taxonID	type	description	language	source
37607C47FF8B5F4CA290C90BFD0BFED1.taxon	description	Description. MALE (n = 2). Body apparently uniformly brown without delimited thoracic vittae (from specimens mounted uncleared into Euparal. All tibiae paler in distal third; tarsomeres missing. Mensural features as in Table 1. Genitalia (Figs. 2 A; 3 A, B) with few median anal tergite setae far anterior to broad base of anal point, which tapers evenly to end near level of inferior volsellae apices. Superior volsella characteristic, somewhat cuneate with gently convex inner and posterior margins, microtrichiose across median 1 / 3 (both dorsal and ventral); inner rounded apex with 2 stronger, medially directed setae (perhaps absent in some specimens); bare digitiform projection arising dorsally near middle of volsella, curving, then narrowing beyond posterior margin of volsella, ending prior to median apex of volsella. Small tubercle near base of gonocoxite. Median volsella absent. Inferior volsella substantially fused to medial margin of gonocoxite, with recurved simple setae, none directed posteriorly. Gonostylus with strong creases on inner surface (Fig. 3 B). FEMALE, PUPA, LARVA unknown.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8B5F4CA290C90BFD0BFED1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the Thai words nùeng and thai, meaning the ‘ first’ Thai species. This combination of a numbering and a location term follows a style used by the group of M. Sasa in naming C. tobaterdecimus (see below) and many other species. However, this approach to naming is not generally recommended. Epithet is to be treated as noun in apposition for the purposes of nomenclature.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8B5F4CA290C90BFD0BFED1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Both specimens are somewhat damaged, lacking antennae and with no leg complete. Each tibial comb is typical for the genus, with a protruding central spur (Cranston & Hare 1995: fig. 1 f). Subtle differences, especially in the shape of the superior volsellae (Fig. 3 A versus Fig. 3 C), led F. Reiss (pers. comm. c. 1996) to differentiate this species from the one below. I concur.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8C5F4AA290CCBFFD26F864.taxon	description	Description. MALE (n = 1 – 2). Body apparently uniformly brown with poorly delimited thoracic vittae (specimen mounted uncleared, in Euparal). Tibiae slightly paler in distal third, tarsomeres missing. Mensural features as in Table 1. Genitalia (Figs. 2 B; 3 C, D) as compared to C. neungthai sp. n. with more median anal tergite setae anterior to broad base of anal point, which is parallel sided and slightly spatulate apically. Superior volsella more compressed, parallelogramshaped, with slightly concave inner and posterior margins, microtrichia restricted to narrow medio-basal area, inner point with 2 strong setae at apex; digitiform bare projection arising near middle of volsella, curving medially and more strongly narrowed beyond posterior margin of volsella, projection longer, ending medial to apex of volsella. Median volsella not evident in any form. Inferior volsella extensively fused to medial margin of gonocoxite, with swollen free apex densely covered with thick, recurved, simple setae, none of them directed posteriorly. Gonostylus broader than in C. neungthai sp. n., tapering, with more but weaker inner creases (Fig. 3 D), apex slightly bifid due to swollen base of subapical seta. FEMALE, PUPA, LARVA unknown.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8C5F4AA290CCBFFD26F864.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the Thai words săwng and thai, meaning the ‘ second’ Thai species. To be treated as noun in apposition for the purposes of nomenclature.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8C5F4AA290CCBFFD26F864.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two slide mounted specimens comprise one damaged and incomplete adult male, and an isolated hypopygium on a second slide. On one tibia, likely that of a midleg, the comb has a central spur that is very short relative to that on the other comb. This species subtly differs from C. nuengthai sp. n. notably in the shape of the superior volsellae (Fig. 3 C versus Fig. 3 A). * from literature, including measurements from figures. n / a: not available (not stated in description, or damaged)	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. All slide mounted in Euparal; SINGAPORE: ♂, Bukit Timah N. P., Jungle Falls, 1 ° 21 ’ 21 ” N 103 ° 48 ’ 26 ” E, 12. iii. 2009 (Cranston); ♂, Bedok Reservoir, Floating deck A, 1 ° 20 ’ N 103 ° 55 ’ E 13. iv. 2013, emergence trap, CP 379 (TMSI team) (GenBank KU 507300); ♀, Upper Seletar Reservoir, forest area, 1 ° 24 ’ 10 ” N 103 ° 48 ’ 27 ” E, emergence trap, 16. vii. 2013, CP 459 (TMSI team) (association by barcode, GenBank 507304); 4 L, THAILAND: Roi Et Prov., Chaturaphak Phiman District, Nong Lad, 15 ° 53 ' 36 " N 103 ° 32 ' 54 " E, 1. iii. 2012 (Simwisat) (association by barcode). Putative immature material. Pupae. Pe, SINGAPORE: Bedok Reservoir, NE shore, 1 ° 20 ’ 47 ” N 103 ° 55 ’ 31 ” E, 23. ii. 2012 (Ang); Larvae. L, SINGAPORE: Central Catchment, Nee Soon Swamp, 1 ° 23 ' N 103 ° 48 ’ E, 13. iii. 2009 (Cranston); L, same as preceding except 27. ii. 2012 (MV NS 27 - 2 - 12 # 1).	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E.taxon	description	Redescription (partial; additional material substantially conforms to previous descriptions of all stages in Karunakaran 1969, sub Chironomus (Chironomus) tokunagai; of male in Kikuchi & Sasa 1990, sub Sumatendipes tobaterdecimus). MALE (Figs. 1 A – D; 2 C; 3 E, F) (n = 1 – 2). Body dark brown with slightly darker delimited thoracic vittae, and paler pronotum, trochanters, femoral apices and distal sections of tibiae (Fig. 1 A, B). Mensural features as in Table 1. Genitalia (Figs. 1 D; 2 C; 3 E, F) with few anal tergite setae located in mid-tergite anterior to base of elongate anal point flanked with lateral setae; anal point tapering to narrower parallel-sided medial section, narrowly rounded at apex. Superior volsella structurally complex (Figs. 2 C, 3 E), basal lobe bearing strong microtrichia on median (inner) contour, otherwise smooth; sinuous digitiform projection arises from broad base dorsally on basal lobe, initially dorsally directed, then narrowed and curved medio-posteriorly, terminating in up-turned, rounded tip; Basal lobe without strong setae, digitiform projection bare. Median volsella absent. Inferior volsella basally fused to medial margin of gonocoxite, with swollen free apex densely covered with thick, recurved, simple setae, none directed posteriorly. Gonostylus tapering, with weak inner creases (Fig. 3 F), terminating in rounded apex. FEMALE (Figs. 1 E; 2 D) (n = 1). Body length c 5.4 mm. Antenna: flagellomeres 1 – 4 500 µm, terminal (5 th) 300 µm; AR 0.6. Thoracic setation: ac absent, dc 7, pa 3, sct 6. Wing length 3.0 mm, numbers of setae on wing veins R 34, R 1 34, R 4 + 5 40, on sq 14. Genitalia (Figs. 1 E; 2 D). Notum thin, long, extending full length of segment, flared posteriorly prior to short rami. Seminal capsules oval, abruptly darkened in distal 1 / 3 to base of very short neck; spermathecal ducts straight, broad, ending separately. Gonapophysis VIII in ventral view (Figs. 1 E, 2 D) clearly divided into large, quadrate, densely chaetose dorsomesal lobe and slightly smaller, rectangular ventrolateral lobe bearing spine-like chaetae on its median submargin, otherwise essentially bare. Cerci elongate rectangular in dorsal view. PUPA (Figs. 4 A, C; 5 A – C), based on tentatively associated exuviae (n = 1). Length c. 8 mm, pale, with brownish margins to thoracic appendages, abdominal segment apophyses indistinct. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercle (Fig. 4 A) squat, 12 µm high, with hyaline but strong frontal seta, 50 µm. Pedicel sheath with one inner tubercle. Antepronotum dorsally tuberculose, with 1 hyaline dorsal seta; l. apn not visible. Dorsal region of scutum weakly creased, non-rugose; scutal tubercle with tuberculose surface (Fig. 4 C). Thoracic horn hyaline; number of branches not detectable in slide preparation; tracheal bundle simple, ovate. No prealar tubercle. Abdomen. Tergal armament as in Fig. 5 A. Segments I and II without spinules. Hook row comprising 55 hooks in uniserial row, extending c. 60 % of width of tergite II. Tergite III with wide and deep area of spinules, this area smaller and ending more anteriorly on T IV and V, T VI with anterior transverse band only, T VII without spinules; T VIII with antero-medial transverse patch, T IX with wide patch of spinules. Conjunctives bare. Most sternites bare, S VII and VIII with large quadrate area of spinules (Fig. 5 B). Caudolateral corner of segment VIII ventrally with 4 – 5 transversely aligned, basally fused, straight spines (Fig. 5 C). Pedes spurii B strong on segment II, absent on III. Pedes spurii A (vortices) absent. Segments V – VIII with 0, 0, 2, 5 taeniate lateral setae. Anal lobe dorsally with broad spinulose area (Fig. 5 A, B) with multiserial fringe of c. 100 taeniae (not shown), without dorsal seta. LARVA (Fig. 5, D, F; 6 A – E) (n = 4). Conforms to generic diagnosis (Cranston & Hare 1995) and closely resembles Australian C. australiensis. Body length c. 7 – 9 mm. Head capsule with dark postoccipital margin; most of postmentum and posterior 1 / 3 of head darkened, anteriorly paler yellow-brown. Eye double, with larger spot exactly dorsal to smaller ventral spot. Body red, claws golden to golden brown (posterior). Head capsule length c. 490 – 530, postmentum length 164 – 180. Dorsal head and frontoclypeal apotome as in Cranston & Hare (1995: fig. 7 h); Antenna (Fig. 5 D; Cranston & Hare 1995: fig 7 e) with segment lengths (base to apex): 68 – 75; 13 – 15; 18 – 22; 8 – 12; 5 – 7. AR 0.9 – 1.2; Lauterborn organs large, alternate, 8 – 9 long; style slender, 10 long; blade 78 – 82 long, extending to apical segment or slightly beyond. Mandible (identical to Fig. 6 D; Cranston & Hare 1995: fig. 7 f) 155 – 165, with somewhat darkened outer tooth as long as dark apical tooth; two dark inner teeth; mola includes small darkened distal area close to base of long, simple seta subdentalis. Labrum (as in Cranston & Hare 1995: fig. 7 g) with SI setae arising from common, fused bases (illustrated but not stated in Cranston & Hare 1995); SI and SII finely plumose; pecten epipharyngis of 3 separated scales, each with 2 – 3 blunt teeth; premandible 87 – 92, with 3 well-developed teeth and small basal 4 th tooth. Mentum (Fig. 5 F; Cranston & Hare 1995: fig. 7 a – d) total width 130 – 152, with 4 median (ventromental) teeth, varying in relative height of median pair of teeth (1 specimen has only 3 teeth; Pramual et al. 2016: fig. 4), and varying in pigment intensity from yellow-brown to as dark as lateral (dorsomental) teeth. Ventromental plate (Fig. 5 F) 62 – 65 apart medially, single plate 162 – 178 long, with characteristic ultrastructure (Cranston & Hare 1995: fig. 7 b) and variably wavy anterior margin. Abdomen. Anterior parapod claws simple, forming dense cluster. Procercus and supraanal setae pale-mid brown.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Type material of Sumatendipes tobaterdecimus was not examined. Recognition, including membership of Conochironomus, is based on the description and drawings of Kikuchi & Sasa (1990), plus images of the holotype male genitalia available at http: // www. type. kahaku. go. jp / TypeDB (species name misspelled ' tobaterdecumus'). The anal point of the type appears to differ in shape from Singaporean males, but this may arise from the poor preparation and distortion of the specimen (as too often in material from Sasa’s studies). Identical DNA barcoding COI sequences allow association of an adult male and female from Singapore (above). Larvae of Conochironomus collected from Nee Soon (Singapore) provided no DNA capable of allowing further association; thus, larvae (and pupae) are associated only putatively with C. tobaterdecimus. Later five larval specimens (CP 461 from Bedok reservoir; CP 1136, 1137, 1716, 1245 from Upper Seletar Reservoir) yielded barcodes identical to C. tobaterdecimus (GenBank accessions KU 507299, KU 507301 - 3, KU 507305, respectively) but have not been examined by the author. Two larvae sequenced for barcode COI by Pramual et al. (2016, GenBank codes KT 213039 and KT 213040) are less than 1.5 % different from adult C. tobaterdecimus from Singapore. This value lies well within the values of 4 – 5 % taken to reflect species differences in Tanytarsus (Lin et al. 2015) and found appropriate in Cricotopus (Krosch et al. 2015); this boundary may have applicability across all Chironomidae. Unfortunately vouchers were not retained (P. Pramual, pers. comm. 2015) and morphology had to be derived from photographs of menta. However, further specimens from the same locality have been provided for morphometrics and barcoding, confirming association with C. tobaterdecimus from Singapore.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4.taxon	diagnosis	Distinctive adult males provided the basis for recognition, originating with Freeman’s (1961) observation that some African species of Endochironomus were aberrant. Since erection of the genus (Freeman 1961), the adult male continues to provide strong evidence for generic distinction. As stated by Cranston & Hare (1995), amongst taxa in which the male has 13 flagellomeres, lacks acrostichal setae and there is no spur on the anterior tibial apex, the conical shape of the tibial spurs is uniquely diagnostic. In Cranston et al. (1989), Conochironomus males possessing median volsellae would key to Paratendipes; those without median volsellae key to Stictochironomus. Microtrichia extending onto the anal point (Fig. 2 A – C) are distinctive. Saether (1977: 160) keyed female Conochironomus with a diagnostic combination of rounded anterior tibial apical scale, conical mid and hind tibial combs each with spur, six flagellomeres, lack of acrostichals, and gonapophysis VIII with ventrolateral lobe smaller than dorsomesal lobe. The latter observation reflects a higher level of variation in female genitalia in some taxa than documented by Saether (1977), as exemplified in closely related Polypedilum species (Cranston et al. 2016). Regionally, pupal Conochironomus can be recognised by having few (6 – 8) branches to the thoracic horn, no pedes spurii A, and an unusual, perhaps unique organisation of lateral setae, with the LS fine and short on segments V and VI and anteriorly on VII, and with taeniate LS 3, 4 on VII and all LS 1 – 5 on VIII. The posterolateral corner of VIII (‘ comb’) in Conochironomus with few to several small teeth is somewhat distinctive and varies specifically. Larval Conochironomus appear well-characterised by a six-segmented antenna with Lauterborn organs in alternate apical positions on the second and third segments, and by the distinctive median mentum with four (ventromental) teeth that protrude relative to the lateral, dorsomental components. In the Holarctic key (Epler et al. 2013) the separation suggested in couplet 9 based on colour intensity of mandibular and mental teeth may not always work in practice, at least outside the Holarctic where there is greater diversity of the corresponding taxa. The arrangement of the median mental teeth in Conochironomus and the relative length of the antennal flagellum resemble the conditions in some Paratendipes but this genus differs in the pecten epipharyngis that comprises only 3 simple teeth. In Stictochironomus, the Australian S. fluviatilis (Skuse) and S. illawara Freeman fail to conform to the Holarctic diagnosis (Cranston 1996), and regionally Imparipecten Freeman and Afro-Australian Skusella Freeman also must be considered (Cranston 1996). Perhaps the only consistent feature differentiating larval Conochironomus is the shape of the 3 rd antennal segment, which is narrow basally alongside the basal Lauterborn organ, and more flared apically. There is an indication of this shape also on the 4 th antennal segment beside the apical Lauterborn organ.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
37607C47FF845F42A290CE3DFA71FA63.taxon	materials_examined	The description and placement of the adult male of Endochironomus effusus Dutta in Dutta et al. (1994) is based on an inadequate generic concept and does not conform to the diagnosis for Endochironomus Kieffer males (Cranston et al. 1989). The list of features justifying placement of E. effusus in Endochironomus does not do so. Features that negate the generic allocation (derived from the description and communication with P. K. Chaudhuri) include that that antepronotal lobes meet dorsally and do not project forward, the rounded foretibial scale lacks any spur, the tibial combs are conical and strong ,, the inferior volsella is relatively short, stout and appressed along the inner gonocoxite, the superior volsella has a digitiform process arising from a broad, transverse base, and the gonostylus is fused inflexibly to the gonocoxite. Dutta et al. (1994) appeared unaware that Endochironomus acutistilus Freeman, to which they recognised affinity, had been placed by Freeman as the type of his genus Conochironomus (Freeman 1961). Although resembling Conochironomus in described features and additional ones examined by P. K. Chaudhuri (emeritus, Burdwan University, pers. comm. 29 November 2015), E. effusus differs from Conochironomus, e. g. in the purported presence of 2 acrostichals and lack of lateral antepronotals. The hypopygium (Dutta et al. 1994: fig. 2 d) closely resembles that of C. tobaterdecimus. Following re-examination of the sole remaining paratype of Endochironomus effusus by P. K. Chaudhuri (pers. comm., 2015, mensural features are similar to those in C. tobaterdecimus, excepting ‘ numerous setae’ on wing vein R 4 + 5, purported presence of acrostichals and lateral antepronotals. However, the specimen is poorly mounted (P. K. Chaudhuri, pers. comm), making it impossible to assess all features required to confirm generic placement in Conochironomus and it is premature to propose a new generic combination before suitable material becomes available for evaluation. Locations for E. effusus at 27 ° N in the Duar foothills of the Himalaya in West Bengal, are at elevations up to 450 m. a. s. l., which is subtropical-temperate compared to the more tropical habitats of Conochironomus in Africa and Australia. However, the most northerly sites at which definitive Conochironomus larvae have been found in Thailand, at about 19 – 20 ° N, are at elevations above 600 m a. s. l. and also are cool subtropical to warm temperate.	en	Cranston, Peter S. (2016): Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 315-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3
