identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
313A87D7FFB76B28AE6C2143FEC64CAD.text	313A87D7FFB76B28AE6C2143FEC64CAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mastigamoeba Schulze 1874	<div><p>Mastigamoeba cfr. simplex Kent, 1880 (fi gures 1a, 2a)</p> <p>Description. Cell about 8 Mm long, with very fl exible amoeboid cell body. Pseudopodia are produced from the sides and posterior parts of the cell. With one emergent fl agellum, which is about 20 Mm long and thickened. The fl agellum is directed forwardly and beats sti ffl y. The nucleus is located in the anterior part of the cell. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Kent (1880) reported this species as Mastigamoeb a simplex from freshwater sites. This species has been found at marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Bernard et al., 1999) with cell lengths from 5 to 21 Mm. This species was transferred to Mastigella by Lemmermann (1914) and by Larsen and Patterson (1990) because the nucleus is located away from the fl agellar apparatus. Generic and speci fi c boundaries in the pelobionts are often unclear because of polymorphism within species. Mastigamoeba schizophrenia Simpson et al., 1997, which was described through the use of cultures, varies in cell shape and size, numbers of nuclei and whether or not the fl agellum is present (Simpson et al., 1997a). Species of Mastigamoeba Schulze, 1874 have to date been distinguished from species of Mastigella Frenzel, 1897 by the close association between the nucleus and fl agellar apparatus in species of the former genus and the separation of the nucleus from the fl agellar apparatus in the latter genus (Goldschmidt, 1907; Simpson et al., 1997a). In a recent study (Bernard et al., 1999), it was noted that, although in M. simplex the bulk of the nucleus may be removed from the base of the fl agellum, there may still be a thin connection between them. Bernard et al. (1999) determined that mastigamoebid pelobionts should be assigned to Mastigamoeba if there was any connection between the nucleus and the base of the fl agellum and to Mastigella if there is no such connection. We have complied with this interpretation.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFB76B28AE6C2143FEC64CAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFB26B26AE5B2104FF534E60.text	313A87D7FFB26B26AE5B2104FF534E60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpingoeca infusionum Kent 1880	<div><p>Salpingoeca infusionum Kent, 1880 (fi gures 1b, 2b)</p> <p>Description. Loricate choanoflagellate, lorica ovoid, with a pointed posterior end. With a pedicel which is shorter than the lorica. The cell body, which fi lls out the posterior part of the lorica, is about 5 Mm long and 3 Mm wide. Cells attach to the substratum by the pedicel. Two cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been described from subtropical Australia, Denmark, England, France, Gulf of Finland and USA (Kent, 1880; Griessmann, 1913; Boucaud-Camou, 1967; Norris, 1965; Tong et al., 1997; Tong, 1997c). We identify this species with some uncertainty, but do so because of the close resemblance with individuals given the same name and reported by Tong (1997c) and Tong et al. (1997). Our observations are in accord with the original description of Kent (1880). Salpingoeca infusionum is a senior synonym of S. longipes Kent, 1880 (Boucaud- Camou, 1967; Tong, 1997c). Salpingoeca infusionum resembles S. marina James- Clark, 1867 in general appearance, and some authors regard these taxa as the same (Boucaud-Camou, 1967; Griessmann, 1913). According to Tong (1997c), the two species can be distinguished by the stiffness of the lorica and because the lorica of S. infusionum is slightly wider anteriorly than that of S. marina. Salpingoeca infusionum is similar to S. inquillata Kent, 1880 in cell length and cell shape, but is distinguished by a slight eversion of the anterior margin of the lorica of S. inquillata. Salpingoeca inquillata is said to be a synonym of S. curvipes Kent, 1880 and S. ringens Kent, 1880 (Boucaud-Camou, 1967). Many previously reported species assigned to this genus appear very similar and the species taxonomy is unclear (Vørs, 1992a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFB26B26AE5B2104FF534E60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBC6B26AE5C2463FED44C3E.text	313A87D7FFBC6B26AE5C2463FED44C3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis 1930	<div><p>Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis, 1930</p> <p>(fi gures 1c, 2c)</p> <p>Description. Collar fl agellate with lorica divided into two chambers by a waist at about two- fi fths of the distance from the base of lorica. Loricae with transverse and horizontal costae. Cell has a single apical fl agellum. The fl agellum is as long as the cell body. The cell body is about 10 Mm long with a pedicel and fi lls the posterior chamber of the lorica. The cells attach to the substratum with the pedicel or with the posterior end of the lorica. Two cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species resembles Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis, 1930 in general appearance, size and shape. We identi fi ed this species as S. diplocostata with uncertainty because the identity of most acanthoecid choanoflagellates can only be con- fi rmed through electron microscopical observation. This species has been found in Antarctica, subtropical Australia, Denmark, England, USA (Ellis, 1930; Thomsen, 1973; Thomsen et al., 1991, 1997; Leadbeater, 1994; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b). One of two cells observed here had a pedicel, but another one did not. The pedicel in Stephanoeca diplocostata may be present or absent according to the stage of the life cycle (Leadbeater, 1979).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBC6B26AE5C2463FED44C3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBC6B27AE2520FFFD2C4C1E.text	313A87D7FFBC6B27AE2520FFFD2C4C1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniomonas paci	<div><p>Goniomonas paci ®ca Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 1e, 2f -h)</p> <p>Description. Cell measuring 4-10 Mm long, 3-7 Mm wide, with several distinct longitudinal ridges on both sides of the cell. With a row of about seven to nine extrusomes near the anterior end of the cell which is truncated with the posterior end rounded. Two fl agella of similar length emerge from a small anterior depression and are directed anteriorly. When the cell is swimming, two fl agella diverge in different directions. Less common than G. amphinema.</p> <p>Remarks. Previous reported length ranges are 3-15 Mm. G. paci ®ca has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Brazil, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Hawaii and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1998). Goniomonas paci ®ca is distinguished from G. amphinema because G. amphinema has two fl agella of unequal length. Goniomonas paci ®ca is usually distinguished from Goniomonas truncata Stein, 1878 by having distinct longitudinal ridges and by its smaller size (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs 1992a, 1992b). Ridges in G. amphinema may be hard to see (Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996) and comparable ridges have now been observed in organisms assigned (with uncertainty) to G. truncata (Ekelund and Patterson, 1997). Additionally, the length ranges overlap between the two species (G. paci ®ca, 4-15 Mm; G. truncata, 3-25 Mm). Goniomonas truncata was reported by Fresenius (1858), Bütschli (1878), Stein (1878), Ulehla (1911), Skuja (1939), Czosnowski (1948), Mignot (1965), Schuster (1968), Vørs (1992a, 1992b), Novarino et al. (1994) and Bernard et al. (1999) from marine and freshwater sites in Australia, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Germany, Poland and USA. Goniomonas truncata lacks a clear identity (see discussion by Bernard et al., 1999) possibly because more than one species has been described under this name. Usually, it is considered to be found only in freshwater. Further study is required to give G. truncata and G. paci ®ca well-de fi ned identities.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBC6B27AE2520FFFD2C4C1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBD6B27AE522694FDEE4AAB.text	313A87D7FFBD6B27AE522694FDEE4AAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bodo curvi	<div><p>Bodo curvi ®lus Griessmann, 1913 (fi gures 1f, 2i, j)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval or bean-shaped, 5-8 Mm long and 3-4.5 Mm wide, fl attened, pliable. The two fl agella are unequal in length and insert subapically and to one side in a small pocket. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, is curved and beats with a paddling motion. The trailing posterior fl agellum is acronematic and is about 2.5-3 times the length of the cell. Cells normally glide but may have a squirming movement. Often observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Previous studies reported the length range to be 4-12 Mm and this species has been described from marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Denmark, West Greenland, Arctic and Norway (Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969; Turley and Carstens, 1991; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Tong et al., 1997). Our description is in accord with Vørs (1992a). Bodo curvi ®lus is distinguished from other species of Bodo by the curved shape and the paddling beat of the anterior fl agellum. This species has features similar to Bordnamonas tropicana Larsen and Patterson, 1990, but it can be distinguished by its very curved anterior fl agellum, the acronematic posterior fl agellum, and because Bordnamonas tropicana has a visible mouth.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBD6B27AE522694FDEE4AAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBD6B24AE072325FCBD4D5E.text	313A87D7FFBD6B24AE072325FCBD4D5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bodo cygnus Patterson and Simpson 1996	<div><p>Bodo cygnus Patterson and Simpson, 1996</p> <p>(fi gures 1g, 2k, l)</p> <p>Description. Cell 8-13 Mm long, elliptical, with subapical indentation from which two unequal fl agella emerge. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell and may wrap around the anterior end of the cell during feeding. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is about 2.5 times the length of the cell. Cells have a spiral groove that is easy to overlook and that extends from the subapical indentation to the posterior end of the cell. Cells move by rotating swimming movements. Sometimes commonly observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described from hypersaline marine sites by Patterson and Simpson (1996) and with lengths from 8 to 12 Mm. Our observations are in accord with those of Patterson and Simpson (1996). Bodo cygnus may be confused with B. designis Skuja, 1948 in general appearance, rotational swimming movements and cell length, but it can be distinguished by its spiral groove. The groove is hard to see in swimming cells. Previously reported large B. designis may be referable to B. cygnus because the spiral groove may have been overlooked. Careful observation is needed to distinguish these two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBD6B24AE072325FCBD4D5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBE6B24AEA72776FD3A4A4C.text	313A87D7FFBE6B24AEA72776FD3A4A4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bodo designis Skuja 1948	<div><p>Bodo designis Skuja, 1948</p> <p>(fi gures 1h, 2m)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline usually elliptical, 4-7 Mm long, 2-4 Mm wide. With two unequal fl agella emerging from a subapical pocket. Cells are fl exible. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell or slightly shorter and curves back over the rostrum. The anterior fl agellum wraps around the anterior part of the cell and the mouth is pressed against food particles when the cell is feeding. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is about 2-4 times the length of the cell and has a sinuous pro fi le in swimming cells. Cells rotate around their longitudinal axes when swimming. The nucleus is located near the middle of the cell. Common.</p> <p>Remarks. Cell length was previously reported to be from 7 to 15 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1997, 1998). Generally, our observations are consistent with those of previous authors. Bodo designis has also been found in several freshwater sites. It appears to be cosmopolitan. Sometimes, this species occurs in large numbers. It has been characterized by the rotating behaviour of swimming cells, but B. cygnus reported by Patterson and Simpson (1996) and B. platyrhynchu s also have a rotating swimming movement. Bodo designis sometimes co-occurs with B. cygnus, but B. cygnus can be distinguished because it has a spiral groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBE6B24AEA72776FD3A4A4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBE6B25AE202005FECC4EFF.text	313A87D7FFBE6B25AE202005FECC4EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bodo platyrhynchu	<div><p>Bodo platyrhynchu s Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 1i, 2n, o)</p> <p>Description. Cell 5-7 Mm long and 2-3 Mm wide, dorso-ventrall y fl attened, slightly fl exible. The anterior margin of the cell is fl attened. Cell outline is ovoid and two fl agella insert subapically. The anterior fl agellum is shorter than the cell and beats sti ffl y from side to side. The trailing posterior fl agellum is about twice the length of the cell and is acronematic. Cells glide slowly with a waggling movement, but may more rarely swim with a slow rotating movement. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in Brazil and Hawaii by Larsen and Patterson (1990) with a length of 3.5-7.5 Mm. Generally, our observation s are in good agreement with the original description of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but they did not mention the rotating swimming movements. Two other species of the genus Bodo (B. cygnus and B. designis) have been reported as having a rotating swimming movement. We here add a third species with this movement, but note that this is not the normal mode of motion. Bodo platyrhynchu s is distinguished from B. cygnus and B. designis by its fl attened body and the waggling behaviour. Kinetoplastid status is unproven. This species resembles a few species of the genus Cercomonas because of the almost apical fl agellar insertion and the gliding motion in close contact with the substratum. We have distinguished it because species of Cercomonas are more fl exible and strands of cytoplasm may be drawn out from the posterior end of the cell.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBE6B25AE202005FECC4EFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBF6B22AE7824D6FC564A0C.text	313A87D7FFBF6B22AE7824D6FC564A0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bodo saliens Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Bodo saliens Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 1j, 2p, q)</p> <p>Description. Cell usually elongate elliptical and somewhat inflexible, 4-10 Mm long (mostly 6-9 Mm), 2-5 Mm wide. Two fl agella unequal in length emerge subapically from a shallow pocket. The anterior fl agellum appears inactive, is as long as or slightly shorter than the cell and is held forwards with a single anterior curve held perpendicular to the substratum. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2.2-3.5 times the cell length. Cells swim in rapid darts in straight lines. Frequently observed. Description based on observations of 21 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been found in North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Arctic Canada, Denmark, West Greenland, Hawaii, Gulf of Finland and Panama, and previously reported size ranges are 5-15 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, our observations are in accordance with those of previous observers. Bodo saliens is distinguished from other species of the genus Bodo by its rapid darting movement and the posterior fl agellum which is directed in a straight line. This species is similar in shape to B. curvi ®lus Griessmann, 1913, but it is distinguished because B. curvi ®lus has a paddling anterior fl agellum which is curved along its entire length.</p> <p>Hemistasia phaeocysticola (Scherffel, 1900) Elbrächter et al., 1996 (fi gures 1k, 4a -e)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline pyriform, about 13-15 Mm long, metabolic, with a fl exible apical papillum and with an indistinct spiral groove. Two fl agella insert subapically in a pocket, are unequal in length and wrap around the body during feeding. The posterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the anterior fl agellum and the cell. During swimming cells rotate. The cells often contain one large food vacuole up to 6 Mm in the posterior part of the cell. Observed eating the cytoplasm of diatoms. The nucleus was not seen. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. According to Elbrächter et al. (1996), this species is identical with Hemistasia klebsii Griessmann, 1913 and Pronoctiluca phaeocysticola (Scherffel, 1900) Pavillard, 1922. They observed this species inside the shells of diatoms, dinoflagellates and copepods, and in cultures the species attacked diatoms, dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes. This species was found in marine sites by Scherffel (1900), Griessmann (1913), Elbrächter et al. (1996) and Tong et al. (1998). Previous reported cell lengths range from 10 to 25 Mm. The genus Hemistasia resembles Entomosigma, Rhynchobodo and Cryptaulax. The latter two genera have recently been synonymized (Bernard et al., 1999). Hemistasia can be distinguished from Rhynchobodo by its anterior papillum. Hemistasia may be the same as the genus Entomosigma Schiller, 1925 (Patterson, 1994). Figure 3 of Elbrächter et al. (1996) is similar to fi gure 21 (I -II) of H. klebsii by Griessmann (1913) and the fi gures of Entomosigma peridinioides Schiller, 1925, and fi gures 5, 6 of Elbrächter et al. (1996) are also similar to the fi gure 3 of C. marina of Throndsen (1969). Cryptaulax marina sensu Throndsen, 1969 is believed to be H. phaeocysticola (Bernard et al., 1999).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBF6B22AE7824D6FC564A0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFB86B20AE542045FC3A4E40.text	313A87D7FFB86B20AE542045FC3A4E40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchomonas nasuta Klebs 1893	<div><p>Rhynchomonas nasuta Klebs, 1893</p> <p>(fi gures 1l, 2r)</p> <p>Description. Gliding cells with a bulbous motile snout. Cell 3.5-6 Mm long, 2.5-4 Mm wide, fl attened, fl exible. The snout, which contains a mouth, beats slowly. The anterior fl agellum lies alongside the snout and is hard to see, and the trailing fl agellum is about 2-2.7 times the cell length, and is acronematic. Cells consume attached bacteria. Commonly observed.</p> <p>Remarks. The length of R. nasuta has previously been reported to be from 3 to 11 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in Antarctica, North Atlantic, subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii, Norway and Equatorial Paci fi c (Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969, 1970; Burzell, 1973; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Vørs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). Rhynchomona s nasuta is common and widespread, but usually does not occur in large numbers. Our observations are in good agreement with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species can be distinguished from small species of Amastigomonas by the bulbous snout.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFB86B20AE542045FC3A4E40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBA6B20AE522479FCB24A8B.text	313A87D7FFBA6B20AE522479FCB24A8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anisonema acinus Dujardin 1841	<div><p>Anisonema acinus Dujardin, 1841 (fi gures 3a, 4f, g)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline like a grain of barley, 21-37 Mm long, 13-17 Mm wide, fl attened, with a ventral groove which diminishes posteriorly. With about nine longitudinal pellicular grooves on each of the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell. In some cells, the grooves are fi ne and di ffi cult to see but in a few cells they are deeper. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.5 times the cell length and beats freely from side to side. The trailing posterior fl agellum is about 1.7-3.2 times the length of the cell, is thicker than the anterior fl agellum, lies in the ventral groove, and tapers posteriorly. This species contained diatoms up to 25 Mm long and one cell had four diatoms as long as 17 Mm. The fl agellar pocket is located in the left side of the cell and the nucleus is in the right side. This species glides smoothly, but jerks backwards when changing direction. Commonly observed. Description based on observations of 29 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Anisonema acinus was found in marine sites in the Danish Wadden Sea and in tropical Australia and Fiji by Larsen (1987) and Larsen and Patterson (1990), respectively. The length was previously reported to be from 22 to 40 Mm (Klebs, 1893; Lemmermann, 1913; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Generally, our cells are in accordance with the cells described by previous authors. This species is very similar in general appearance and cell length to Anisonema glaciale Larsen and Patterson, 1990 but can be distinguished by the location of the nucleus and the pattern of movement. This species resembles Dinema validum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in cell length and shape, but it is distinguished because D. validum has an ingestion apparatus, a squirming movement and somewhat thickened pellicle.</p> <p>Anisonema acinus may have a smooth pellicle or have fi ne pellicular striations (Klebs, 1893; Lemmermann, 1913; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955). Skuja (1939) created A. prosgeobium, which resembles A. acinus, but was distinguished by the lack of pellicular striations and because the nucleus lies in the right of the cell. However, all cells described in this study had a nucleus at the same position as in A. prosgeobium. The position of the nucleus may not be a good diagnostic character because it can be changed by food vacuoles (Larsen, 1987). We observed some cells with smooth pellicle but were otherwise indistinguishable from the individuals identi fi able as A. acinus. We are of the view that A. prosgeobium is a junior synonym of A. acinus. This species is similar to Dinema platysomum (Skuja, 1939) Lee and Patterson, n. comb. in general appearance, but is not fl exible.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBA6B20AE522479FCB24A8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBA6B21AE5020C5FDA54D5E.text	313A87D7FFBA6B21AE5020C5FDA54D5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anisonema trepidum Larsen 1987	<div><p>Anisonema trepidum Larsen, 1987</p> <p>(fi gures 3b, 4h, i)</p> <p>Description. Cell pro fi le oblong, 13-19 Mm long, 6.5-10 Mm wide, fl attened. With three distinct grooves on the dorsal and ventral faces. Two emergent fl agella are of unequal length. The anterior fl agellum is approximately 1.5 times the cell length, and the trailing posterior fl agellum is stronger than the anterior fl agellum, is approximately 3.5-5 times the cell length and tapers distally. The fl agellar pocket and nucleus are in the left side of the cell. Cells contained small granules. The cells glide quickly and jerk when changing direction. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Cell length was previously reported to be 9-20 Mm and this species was found in marine sites in tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Fiji and Hawaii (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996). Generally, our observations of the appearance of this species agree with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but we did not observe the arrests which Larsen and Patterson felt helped to distinguish this species. Anisonema trepidum is distinguished from A. acinus Dujardin, 1841 by its smaller size, cell shape and its behaviour. Anisonema glaciale Larsen and Patterson, 1990 has the same movement as A. trepidium, but can be distinguished by its larger size.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBA6B21AE5020C5FDA54D5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFBB6B3FAEB22763FCBE4CDD.text	313A87D7FFBB6B3FAEB22763FCBE4CDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dinema litorale Skuja 1939	<div><p>Dinema litorale Skuja, 1939</p> <p>(fi gures 3e, 5d -g)</p> <p>Description. Cell length varies from 45 to 95 Mm. Cell spindle-shaped to ovate, with about 30 striations running longitudinally along extended cells or helically in contracted cells. Cortical grooves may be underlain by long thin inclusions. The ingestion apparatus is located slightly to the right of the midline of the cell, with two rods clearly visible and extending at least halfway down the cell. Refractile granules cluster around the ingestion apparatus. The fl agellar pocket is di ffi cult to see. Nucleus spherical and slightly posterior. The anterior fl agellum may be as long as the cell. The posterior fl agellum is about 0.5-1.5 times the cell length and is thick at its base and tapers towards the tip—as in Anisonema. Cells move by smooth gliding interrupted with sudden stops, they may jerk back while becoming more spherical and then continue gliding. Often with many refractile granules. Consume diatoms up to 56 Mm long. Sometimes (late cultures) common. Observations based on 15 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Dinema litorale is distinguished from other species of Dinema except D. griseolum Perty, 1852 by its large size and its distinct pellicular striations. According to Skuja (1939), D. litorale is distinguished from D. griseolum by a more spindle-shaped body, the lack of granules (muciferous bodies) under cell surface, fewer fi ne and thick spiral striations and the somewhat larger size of D. griseolum. We found cells without muciferous bodies lining the pellicular strips of cells that could not otherwise be distingushed from those with inclusions (as in D. griseolum). We note that Dinema griseolum may be a senior synonym of Dinema litorale Skuja, 1939. The range of lengths was previously reported to be 40-95 Mm (Skuja, 1939; Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996). Our observations are broadly in agreement with previous authors, but the two-fold size range suggests that more than one species may be included. We note some minor differences between earlier reports and our observations in respect of the number of grooves and of the relative lengths of the fl agella. Cells without one fl agellum or with truncated fl agella were often observed, so we do not regard fl agellar length as a good diagnostic character. In cells observed by us, the nucleus was not located at the extreme posterior as indicated by Larsen and Patterson (1990), but was similar to the position indicated by Ekebom et al. (1996) and Skuja (1939). Previously reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996).</p> <p>Dinema platysomum (Skuja, 1939) Lee and Patterson, n. comb. (fi gures 3c, 4j, 5a -c)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline elliptical, 20-28 Mm long, 9-14 Mm wide, fl attened, fl exible when being compressed. With about 20 pellicular striations on ventral and dorsal faces of the cell. The ventral striations are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The two fl agella are unequal in length. The anterior fl agellum is slightly thickened, is about 1.2 times the length of the cell and sweeps from side to side. The trailing posterior fl agellum is thicker and is most strongly developed proximally. It lies in a ventral groove and is about 2-2.5 times the length of the cell. The fl agellar pocket is located in the left side of the cell and the large elliptical nucleus is located on the right half in the middle of the cell. The ingestion apparatus may be easily seen. Cells occasionally stop and jerk when changing direction and then move again. The cells contained diatoms. Rarely observed. Description based on observations of fi ve cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was described as Anisonema platysomum from freshwater sites by Skuja in 1939. We assign this species to Dinema because it has an ingestion apparatus. This species is indistinguishable from Dinema inaequale Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in size, shape, and in having an ingestion apparatus and a ventral groove, and we regard the species as synonymous. This species has been found in marine sites in tropical Australia and Fiji and the cell length was previously reported to be 26-30 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996). Our observations are in agreement with observations of Skuja (1939) and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Cells observed by us were in the lower part of the range. Most cells had a nucleus at the right middle of the cell, but one cell had a nucleus in the right posterior part of the cell. We note therefore that the position of the nucleus may not be a reliable diagnostic character. Dinema platysomum is similar in general appearance to Dinema validum Larsen and Patterson, 1990, which can be distinguished by strong ventral pellicular striations and thin pellicle. This species resembles a few of species of the genus Anisonema, such as A. acinus and A. glaciale but can be distinguished by the ingestion apparatus and fl exible body.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFBB6B3FAEB22763FCBE4CDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA56B3CAE0D26E1FE944E40.text	313A87D7FFA56B3CAE0D26E1FE944E40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dinema validum Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Dinema validum Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 3d, 5h, i)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oblong to ovate, 32-53 Mm long, 22-27 Mm wide, with slightly thickened pellicle. About 16 wide longitudinal striations occur on both faces of the cell and slightly follow a S-helix. Dorsal striations are more distinct than ventral ones. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell and beats with a sweeping motion. The posterior fl agellum is approximately 3 times the cell length, is thicker than the anterior fl agellum and emerges as a hook from the fl agellar pocket which is in the left-hand side of the cell. The ingestion apparatus has two rods but may be di ffi cult to see. It extends halfway down the cell. This species consumed diatoms as long as 16 Mm. The nucleus is usually in the right posterior end of the cell but may be in the left-hand side. Moves by gliding and may undergo squirming movements. When changing direction, cells jerk backwards and then continue to move forward. Three cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was previously reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil and Fiji, with reported cell lengths from 26 to 38 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Although one of our cells was slightly pointed at both ends and the ingestion apparatus was hard to see, and was very much larger than the previously reported sizes, we assigned the cell to D. validum because of slightly thickened pellicle, hooked posterior fl agellum and squirming movements. One cell observed had its nucleus in the left-hand side of the cell, thus we suspect that the position of a nucleus is not a good diagnostic character. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus Dinema by its wide pellicular striations and the thickness of the recurrent fl agellum; it is distinguished from D. litorale Skuja, 1939 by the smaller number of pellicular striations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA56B3CAE0D26E1FE944E40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA66B3AAE302419FE574B0D.text	313A87D7FFA66B3AAE302419FE574B0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronema exaratum Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Heteronema exaratum Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 6a, 7a -e)</p> <p>Description. Cell ovate, 8-18 Mm long, 6-13 Mm wide, dorso-ventrall y fl attened, metabolic, but not vigorously so, with a small ingestion organelle. With pellicular striations following a S-helix on both faces of the cell. The dorsal striations are more strongly developed than the ventral ones. This species usually moves by skidding in a counter-clockwise direction. Two fl agella are similar in length, are slightly longer than the cell and point in different directions when moving; the anterior fl agellum points to the right, the posterior fl agellum to the left. The posterior fl agellum has a knob at its base within the fl agellar pocket and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. In immotile cells, the fl agella coil up. The reservoir and nucleus are in the left side of the cell. Common.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, and Fiji with previously reported lengths from 15 to 20 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). We have observed cells 8 Mm long, and although we have not seen an ingestion organelle the cells are otherwise in agreement with previous accounts of H. exaratum. This species can be confused with H. ovale (see remarks to H. ovale), but is distinguished by less vigorous squirming, the more weakly developed pellicular striations, and the differences between dorsal and ventral striations. It can be distinguished from H. larseni (below) because H. exaratum has weaker pellicular striations, is smaller, does not have a pointed posterior end, and has a less visible ingestion apparatus.</p> <p>Heteronema globuliferum (Ehrenberg, 1838) Stein, 1878 (fi gures 6b, 7g)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline elongate ovate, 20 Mm long and about 8-11 Mm wide, fl attened, with squirming movement and with pellicular striations following a S-helix. Two emergent fl agella are similar in width. The anterior fl agellum is approximately 2-2.5 times the length of the cell and is longer than the posterior fl agellum which is slightly longer than the cell. The ingestion organelle may be di ffi cult to see. The reservoir is in the left ventral side of the cell and the nucleus is in the posterior part of the cell. Refractile bodies lie under the cell surface. Cells move by gliding. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Previous reported cell lengths range from 17 to 39 Mm (Lemmermann, 1913; Stein, 1878; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). This species was found in marine sites in Brazil and Fiji (Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Generally, our observations are in agreement with Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is distinguished by its elongate ovate shape. This species is similar to H. nebulosum Dujardin, 1841 in general appearance, but H. nebulosum is bigger and has a short recurrent fl agellum. Peranema globulosa Dujardin, 1841 and H. sacculus Skuja, 1948 are synonyms of H. globuliferum (Stein, 1878; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Heteronema abruptum Skuja, 1939 also appears to be a junior synonym of H. globuliferum. Skuja described H. abruptum without reference to H. globuliferum. Heteronema abruptum measures 17-30 Mm which is within the range of H. globuliferum. The anterior fl agellum of H. abruptum is about twice the cell length and the posterior fl agellum is about 1-1.5 times the cell length. There are minor differences which we do not regard as signi fi cant; they have slightly different shapes and H. abruptum is slightly broader.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA66B3AAE302419FE574B0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA06B3BAE112144FCF74C69.text	313A87D7FFA06B3BAE112144FCF74C69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 6c, 7f, h, i. Type micrograph: fi gure 7h)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Heteronema, ovate, 35-45 Mm long, with a posterior point and about 36 well-developed pellicular striations. With or without globular pellicular granules.</p> <p>Description. Cell ovate, 35-45 Mm long, fl attened, with a posterior point to the cell. Approximately 36 pellicular striations follow a S-helix. The striations of the ventral face are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The striations appear to overlap each other, with raised ridges being separated by fl at regions. Some but not all cells have globular granules located along the grooves. This species is capable of squirming movements, but not vigorously so. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell and bends to the right while the cell is swimming. The posterior fl agellum bends to the left while swimming, is slightly longer than the cell and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. The posterior fl agellum is swollen near its base. The ingestion organelle has two conspicuous thick rods and extends to two-thirds of the length of the cell. Consumes diatoms, one cell containing diatoms up to 17 Mm long. The reservoir is pear-shaped and in the left half of the cell. The nucleus is about 15 Mm long and located in the left side of the cell near the midline. About 2 Mm size refractile bodies lie around the reservoir, ingestion organelle and nucleus. Cells move by skidding in close contact with the substratum. Four cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described under the name H. ovale by Larsen (1987) and was redescribed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Ekebom et al. (1996). Larsen (1987) noted that the cells observed by him differed in cell length from H. ovale as described originally by Kahl (1928) (H. ovale sensu Kahl measured 25 Mm, those of Larsen measured 35-42 Mm). The cells described by Ekebom et al. (1996) differ from the cells reported here and those described by Larsen because they are smaller (16-24 Mm), have no posterior point to the cell and may have vigorous squirming movements. We have found cells which are consistent with H. ovale sensu Kahl—see below. We conclude that the organisms described by Larsen (1987), Larsen and Patterson (1990) and here are not H. ovale. Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. is erected for them. This species has been found in tropical Australia, Danish Wadden Sea and Fiji. Previously reported lengths are 20-42 Mm (Larsen 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990) although it is possible that the small cells observed by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may be H. ovale. This species has strong pellicular striations and may have small bodies alongside the striations. Heteronema ovale also has pellicular bodies (see H. ovale below). We do not regard the refractile inclusions (small bodies) as a good diagnostic character of H. larseni. Heteronema larseni can be distinguished from H. exaratum and H. ovale by its larger size, pointed posterior end, and well-developed ingestion organelle.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA06B3BAE112144FCF74C69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA16B34AEB92644FBAD4BAD.text	313A87D7FFA16B34AEB92644FBAD4BAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteronema ovale sensu KahlDsee 1928	<div><p>Heteronema ovale Kahl, 1928</p> <p>(fi gures 6d, 8a -e)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate, cell length 15-30 Mm, fl attened. The pellicular striations follow a S-helix on the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell and may or may not have associated refractile bodies. This species is capable of vigorous squirming movements. Two fl agella are of almost equal length and are slightly longer than the cell. The posterior fl agellum has a knob at its base and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. The ingestion organelle has two rods, eats diatoms. The reservoir and nucleus are located in the left side of the cell. Cells move by skidding or by vigorous squirming in contact with substratum. Sometimes common. Description based on the observation of 20 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Generally, our observations are in good agreement with the original description of Kahl (1928). As noted above under comments to H. larseni, the organism described by Larsen (1987) and by Larsen and Patterson (1990) as H. ovale is not, in our view, the same species as described by Kahl. Heteronema ovale described by Ekebom et al. (1996) may be the same species. Heteronema ovale can be confused with H. exaratum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and H. larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. because they have a similar general appearance. However, H. ovale can be distinguished from H. exaratum because H. exaratum has differing dorsal and ventral pellicular striations and more vigorous squirming movements, but is not distinguished by size because there is considerable overlap. Heteronema ovale is distinguished from H. larseni by the vigorous squirming movements of H. ovale, and the pointed posterior end of H. larseni. Heteronema ovale is likely to be smaller.</p> <p>Jenningsia fusiforme (Larsen, 1987) Lee et al., 1999 (fi gures 12c, 13g, h)</p> <p>Description. Cell usually elongate, 30-35 Mm long, with a narrowed anterior end and a rounded posterior end. With delicate pellicular striations following an S-helix. One fl agellum emerges from a slit opening of the fl agellar canal, is 40-50 Mm long and beats mostly at anterior end. A refractile arc-like structure is located close to the slit-like opening of the fl agellar canal. The fl agellar pocket is located in the fi rst third of the cell on the left-hand side. The ingestion organelle with two fi ne rods is obvious. The nucleus is situated in the posterior of the cell. Moves by gliding or squirming movement. Relatively common. Description based on observations of nine cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Previously reported cell length ranges from 25 to 45 Mm. This species was reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, and Fiji as Peranema fusiforme (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Evidence has now been presented that the`short recurrent fl agellum’ is now part of the internal architecture of the mouth region and this species has since been assigned to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). Our observations on this species are broadly in agreement with those of previous observers. This species is similar to Jenningsia macrostoma (see below), but it can be recognized by its smaller size and less developed ingestion organelle.</p> <p>Jenningsia macrostoma (Ekebom et al., 1996) Lee et al., 1999 (fi gures 12e, 13j, k)</p> <p>Description. Cell length about 80 Mm, anteriorly narrowed or pointed and posteriorly rounded, very metabolic. With about 50 fi ne pellicular striations following a S-helix. Ventral striations are more distinct than the dorsal ones. The fl agellar pocket is situated on the left ventral face of the cell and is up to 24 Mm long. The fl agellum is as long as the cell and beats freely. The ingestion organelle with two well-marked rods is strongly developed and up to 20 Mm long. The rods appear hollow. There is a refractile arc-like structure associated with the slit-like opening of the fl agellar canal. The nucleus is situated in the posterior end of the cell. Refractile granules are randomly distributed inside the cell. This species ingested eukaryotic cells as long as 16 Mm. Glides with a squirming movement. Two cells observed.</p> <p>In addition we observed three cells measuring 100-114 Mm and with a narrow aspect. The ingestion organelle seems less developed than the cells described above and the nucleus is situated in the mid-position of the cell.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described from a marine site in tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) with lengths of 64-87 Mm as Peranema macrostoma. As with Jenningsia fusiforme (above) we note that the arc structure associated with the fl agellar canal is not a fl agellum but part of the architecture of the mouth, and for this reason this species was transferred to the genus Jenningsia (Lee et al., 1999). We note that the Peranema measuring 70 Mm long found in Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990) may belong to this species. The smaller cells observed by us comply well with the description of Ekebom et al. (1996). Ekebom et al. (1996) observed one cell measuring 114 Mm from One Tree Island (Patterson, unpubl. notes) and which probably corresponds with the larger cells observed here. These can be tentatively assigned to J. macrostoma. This species resembles J. fusiforme in general appearance but J. macrostoma is bigger and has larger rods in the ingestion organelle.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA16B34AEB92644FBAD4BAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAE6B35AE262025FCAB4E3F.text	313A87D7FFAE6B35AE262025FCAB4E3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anisonema strenuum (Skuja 1948) Larsen 1987	<div><p>Metanema strenuum (Skuja, 1948) Larsen, 1987</p> <p>(fi gures 6e, 8f, i)</p> <p>Description. Biflagellate euglenid, ovate, about 22-27 Mm long, fl exible, fl attened, with a knob at fl agellar base. With a small posterior protruberance. There are about 24 very distinct striations on each face of the cell. Moves with a skidding action with the anterior fl agellum directed towards the right and the posterior one to the left. Both fl agella are slightly longer than the cell. The nucleus and reservoir are in the left-hand side of the cell. Ingestion organelle not visible. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described as Anisonema strenuum by Skuja (1948) and transferre d to Metanema by Larsen (1987). Metanema strenuum from the Danish Wadden Sea measures 19-30 Mm (Larsen, 1987). Our observations are generally in accordance with those of Larsen. This genus resembles some species of the genus Heteronema, the only difference being the presence of an ingestion organelle in Heteronema. This species resembles Heteronema larseni Lee and Patterson, n. sp. in general appearance and in having a posterior point, but it lacks an ingestion organelle and most cells are smaller. This species is similar to Metanema dexiotaxum (Skuja, 1939) Larsen, 1987 in having a posterior point which was mentioned in the text and was shown in drawings of Skuja (1939), but M. dexiotaxum is slightly smaller (15-19 Mm) and has a shallow ventral groove. If further work shows that the sizes overlap, then these species should be regarded as conspeci fi c.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAE6B35AE262025FCAB4E3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAF6B35AE1B2496FDBE4ACC.text	313A87D7FFAF6B35AE1B2496FDBE4ACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus adamas Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Notosolenus adamas Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 9a, 10a, b. Type micrograph: fi gure 10b)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Notosolenus, cell diamond-shaped about 14 Mm long and 9-12 Mm wide, with a narrow ventral groove.</p> <p>Description. Colourless euglenid with diamond-shaped or rhomboid hyaline body. About 14 Mm long and 9-12 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. The anterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell. The posterior fl agellum is about 0.5 times the cell length and emerges subapically at the end of a narrow median ventral groove. The reservoir is situated in the right side of the cell and the nucleus is in the left side. Small granules are often seen under the cell surface. Cells move slowly by gliding with the anterior fl agellum directed anteriorly and with most motion at the tip of the anterior fl agellum which moves actively. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has the characteristics of Notosolenus in being a rigid heterotrophic euglenid, being fl attened, and in having two fl agella emerging from a canal which opens subapically, moving by gliding, and with no visible mouth. It is distinguished from most other species of Notosolenus and Petalomonas by the cell shape. It is most similar to N. rhombicus Larsen, 1987. Larsen (1987) did not agree that the organisms referred to as N. obliquus (Klebs, 1893) Skuja, 1939 by Skuja (1939) were the same species as the organisms described for its basionym, Petalomona s inēxa var. obliqua Klebs, 1893. Larsen therefore provided a new name for the taxon observed by Skuja and himself. Notosolenu s adamas is distinguished from N. rhombicu s because the nucleus is not located posteriorly but near the equator and to the left, because it is fl at, and because there is no anterior collar. This species resembles N. papilio (see Skuja, 1939) from freshwater in general shape and in having no dorsal ridges. Notosolenus papilio also has a short anterior neck. Notosolenus pentagonu s (see Playfair, 1921) is similar to N. adamas in having a hyaline body, but is distinguished by its bigger size (about 21 Mm), long posterior fl agellum, and pentagonal cell shape. Notosolenus adamas resembles N. scutulum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in size and in having a ventral groove, but can be distinguished because N. scutulum also has one deep dorsal groove. Notosolenus adamas is broadest in the middle of the cell, while N. scutulum is broader more posteriorly.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAF6B35AE1B2496FDBE4ACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAF6B32AE652085FC7E4DD4.text	313A87D7FFAF6B32AE652085FC7E4DD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes 1884	<div><p>Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes, 1884</p> <p>(fi gures 9b, 10c, d)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval or ovate, 7-12 Mm long (mostly 8-11 Mm), 4-7 Mm wide, about 2 Mm thick, fl attened. The anterior end is slightly narrowed, the posterior end is roundish. A deep longitudinal dorsal groove runs along the entire cell. Both sides of the groove are slightly rounded. Two fl agella of unequal length emerge from an ovate reservoir in the right-hand side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is approximately 1.5-1.8 times the cell length and the posterior fl agellum is approximately 0.4-0.6 times the cell length. The nucleus is located on the left of the cell. Cells move by smooth gliding with anterior fl agellum extended. Common.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described by Stokes (1884) from freshwater sites. Previously reported with lengths from 6.5 to 18 Mm (Stokes, 1884; Skuja, 1939; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). This species was described from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil and Fiji (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, cells described here are consistent with those described by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is distinguished from others of the genus Notosolenus by its small size and deep dorsal groove. This species resembles Petalomonas minuta Hollande, 1942 in general appearance, but it is distinguished by the presence of a recurrent posterior fl agellum and a dorsal groove. Notosolenus apocamptus is similar to N. stenoschismus Skuja, 1939 in general cell shape and in having a groove, but N. stenoschismus is slightly larger, has indistinct pellicular striations and has a ventral groove. This species can be confused with N. similis because of similar general appearance and length range (see N. simili s, below).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAF6B32AE652085FC7E4DD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA86B32AE24278AFD0E4A90.text	313A87D7FFA86B32AE24278AFD0E4A90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus brothernis Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Notosolenus brothernis Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 9c, 10e -h. Type micrograph: fi gure 10e)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Notosolenus with irregular bulbous outline, 16 Mm long and 9 Mm wide; dorsal face formed by one wedge-shaped and one oblong plate.</p> <p>Description. Colourless, cell outline irregular, about 16 Mm long and 9 Mm wide. The cell is anteriorly pointed and posteriorly rounded. The ventral face is fl attened. The right half of the cell is slightly thicker than the left. The dorsal face is irregularly raised and seems to consist of two plates. The right plate of the dorsal face is wedgeshaped and shorter, and the left one is rather oblong and extends the full length of the left side of the cell. The wedge-shaped right plate slightly overlaps with the left one and the wide dorsal groove is formed between the two plates. The two fl agella are unequal in length; the anterior fl agellum is slightly longer and the front part of the fl agellum is most active when the cell is moving forwards. The posterior fl agellum is about 6 Mm long. The ovate reservoir is situated subapically in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus is in the mid-position of the left-hand side. Cells move slowly and smoothly. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has the characteristics of the genus Notosolenus in being rigid, fl attened and having two emergent fl agella and no visible mouth. It is similar in length to N. scutulum Larsen and Patterson, 1990, N. similis Skuja, 1939, N. triangularis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and N. urceolatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen and Patterson, 1990), but it can be distinguished from these by its unusual shape. This species is similar to Petalomona s sexlobata Klebs, 1893 in that the dorsal face appears to be separated from the ventral face, but it is distinguished by its recurrent posterior fl agellum and smaller size; P. sexlobata being 27-30 Mm long (see Klebs, 1893).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA86B32AE24278AFD0E4A90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA86B33AE3E20C6FC8E4C5E.text	313A87D7FFA86B33AE3E20C6FC8E4C5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus hemicircularis Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Notosolenus hemicircularis Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 9d, 10i -l. Type micrograph: fi gure 10i)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Notosolenus, 9-10 Mm long, 6-7 Mm wide, ventrally fl attened, with a semicircular hyaline collar around a short neck and with fi ve dorsal keels and three fi ne ventral ridges.</p> <p>Description. Colourless, 9-10 Mm long and 6-7 Mm wide, ventrally fl attened and dorsally convex. Both ends of the cell are pointed but there is a hyaline semicircular collar around the short anterior neck. This species has fi ve dorsal keels running along the cell. Ventrally there are three fi ne ridges. The right and left ventral ridges arise at the neck. The left ventral ridge curves slightly from the anterior to the posterior forming an arc. The mid-ventral ridge arises from a small protrusion near the anterior end of the cell. Two are unequal in length and are slightly thickened. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.2-1.4 times the length of the cell and the recurrent posterior fl agellum is about 0.5-1.0 times the cell length. The reservoir lies anteriorly in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left-hand side. Moves by gliding. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has the characteristics of the genus Notosolenus in that it is a heterotrophic euglenid with a rigid, fl attened body, two emergent fl agella and no visible mouth, and moves by gliding. This species can be distinguished from other small species of Notosolenus such as N. apocamptus Stokes, 1884 and N. rhombicus Larsen, 1987 by the semicircular hyaline collar and the fi ve dorsal keels (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen, 1987). Notosolenu s hemicircularis is similar in general shape to N. papilio Skuja, 1939 and N. urceolatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (see Skuja, 1939; Larsen and Patterson, 1990), but it can be distinguished from both species by its smaller size and its strongly developed semicircular hyaline collar. Notosolenus papilio also has a ventral groove and lateral wings.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA86B33AE3E20C6FC8E4C5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFA96B30AE132661FF524E3F.text	313A87D7FFA96B30AE132661FF524E3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus lashue Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Notosolenus lashue Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 9e, 11a -e. Type micrograph: fi gure 11b)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Notosolenus, mostly 14-15 Mm long, with a longitudinal dorsal ridged groove to the left side, ventrally with a groove and one median ridge.</p> <p>Description. Colourless fl attened euglenid, about 13-16 Mm long (mostly 14-15 Mm) and 8-10 Mm wide, the ratio of length to width is 1.4 to 2.1. Cell ovate or pear-shaped, anteriorly acute, posteriorly blunt or rounded. A distinct ventral groove running along the cell becomes broader towards the posterior. There is one fi ne median longitudinal ventral ridge which could easily be overlooked and which extends from the apex. A well-developed longitudinal dorsal groove runs along the left side of the cell. Two fl agella of unequal length emerge from the fl agellar canal. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.0-1.3 times the cell length, it beats slowly when the cell is stopped but during normal gliding motion, the fl agellum is extended and the front part is most active. The recurrent posterior fl agellum inserts into the cell at the anterior end of the ventral groove. It is about 0.5-1.0 times the length of the cell and usually lies in the ventral groove when the cell is gliding. The ovate reservoir is situated anteriorly near the right ventral face of the cell. A large long nucleus lies in the left side of the cell. This species contains numerous refractile granules. Glides with the anterior fl agellum directed anteriorly. Commonly observed.</p> <p>Remarks. We assign this species to Notosolenus because it is a rigid colourless euglenid with a fl attened body, no visible mouth and two emergent fl agella. This species is the same length as N. esulcis Larsen, 1987, but it can be distinguished because N. esulcis has four shallow ridges on the dorsal face of the cell (Larsen, 1987). Notosolenus lashue resembles N. canellatus (see Skuja, 1948) and N. pyriforme Lee and Patterson n. sp. in having a dorsal groove, but this species can be distinguished because N. canellatus and N. pyriforme have lateral fl anges and N. lashue has a well-marked ridge in the dorsal groove. The dorsal face of N. lashue i s similar to that of N. similis (see below) in having one longitudinal groove with a ridge, but N. lashue can be distinguished from N. similis because there is a ventral groove and ridge running along the entire cell. The ventral groove of N. lashue resembles that of N. scutulum (see Larsen and Patterson, 1990) in that the groove becomes gradually broader towards the posterior end of the cell, but the species can be distinguished by its round posterior end, the distinct ventral ridge and the central location of the dorsal groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFA96B30AE132661FF524E3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAA6B30AE222496FC4C4BCD.text	313A87D7FFAA6B30AE222496FC4C4BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus ostium Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Notosolenus ostium Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 9i, 10o, 11m)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline elongate ovate, 27 -56 Mm long, 15-24 Mm wide, the ratio of length to width is 1.5 to 3.2. Dorso-ventrally fl attened, dorsally with a median longitudinal groove, and ventrally a wide groove and four fi ne stripes. With a small obliquely oriented ingestion organelle with two fi ne rods near the anterior. The majority of the cells have a rounded posterior end but some cells have a slightly pointed posterior end. The reservoir is anteriorly situated in the right side of the cell and the nucleus in the left side. Two fl agella of unequal length; the anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, held forward in gliding cells. The posterior fl agellum is about 0.2-0.6 times the length of the cell. The organism contained eukaryotic algal material up to 8 Mm long. Moves by smooth gliding with the anterior fl agellum. Common in late culture. Description based on observations of 30 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Previously reported lengths of cells from marine sites (subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and Panama) range from 24 to 40 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Our observations extend the size range. We observed two cells measuring 43 and 56 Mm which may be assignable to N. ostium. Notosolenus ostium is easily distinguished from other species of Notosolenus by its deep dorsal groove and visible ingestion organelle, which has not been seen in other species of the genus except N. triangularis Larsen and Patterson, 1990. Notosolenus ostium is similar to N. lagenos Skuja, 1948 in length and general appearance and in having a very short recurrent fl agellum, but N. ostium can be distinguished by its wide grooves on both faces of the cell.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAA6B30AE222496FC4C4BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAA6B31AE272184FD2E4D42.text	313A87D7FFAA6B31AE272184FD2E4D42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus pyriforme Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Notosolenus pyriforme Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 9f, 11f -h. Type micrograph: fi gure 11f)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Notosolenus, cell pear-shaped, 15-18 Mm long, 9-13 Mm wide, with a longitudinal dorsal groove in left side, a ventral groove and a ventral ridge.</p> <p>Description. Cell 15-18 Mm long and 9-13 Mm wide. Ventrally fl attened and dorsally convex, cell outline pear-shaped. This species is anteriorly pointed or with a small collar at the anterior end of the cell and posteriorly rounded, but the raised central dorsal region may have a posterior point. The posterior lateral edges of the cell are thin and hyaline. This species has a median longitudinal groove, a ventral groove widening out towards the posterior end of the cell, and a fi ne median longitudinal ventral ridge parallel to the right margin of the ventral groove. The fi ne ventral ridge is hard to see but runs along the entire cell. The anterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell and longer than the posterior fl agellum. The recurrent posterior fl agellum inserts into the anterior end of the ventral groove and varies from 0.5 to 1.2 times the cell length. It may lie in the ventral groove when the cell is gliding. The reservoir and the nucleus are in the right and left sides, respectively. Small globular granules occur beneath the cell surface. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is assigned to genus Notosolenus because it is a rigid, fl attened euglenid with two fl agella emerging from a subapical canal opening and no visible mouth. Notosolenus pyriforme is similar to N. canellatus (see Skuja, 1948) in general appearance, but can be distinguished because N. canellatus has three dorsal grooves, not one, and also has an anterior protrusion. It is similar to N. lashue Lee and Patterson, n. sp. in having one dorsal groove and in size, but is distinguished because N. pyriforme has hyaline lateral fl anges and pear-shaped body and because N. lashue has a dorsal groove with a well-marked central ridge, and is ovate. Notosolenus pyriforme may be the same as N. canellatus sensu Patterson and Simpson, 1996 described from Western Australia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAA6B31AE272184FD2E4D42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFAB6B0EAE412773FEE34F80.text	313A87D7FFAB6B0EAE412773FEE34F80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus similis Skuja 1939	<div><p>Notosolenus similis Skuja, 1939</p> <p>(fi gures 9g, 10m, n)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oblong, 10-22 Mm long (mostly 12-17 Mm) and 6-12 Mm wide, fl attened. Usually with a narrowed anterior end and a rounded posterior end. The right half of the cell is thicker than the left half. The organism has a dorsal groove in the left-hand side of the cell with a well-developed undulating ridge and may or may not have a shallow median ventral groove. The two fl agella are unequal in length; the anterior fl agellum is about 1.0-1.7 times the cell length and the recurrent posterior fl agellum is about 0.3-0.5 times the cell length. The reservoir lies in the right side of the cell, is usually roundish and the nucleus is in the left side. Cells glide with the anterior fl agellum in contact with the substratum. Common, especially after coverslips have been in place for several days. Description based on observations of 43 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described by Skuja (1939) from freshwater sites and reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from tropical Australia and Brazil. Previously reported cell length ranges from 12 to 18 Mm (Skuja, 1939; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). According to the original description of Skuja (1939), N. similis has a shallow ventral groove. Larsen and Patterson (1990) referred to a ventral groove, but their illustration (fi gure 21c) suggests a dorsal groove and this has been con fi rmed by reference to original notes. Although we have observed a shallow ventral groove in some cells, the major groove is located dorsally.</p> <p>This species resembles N. lashue in size and in having a dorsal groove with a ridge, but it differs because N. lashue has a ventral groove in addition to the dorsal groove and a fi ne ventral ridge and because N. lashue is ovate or pear-shaped rather than oblong. Notosolenus similis can be easily confused with N. apocamptus Stokes, 1884 (6.5-16 Mm) which is usually smaller than N. similis (12-22 Mm) and has a deep dorsal groove—but this is without an undulating ridge and is located centrally not to the left of the cell. Notosolenus similis also resembles N. stenoschismus Skuja, 1939 in size and in dorsal groove, but N. stenoschismus can be distinguished by having indistinct longitudinal striations. The striations were noted by Skuja (1939) but not fi gured, and their presence has subsequently been con fi rmed (Schroeckh and Patterson, unpubl.). Notosolenus stenoschismus was not reported as having a thickened right margin to the groove. The distinctions between these species deserve further attention. Notosolenus similis is very similar to Petalomonas involuta Skuja, 1939 in cell length and general appearance, but is distinguished by the presence of</p> <p>a recurrent fl agellum.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFAB6B0EAE412773FEE34F80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF946B0FAE2F25D9FC904E60.text	313A87D7FF946B0FAE2F25D9FC904E60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus scutulum Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Notosolenus scutulum Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 9h, 11i -l)</p> <p>Description. Cell measuring about 9-15 Mm long and 6.5-12 Mm wide, fl attened. Cells are anteriorly acute and posteriorly wide with a posterior prominence. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.5-2.0 times the cell length and the trailing posterior fl agellum is about 0.3-0.5 times the cell length. There is a deep narrow longitudinal dorsal groove which widens posteriorly and a ventral groove which also widens posteriorly. The reservoir is in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus is in the left side. Cells contained lots of food materials. Moves slowly by gliding. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Notosolenus scutulum was recorded from marine sites in Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990). Cells observed by us have a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, a ventral groove which widens out posteriorly and a posterior prominence, and one of three subtly different pro fi les (fi gures 11j -l)—which we regard here as conspeci fi c.</p> <p>Notosolenus scutulum is characterized by a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, a ventral groove which widens out posteriorly, and a posterior point. It is similar in size, shape, dorsal groove and posterior point to N. skujai described by Suxena (1955). There are minor differences: N. skujai has a broad dorsal groove and its nucleus is posterior to the middle of the cell, while N. scutulum has a narrow dorsal groove which is more visible than suggested by Suxena’s drawings, and a ventral groove, and the nucleus is more central. We have seen no marginal gutters as are suggested by Suxena’ s drawings but not mentioned in the text. Notosolenus scutulum is similar to N. orbicularis in having a dorsal groove, but N. orbicularis Stokes, 1884 has no posterior prominence and has a very wide dorsal groove. This species looks like N. triangularis Larsen and Patterson, 1990, but N. triangularis is double the size (28 Mm), has a small visible mouth and a triangular reservoir. Notosolenus scutulum is similar in size to N. rhombicus (Skuja, 1939) Larsen, 1987, but N. rhombicus has a smooth pellicle, a tiny collar surrounding the canal opening and no posterior point (see Larsen, 1987). This species is also similar to N. ostium Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a deep longitudinal groove and a ventral groove, but is distinguished because N. ostium has ventrally four fi ne pellicular stripes, has a visible mouth, is larger (20-56 Mm), and has a short posterior fl agellum relative to the cell length.</p> <p>Notosolenus cfr. tamanduensis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 12a, 13a, b)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate, about 15 Mm long and 11 Mm wide, dorso-ventrall y fl attened, with a short neck around the fl agellar canal. With a thin lateral fl ange in the left margin of the cell. This species has in total four ridges: two broad shallow ridges on both the ventral and dorsal faces of the cell and two fi ne ridges on the broad ventral ridge. The posterior end has a wedge-shaped protrusion, which is extended from the broad ridges. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell and the posterior fl agellum is about 0.8 times the cell length. The reservoir is rounded and situated in the right side of the cell, and the nucleus is in the left side of the cell and adjacent to the centre of the cell. Moves slowly by gliding. Rare.</p> <p>Remarks. One cell observed. This species is similar to N. tamanduensi s described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from a marine site in Brazil. There are minor differences between our cell and N. tamanduensi s: our cell was about half the size (29 Mm) reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and we also have not seen an ingestion organelle, but that may be because of lack of material.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF946B0FAE2F25D9FC904E60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF956B0DAE362479FD574DFE.text	313A87D7FF956B0DAE362479FD574DFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notosolenus urceolatus Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Notosolenus urceolatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 12b, 13c -f)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline broad posteriorly, narrow anteriorly, with a small neck around the fl agellar canal, 11-17 Mm (mostly 13-15 Mm), 7-11 Mm wide. This species has three dorsal keels, two lateral ridges and three fi ne ventral ridges. The right and left ventral ridges extend from the fl agellar canal. The left one curves slightly from the anterior to the posterior and in some cells it forms an arc. The median ridge extends from the small protrusion near the anterior end of the cell. This species has an asymmetric posterior end with a small protrusion. With two fl agella of unequal length; the anterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell, and the posterior fl agellum about 0.6-0.8 times the cell length, is recurrent and inserts to the left of the ventral protrusion in the neck. The reservoir lies in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left. Glides slowly with the anterior fl agellum directed anteriorly. Common. Description based on observations of 43 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Previously reported cell lengths are from 15 to 22 Mm; this species was reported from tropical Australia and Brazil by Larsen and Patterson (1990). Our cells are very similar in general appearance, in cell length, in having three dorsal keels and fi ne ventral ridges. Larsen and Patterson (1990) described a shallow median ventral groove. We have not seen a groove, but this may reflect feeding history. This species is characterized by its shape, longitudinal dorsal keels and fi ne ventral ridges. Notosolenus urceolatus is similar, in having dorsal ridges or keels, to N. chelonides Skuja, 1939 and N. esulcis Larsen, 1987. Notosolenus chelonides differs because it is twice the size and has several dorsal keels; N. esulcis has four shallow dorsal ridges. This species resembles N. papilio Skuja, 1939 in having dorsal keels and ventral ridges, and in cell length, but N. urceolatus is pitcher-shaped while N. papilio is slightly rhombic. There is some similarity with N. canellatus Skuja, 1948, but N. canellatus has one dorsal and one ventral groove. Notosolenu s urceolatus is distinguished from N. hemicircularis Lee and Patterson, n. sp. by its larger size, the absence of a collar and in having three not fi ve dorsal keels.</p> <p>We note that our cells described here had two different shapes.`Urceolate’ cells which are broader and have more developed neck than the other`ovate’ cells. The urceolate cells are 11-17 Mm long, 7-14 Mm wide and the ovate cells are 13-16 Mm long, 7-9 Mm wide. Lengths of the forms overlap and in both the left ventral ridges curve to form an arc towards the posterior end of the cell.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF956B0DAE362479FD574DFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF976B0AAFCB27C0FC594A6C.text	313A87D7FF976B0AAFCB27C0FC594A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg 1830) Stein 1878	<div><p>Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg, 1830) Stein, 1878</p> <p>(fi gures 12d, 13i, 15a, b)</p> <p>Description. Cell metabolic, 35-48 Mm long. With longitudinal pellicular striations around the cell. The anterior end of the cell is slightly pointed and the posterior end is truncated, rounded, indented or pointed. This species is slightly bent and the fl agellar pocket is also bent to the right. The fl agellar pocket including the fl agellar canal is up to 40% the length of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, is thick and is directed forward when the cell is moving. The posterior fl agellum may be hard to observe, is thin, and tightly adpressed to cell surface, lying in a fi ne longitudinal groove. The ingestion organelle with two rods is weakly developed and the nucleus is below the centre of the cell. Cell glides in contact with the substratum. Relatively common. Description based on observations of fi ve cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been widely reported from around the world in freshwater sites with lengths from 22 to 81 Mm (Stein, 1878; Playfair, 1921; Skuja, 1939, 1948, 1956; Chen, 1950; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Schroeckh and Patterson, unpubl.), and in marine sites in tropical Australia and Danish Wadden Sea with lengths from 35 to 60 Mm (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996). Although cell length varies from 42 to 65 Mm with environmental conditions (Chen, 1950), the range suggests that more than one species has been described under this name.</p> <p>Our observations agree with the descriptions given by previous authors from marine sites. This species is similar to P. dolichonema Larsen and Patterson, 1990, in shape, size and in having a long recurrent fl agellum which lies in the ventral groove, but P. dolichonema can be distinguished because the distal part of the recurrent fl agellum trails behind the cell (Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Other species of Peranema which have a long posterior fl agellum which lies in a groove are P. dolichonema, P. inēxum, P. pleururum and P. trichophorum. This species is very similar to P. inēxum Skuja, 1939 and P. pleururum Skuja, 1948 (see Huber- Pestalozzi, 1955) which were reported from freshwater sites. Previously reported cell lengths of P. trichophorum embrace the length of P. inēxum (30-41 Mm) but P. pleururum (62- 75 Mm) is larger than P. trichophorum. Further study is required to establish the identities of these species. Peranema trichophorum differs from Jenningsia fusiforme (Larsen, 1987) Lee et al., 1999 and J. macrostoma (Ekebom et al.) Lee et al., 1999 because the species of Jenningsia lack a recurrent fl agellum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF976B0AAFCB27C0FC594A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF906B0BAE292065FED64DDF.text	313A87D7FF906B0BAE292065FED64DDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas abscissa (Dujardin 1841) Stein 1859	<div><p>Petalomonas abscissa (Dujardin 1841) Stein 1859</p> <p>(fi gures 14a, 15c -e)</p> <p>Description. Cell 12-22 Mm long, 8-19 Mm wide, narrow anteriorly, widest slightly posterior to midline. With lateral hyaline fl anges. This species has two dorsal keels which run along the entire cell; the right one is well developed. One narrow ventral groove with marginal ridges forming a double keel extends from the collar around the canal. One fl agellum emerges from the canal and is about 1.0-1.2 times the cell length. The reservoir is situated in the right anterior side of the cell and the nucleus lies near the midline and adjacent to the left margin of the cell. Moves by gliding. Commonly observed, but not abundant.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been recently reported with lengths from 10 to 25 Mm from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil and in the temperate Danish Wadden Sea (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, our observations are in accord with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although in contrast to most authors (Klebs, 1893; Lemmermann, 1914; Shawhan and Jahn, 1947; Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen, 1987; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996), Larsen and Patterson (1990) described P. abscissa as having one dorsal keel. We found one cell with one dorsal keel and included the cell here, and surmise that the number of dorsal keels may not be a good diagnostic characteristic. This organism resembles a few species of the genus Petalomonas, such as P. spinifera Lee and Patterson, n. comb. (see below), P. mira var. bicarinata Skuja, 1939 and P. raiula Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a ventral ridged groove. Petalomonas abscissa can be distinguished by its elliptical, regular cell shape and the indented posterior end (P. spinifera, P. mira var. bicarinata and P. raiula have posterior protrusions). It resembles P. applanata Skuja, 1939 in general appearance, but it has a posterior indentation and is smaller than P. applanat a (30-36 Mm).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF906B0BAE292065FED64DDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF916B09AE1E27F7FCAA4E00.text	313A87D7FF916B09AE1E27F7FCAA4E00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas intortus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Petalomonas intortus Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 14b, 15f, g. Type micrograph: fi gure 15g)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Petalomonas, 5-11 Mm long, rounded body, fl attened, with small particles adhering externally and with about 10 curving striations on the ventral face.</p> <p>Description. Cell outline rounded, 5-11 Mm long, very fl attened. With tiny bodies adhering to the cell surface and with about 10 striations following a counterclockwise path on the ventral face of the cell. No structures visible on the dorsal face. One fl agellum emerges from the fl agellar canal, is slightly thickened and is about 1.5-1.7 times the cell length. Cells move slowly with the emergent fl agellum directed forwards and with most movement in the distal part of the fl agellum in contact with the substratum. The ovate reservoir is situated in the left-hand side but adjacent to the antero-posterior axis of the cell. The nucleus is in the right anterior side of the cell. Not metabolic. Rare, description based on observations of seven cells.</p> <p>Remarks. We assign this species to Petalomonas because it is rigid, fl attened, and has one emergent fl agellum and no visible mouth. Petalomonas intortus is characterized by its striations on the ventral face of the cell and the particles adhering to the cell surface. This species is distinguished from most other species in Petalomonas because of the adhering particles. Of those species with reported adhering elements, P. intortus is distinguished from P. prototheca Skuja, 1948 by its smaller size, its round shape and the lack of a short neck, from P. punctatostriat a Skuja, 1939 by its fi ner spiral striations, and from P. boadicea which has rhomboid excrescences and a shorter fl agellum. Petalomonas intortus is similar in general appearance to Jenningsia granuliferum (Penard, 1890) Lee et al., 1999 (basionym, Peranema granulifera), but it is round whereas J. granuliferum is oval; and J. granuliferum has spiral striations. Jenningsia granuliferum may have to be transferred to Petalomonas because it lacks a mouth and no reference has been made to metaboly. Petalomonas ornata Skvortzov, 1957 has a reservoir and nucleus at the same position as P. intortus but lacks the adhering particles; it is about 11-15 Mm long and has no striations (see Skvortzov, 1957; Larsen and Patterson, 1990).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF916B09AE1E27F7FCAA4E00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF936B09AE182456FC7B4BCD.text	313A87D7FF936B09AE182456FC7B4BCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas iugosus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Petalomonas iugosus Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 14k, 15h, i. Type micrograph: fi gure 15i)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Petalomonas, cell heart-shaped, 11-12 Mm long, 8 Mm wide, with an indentation of the posterior end and three longitudinal ridges on the dorsal right half of the cell.</p> <p>Description. Colourless, rigid and gliding cell. Cell heart-shaped, 11-12 Mm long and 8 Mm wide, fl attened, with an indentation in the posterior end of the cell. The left half of the cell is slightly longer than the right half. This species has three distinct longitudinal dorsal ridges running along the cell on the right half of the cell. There are two indistinct ventral ridges, the right one runs beneath the reservoir along the cell. One fl agellum emerges from the canal and is as long as the cell. The distal part of the fl agellum moves a little when the cell glides. The reservoir is situated anteriorly to the right of the antero-posterior axis of the cell. The nucleus is situated in a median position or just below the reservoir. Three cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. The species described here has the characteristics of the genus Petalomonas in being a rigid and fl attened heterotrophic euglenid, and in having one emergent fl agellum. Petalomonas iugosus can be distinguished by size from all species in the genus, excepting P. minor Larsen and Patterson, 1990, P. minuta Hollande, 1942 and P. poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). It can be distinguished from these species by the presence of three longitudinal ridges. Petalomonas iugosus is similar in general cell shape to P. steini var. cordiformis Christen, 1962 and P. triquetra Skvortzov, 1929, but it is much smaller (P. steini var. cordiformis 40-45 Mm, P. triquetra 30-33 Mm), and has three dorsal ridges rather than one dorsal keel (P. steini var. cordiformis) or one ventral keel (P. triquetra) (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Christen, 1962b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF936B09AE182456FC7B4BCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF936B06AE1A2184FD244EDF.text	313A87D7FF936B06AE1A2184FD244EDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas S.F.N.Stein 1859	<div><p>Petalomonas labrum Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 14c, 15n -p. Type micrograph: fi gure 15p)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Petalomonas, 11-17 Mm long, with a raised rim around a wide opening of the fl agellar canal.</p> <p>Description. Cell ovate and elliptical, 11-17 Mm long, 6-10 Mm wide, dorsoventrally fl attened, with a rim surrounding a wide apical opening of the fl agellar canal. Cells have very indistinct or smooth pellicle and the ventral face of the cell is slightly concave. The cell tapers slightly towards the wedge-shaped posterior end. One fl agellum emerges from the long narrow canal and is about as long as the cell or slightly longer. The fl agellum only moves a little when the cell glides forwards. The reservoir is situated equatorially in the right-hand side of the cell. The nucleus is located in the left-hand side of the cell. Rare. Description based on observations of fi ve cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is assigned to Petalomonas because it is rigid, fl attened, has an apical canal opening, one emergent fl agellum and no visible mouth. This species can be clearly distinguished from all other species of the genus Petalomonas by the wide opening of the fl agellar canal and by the raised rim around the opening. It is most similar in size and outline to P. gibbera (see Christen, 1962b), but can be distinguished by the raised margin of the opening, by the smooth pellicle and by the smaller size (P. gibbera is 20-22 Mm long). Petalomonas ventritracta (see Skuja, 1939) is similar to P. labrum in having a canal with a wide opening, but is distinguished by its shape, its ventral groove and its larger size (24-27 Mm). Some species, such as P. mediocanellata var. pleurosigma Stokes, 1888, have a wide anterior end, which may indicate a canal with a wide opening.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF936B06AE1A2184FD244EDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9C6B06AE1D24F6FE754B0D.text	313A87D7FF9C6B06AE1D24F6FE754B0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas minor Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Petalomonas minor Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 14d, 16a -d)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate-rhomboid, 6-11 Mm long, 4-8 Mm wide. A distinct, longitudinal dorsal keel lies to the right of the midline. Two fi ne ventral ridges may be seen towards the posterior end. The dorsal face is slightly concave between the longitudinal dorsal keel and the lateral margin of the cell. With one fl agellum about the same length as the cell inserting in a reservoir located in the right side of the cell. The nucleus is in the left side. Glides with the fl agellum directed forwards. Commonly observed. Descriptions based on observations of 28 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) fi rst described this species from marine sites in tropical Australia and Fiji. They reported lengths ranging from 7 to 9 Mm. Generally, our observations are in accordance with observations of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but the species described here has two fi ne ventral ridges not reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990). They could easily have been overlooked. The species resembles P. poosilla (see below) in having two fi ne ventral ridges and in length, but it can be distinguished by its dorsal keel and cell shape. In having one distinct dorsal keel, the species is similar to a few other species in the genus Petalomonas such as P. lata Christen, 1962, P. steinii Klebs, 1893 and P. variablilis Christen, 1962 (see Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Christen, 1962b). It can be recognized from all of these by its small size.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9C6B06AE1D24F6FE754B0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9C6B04AE5C2144FE0B4C1E.text	313A87D7FF9C6B04AE5C2144FE0B4C1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas minuta Hollande 1942	<div><p>Petalomonas minuta Hollande, 1942</p> <p>(fi gures 14e, 15m)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate, 6-10 Mm long (mostly 6-7 Mm), 4-6 Mm wide, fl attened, with a deep longitudinal groove on the dorsal face. One cell had two indistinct ventral ridges which were hard to see, and two cells had a narrow ventral groove-like slit. With one fl agellum inserting into a reservoir in the right-hand side of the cell, fl agellum about same length as the cell. The nucleus is in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides. Often common. Description based on observations of 16 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described as P. mediocanellata var. pusilla by Klebs in 1893. This is not the same as P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 which differs in the absence of a surface groove. Because of the principle of co-ordination of the ICZN (Article 46) P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is a junior homonym. The same organism as observed by Klebs was described by Hollande (1942) as P. minuta. Although the correct name for this species under the provisions of the the ICZN is P. pusilla Klebs 1893, we believe that such usage would be confusing and given that P. pusilla Skuja 1948 is the legitimate use of this homonym under the regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1994), we adopt the approach of Larsen and Patterson (1990) and refer to this species as P. minuta Hollande, 1942. Like Larsen and Patterson (1990), we regard P. minutula Christen, 1962 as a junior synonym. Petalomonas mediocanellata var. pusilla Klebs, 1893 and P. minutula Christen, 1962 were described from freshwater sites. The drawing in Klebs shows the surface discontinuity by which this species is distinguished. Previously reported cell length for this species is 6-12 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland and North Atlantic (Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Patterson et al., 1993; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Since the description of Hollande (1942), P. minuta has been described as having a deep ventral groove, but Patterson and Simpson (1996) showed that the groove was dorsal. We con fi rm our cells have a deep dorsal groove. Our observations included one cell with two indistinct ventral ridges which could easily be overlooked and two cells having a narrow ventral groove-like slit. This species is otherwise in agreement with observations of Patterson and Simpson (1996).</p> <p>This species resembles P. poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general cell shape, cell length and fl agellum length, but it can be distinguished by its deep dorsal groove. It resembles P. minor in length, but it does not have a dorsal keel. This species resembles P. ventritracta Skuja, 1939 in general appearance, but P. ventritracta has a ventral groove and is bigger. It is similar to Notosolenus apocamptus Stokes, 1884 in general appearance, cell length and in having a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, but it can be distinguished by the lack of a posterior fl agellum and by its short anterior fl agellum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9C6B04AE5C2144FE0B4C1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9E6B04AE1726B4FC394ACC.text	313A87D7FF9E6B04AE1726B4FC394ACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas planus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Petalomonas planus Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 14f, 16h -j. Type micrograph: fi gure 16i)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Petalomona s, rigid, 15-24 Mm long, dorso-ventrall y fl attened, hyaline body with one emergent fl agellum, without grooves or ridges.</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate, 15-24 Mm long, 5-10 Mm wide, rigid, dorsoventrally fl attened. Cells are rather hyaline. There are no grooves and no ridges on either side of the cell. Most cells have a pointed posterior end but some cells have a rounded posterior end. Small and large granules occupy the entire cell except at the poles. One fl agellum emerges from the canal and is slightly shorter than the cell. The reservoir is situated subapically in the midline of the cell. Cells move by gliding with the fl agellum in close contact with the substratum. Often common.</p> <p>Remarks. We assign this species to Petalomonas because it is a rigid gliding heterotrophic euglenid with one emergent fl agellum. This species is easily distinguished from most species of Petalomonas by its hyaline body and smooth cell surface. It is most similar to P. simplex Christen, 1962 in general appearance and hyaline body, but P. simplex is slightly larger (27.5-31 Mm) (see Christen, 1962b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9E6B04AE1726B4FC394ACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9E6B05AE2B2085FEB74A3C.text	313A87D7FF9E6B05AE2B2085FEB74A3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas poosilla Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Petalomonas poosilla Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 14g, h, 16e -g)</p> <p>Description. We describe two populations of cells.</p> <p>Population 1: small cells; ovate, 5-9 Mm long, 3-5 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. This species may or may not have up to three dorsal ridges and the ridges may or may not be well developed. The organism may also have two fi ne ventral ridges which are di ffi cult to observe. The right ventral ridge runs beneath the reservoir along the cell. With one fl agellum as long as the cell. The reservoir is in the right side of the cell and the nucleus is in the left side. Moves by gliding. Common.</p> <p>Population 2: Larger cells; cell outline oblong-oval, 10-12 Mm long and 5-6 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. It has four ridges extending along the cell: two indistinct dorsal ridges located at the lateral margins of the cell; two fi ne ventral ridges, the right one of which runs beneath the reservoir. One fl agellum is about as long as the cell or slightly longer. The ovate reservoir is anteriorly situated in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus in the left-hand side of the cell. Often co-occurs with the smaller cell.</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) provided a new name for P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 (P. poosilla) because under the principle of co-ordination of the ICZN, P. pusilla Skuja, 1948 is a homonym of P. mediocanellata var. pusilla Klebs, 1893 (Lemmermann, 1913) —which we refer to as P. minuta (see P. minuta above). Petalomonas poosilla and P. minuta resemble each other in shape and appearance, but can be distinguised by the presence of what we regard as a longitudinal groove in P. minuta.</p> <p>Petalomonas poosilla was originally described under the name P. pusilla (5-12 Mm long) from freshwater sites (Skuja, 1948) and has since been found in marine sites in Australia, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Fiji, Gulf of Finland; Hawaii and NE Canada (Lackey and Lackey, 1970; Larsen, 1987; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). We observed cells (in the small population) which are similar in size and outline to P. poosilla as described by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species has been described without ridges or grooves (Skuja, 1948; Larsen and Patterson, 1990). Cells assigned to this species have been described more recently as having ridges (Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Schroeckh and Patterson, unpubl.). We suspect that this species has previously been under-described and regard the latter descriptions as more accurate than the former. The ventral face of this species is very similar to that of P. minor, described here, in having two fi ne ventral ridges and in the position of the ridges, but the two species can be distinguished by cell shape and the dorsal fl ange in P. minor. Petalomonas poosilla and P. minuta resemble each other in shape and appearance, but can be distinguised by the presence of what we regard as a longitudinal groove in P. minuta. This species resembles P. cantuscygni (see Cann and Pennick, 1986) from which it can be distinguished by never having fewer than six dorsal ridges.</p> <p>We have observed larger cells about 10-12 Mm long, but they consistently had four discrete ridges on both sides of the cell. The two populations often co-occur. Although these may represent a separate species, we have been unable to establish morphological discontinuities by which single cells could be easily identi fi ed when comparisons are made. Further studies are required to establish the status of the two populations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9E6B05AE2B2085FEB74A3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9F6B02AE1D209FFD4D4A0C.text	313A87D7FF9F6B02AE1D209FFD4D4A0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas raiula Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Petalomonas raiula Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 14i, 16k, l)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline irregular, 15-20 Mm long, 10-15 Mm, with a ventral groove with raised margins which extend from the collar around the fl agella canal. The organism has thin lateral hyaline fl anges; the left one extends anteriorly to form an arc around the fl agellum and the right one ends behind this arc. It has a wedgeshaped posterior end with, in most cells, a hyaline protrusion and lateral margins. There is one emergent fl agellum, which is about as long as the cell and is anteriorly directed. The reservoir is situated anteriorly in the right side of the cell and the nucleus is near the midline of the left-hand side. Sometimes commonly oberserved.</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) fi rst described this species from marine sites in Brazil and Fiji, and the organism was found in subtropical Australia by Patterson and Simpson (1996). Previously reported cell length ranges 9-19 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, the organisms described here are in accordance with observations of previous observers although we increase the known maximal size to 20 Mm. Petalomonas raiula is usually distinguished from other small species of the genus Petalomonas by its posterior protrusions and ridged ventral groove. Petalomona s dentata Christen, 1962, P. irregularis Skuja, 1948, P. lata Christen, 1962, P. praegnans Skuja, 1948, P. phacoides Skuja, 1931, P. platyrhyncha Skuja, 1948, P. mira Awerinzew, 1907, P. mira var. appendiculata Skuja, 1939, P. mira var. bicarinata Skuja, 1939, P. sinuata Stein, 1878, P. spinifera (Lackey, 1962) Lee and Patterson, n. comb., P. steinii Klebs, 1893 and P. tricarinata Skuja, 1939 also have posterior protrusions but with different patterns (Huber-Pestalozzi, 1955; Christen, 1962b; Lackey, 1962). This species is a member of a group of Petalomonas species having one ridged ventral groove; the group also includes P. abscissa, P. mira and P. triquetrus.</p> <p>Petalomonas spinifera (Lackey, 1962) Lee and Patterson, n. comb. (fi gures 14j, 16m, n)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline irregular, about 29 Mm long and 21 Mm wide, fl attened, with three fi ne dorsal ridges and one distinct ridged ventral groove which extends from the collar around the fl agella canal. The cell has four hyaline protrusions: one is located on a wedge-shaped posterior end of the cell, two are in the lateral posterior part, and the last one is in the anterior left-hand side or near the nucleus. One emergent fl agellum, which is slightly shorter than the cell, is anteriorly directed. The large reservoir is situated anteriorly in the right-hand side of the cell and the nucleus is near the midline of the left-hand side. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Lackey (1962) described Pentamonas spinifera Lackey, 1962 which is about 35 Mm long. His description is not detailed, but is of organisms which resemble those described here in having one emergent fl agellum, a rigid body and four protrusions, and in being fl attened. We transfer Pentamona s spinifera to Petalomonas. It is similar to P. raiula Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having protrusions and one ridged ventral groove, but is distinguished by its larger size, and in having four hyaline protrusions and three fi ne dorsal ridges. Petalomona s spinifera is distinguished from other species of Petalomonas by its four protrusions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9F6B02AE1D209FFD4D4A0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF986B03AE1C2045FF6A4CFD.text	313A87D7FF986B03AE1C2045FF6A4CFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Petalomonas virgatus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Petalomonas virgatus Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 14l, 15j -l. Type micrograph: fi gure 15j)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Petalomonas, cell oval, about 7 Mm long and 4 Mm wide, not fl attened. With one emergent thickened fl agellum and numerous longitudinal ridges on both faces of the cell.</p> <p>Description. Colourless, cell outline oval, about 7 Mm long, 4 Mm wide, not fl attened. Cell outline is circular in cross section. The cell has prominent longitudinal ridges on both sides of the cell and has one thickened fl agellum, which is about 1.5 times the cell length and emerges from a reservoir situated in the right-hand side of the cell. Moves slowly by gliding. One cell observed from Botany Bay; the description also includes information on cells observed by Ekebom and co-workers on the Great Barrier Reef but excluded from Ekebom et al. (1996) because too few cells had been observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is assignable to Petalomonas because it is a heterotrophic euglenid with a rigid body, one emergent fl agellum, and subapical canal opening. It is not fl attened, unlike most Petalomonas species. The ridges in P. virgatus resemble rod-shaped epibiotic bacteria such as those in Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al., 1995 (Simpson et al., 1997b). Petalomonas virgatus is easily distinguished from all other small gliding species by its ridges. It was found at One Tree Island in tropical Australia by Ekebom and co-workers but not reported. This species is very similar to Calycimonas Christen, 1959 which also has one emergent fl agellum, and differs from Petalomonas by not being fl attened (Christen, 1959). We do not regard this criterion as an effective taxonomic distinction and consider Calycimonas to be a junior synonym of Petalomonas. Calycimonas was created by Christen (1959) to segregate some species from the genus Petalomonas because he was of the view that it was becoming too big. Calycimonas contains four species; C. physaloides Christen, 1959, C. pusilla Christen, 1962, C. quinquecarinata Christen, 1962, C. robusta Christen, 1962 (see Christen, 1959, 1962a). They may be transferred to Petalomonas to create the new combinations; P. physaloides n. comb., P. christeni nom. nov., P. quinquecarinat a n. comb. and P. calycimonoides nom. nov. As Petalomonas pusilla and P. robusta were introduced by Klebs (Klebs, 1893) (see P. poosilla above) and Christen (Christen, 1962b) respectively, the transfer of C. pusilla and C. robusta to Petalomonas creates homonyms. We therefore introduce P. christeni as a nom. nov. for Calycimonas pusilla and Petalomonas calycimonoides as a nom. nov. for C. robusta.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF986B03AE1C2045FF6A4CFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF996B00AE1E26C1FF494AAB.text	313A87D7FF996B00AE1E26C1FF494AAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia corrugata Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Ploeotia corrugata Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 17a, 18a -d)</p> <p>Description. Cell measuring 8-20 Mm long (mostly 13-15 Mm) and 6-12 Mm wide. Cell outline elliptical to rhomboid, dorsally convex and ventrally fl attened. Seven ridges on the dorsal side; two of which appear as a marginal rim. The right half of the cell is slightly thicker than the left, with a slight ridge down the middle of the ventral side against which the recurrent fl agellum lies. The posterior end of the cell is indented. With two fl agella of unequal length; the anterior fl agellum is about the same length as the cell, beats rapidly from side to side with an irregular wave motion when the cell glides. The posterior fl agellum is about 1.5-2.2 times the length of the cell and tapers slightly towards the posterior end of the cell. The reservoir is on the left ventral side of the cell and the ingestion organelle with two rods extends from right anterior of cell to left posterior. Moves by smooth gliding. Common, description based on observations of 15 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Brazil, Danish Wadden Sea, Denmark, England, Fiji, Hawaii, Panama and has also been reported from the USA, and previous reported cell length ranges from 7 to 15 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson et al., 1993; Farmer and Triemer, 1994; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong et al., 1998). It is widespread and often common, but not in the winter season. The cells described here are generally in agreement with the observations of Ekebom et al. (1996) and of Farmer and Triemer (1994) under the name Lentomonas applanatum (basionym Entosiphon applanatum Preisig, 1979). We suspect that L. applanatum is synonymous with P. corrugata (Ekebom et al., 1996) because the size ranges of the two species overlap; L. applanatum, about 10 Mm, P. corrugata, 7-15 Mm, and both species have seven ridges on the dorsal side of the cell. However, the species cannot be synonymized until the uncertainty with respect to protrusion of the ingestion apparatus of L. applanatum sensu Farmer and Triemer is clari fi ed. Ploeotia corrugata resembles P. decipiens Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance, but it is distinguished by the number and prominence of the dorsal ridges, slightly smaller size and indented posterior end.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF996B00AE1E26C1FF494AAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF9A6B1EAE152325FEED4D5E.text	313A87D7FF9A6B1EAE152325FEED4D5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia discoides Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Ploeotia discoides Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 17b, 18e -g)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval or elliptical, 11-13 Mm long, 7-8 Mm wide, dorsoventrally fl attened. Dorsally with two lateral grooves and one median groove, and ventrally with two lateral grooves which can be di ffi cult to see. The reservoir is located anteriorly in the left side of the cell and is roundish. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell and the posterior fl agellum is about 1.5-2 times the length of the cell. The ingestion organelle reaches almost to the posterior end of the cell. Rarely observed. Observations based on six cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from Brazil and cell length was previously reported to be 10-12 Mm. Ploeotia discoides resembles P. tenuis in having three longitudinal dorsal grooves, but it is distinguished by its lack of ventral grooves, fl atness, roundish reservoir, and by its smaller size (Larsen and Patterson, 1990). The ventral grooves are very hard to see and may be absent in some cells. The differences between P. discoides and P. tenuis are not great and future work may demonstrate that there is no unambiguous discontinuity between the two taxa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF9A6B1EAE152325FEED4D5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF846B1EAE102776FF5B4B8D.text	313A87D7FF846B1EAE102776FF5B4B8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia oblonga Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Ploeotia oblonga Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 17c, 18i, j)</p> <p>Description. Cell about 27 Mm long and 12 Mm wide, slightly fl attened; oblong, with two major grooves dorsally and three major grooves ventrally. The ridged median ventral groove is more prominent than the two lateral ones. Two fl agella of unequal length emerge from the fl agellar reservoir situated in the left-hand side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is about the length of the cell and sweeps sideways with irregular waves. The posterior fl agellum is about twice the cell length and is thicker than the anterior fl agellum. The ingestion organelle has two rods, is well developed and extends almost to the posterior end. Moves by gliding. The nucleus is in the right-hand side of the cell and near the centre. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Previous reported cell length is from 16 to 36 Mm; this species was found in marine sites in tropical Australia and Fiji (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Generally, our observations are in agreement with the original description of Larsen and Patterson (1990). We include records of one cell (fi gure 18j) which, although similar to P. oblonga, differs because the cell does not have lateral grooves and has lateral ridges. Further study is required to establish the identities of these taxa. Ploeotia oblonga is distinguished from other species of the genus by its size and by the strong rigid median ventral groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF846B1EAE102776FF5B4B8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF846B1FAE6B21C5FDF54E20.text	313A87D7FF846B1FAE6B21C5FDF54E20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia plumosa Ekebom 1996	<div><p>Ploeotia plumosa Ekebom et al., 1996</p> <p>(fi gures 17d, 18h, k)</p> <p>Description. One cell observed, measuring about 20 Mm long and 10 Mm wide, slightly fl attened. Cell outline oblong-ovate, with widely spaced grooves dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal grooves are more widely spaced than those of the ventral face. Often with a large hyaline inclusion reaching from the middle of the cell to the posterior end. Many slightly curved inclusions abut on the pellicular grooves. The two fl agella are unequal in length; the anterior fl agellum moves with sweeping motions and is about 1.5 times the cell length. The trailing posterior fl agellum is about 3.5 times the cell length, is thicker than the anterior fl agellum and emerges as a hook. The ingestion organelle has two prominent rods and extends almost to the posterior end of the cell. The reservoir is situated in the left-hand side of the cell. Glides smoothly in straight lines.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996) and Patterson and Simpson (1996). Cell length was previously reported to be from 17 to 36 Mm by previous authors. The individual described here was in the lower part of the size range reported by previous observers but otherwise our observations are in accord with the observations by previous authors. Ploeotia plumosa is easily distinguished from other species in the genus Ploeotia by the distinctive surface inclusions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF846B1FAE6B21C5FDF54E20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF856B1FAFC224ACFC4B4BED.text	313A87D7FF856B1FAFC224ACFC4B4BED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia pseudanisonema Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Ploeotia pseudanisonema Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 17e, 19a, b)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oblong or elliptical, about 20 Mm long and 10 Mm wide, fl attened. With several longitudinal narrow grooves extending along the cell. The left half of the cell is thicker than the right half. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.5 times the cell length, and the posterior fl agellum is about 4 times the cell length, emerges as a hook from the fl agellar canal and is stronger than the anterior fl agellum. The posterior fl agellum lies in a ventral groove and tapers towards the tip of the fl agellum. The nucleus is located near the middle of the cell and the reservoir is in the left ventral side. The ingestion organelle is well developed. Cell glides quickly and may jerk backwards—like Anisonema. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) fi rst described this species from marine sites in Australia, Brazil, Fiji and Hawaii, and this species has also been reported from other locations in Australia by Ekebom et al. (1996), Patterson and Simpson (1996) and Tong et al. (1998). Previously reported lengths range from 10 to 19 Mm. Generally, our observations agree with the description by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is similar to P. longi ®lum Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in having a long trailing fl agellum and in size, but is distinguished by general appearance and one ventral groove in P. longi ®lum. Also, P. pseudanisonema resembles P. punctata Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and in having a long posterior fl agellum, but it is distinguished because small internal bodies in P. punctata line the dorsal ridges. Ploeotia pseudanisonem a is similar to Anisonema obliquum Roskin, 1931 and A. trepidum Larsen, 1987 in general appearance and length (Roskin, 1931; see Larsen, 1987), but is distinguished by the presence of an ingestion organelle.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF856B1FAFC224ACFC4B4BED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF856B1DAEBD21DBFC374E40.text	313A87D7FF856B1DAEBD21DBFC374E40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin 1841	<div><p>Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin, 1841</p> <p>(fi gures 17f, 19c -e)</p> <p>Description. Cell oval, about 16-22 Mm long and 10-14 Mm wide, not fl attened. This species has 10 longitudinal double raised ridges; four dorsally, two laterally, four ventrally. The anterior part of the cell is slightly obtuse and the posterior part of the cell is pointed. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell, and the posterior fl agellum is thick and twice as long as the cell. The ingestion organelle is well developed with a tiny protrusion at the top of the right-hand rod and tapers posteriorly. The nucleus is located in the right-hand side of the cell and the reservoir is in the left side. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and USA, and the reported length range is from 16 to 25 Mm (Farmer and Triemer, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson and Simpson, 1996). Ultrastructural studies of Ploeotia vitrea were conducted by Farmer and Triemer (1988), and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Our observations are in agreement with Larsen and Patterson (1990). Ploeotia vitrea can be easily distinguished from other species in the genus by its 10 prominent ridges.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF856B1DAEBD21DBFC374E40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF876B1DAE562419FBAD4C2E.text	313A87D7FF876B1DAE562419FBAD4C2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenomonas angusta Skuja 1956	<div><p>Sphenomonas angusta Skuja, 1956</p> <p>(fi gures 19f -h, 20a)</p> <p>Description. Cell measuring 10-14 Mm long, 4-5 Mm wide, not fl attened, with a dorsal groove. Cells are anteriorly obliquely truncated, posteriorly rounded. The cell bodies are slightly curved: the right margin of the cell is straighter than the left one. With two fl agella, unequal in length, emerging from a relatively large fl agellar pocket located in the right anterior end of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.5 times the cell length and its proximal part moves actively; the trailing posterior fl agellum is less than 0.5 times the cell length. One large refractile inclusion often occupies the posterior part of the cell. Commonly observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described from freshwater sites by Skuja (1956). Cells described here are below the length range 13-21 Mm of Skuja (1956), but generally our observations are in accordance with his original description. Most species of the genus Sphenomonas have been found in freshwater sites, but we have commonly observed only one species, S. angusta, and seen it in all seasons. At times this species occurs in large numbers. Sphenomonas elongata Lackey, 1962 was found in marine sites and differs from S. angusta in its larger size (40-70 Mm). Sphenomonas angusta is distinguished from other species of the genus by having one dorsal groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF876B1DAE562419FBAD4C2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF836B17AE292164FF6D4E3F.text	313A87D7FF836B17AE292164FF6D4E3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cafeteria marsupialis Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Cafeteria marsupialis Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 20f, 21b, c)</p> <p>Description. Biflagellated, D-shaped cells somewhat variable in shape, when attached 5-12 Mm long, mostly about 7-8 Mm long, and 5-10 Mm wide; up to 7-10 Mm long and 3-5 Mm wide when swimming. Attach to the substratum by the tip of the posterior fl agellum, which lies in a deep ventral groove. The anterior fl agellum is directed normal to the groove. The organism may feed on suspended bacteria, which are drawn towards the body by the activity of the anterior fl agellum, entering along a curved channel at the posterior end of the ventral groove. The anterior fl agellum of the attached cell is about 1.5-2 times the cell length and the posterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell. A single nucleus with a rounded nucleolus lies just below the insertion of the fl agella. The cell body may include many—sometimes large—food vacuoles. Undigested residues of food are egested by the fusion of old food vacuoles with the plasma membrane. Swimming cells are more rounded, with anterior fl agellum directed to the anterior, recurrent fl agellum trailing. It often occurs with Carpediemonas membranifera and C. bialata. More frequent in slightly anaerobic preparations. Description based on observations of 95 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This organism has the characteristics of the genus Cafeteria in being a stramenopile (anterior fl agellum which draws water towards the body of the cell and is therefore hispid) which adheres to the substratum by the tip of the posterior fl agellum and has no peri-flagellar collar. It differs from other species in the genus by the large ventral pocket and posterior curving food ingestion region. A size range 5-15 Mm has previously been reported by Larsen and Patterson (1990) from tropical Australia and Brazil, and by Ekebom et al. (1996) from tropical Australia. The organism described here may graze on large bacteria as long as 0.7 times the cell length.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF836B17AE292164FF6D4E3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8D6B17AE3E2483FD834A1C.text	313A87D7FF8D6B17AE3E2483FD834A1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cafeteria roenbergensis Fenchel and Patterson 1988	<div><p>Cafeteria roenbergensis Fenchel and Patterson, 1988</p> <p>(fi gures 20g, 21d, e)</p> <p>Description. Cells are D-shaped, 3.5-5 Mm long, and laterally compressed. There is a shallow groove on the left side of the cell. Two fl agella of similar length emerge subapically and are slightly longer than the cell. The anterior fl agellum is directed perpendicular to the ventral face of the cell of attached cells. The posterior fl agellum is reflexed, passing over one face of the cell and then attaching to the substratum by the tip. In swimming cells, the anterior fl agellum is directed forwards and beats with a sine-wave, and the posterior fl agellum is directed backwards and trails. Usually moves fast following a spiral path, but sometimes moves slowly. Food particles (bacteria) may be ingested near the posterior part of the ventral groove. Not common.</p> <p>Remarks. Generally, our observations are consistent with descriptions of Fenchel and Patterson (1988) and Larsen and Patterson (1990). Previous studies reported the size range to be 1.5-10 Mm (Fenchel and Patterson, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a, 1993b; Patterson et al., 1993; Vørs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). This species has been widely found from marine sites in Antarctica, subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Baltic, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Greenland and equatorial Paci fi c. This species resembles Cafeteria minuta (Ruinen, 1938) Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance, but is distinguished because C. minuta has a longer anterior fl agellum. Cafeteria roenbergensis resembles C. marsupialis Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and in having a short anterior fl agellum, but C. marsupialis is larger and has a ventral groove with a posterior channel leading into the cell. It may not be clearly distinguished from Acronema sippewissettensis (Teal et al., 1998), the fl agella of which are said to be acronematic. Cafeteria roenbergensis may occasionally occupy about 6-20% of the heterotrophic fl agellate population (Fenchel, 1982; Tong, 1997b) and is cosmopolitan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8D6B17AE3E2483FD834A1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8D6B14AE7720BFFD0D4D1E.text	313A87D7FF8D6B14AE7720BFFD0D4D1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ciliophrys infusionum Cienkowski 1876	<div><p>Ciliophrys infusionum Cienkowski, 1876</p> <p>(fi gure 20h)</p> <p>Description. Helioflagellate, in the heliozoan stage the cell measures about 5 Mm across, with a central nucleus and one fl agellum held in a fi gure of eight. The cell is spherical with delicate pseudopodia extending radially from the body and bearing extrusomes. The cell may change from the heliozoan stage with pseudopodia and a slow beating fl agellum to a swimming fl agellate without pseudopodia and with the fl agellum beating rapidly. Observed to consume suspended bacteria. When feeding, bacteria adhere to the pseudopodia and then are drawn to the body. One cell observed in enrichment culture.</p> <p>Remarks. Ciliophrys marina Caullery, 1909 and Dimorpha monomastix Penard, 1921 are synonyms of this species. Ciliophrys infusionum has been found in marine sites in SE North America, subtropical and tropical Australia, Denmark, England, English Channel, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Hawaii, Mediterranean, Norway and equatorial Paci fi c, and lengths of 3.5-20 Mm have been reported (Caullery, 1909; Griessmann, 1913; Throndsen, 1969; Davidson, 1982; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Vørs et al., 1995; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, the cell described here is in agreement with observations by Larsen and Patterson (1990). This species is similar to Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson, 1990, but can be distinguished by its regular symmetry, its stiff pseudopodia, by not being adpressed to the substratum and in having one fl agellum. It resembles small heliozoa in having pseudopodia extending radially from the body, but is distinguished by having a fl agellum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8D6B14AE7720BFFD0D4D1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8E6B14AE5827B6FCBA4A6C.text	313A87D7FF8E6B14AE5827B6FCBA4A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pendulomonas adriperis Tong 1997	<div><p>Pendulomonas adriperis Tong, 1997</p> <p>(fi gures 20j, 21f, g)</p> <p>Description. Cell ovoid or droplet-shaped, about 4-9 Mm long, 2.5-5 Mm wide, somewhat fl exible and not fl attened, with two fl agella similar in length emerging subapically (about one-third of the way down). The fl agella are slightly longer than the cell and not acronematic. The anterior fl agellum projects in front of the body and beats with an asymmetric pattern, and the posterior fl agellum trails behind the body and may be held in a curve or obliquely. Sometimes, the posterior fl agellum beats sti ffl y and rapidly in non-swimming cells. Cells usually swim by slow rotating movements and the cell bodies wag. When cells swim rapidly, the anterior fl agellum beats quickly and cells do not wag. Cells may attach to the substratum by the tip of the trailing fl agellum. In attached cells, cells may wag or tremble rapidly. Commonly observed in enrichment cultures.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has been found in marine sites in subtropical Australia and England, cell length range is reported to be 5-8.5 Mm (Tong, 1997 a, 1997b). Like naked bicosoecids (Cafeteria and Pseudobodo) this species attaches to the substratum by the tip of the posterior fl agellum. This species can be distinguished from all species of the genus Cafeteria by the orientation and beat pattern of the fl agella. It is similar to Phyllomitus in general shape, but is easily distinguished because the two fl agella of Phyllomitus insert together to an anterior pocket, while those of Pendulomonas insert separately in a subapical groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8E6B14AE5827B6FCBA4A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8E6B15AE782065FE254E9F.text	313A87D7FF8E6B15AE782065FE254E9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudobodo tremulans Griessmann 1913	<div><p>Pseudobodo tremulans Griessmann, 1913</p> <p>(fi gures 19m, n, 20k)</p> <p>Description. Cell about 5 Mm long. The insertion sites of the two fl agella are separated by a protrusion at the anterior of the cell. The anterior fl agellum has a sine-wave beating pattern and is about 3.5 times the length of the cell, and the posterior fl agellum is about twice the length of the cell and may attach to the substratum by its tip. The cell moves by swimming with the anterior fl agellum directed forwards. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Pseudobodo tremulans was reported to be 2-8 Mm long and has been found in marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Antarctica, Brazil, Denmark, Hawaii (Griessmann, 1913; Ruinen, 1938; Fenchel, 1982; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson et al., 1993; Vørs, 1993b; Fenchel et al., 1995; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997a, 1997c; Tong et al., 1997). This species may be confused with Cafeteria minuta (Ruinen, 1938) Larsen and Patterson, 1990 but can be distinguished by a collar around the anterior part of the cell in unstressed feeding cells. In our cell we could not observe the anterior collar, but we assigned the cell to Pseudobodo tremulans because of the shape and size of the cell, swimming and feeding behaviour, and lengths of the fl agella. This species is similar to Pendulomonas adriperis Tong, 1997 in cell length, but is distinguished by the insertion and orientation of the fl agella, and the beat pattern of the anterior fl agellum which is sinusoidal and slow in Pendulomonas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8E6B15AE782065FE254E9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8F6B15AE532716FE3D4B2D.text	313A87D7FF8F6B15AE532716FE3D4B2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Developayella elegans Tong 1995	<div><p>Developayella elegans Tong, 1995 (fi gures 20i, 21h)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval, 5-6 Mm long, with two fl agella emerging from a depression in the right anterior part of the ventral side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is about 1.3 times the length of the cell and the posterior fl agellum is about 1.5 -1.7 times the length of the cell. Cells attach to the substratum by means of the posterior fl agellum. In attached cells the anterior fl agellum is held in a curve and beats slowly up and down, and the posterior fl agellum beats rapidly with a shallow excursion. Cells move by swimming. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Developayella elegans has been described from subtropical Australia and England and the cell length had been reported to range from 3.5 to 10 Mm (Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1995, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, our observations are in accord with the descriptions of Tong (1995). When D. elegans attaches to the substratum, it is recognized from other free-living fl agellates, such as Cafeteria, Colponema, Jakoba and Phyllomitus, which have two fl agella and a large ventral depression, by the beat pattern of the fl agella—the anterior fl agellum beats slowly up and down and the posterior fl agellum beats rapidly with small excursion.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8F6B15AE532716FE3D4B2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8F6B12AE172184FF6F4B3E.text	313A87D7FF8F6B12AE172184FF6F4B3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acronema debruynei De Saedeleer 1931	<div><p>Amastigomonas debruynei De Saedeleer, 1931</p> <p>(fi gures 21i, 22a)</p> <p>Description. Cell 5-6 Mm long, dorso-ventrally fl attened, fl exible but not amoeboid. The anterior fl agellum emerges from the tip of a laterally directed sleeve, the posterior fl agellum trails under the cell and occasionally protrudes behind the cell; strands of cytoplasm may be drawn out behind the cell. The nucleus is situated in the anterior left of the cell. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Amastigomonas is a senior synonym of Thecamonas. Amastigomonas debruynei is the same as organisms described as T. trahens, A. borokensis and A. caudata (Ekebom et al., 1996). Previously reported lengths are 3-7.5 Mm. Amastigomonas debruynei was previously recorded from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, North Atlantic, Brazil, Arctic Canada, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs 1992a, 1992b, 1993a, 1993b; Patterson et al., 1993; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong, 1997 a, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998). Other species in the genus include A. bermudensis, A. ®losa and A. mutabilis. This species can be distinguished from A. bermudensis Molina and Nerad, 1991 by its smaller size (A. bermudensis, 8-11.5 Mm), and from A. mutabilis by its smaller size (A. mutabilis measures up to 15 Mm) and the lack of granules located ventrally adjacent to the posterior fl agellum. It is distinguished from A. ®losa because it lacks the thin cytoplasmic extensions which are distinctive for A. ®losa.</p> <p>Amastigomonas mutabilis (Griessmann, 1913) Molina and Nerad, 1991 (fi gures 21j, k, 22b)</p> <p>Description. Cell elliptical, 11-16 Mm long, dorso-ventrally fl attened, fl exible. With a fl exible sleeve around the base of the anterior fl agellum. The anterior fl agellum is about 0.5 times the length of the cell and is the same thickness as the posterior fl agellum. The recurrent posterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell and trails under the body, to which it attaches loosely in a slight groove. The nucleus is situated subapically near the right margin of the cell. Some cells have granules alongside the recurrent fl agellum. Relatively rare.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described as Rhynchomonas mutabilis by Griessmann (1913), transferred to Thecamonas by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and to Amastigomonas by Molina and Nerad (1991). Previously reported length ranges are 7-15Mm. It has been described from marine sites in subtropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, England, France, Greenland and North Atlantic (Griessmann, 1913; Ruinen, 1938; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992b, 1993a; Patterson et al., 1993; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998;). Some cells lack the rows of granules which follow the line of the posterior fl agellum and were suggested to be distinctive by Larsen and Patterson (1990). Amastigomonas mutabilis is distinguished from A. debruynei by its larger size and the presence of granules alongside the posterior fl agellum, and by its longer anterior fl agellum. This species resembles A. bermudensi s Molina and Nerad, 1991 at 8.0-11.5 Mm in general appearance and their size ranges overlap. Amastigomonas bermudensis may be a synonym of A. mutabilis. Further work is required to clarify the identities of species in this genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8F6B12AE172184FF6F4B3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF886B13AE2B21FEFC274B64.text	313A87D7FF886B13AE2B21FEFC274B64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercomonas granulatus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Cercomonas granulatus Lee and Patterson, n. sp. (fi gures 21l -n, 22c -d. Type micrographs: fi gure 21l -m)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cercomonas, cell pyriform, 7-15 Mm long, with row of refractile bodies on the ventral side.</p> <p>Description. Cell outline pyriform, 7-15 Mm long, fl exible, with two rows of refractile bodies on the ventral side of the cell. The anterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell, beats from side to side with entire length, and the basal part of the fl agellum adheres to a rostrum. The posterior fl agellum is about 2.5 -3.5 times the cell length, tapers posteriorly and appears to lie next to the row of the bodies on the ventral side of the cell or to lie in a ventral groove. The fl agellum adheres to the body surface for part of its length and beats slowly from side to side as cells glide. Flagella are of similar thickness and are not acronematic. During gliding the anterior part of the cell is elongated. Strands of cytoplasm were drawn from the posterior end of the cell. Glides with the fl agella in contact with the substratum and may swim like a snake. Rarely observed, but sometimes often observed in late cultures.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has general characteristics of the genus Cercomonas in that two unequal fl agella emerge near the anterior end of a pliable body which can emit cytoplasmic threads; one is recurrent and adheres to the substratum, the other beats sti ffl y. This species can be distinguished from all other species of Cercomonas by its row of refractile bodies on the ventral side. The composition of the genus is uncertain and we make comparisons only with the most similar nominal taxa. Cercomonas granulatus is distinguished from C. agilis (Moroff, 1904) Lemmermann, 1914 because C. agilis does not have the bodies on the ventral side and has an elongated cell shape (see Lemmermann, 1914). It is similar to C. rhynchophoru s (see Skuja, 1939) in having a long posterior fl agellum and in cell length, but is distinguished by its refractile bodies. This species is also distinguished from Cercomonas ovata (Dujardin, 1841) Tong et al., 1997 by its cell shape, size and the ventral bodies; C. ovata at 12.5-30 Mm is rather larger than C. granulatus. Some species of the genera Amastigomonas, Cercomonas, Dimastigella and Procryptobia have a posterior fl agellum adhering to the ventral surface. This species is similar to Cryptobia coryphaenoideana (see Noble, 1968) found from the stomach of a bathypelagic marine fi sh (Coryphaenoides acrolepis) in general appearance and cell length, but is distinguished in having the ventral bodies. Cercomonas resembles Dimastigella, but is usually distinguished by having a ventral groove and strands of cytoplasm drawn from the posterior end of the cell; Dimastigella seems to be rather fl attened compared to Cercomonas. This species is similar in general shape and size to Dimastigella trypaniformis Sandon, 1928 but the basal part of the anterior fl agellum in that species is attached to a discrete rostrum and lacks the refractile bodies on the ventral side. Dimastigella trypaniformis is more spindle-shaped and has no strands of cytoplasm drawn from the posterior end of the cell, and the posterior fl agellum adheres to the cell surface along the entire length of the cell. Dimastigella mimosa (Frolov et al., 1996) is distinguished from C. granulatus by the lack of ventral bodies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF886B13AE2B21FEFC274B64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF896B10AEE92154FE9D4E3D.text	313A87D7FF896B10AEE92154FE9D4E3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercomonas undetermined	<div><p>Cercomonas sp.</p> <p>(®gures 21o, p, 22e)</p> <p>Description. Gliding cell, 7±10 Mm long, ¯exible, ¯attened, anteriorly narrow, posteriorly broad. Two thickened ¯agella insert apically. The anterior ¯agellum beats slowly from side to side and is as long as the cell. The acronematic tip is hard to see. The acronematic posterior ¯agellum is about 2±2.5 times the cell length, lies in a mid-ventral groove, is hard to see, and trails alongside the margin of the body. Pseudopodia are produced from the ventral groove; during gliding the pseudopodia move from the anterior end of the cell toward the posterior and then are drawn out behind the posterior end. Ingested bacteria with ventral pseudopodia are transported into the posterior part of the cell through pseudopodia.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was often observed in this study. It is similar to Amastigomonas in having an acronematic posterior ¯agellum and pliable body, but is distinguished because it is not covered with a theca and is less pliable. This species appears to be the same as the cell described by Tong (1994) as C ercomonas sp., but there are some diOEerences in the location of ingestion and where pseudopodia are produced. Ingestion of bacteria took place on the ventral side of the cell as reported by Mignot and Brugerolle (1975) for other species, but Tong (1994) observed ingestion to take place on the dorsal side.</p> <p>There are probably many synonyms in the genus Cercomonas (Patterson and ZoÈlOEel, 1991; Tong et al., 1997). Additionally, Skvortzov (1977) reported 83 species (73 of them new species) under the name Cercobodo Ða synonym of Cercomonas (Lee, 1985). This genus is in urgent need of attention. We are unable to establish the species identity of this taxon, but record its presence to establish its occurrence in marine sediments.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF896B10AEE92154FE9D4E3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8A6B10AE222494FBAF4C08.text	313A87D7FF8A6B10AE222494FBAF4C08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 21q, 22f)</p> <p>Description. Cells measuring 3-6.5 Mm, dorso-ventrally fl attened irregular body. Cells produce delicate pseudopodia with extrusomes, which extend radially from the cell and normally adhere to the substratum. Two short curved fl agella arise from the dorsal side of the cell and are relatively inactive. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Generally, our observations are in good agreement with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). Previously reported size ranges are 2.5-5 Mm (Patterson and Fenchel, 1990), 3-9 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b), 4.2-7 Mm (Ekebom et al., 1996), 2.5-4 Mm (Tong, 1997a) and 2-9.5 Mm (Tong et al., 1998). This species was found in marine sites in subtropica l and tropical Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Gulf of Finland, equatorial Paci fi c and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Vørs et al., 1995; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1998).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8A6B10AE222494FBAF4C08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8A6B11AEB7265EFCBD4EBF.text	313A87D7FF8A6B11AEB7265EFCBD4EBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kathablepharidae Vurs 1992	<div><p>Kathablepharidae Vørs, 1992</p> <p>Kathablepharis remigera (Vørs, 1992) Clay and Kugrens, 1999 (fi gures 22g, 23a -c)</p> <p>Description. Cell measuring 12-18 Mm long, not fl attened, with two rows of extrusomes located ventrally. Cells are oblong or cylindrical with two fl agella inserting subapically. The fl agella are thick, longer than the cell, unequal in length and may coil around the body during swimming. The anterior fl agellum is about twice the length of the cell and may coil up during resting, and the posterior fl agellum is about three times the cell length. The nucleus lies in the middle of the cell. Cells rotate while swimming. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was recently transferred from Leucocryptos to the genus Kathablepharis by Clay and Kugrens (1999). It has been found from marine sites in Canada, Denmark, England, Gulf of Finland and Greenland, and the length was reported to be 7-25 Mm under the name Leucocryptos remigera (Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Vørs et al., 1995; Tong, 1997b). We observed one very large cell (40 Mm) which bore the general characteristic s of Kathablepharis (fi gure 23c), but the posterior fl agellum coiled up in the resting cell like Platychilomona s psammobi a. The cell has pellicular striations. This species resembles Leucocryptos marina (Braarud, 1953) Butcher, 1967, but L. marina may be distinguishe d by the droplet-shape d body, two fl agella of similar length, fl agellar beat patterns, and different swimming pattern (see Vørs, 1992c).</p> <p>Platychilomonas psammobia Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 22h, 23d, e)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval, 18-20 Mm long, 11-13 Mm wide, laterally compressed, with two rows of extrusomes lying at the margin of the cell. Two fl agella insert laterally and subapically in a depression in the right ventral side of the cell and are longer than the cell. In resting cells, the anterior fl agellum is held to the left margin of the cell and the posterior fl agellum is coiled up. The nucleus is located in the posterior part of the cell. Cells move rapidly by swimming and contained other algae as food. Rarely observed. Description based on observations of six cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) described this species from marine sites in Danish Wadden Sea, England and Fiji, and cell length was reported to be 15- 20 Mm. Platychilomona s psammobia can be easily distinguished from other colourless fl agellates by being fl attened, by its two rows of extrusomes and its coiled posterior fl agellum. This species is like Kathablepharis remigera in having two rows of extrusomes and in swimming patterns, but when the cell rests it can be distinguished by the coiled posterior fl agellum and its fl atness.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8A6B11AEB7265EFCBD4EBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FF8B6B6EAE252763FF1A4FA0.text	313A87D7FF8B6B6EAE252763FF1A4FA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protaspis gemmifera Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Protaspis gemmifera Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 22i, 23f -h)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval or roundish, 9-16 Mm long and 9-11 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. Cell surface is rather warty. Two fl agella insert subapically in an indistinct ventral furrow. The anterior fl agellum is as long as the cell and the posterior fl agellum is about 1.3-3 times the cell length. The posterior fl agellum inserts in an antero-posterio r line of the anterior fl agellum and trails behind the cell. The nucleus is situated anteriorly below the fl agellar insertion, has caps and is roundish. Reserve material may be present as oval or rod shaped bodies. Glides very fast with the anterior fl agellum. Produces pseudopodia from the ventral furrow. Sometimes commonly observed. Description based on observations of 33 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Generally, our observations agree with the original description of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although they did not refer to the warty surface. Protaspis gemmifera was recorded from Brazil and North Atlantic by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Patterson et al. (1993), respectively. Cell lengths were previously reported as 10-17 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Patterson et al., 1993). Nuclear caps were not seen in any of the cells described by Patterson et al. (1993) but this character may have been overlooked because the nuclear caps may be di ffi cult to see in fast moving cells. Some cells did not have reserve materials in the posterior end of the cell, and reserve materials may not be useful as a diagnostic character although we have not seen the distinctive rod-shaped reserve materials in any species other than this one. Protaspis gemmifera resembles P. verrucosa Larsen and Patterson, 1990 in general appearance and length, but it has been distinguished by the longitudinal ventral furrow in P. verrucosa and the presence of nuclear caps in P. gemmifera. Figure 60b in Larsen and Patterson (1990), which is the type micrograph for P. verrucosa, shows some similarity to our cells in fi gure 23h. We are not sure whether these two species are clearly distinguishable. Protaspis gemmifera is probably detritivorous (Patterson et al., 1993). The organism referred to as P. simplex by Tong et al. (1998) has probably been illustrated by pictures of P. gemmifera, but having consulted original records, we can con fi rm that both species were present.</p> <p>The genus contains nine species: P. gemmifera Larsen and Patterson, 1990, P. glans Skuja, 1939, P. major Skuja, 1939, P. metarhiza Skuja, 1939, P. obovata Skuja, 1948, P. obliqua Larsen and Patterson, 1990, P. simplex Vørs, 1992, P. tegere Larsen and Patterson, 1990 and P. verrucosa Larsen and Patterson, 1990. The boundaries among many species are not clear (table 2), and this genus needs more attention.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FF8B6B6EAE252763FF1A4FA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF46B6FAE172439FEA04E00.text	313A87D7FFF46B6FAE172439FEA04E00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protaspis obliqua Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Protaspis obliqua Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 22j, 23i, j)</p> <p>Description. Cell slightly oval or roundish, 12-32 Mm long, 10-27 Mm wide, dorsoventrally fl attened, with thickened cortex. With a ventral median groove; cell indented anteriorly and posteriorly where groove meets margin. Subapically, the right margin of the groove forms a protrusion. With two fl agella inserting under the protrusion; the anterior fl agellum is about 0.5 times the length of the cell and the posterior fl agellum is about 0.5 -1.5 times the length of the cell. The nucleus is without nuclear caps, is located subapically in a median position, is rounded and is 5-13 Mm in diameter. Contained many food particles up to 5 Mm long. Commonly observed. Descriptions based on observations of 16 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in tropical Australia, Fiji and England by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Tong (1997b). Cell length was reported to be 8.5-20 Mm by previous authors. Generally, our observations are in accordance with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990) although our length range extends the previous range. Although the identities of most species within the genus are di ffi cult to establish, the protrusion near the fl agellar insertions makes this species easy to identify.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF46B6FAE172439FEA04E00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF56B6DAE0C2456FF5B4EFF.text	313A87D7FFF56B6DAE0C2456FF5B4EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protaspis tegere Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Protaspis tegere Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 22k, 25a -d)</p> <p>Description. Cell oblong, ovate or obovate, slightly fl attened, 14-25 Mm long and 8-14 Mm wide. The ratio of length to width is 1 to 0.7. In some cells the cell surface is warty. A longitudinal median ventral groove extends from the site of fl agellar insertion to the posterior end of the cell. Two fl agella, unequal in length; the anterior fl agellum inserts subapically in the slight depression and is as long as the cell. The posterior fl agellum inserts posterior to the anterior fl agellum and is about 1.5-2.5 times the cell length. The large nucleus is disc-shaped with anterior caps and is located anteriorly on the right-hand side or near the midline of the cell. Pseudopodia may be produced from the groove. Moves by gliding. Sometimes common. Description based on observations of 32 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Cells described here are in agreement with the original description by Larsen and Patterson (1990) although we have extended the size range from the previously reported 14-20 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in subtropical and tropical Australia, Fiji and Hawaii (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998). Protaspis tegere resembles P. glans in general appearance but is distinguished by the nuclear caps in P. tegere (Larsen and Patterson, 1990) and by the position of nucleus. The position of the nucleus in Protaspis metarhiza Skuja, 1939 may change with the age of cells (Skuja, 1939) and this may also be in the case of P. glans (Larsen, 1985b). Assuming that nuclear caps in P. glans have been overlooked in previous studies, P. tegere may prove to be a junior synonym of P. glans because they are distinguished only by the nuclear caps. Tong et al. (1998) described P. tegere without nuclear caps, but in their fi gure 9r the nuclear caps are shown. We note that in respect of nuclear caps the illustration is correct and the text is in error. Protaspis major Skuja, 1939 is distinguished from P. tegere due to it being larger (24-40 Mm) with an oblique ventral groove.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF56B6DAE0C2456FF5B4EFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF76B6DAE592723FD324BFD.text	313A87D7FFF76B6DAE592723FD324BFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancyromonas sigmoides Kent 1880	<div><p>Ancyromonas sigmoides Kent, 1880 (fi gures 21r -t, 24a, b)</p> <p>Description. Gliding fl agellate, cell outline oval, 3-7 Mm long (mostly 3-5 Mm) and 2-3.5 Mm wide, dorso-ventrally fl attened. This species has a shallow groove ventrally near an antero-lateral margin of the cell. Cells may or may not have a thin stiff anterior fl agellum emerging from an anterior depression. The anterior fl agellum can be easily overlooked. The posterior fl agellum is about 1.5 times the length of the cell and may not be acronematic. Moves by gliding with the posterior fl agellum trailing. Common. Description based on observations of 31 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. Previously reported lengths range from 2 to 7.6 Mm. This species has been reported from marine sites in Antarctica, Australia, Arctic Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, Greenland, Hawaii and Panama (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Ekebom et al., 1996; Tong, 1997a; Tong et al., 1997, 1998; Bernard et al., 1999). Our observations are in agreement with the observations of previous authors. Ancyromonas sigmoides can be confused with Metopion ¯uens, but is distinguished by the anteriorly directed fl agellum; the second fl agellum in M. ¯uens is thicker and is directed to the rear. It is similar to A. melba Patterson and Simpson, 1996, found in hypersaline habitats of Shark Bay, subtropical Australia, but A. melba has an anterior fl agellum which is as thick as the posterior fl agellum, and the cell is slightly larger. We observed one cell having an anterior fl agellum which was basally thickened (fi gure 21t).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF76B6DAE592723FD324BFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF06B6BAE3221E4FC804D7E.text	313A87D7FFF06B6BAE3221E4FC804D7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carpediemonas membranifera Ekebom 1996	<div><p>Carpediemonas membranifera Ekebom et al., 1996</p> <p>(fi gures 24e, 25h -i)</p> <p>Description. Cell elliptical or obovate, 3-6 Mm long, with a longitudinal ventral groove which extends most of the cell length. When squashed, the cell is pliable. Two fl agella unequal in length emerge from the anterior distal part of the cell; the anterior fl agellum bent over backwards is as long as the cell and beats sti ffl y. The acronematic posterior fl agellum is about 2.5 -4 times the cell length, beats actively in the ventral depression and usually lies in the depression. Usually moves by skidding with the anterior fl agellum beating with a stiff paddling motion. Cells consume bacteria. Commonly observed in anoxic conditions. Description based on observation of 80 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. It would appear that in their description of Carpediemonas membranifera as Percolomonas membranifera, Larsen and Patterson (1990) included two species; one usually measuring 6 Mm or less and the other measuring 6 Mm or more. The type micrograph depicts the smaller species, which now bears the name C. membranifera. It has a relatively long posterior fl agellum, moves by skidding with the anterior fl agellum beating in a paddling motion. It was transferred to the new genus Carpediemonas by Ekebom et al. (1996) because unlike con fi rmed species in Percolomonas, it had only two fl agella. Ultrastructural studies (Simpson, unpubl. data) have con fi rmed that this is an amitochondriate protist unrelated to Percolomonas. The larger species resembles Cryptobia bialata of Ruinen (1938) and is here referred to as Carpediemonas bialata.</p> <p>This species has been described from marine sites in Australia and Brazil (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996; Bernard et al., 1999). Carpediemonas membranifera is distinguished from C. bialata by its smaller size, the absence of the moving membrane and the relatively long posterior fl agellum. It consumes bacteria (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Ekebom et al., 1996) and usually occurs in large numbers with Cafeteria marsupialis and Carpediemonas bialata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF06B6BAE3221E4FC804D7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF16B6BAE0A2756FF404ACC.text	313A87D7FFF16B6BAE0A2756FF404ACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clautriavia cavus Lee and Patterson 2000	<div><p>Clautriavia cavus Lee and Patterson, n. sp.</p> <p>(fi gures 24f, 25j, k. Type micrograph: fi gure 25j)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Clautriavia, cell oval about 8 Mm long, fl attened, with subapically a shallow ventral groove and one trailing fl agellum emerging from a ventral depression.</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval, 8-10 Mm long, fl attened and rigid. One fl agellum directed posteriorly, emerges from a ventral subapical depression, is about 1.5-2 times the length of the cell and makes close contact with the substratum when the cell is gliding. Cells have a shallow, wide ventral groove which is easy to overlook. The ventral face of the cell appears to be slightly concave. The cell surface may be rather warty and food particles are seen in the posterior part of the cell. Cells glide slowly and smoothly with the posterior part slightly raised above the substratum. Often observed, but not in large numbers. Description based on the observations of eight cells.</p> <p>Remarks. We assign this organism to the genus Clautriavia because it has general features of the genus: it is a gliding fl agellate with one trailing fl agellum and a midventral groove. Clautriavia is reminiscent of Protaspis and Allantion, but can be recognized from Protaspis by having only one fl agellum. This species is less easy to distinguish from Allantion because Clautriavia lacks a rostral prominence at the anterior end of the cell and has a concave ventral face. The genus Clautriavia to date contains two nominal species, C. mobilis (see Massart, 1900) and C. parva (see Schouteden, 1907). Clautriavia cavus differs from C. mobilis because C. mobilis is twice as large, has a relatively short fl agellum and has a nucleus at the right posterior of the cell. According to Patterson and Zölffel (1991), Clautriavia parva may be the gliding stage of Metromonas. This species may be the same as`Glissander’ by Tong (1994).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF16B6BAE0A2756FF404ACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF16B68AE222085FCAC4D5E.text	313A87D7FFF16B68AE222085FCAC4D5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Discocelis punctata Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Discocelis punctata Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 23l -m, 24g)</p> <p>Description. Cell about 6 Mm long, disc-shaped, dorso-ventrally fl attened, anteriorly concave and posteriorly convex. Two fl agella emerge from a depression on the anterior end of the cell. The recurrent fl agellum trails behind the gliding cell and is slightly longer than the cell. The shorter fl agellum is less than 1 Mm long, is hard to see and is inactive. The nucleus is located anteriorly in the right half of the cell. There is a line of bodies around the margin of the cell. Glides smoothly in closely contact with the substratum. Rare. One cell observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Discocelis punctata has been described by Larsen and Patterson (1990) and Tong et al. (1998) from marine sites in Brazil and Fiji, and our observations are in accord with their description except our cell is smaller than the previously reported cell dimensions of 6.5-9 Mm. The size of the cell observed here is between that of D. saleuta and D. punctata. Discocelis saleuta may have peripheral bodies (Vørs, 1988; Larsen and Patterson, 1990) but these are not visible by light microscopy. We assign this individual to D. punctata because the peripheral granules were easy to see. Future work may indicate that we need to combine these two species. This species can be confused with the genus Metromonas in having one long recurrent fl agellum and one short, inactive fl agellum, but it is distinguished by the fl atness of the cell, the pattern of movement, and the peripheral bodies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF16B68AE222085FCAC4D5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF26B68AE3B2776FC984B0D.text	313A87D7FFF26B68AE3B2776FC984B0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glissandra innuerende Patterson and Simpson 1996	<div><p>Glissandra innuerende Patterson and Simpson, 1996</p> <p>(fi gures 24h, 25l, m)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline elliptical, 5-6 Mm long, 3-5 Mm wide, about 3 Mm thick, slightly fl attened, with a small depression at the anterior part of the cell and with a ventral groove extending from the depression to the posterior end of the cell. Two thickened fl agella are unequal in length and insert subapically into the depression. The anterior fl agellum is about 3.5 times the cell length and the tip of the fl agellum moves back and forth. The trailing posterior fl agellum is about 3-4 times the cell length and may lie in the ventral groove. Cells may attach to the substratum by the tip of the posterior fl agellum. During gliding, the cells usually appear to move obliquely. The cells are fi lled with small granules up to 1.5 Mm in diameter. Sometimes often observed.</p> <p>Remarks. We regard this species as the same as Glissandra innuerende Patterson and Simpson, 1996 although our cells had an elliptical cell body. Glissandra innuerende resembles Protaspis simplex Vørs, 1992 but lacks the nuclear caps and fl agellar orientation of Protaspis differs (see Vørs, 1992a, fi gure 45: 1-12).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF26B68AE3B2776FC984B0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF26B69AE6221A4FC7B4E9F.text	313A87D7FFF26B69AE6221A4FC7B4E9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heterochromonas opaca Skuja 1948	<div><p>Heterochromonas opaca Skuja, 1948</p> <p>(fi gures 24i, 25n -p)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline oval, about 18 Mm long and 11 Mm wide, somewhat dorso-ventrally fl attened, rigid, with an anterior protrusion and a central nucleus. Cells have a deep ventral depression and are somewhat warty. Two fl agella insert subapically into the depression; the anterior fl agellum is about 0.5 times the cell length, and the posterior fl agellum is slightly longer than the cell and inserts below the anterior fl agellum. Moves by gliding with the anterior fl agellum directed forwards and the posterior fl agellum trailing. Three cells observed.</p> <p>Remarks. The organisms observed are very similar to Heterochromonas opaca Skuja, 1948 in cell length and the position of nucleus, in having two fl agella which differ in length, and having a ventral depression and the anterior protrusion. In the original description of Skuja (1948) the anterior fl agellum is longer than the posterior fl agellum. Heteronema opaca is similar to Diplonema papillatum (Porter, 1973) Triemer and Ott, 1990 in general appearance and cell length, but it can be distinguished because D. papillatum is fl exible. Also, H. opaca resembles Abollifer prolabens Vørs, 1992; A. prolabens has one fl agellum, but sometimes the second shorter fl agellum may appear before cell division (Vørs, 1992a). Heterochromonas opaca resembles Cruzella marina (see de Faria et al., 1922), but can be distinguished because C. marina is fl exible and has a long anterior fl agellum. It is distinguished from other species of Heterochromonas by the anterior protrusion. This genus includes about 13 species; Heterochromonas bodoides Skuja, 1948, H. chlorophaga Skuja, 1956, H. cryptostigma Skuja, 1939, H. globosa Skuja, 1948, H. gotlandica Skuja, 1956, H. hovassei Fiatte and Joyon, 1965, H. nobilis Skuja, 1956, H. ovaca Skuja, 1948, H. polysticta Skuja, 1948, H. rotundata Skuja, 1956, H. spaerophora Skuja, 1956, H. vivipara (Ehrenberg, 1838) Pascher, 1912 and H. vulgaris (Cienkowsky, 1870) Pascher, 1912 (see Pascher, 1912; Skuja 1939, 1948, 1956).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF26B69AE6221A4FC7B4E9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFF36B66AE0C2736FD484E9F.text	313A87D7FFF36B66AE0C2736FD484E9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopion Larsen & Patterson 1990	<div><p>Metopion ¯uens Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 24j, 26a, b)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline ovate, 5-9 Mm long and 3.5-7 Mm wide, laterally compressed, with a small rostrum anterior to the fl agellar insertion. Small bodies are seen in the protrusion or at the proximal anterior part of the cell. Two fl agella of unequal size emerge from a ventral groove located in the left side of the cell. The long fl agellum is about 1.5 times the cell length, is thickened and is not tapered at the tip, and the short fl agellum may be di ffi cult to see. With small granules in the posterior part of the cell. The nucleus is situated near the groove. Moves by gliding. Rarely observed.</p> <p>Remarks. Previous reported with cell lengths from 3 to 9 Mm. This species has been found in marine sites in tropical Australia, Denmark, Brazil, England, Fiji, Gulf of Finland (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997b; Tong et al., 1998). Our observations are in accord with the observations of previous authors. This species may be confused with Ancyromonas sigmoides, but can be distinguished by its broad anterior end and by the position of the second fl agellum—that of M. ¯uens is directed posteriorly, while that of Ancyromonas sigmoides is directed anteriorly. According to Tong (1997b), M. ¯uens may feed on other fl agellates as well as bacteria.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFF36B66AE0C2736FD484E9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFFC6B67AE252736FDE94EDF.text	313A87D7FFFC6B67AE252736FDE94EDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopion grandis Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Metromonas grandis Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 24k -m, 26c -f)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline leaf-shaped or slightly roundish, 5-10 Mm long (mostly 7-10 Mm), 4-10 Mm wide and about 2 Mm deep, dorso-ventrall y fl attened. One side of the cell appears folded. With two fl agella; a long fl agellum is 1.2-2.2 times the length of the cell and trails behind the cell when gliding. There is a short inactive fl agellum, less than 2 Mm long, which inserts to the right of the major fl agellum and is always present. Cells attach to the substratum with the longer fl agellum and move with a nodding action—like a pendulum. The nucleus is near the fl agellar insertion. Relatively common.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was described from marine sites in tropical Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Hawaii and cell length reported was 9-12 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Tong et al., 1998). Generally, our observations are in agreement with the observations of Larsen and Patterson (1990), but we observed three different shapes in the cells (fi gures 26c, d, f). Metromonas grandis is relatively common when diatoms are abundant, but is usually less common than M. simplex (Griessmann, 1913) Larsen and Patterson, 1990. It is distinguished from M. simplex by its slightly larger size and folded margin. The folded margin may be a good diagnostic character for this species, but in some cells which contain many granules or prey, the folded margin may be di ffi cult to see. This species usually co-occurs with M. simplex. We believe that Tong et al. (1997) included M. grandis within their account of M. simplex (see fi gure 7a in Tong et al., 1997) and that the fi gure 9m referred to as M. simplex in Tong et al. (1998) was of M. grandis, but having consulted original records we con fi rmed that both species were present.</p> <p>Metromonas simplex (Griessmann, 1913) Larsen and Patterson, 1990 (fi gures 24n, 26g)</p> <p>Description. Cell obovate, 3-8 Mm long (mostly 4-7 Mm), 2-6 Mm wide, dorsoventrally fl attened, pellicle smooth. The abflagellar margin of the cell is thicker than the (posterior) margin. Two fl agella of very unequal length arise from the posterior part of the cell. The major fl agellum is always present, is about 1.5-3.0 times the length of the cell and may be attached to the substratum. The short inactive fl agellum is about 1 Mm long and inserts to the right of the major fl agellum. It may be di ffi cult to see. Cells normally attach to the substratum and swing from side to side like a pendulum and the cells may also glide with the cell body in front of the fl agellum. Common. Description based on observations of 85 cells.</p> <p>Remarks. This species was fi rst described under the name Phyllomitus simplex by Griessmann (1913). It was found in marine sites in Antarctica, Australia, Brazil, Arctic Canada, Denmark, England, Fiji, Gulf of Finland, France, Germany, Arctic Greenland, Hawaii and cell lengths from 4 to 9 Mm were reported (Griessmann, 1913; Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992a, 1992b, 1993a; Ekebom et al., 1996; Patterson and Simpson, 1996; Tong, 1997b; Tong et al., 1997, 1998). This species sometimes appears in large numbers. Metromonas simplex feeds on bacteria and fl agellates through the lateral margin of the cell (Patterson unpubl. obs.) or the anterior part of the cell (Griessmann, 1913).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFFC6B67AE252736FDE94EDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
313A87D7FFFD6B67AE3624FDFE0B4A17.text	313A87D7FFFD6B67AE3624FDFE0B4A17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cercomonas granulatus Larsen and Patterson 1990	<div><p>Phyllomitus granulatus Larsen and Patterson, 1990</p> <p>(fi gures 24o, 26h -m)</p> <p>Description. Cell outline sac-shaped, very fl exible (almost amoeboid), 7-21 Mm long (mostly 10-12 Mm) and 4-10 Mm wide, slightly fl attened. Refractile granules underlie the cell surface. Two fl agella emerge from an anterior pocket. The anterior fl agellum beats with a sine-wave, is about 1.0-1.5 times the length of the cell and is slightly curved to the right during swimming. The posterior fl agellum inserts to the left of the anterior fl agellum, varies in length from 0.5 to 2.5 times the length of the cell. Cytoplasm is drawn out at the posterior end. The nucleus is located below the anterior pocket, near the centre of the cell and is roundish. Cells seem to migrate to air-droplets and some contained ingested eukaryotic algae. Sometimes very common (late culture).</p> <p>Remarks. Larsen and Patterson (1990) fi rst described this species from tropical Australia, Brazil and Hawaii, and it was reported by Vørs (1992b) from Denmark. Previously recorded cell length ranges from 8 to 18 Mm (Larsen and Patterson, 1990; Vørs, 1992b). Generally, our observations are in accord with those of Larsen and Patterson (1990). Phyllomitus granulatus can be distinguished from all species of the genus Phyllomitus by its granules. The organism is phagotrophic and may consume relatively large particles such as detritus and diatoms much larger than the fl agellate (see Larsen and Patterson, 1990). It is similar to Protaspis in the position of the nucleus, but can be distinguished by its fl exible body, movement and fl agellar beat pattern.</p> <p>Unidenti®ed ¯agellates</p> <p>We have observed further species of Kiitoksia, Notosolenus, Paraphysomonas, Petalomonas, Platychilomonas, Ploeotia, Protaspis, Rhynchobodo, Thaumatomastix and Urceolus, but most were insu ffi ciently documented to allow their identities to be established unambiguously.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A87D7FFFD6B67AE3624FDFE0B4A17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lee, Won Je;Patterson, David J.	Lee, Won Je, Patterson, David J. (2000): Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia. Journal of Natural History 34: 483-562, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299435
