Chañaral, 26.00979º S, 70.60601º W, 823 m elev., 26 Oct. 2011, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, and J. Pizarro et al., 6♂ 5♀ (MACN-Ar 34237). Región de Aysén: Río Emperador Guillermo [–45.285°, –72.123°], 19 Feb. 1984, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (together with six immatures) (AMNH). Parque Nacional Laguna San Rafael: [–46.86°, –73.53°], 16–24 May 1990, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH). Región de Coquimbo: Parque Nacional Fray Jorge: 30°40 ʹ S, 71°41 ʹ W, 580 m elev., 10 Nov. 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, and Allen, 1♀ (AMNH); 17♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH LAM- 0558). Región de La Araucanía: Alto Caledonia, 42 km E Mulchen [–37.78°, –71.69°], 740 m elev., 14 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ (AMNH). Parque Nacional Villarrica: road to Coñaripe, near sector Quetrupillén, 39.45314º S, 71.80915º W, 925 m elev., 13 Feb. 2012, M. Ramírez, M. Izquierdo, P. Michalik, C. Wirkner, and K. Huckstorf, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 36410 DLP-4210); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 36425 DLP-4201). Coicoicura, 5 Dec. 1992, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Estereo Molco [–38.822°, –73.071°], 18 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH). Malalcahuello [–38.471°, –71.572°], 1570 m elev., 13–31 Dec. 1982, 649 window trap, Nothofagus pumilio, Araucaria forest, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 3♀ (AMNH). Monumento Natural Contulmo: 38.01314º S, 73.18648º W, 341 m elev., 9 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 41387); 38º00 ʹ 46.8 ʹʹ S, 73º11 ʹ 15.4 ʹʹ W, 360 m elev., 10–11 Feb. 2005, Berlese, M. Ramírez, and F. Labarque, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42817). Nahuelbuta, 37º48 ʹ 09 ʹʹ S, 73º0 ʹ 37 ʹʹ W, 1316 m elev., 20 Feb. 2002, Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga, 5♂ 14♀ (MACN-Ar 42773 AGB-0040); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42774 AGB-0001); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42775 AGB-0002); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42776 AGB-0003); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42777 AGB-0004); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42778 AGB-0005). Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta: Pichinahuel, 37º47 ʹ S, 73º0 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 22 Nov. 2004, T., fogging s/ Araucaria araucana, Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga, 2♀ (MACN-Ar 42812); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42814); sector Piedra del Aguila, 29 km W Angol (air), 37.82241º S, 73.03518º W, 1400 m elev., 12 Jan. 2020, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, and D. Poy, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42813); sector Quetrupillén, 39º27 ʹ 42.1 ʹʹ S, 71º50 ʹ 44.2 ʹʹ W, 1280 m elev., 8 Feb. 2005, forest with Araucaria, Nothofagus, Chusquea, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42818); 37º47 ʹ S, 73º00 ʹ W, 1200 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, fogging Nothofagus dombeyi, J.E. Barriga, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42810); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42811); fogging Nothofagus obliqua, J.E. Barriga, 1♂ (MACN-Ar 42816); fogging Nothofagus antarctica, J.E. Barriga, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43231 AGB-0008); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43232 AGB-0007); 1♂ (MACN-Ar 43233); 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43236); [–37.783°, –73°], 1300 m elev., 1–6 Feb. 1979, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 37° 49 ʹ 39 ʹʹ S, 73° 00 ʹ 32.2 ʹʹ W, 110 m elev., 12 Feb. 2005, forest with Nothofagus, Araucaria, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, 1♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 42750 AGB-0014). Reserva Nacional Villarrica, sendero Laguna Verde, S39.201466°, O71.820053°, 618 m elev., 6–7 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♂ ♀ (MACN-Ar 43956). Tolten (coastal town), Vilupulli [–39.21°, –73.22°], 27 Feb. 1979, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Región de Los Lagos: 10 km E Puyehue [–39.669°, –72.286°], 24 Jan. 1951, Ross, Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS). Parque Nacional Chiloé: 15 km S Chepu [–42.14°, –74.05°], 3 Feb. 3, 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 42815); Arroyo Cole Cole 25 km N Cucao [–42.406°, –74.108°], 8–11 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN). Isla Chiloé: 5 km SW Chonchi [–42.65°, –73.83°], 2 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 2♂ 2♀ (AMNH); 2♀ (AMNH); Dalcahue NE Castro [–42.37°, –73.65°], 1 Feb. 1981, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); El Pulpito [–42.773°, –73.786°], 21 Jun. 2000, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH); Cucao [–42.649°, –74°], 12 Feb. 1991, M. Ramírez, 1♂ (MACN); km 2 Puente Río Pudeto [–41.867°, –73.768°], 18 May 1998, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 2♂ 20♀ (AMNH); km 5 S Compu [–43.14°, –73.63°], Feb. 10, 1999, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 4♀ (AMNH); Lago Tarahuin [–42.72°, –73.74°], 18 Feb. 1998, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Loncomilla [–42.167°, –73.625°], 7 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 3♀ (together with 13 immatures) (AMNH); Mocopulli [–42.33°, –73.7°], 20 Feb. 1986, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Piruquina [–42.38°, –73.79°], 10 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 16 Feb. 1989, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ (AMNH); 22 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); 16 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 8♀ (AMNH); 7 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 4♀ (AMNH); Puente Trainel [–42.675°, –73.799°], 9 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Río Cipresal, 42º 35.181 ʹ S, 74º 05.576 ʹ W, 2 Mar. 2008, fogging 150 cc/l Nothofagus nitida, Arias et al., 1♀ (CASENT 9034055 JMA-0205); San Juan de Chadmo [–42.971°, –73.581°], 10 Feb. 1999, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 4♀ (AMNH). Isla Chiloé [no specific locality], 11 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 3♂ 1♀ (AMNH); 21 Feb. 1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Quinchao: 3.5 km from Curaco de Velez [–42.44°, –73.6°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Curaco [–42.44°, –73.6°], 10 Feb. 1994, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Lago Poluz [–42.4°, –73.5°], 6 Feb. 1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Laguna Pulol [–42.408°, –73.61°], 7 Feb. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Hullar Alto [–42.407°, –73.573°], 17 Feb. 1995, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Chiloé, Isla Lemuy, Ichuac: [–42.617°, –73.717°], 9 Feb. 1993, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH). Llanquihue, E slope Volcán Osorno, above Petrohué [–41.145°, –72.411°], 400–1000 m elev., 21 Mar. 1965, H.W. Levi, 1♀ (MCZ). Hills S Maicolpue [–40.62°, –73.74°], 50 m elev., 19 Feb. 1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, and M. Ramírez, 3♀ (AMNH); 1♀ (AMNH). 1 km from road intersection from Osorno to Pucatrihue, 6 Mar. 2001, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Parque Nacional Puyehue, sector Anticura, sendero Salto del Pudú, 40.675656° S, 72.164139° W, 480 m elev., 11 Jan. 2023, M.P. Pacheco, L. Piacentini, and E.M. Soto, 1♀ (MACN-Ar 43972). Termas de Puyehue [–40.736°, –72.308°], 180 m elev., 24 Nov. 1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1♀ (AMNH LAM- 0557). Parque Nacional Puyehue: Volcán Casablanca [–40.779, –72.192], 12 Feb. 1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, and P. Goloboff, 1♀ (AMNH LAM- 0559). Región de Los Ríos: 34 km WNW La Unión [–40.21°, –73.45°], 700 m elev., 17 Dec. 1984 to 7 Feb. 1985, Fit trap, mixed evergreen forest, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH). Reserva Costera Valdiviana: Chaihuin, Las Garzas, 39º 59.687 ʹ S, 73º 35.227 ʹ W, 26 Feb. 2008, Fogging 150 cc/l Nohofagus nitida, Arias et al., 1♀ (CASENT 9039052 JMA-0165); 1♀ (CASENT 9034004 JMA-0207). Las Lajas, W La Unión, 9–13 Jun. 1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (together with one immature) (AMNH). Las Trancas, W La Unión, 19–20 Nov. 1990, L. Peña, 1♂ 3♀ (AMNH). Neltume [–39.851°, –71.948°], Feb. 1987, T. Cekalovic, 1♂ 1♀ (AMNH). Región de Valparaíso: Quebrada El Tigre, 2.5 km E Zapallar, 32.55143º S, 71.43278º W, 357 m elev., 12 Feb. 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, and J. Pizarro, 4♀ (MACN-Ar 33785); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35160 MAI-4201); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35162 MAI-4192); 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35169). Zapallar [–32.553°, –71.469°], 27 Nov. 1950, Ross, Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS). Reserva Parque El Boldo, Zapallar, 300m NNE de ruta costera, 32.54593º S, 71.45179º W, 114 m elev., 12 Feb. 2011, M. Ramírez, E. Soto, and J. Pizarro, 1♂ 1♀ (MACN-Ar 35175). Región del Biobío: km 10 N Curanilahue [–37.38°, –73.34°], 21 Nov. 1992, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (together with one immature) (AMNH). Quebrada Caramávida, ‘sector 9’, reserva Arauco, 15 km (air) E Antiguala, 37.66839º S, 73.22683º W, 800 m elev., 16 Jan. 2018, M. Ramírez, A. Ojanguren, A. Pérez González, G. Azevedo, and W. Porto, 2♂ 3♀ (MACN-Ar 41274).</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis</p><p>Identification of legacy sequences</p><p>We tested the taxonomic identity of sequences from Cybaeolus sp. 11-01 from Miller et al. (2010). These legacy sequences matched our new sequences of an unidentified Hahniidae sp. from Chile, Chiloé (MACN-Ar 36389; COI divergence 0.2%), and thus are regarded as misidentified.</p><p>Maximum likelihood</p><p>The 10 analyses under maximum likelihood using the genomic backbone tree produced nine topologies, from which the one with the best fit (larger likelihood) was chosen (Fig. 29). For comparison, the analysis of the data without the genomic constraints produced a tree with very similar topology, except for some relationships of the outgroup taxa (Supporting Information, Fig. S2). Hahniidae appear monophyletic with moderate to high support (bootstrap 81 in the constrained analysis, 98 in unconstrained one); the genus Cybaeolus is well supported and nested within the hahniids. The three species of Cybaeolus appear as monophyletic, confirming the male–female matching of the Taxonomy section. The analysis of the arrangement of spinnerets produced a better fit for the simplest model (ER). The linear arrangement of the spinnerets is optimized as a synapomorphy of Hahniidae, with a reversal to the grouped state in Cybaeolus (Fig. 29). Since the two consecutive groups where Cybaeolus is nested have relatively low support (0.59 and 0.77), we further tested if a position of Cybaeolus as sister to the rest of the hahniids received any support in the 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates; that resolution had a frequency of zero, meaning that such a placement is strongly contradicted by our data.</p><p>Maximum parsimony</p><p>In the analysis under equal weights using the genomic constraint, Cybaeolus is monophyletic with high support values (bootstrap 99), as is each of the species within this genus (Supporting Information, Fig. S3). For the rest of the tree the supports are low, although the optimal topology is similar in general to the one from the maximum likelihood analysis. The low support values may be attributed to the many terminals with sequences from only a single marker. In the implied weighting analysis using the genomic constraint (Supporting Information, Fig. S4), the groups are also similar as in the previous analyses, but the support values are slightly higher than in the equal weights’ analysis. In both analyses, the parsimony optimization of the spinnerets’ arrangement is the same as in the maximum likelihood analysis.</p><p>Colour polymorphism</p><p>The three species show remarkable colour polymorphism, which seems unrelated to geographic location and time of collection, since many morphs were collected at the same time in the same locality (Figs 22, 24, 27). There are also coincidences on the same morphs in different species. For example, (i) reddish chevrons, dark cardiac area, dark sides: C. pusillus (Fig. 22A. 2, A. 3, A. 11, 1, J, K. 2) and C. delfini (Fig. 27D); (ii) black with posterior red blotch: C. pusillus (Fig. 22A. 4, A. 19) and C. delfini (Fig. 27E); (iii) dark grey: C. pusillus (Figs. 22A. 5, A. 13) and C. rastellus (Fig. 24D. 2); (iv) dark band on pale background: C. pusillus (Fig. 22E) and C. rastellus (Fig. 24C. 1, G). The examples above also show that similar colour morphs occur irrespective of sex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Burgo, Agustina;Catley, Kefyn;Grismado, Cristian J.;Dupérré, Nadine;Benjamin, Suresh P.;Hormiga, Gustavo;Griswold, Charles;Martínez, Leonel;Ramírez, Martín J.	Burgo, Agustina, Catley, Kefyn, Grismado, Cristian J., Dupérré, Nadine, Benjamin, Suresh P., Hormiga, Gustavo, Griswold, Charles, Martínez, Leonel, Ramírez, Martín J. (2025): Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1): 1-45, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165
