taxonID	type	description	language	source
3371C949365CFFEA11DDFB7CFECCFBCE.taxon	description	This is the first time that Ae. taeniorhynchus is recorded on Sint Maarten. Adults of this species were collected in the Belvedere district near the French border next to an open drain and a small pond, close to a marsh. Van der Kuyp (1954) reported that this species often co-occurs with Anopheles species. Interestingly, we trapped Ae. taeniorhynchus in conjuction with An. albimanus at this site. Furthermore, larvae were collected at a different site close to Mullet Bay Golf Course from stagnant rainwater on the course. This location is close to the American University building of the Caribbean School of Medicine where adults were trapped by students (Colin Michie, pers. comm., 27 July 2018). Van der Kuyp (1953, 1954) also reports Ae. taeniorchynchus from a well at Spring Bay, Saba. Despite our best efforts, both in April and October we were not able to find this species there again. However, during a subsequent study, a female of this species was trapped with a BG-Sentinel Trap in the harbour of Saba by one of the authors (Cornel et al., 2020) (Yoosook Lee, pers. comm., 1 September 2019), which shows that this species is still occurring on the island. Downloaded from Brill. com 10 / 07 / 2022 07: 34: 46 PM via free access Antillean adults of Ae. taeniorhynchus are described to be darker overall than their continental conspecifics (Belkin et al., 1970). This is most pronounced in the reduced white rings on the hind tarsus, with only a very small basal white ring on the 5 th segment. Previously, these dark specimens have been described by Giles (1904) and Ludlow (1905) as two separate species: Ae. niger and Ae. portoricensis. Howard et al. (1917) noted the absence of differences in the male genitalia and larvae between both forms, and suggested the dark form was a “ geographic race ” of Ae. taeniorhynchus.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493653FFEA13DAFBB4FE6AF9D4.taxon	description	Aedes tortilis has never been recorded on any of the Dutch Leeward Islands, but occurs throughout the Lesser Antilles (Arnell, 1976) and is present on the neighboring Virgin Islands (Dyar, 1922) and Saint Kitts (Mohammed et al., 2015). Therefore, it is likely that this species is present, on one of the Dutch islands and it is therefore included in the adult and larval identification keys. The larval habitats generally occur in temporary or semipermanent fresh to brackish groundwater pools (Arnell, 1976), conditions that are omnipresent on Sint Maarten.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493653FFEA13DAF98EFBA8F9F0.taxon	description	The invasive Ae. aegypti was probably introduced in the 16 th century (Lounibos, 2002). It breeds in artificial containers and feeds mainly on human blood and is therefore mainly found close to habitation (Harrington et al., 2001). It is the main vector for a number of arboviruses in the Caribbean causing dengue, chikungunya and Zika (Leslie et al., 2014, 2017). As expected, we found Ae. aegypti present in urban habitats on all three islands. We also found Ae. aegypti in high densities in two remote old wells on Sint Eustatius (Venus Bay Road, 17 ° 30 ’ 17.8 “ N, 62 ° 58 ’ 59.4 ” W; Smoke Alley [near Fort Rotterdam], 17 ° 29 ’ 13.1 “ N, 62 ° 59 ’ 36.0 ” W). One of these wells had a relatively high salinity of 7 ‰, which has been shown to be well within the tolerance range of Ae. aegypti (De Brito Arduino et al., 2015). Verdonschot and Besse-Lototskaya (2014) concluded from a meta-analysis of 62 dispersal studies that Ae. aegypti can cover maximally distances of 2.5 km (mean = 333 m). Reiter et al. (1995) reported that furthest Ae. aegypti post-blood meal flight was 441 m (mean = 181 m). In a 200 m radius around the wells, only one or two residences are present, whereas goats were extremely abundant on this part of this island. The fact that post-blood meal flights over 200 m are exceptional and densities of adult mosquitoes at both sites were exceptionally high suggests that Ae. aegypti at these localities may be partly feeding on nonhuman hosts. Other studies have shown that the percentage of Ae. aegypti that were bloodfed on humans varies from 76.2 % in rural Puerto Rico (Barrera et al., 2012), where other hosts were mainly dogs, but also on cats, horses, and chickens, to 99.1 % in Thailand (Ponlawat & Harrington, 2005). On Sint Eustatius, goats and sheep are very abundant at these sites. However, further research is needed to examine the origin of the blood meals.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493653FFEB11FEF9A2FE6EFE0E.taxon	description	Another invasive mosquito species, Ae. albopictus is present on other Caribbean islands such as Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Trinidad, but has not yet been confirmed for the three focal islands (Benedict et al., 2007). Due to intensive travel and transport to the Dutch Leeward Islands, establishment seems probable. We therefore included this species in both the adult and larval identification keys. At the time of writing there is no definitive evidence to support the presence of Ae. albopictus on the Dutch Leeward Islands.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493652FFEB1339FAA9FBDDFDC7.taxon	materials_examined	Culex bahamensis was collected in large numbers at two brackish water sites on Sint Maarten (Lowlands, 18 ° 02 ’ 28.7 “ N, 63 ° 07 ’ 28.2 ” W, in saltwater rockpools; Guana Bay, 18 ° 01 ’ 54.6 “ N, 63 ° 01 ’ 25.9 ” W, in a puddle on the concrete driveway of an unfinished and abandoned mansion).	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493652FFEB1339FAA9FBDDFDC7.taxon	description	This is in line with all the findings of Van der Kuyp (1948, 1949, 1954), which are also from brackish water. However, this species has also been recorded from fresh water and is occasionally found in artificial containers on other islands (Belkin et al., 1970). On Sint Eustatius, this species had previously been recorded from a well near ‘ Oranjebaai’ by Van der Kuyp (1948, 1949, 1954). Despite our effort to sample from the exact same well (17 ° 29 ’ 13.1 “ N, 62 ° 59 ’ 36.0 ” W), the species was not found. Instead, we trapped adults of Ae. aegypti at the well and collected large numbers of larvae from the slightly brackish well water.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493652FFE811DDFDBFFEDBFEE4.taxon	description	Although Van der Kuyp (1948, 1949, 1954) reported Cx. habilitator from land crab holes on Sint Maarten (Rolandus Channel and Lower Princess Quarter) often together with De. magnus, we did not find any. The identification of this species is problematic as adults look very similar to Cx. bahamensis, whereas the larvae resemble Cx. nigripalpus. Despite the fact that Van der Kuyp collected both larvae and adults, and therefore identification should be easy, his description of the larvae does not agree with diagnostic characters described by Bram (1967). The larvae of Van der Kuyp have “ anal gills, about as long as the segment, with blunt tips ” and are pictured with a double apical tuft on the siphon; the gills should be short, pointed, and the tuft should be triple. This suggests that the larvae actually fit the description of Cx. nigripalpus, a species that is sometimes found in crab holes as well (Belkin et al., 1970). Van der Kuyp’s adults do however resemble the few available descriptions of Cx. habilitator (Dyar, 1928; Lane, 1953 [erroneously noted as “ habilitador ” [sic ]]; Bram, 1967). The fact that Cx. habilitator is present on many of the Lesser Antillean islands (Belkin & Heinemann, 1975, 1976; Schaffner, 2003) suggests that this species may be present on the Dutch Leeward Islands too. To determine whether Van der Kuyp’s records really represent this species, a reanalysis of the original material stored in the Smithsonian Institution is needed (National Museum of Natural History, Washington D. C., USA – NMNH).	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493651FFE811FEFF4EFBABFA38.taxon	description	Culex bisulcatus was synonymized with Cx. americanus (NeveuLemaire, 1902) by Dyar (1928), but restored by Stone (1967) as a valid species. Berlin (1969 a: 30 – 34) re-analyzed the material of Van der Kuyp and concluded that the material belongs to Cx. bisulcatus. Material from the Leeward Islands matches the topotypic material from Guadeloupe, except for the number of setae on the 9 th tergite lobe of the male genitalia, which are more numerous on those of the Leeward Islands (Berlin, 1969 a). Up to now, this taxonomic problem has not been addressed using modern genetic analysis. Due to a lack of genetic reference material, we were unable to address this problem in the current study. In this study, larvae of Cx. bisulcatus were only observed in bromeliads on Saba. The species was previously also recorded on Sint Eustatius and Sint Maarten (Van der Kuyp, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1954), but was not retrieved from these locations despite considerable efforts. There are two possible explanations for this. First, climatological conditions were suboptimal for this species during our visit. This may be an explanation for Sint Eustatius, where most of the sampled phytotelmata were dry in comparison to the summer when they may be filled with water. Second, the number of bromeliads was strongly reduced due to urbanization and recent hurricanes on Sint Maarten (Richardson et al., 2015), as we observed many bromeliads on fallen branches. Despite sampling dozens of bromeliads on Sint Peter Hill and the South Reward, the only remaining habitat on Sint Maarten, no larvae were found.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493651FFE813DAFEDEFF07FC7E.taxon	description	Culex nigripalpus has been recorded for the first time from the Dutch Leeward Islands in our survey at two localities on Sint Maarten (2 ♀, 1 ♂, Rolandus Channel, 18 ° 01 ’ 53.9 “ N, 63 ° 02 ’ 17.7 ” W, April 20 th, 2018; 1 ♀, Belvedere, 18 ° 03 ’ 26.9 “ N, 63 ° 02 ’ 14.4 ” W, April 20 th, 2018, next to an open drain and small pond). When Van der Kuyp sampled the Rolandus Channel in the late 1940 s, Cx. nigripalpus was not observed (Van der Kuyp, 1953, 1954), but Cx. habilitator was recorded at this locality. The larvae of that species look very similar to those of Cx. nigripalpus. Therefore, Cx. nigripalpus may have been present during Van der Kuyp’s inventory but was misidentified as Cx. habilitator.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493651FFE813DAFC24FF21F927.taxon	description	Culex quinquefasciatus is strongly associated with urbanization, as it prefers artificial containers and polluted groundwater as larval habitats (Belkin et al., 1970). The species had been already introduced into the New World from Africa before 1800 (Belkin, 1962). As expected, Cx. quinquefasciatus was present in urban habitats on all three islands. Because of the complexity of the Cx. pipiens complex, of which Cx. quinquefasciatus is a member, we did not delve deeper into the identification of this species on the Dutch Leeward Islands. All (sub) tropical populations from the New World have been considered to be Cx. quinquefasciatus although Culex pipiens s. s. was also introduced to the Americas (Harbach, 2012). The two lack clear morphological differences and interbreed within their non-native range (Cornel et al., 2012). Only a genetic study of the Caribbean populations can reveal their identity.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493651FFE911FEF9E4FE89FED8.taxon	description	Adults of De. magnus were collected in or close to crab holes at several localities on Sint Maarten. Van der Kuyp (1948, 1949, 1953, 1954) identified this species as De. cancer, but it was later identified as De. magnus by Adames (1971) after examining Van der Kuyp’s original material. Deinocerites cancer has not been recorded from other islands of the Lesser Antilles (Gaffigan et al., 2019).	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493650FFE91339FEBAFF12FBC9.taxon	description	Van der Kuyp (1953, 1954) recorded Ps. pygmaea from the Rolandus Channel on Sint Maarten. During the 2018 survey, this species was not observed at this location, but was found in shallow ponds on a flooded lawn in the Belvedere district, but only during the rainy season. The species is known to require recently flooded plains for their eggs to hatch (Belkin et al., 1970), which explains why they were not observed during the dry season. Sint Maarten has lowlands with poorly drained mineral soils, in strong contrast with the soils of Sint Eustatius and Saba which consist of better drained sandy-loam and are more steep (Veenenbos, 1955). This makes it unlikely that rainwater pools form long enough for the larvae of Ps. pygmaea to develop on Sint Eustatius and Saba.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
3371C9493650FFE91339FBB4FCEBFDC6.taxon	description	During the 2018 survey, two Toxorhynchites larvae were collected on Saba. A fourth instar larva was sampled from a tree hole next to Ladder Hill Road (17 ° 37 ’ 49.9 ” N, 63 ° 15 ’ 11 ” W) and an early instar larva was collected from a bromeliad next to Bud’s Mountain Trail (17 ° 37 ’ N, 63 ° 14 ’ W). The characteristics of these specimens are in accordance with the ones mentioned in Augier et al. (2003). Therefore, we assume that these specimens belong to Tx. guadeloupensis. This is in line with the finding of a Tx. quadeloupensis larva in July 1949 by Van der Kuyp (1954) in a bromeliad on Mount Scenery. However, both of our specimens have a ventral brush on the 10 th segment consisting of 9 - 10 tufts, which would suggest that the specimens are more similar to those of Tx. portoricensis (as mentioned in the identification key by Belkin et al. (1970 )). This may indicate that Saba hosts two Toxorhynchites species. On Montserrat where these two species of Toxorhynchites occur, Tx. portoricensis occurs only in tree holes and Tx. guadeloupensis only in bromeliads (Belkin et al., 1970). To further address this issue and identify the Saba species with absolute certainty, more reference material and additional molecular work are required.	en	Cooper, David, Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki, Macdonald, David, Nanova, Olga, Yudin, Viktor, Dugmore, Andrew, Kitchener, Andrew (2020): Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae. Contributions to Zoology 89 (1): 373-392, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10005
