taxonID	type	description	language	source
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: female (17.5 × 16.0 mm) (ZMB No. 3 181), East Africa: Tanzania: Zanzibar, no date, v. d. Deckon. Other material: 2 males (17.2 × 16.0 mm, 16.1 × 14.8 mm), 1 female (16.4 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2017.163), mangrove creek, Mngazana, eastern Cape Province, South Africa, 9 – 10 March 2017, S. Cannicci. — 1 male (12.0 × 13.6 mm) (MNHN B 32081), East Africa: Mayotte Island: Malamani mangrove, 2 November 2009, J. M. Bouchard, J. Dumas, V. Dinhut. — 1 male (16.0 × 14.8 mm), 1 ovigerous female (14.9 × 12.7 mm) (ZRC 2000.1718), East Africa: Kenya: Mida creek, October 1990, M. Vannini.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A) trapezoidal; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by shallow but distinct grooves; front deflexed downwards, margin nearly straight in dorsal view (Figs. 1 C, D, 2 A); lateral margin straight, distinctly converging towards posterior carapace margin; cornea reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching halflength of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (14 and 9 corneous teeth, respectively) (Fig. 2 B) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 7 asymmetrical dactylar tubercles, proximal 3 tubercles large, tubercles 4 – 6 smaller, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 2 C, D, 19 A). Ambulatory legs (Figs. 1 E, G) proportionately stout, P 3 and P 4 about 1.8 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.4 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.1 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.3 times length of propodus (Figs. 1 E, G). G 1 straight, relatively slender (Figs. 2 E – H, 21 A); apical process bent to form an angle of 45 °, corneous part short, ending in rounded tip; setae long, simple, originating at base of apical process. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 A).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	description	Description. Carapace (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A) trapezoidal, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; dorsolateral carapace surface lined with strong oblique striae; surface smooth. Postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by shallow but distinct grooves; median lobes approximately same width as lateral lobes. Front (Figs. 1 C, D, 2 A) deflexed downwards, margin nearly straight in dorsal view. Supraorbital margin gently convex, entire. External orbital tooth triangular, directed obliquely outwards, representing point of greatest width; contiguous with entire lateral carapace margin; antero- and posterolateral margins not demarcated, without trace of tooth or indentation, lateral margin straight, distinctly converging posteriorly. Cornea reaching edge of external orbital tooth (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A). Antennal and antennular basal segments adjacent, not separated by septum; basal antennular segment swollen. Antennal flagellum relatively long, entering orbit. Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Chelipeds (Figs. 1 E, 2 B – D, 19 A) relatively large, robust in adult males. Merus with carinate outer margin, without subdistal spine; inner margin with minute tubercles ending in large subdistal protuberance; outer surface with dorsal striation, ventrally tuberculate. Carpus with inner angle not produced. Upper surface of palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests. Distal crest composed of 14 high corneous teeth; second crest well developed, shorter than first crest, with 9 broader corneous teeth; crests followed by several blunt tubercles; rows of small tubercles below second crest. Outer and inner surfaces of palm with numerous granules. Fixed finger rounded, smooth on outer surface; inner surface with median ridge, moderately long. Cutting edge of fixed finger, dactylus with rounded teeth. Dorsal surface of dactylus with 7 asymmetrical tubercles, short, gradually sloping distally. First 3 tubercles large, tubercles 4 – 6 smaller, tubercle 7 almost indiscernible. Fingers with chitinous tips, proximal gap distinct when fingers closed. Ambulatory legs (Figs. 1 E, G) long, stout, laterally flattened; P 3, P 4 subequal, longer than others, about 1.8 times carapace width; P 3, P 4 coxa without dense setae. Merus of P 3 2.4 times as long as broad; upper margin of merus with acute subdistal spine. Meri of P 2 – P 5 each with transverse striae on upper surface. Carpi of P 2 – P 5 each with 2 accessory carinae on outer surface. Propodus of P 3 4.1 times as long as broad with accessory carina on inferior proximal portion of outer surface, dorsal and ventral margins with short stiff setae. Dactylus 0.3 times length of propodus, tip slightly recurved, terminating in acute calcareous tip, dorsal and ventral margins with short stiff setae. Thoracic sternites 1 – 3 completely fused. Male pleon (Figs. 1 B, F) relatively broad, all somites free. Telson semicircular, evenly rounded, as long as preceding somite; somite 6 almost twice as long as wide, lateral margins slightly convex. Somites 3 – 5 more trapezoidal, lateral margins of somites 4, 5 straight, lateral margins of somite 3 strongly convex, somites 1, 2 very narrow longitudinally. G 1 straight, relatively slender (Figs. 2 E – H, 21 A); apical process slightly bent to form an angle of 45 °, produced, corneous part short, ending in rounded tip; setae long, simple, originating at base of apical process. G 2 greater than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 A). Female (Figs. 1 A – C, G, H) with relatively smaller chelipeds, pectinate crest on palms indistinct, dactylar tubercles low. Female pleon broad, telson semicircular. Vulva on anterior edge of sternite 5. Colour in life. Carapace brown, mottled with darker and lighter blotches, chelipeds reddish brown (Fig. 24 A).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma leptosoma was originally described by Hilgendorf (1869) (as Sesarma) based on a female specimen from Mozambique (ZMB 3181). The holotype examined (Figs. 1 A – C) differs slightly from Hilgendorf’s figures (viz. pl. VI, figs. 1, 1 c) in general carapace shape but this is certainly due to inaccuracies in the drawing. Crosnier (1965) listed and figured Sesarma (Holometopus) sp. from Madagascar based on three females, and noted that the merus of P 3 is 2.4 as long as broad, with the dactylus one-third the length of the propodus. The measurements (Table 1), the figure of the carapace, and the proportions of the merus and dactylus of the P 3 match P. leptosoma. In ZMB there is a male specimen (17.2 × 16.2 mm, ZMB 3181) labelled as “ Sesarma leptosoma ”, collected from Madagascar. This specimen closely resembles typical P. leptosoma in the carapace shape and proportions of the ambulatory legs, but the chela does not have any pectinate ridges and the dorsal margin of the dactylar finger is unarmed, and so cannot be a species of Parasesarma. It is here reidentified as Armases elegans (Herklots, 1851), a species known thus far only from the eastern Atlantic, although its superficial similarity in the body form to P. leptosoma is remarkable. The most obvious character that easily distinguishes P. leptosoma from the other members in the speciescomplex is the shape of the carapace and proportions of the ambulatory legs. The lateral-margin of the carapace is distinctly convergent posteriorly and the frontal margin is almost straight, which contribute to the distinctly trapezoidal shape of carapace (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A). Furthermore, the ambulatory legs of P. leptosoma (Figs. 1 E, G) are proportionately the broadest among members of this complex. Questionable records. Old records of P. leptosoma sensu lato pose problems as they often do not provide good figures and / or enough characters to enable a verification of their specific identities. De Man (1895) listed eight species of Parasesarma (including P. leptosoma) from the Java Sea and nearby locations, Malaka (= Peninsular Malaysia), Borneo and Celebes (= Sulawesi), but all were only briefly described in the key. De Man (1895: 182) wrote about his P. leptosoma: “ Dactylopoditen der Lauffüsse ausserordentlich kurz, ein Drittel der Propodusten messend ” (= the ambulatory dactylus is short, being only about a third of the length of the propodus). Such features suggest that De Man’s species is probably a member of the P. leptosoma species-complex.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South and East Africa: Somalia, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania (Hilgendorf 1869; Hartnoll 1975; De Man 1887; Pfeffer 1889; Vannini & Ruwa 1994; Cannicci et al. 1996 a, b, 2002; Emmerson et al. 2003; Fratini et al. 2005; Emmerson 2016), Mayotte (Bouchard et al. 2013) and Madagascar (Crosnier 1965; Guinot 1967).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA5FF83D1CDFA8F41A4F9F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Parasesarma leptosoma is known to be one of the exclusively arboreal crabs (Vannini et al. 1997 b) and was referred as possessing the highest tree-climbing degree, i. e. a “ TC (tree-canopy) species ” as defined by Fratini et al. (2005). Ng et al. (2015) noted that these crabs could be regarded as obligate tree-dwelling or arboreal taxa. The behavior of P. leptosoma s. str. is well-documented. The species is found above the supratidal zone and lives exclusively on two mangrove trees, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. (Emmerson et al. 2003; Emmerson & Ndenze 2007), but few were found in the Ceriops zone of creek mangrove (Hartnoll, 1975). The species was recorded climbing the entire tree to feed on fresh leaves (Vannini & Ruwa 1994; Cannicci et al. 1996 a, b; Dahdouh-Guebas et al. 1999; Fratini et al. 2005; Emmerson 2016), with some vertical migrations (Vannini et al. 1995), and has been observed to possess homing behavior (Cannicci et al. 1997). Apart from the breeding period, the species rarely ventured onto the mudflat nor into the water. It always kept itself above the water level on the tree trunk or aerial root (Vannini et al. 1997 a). It has been observed to perform wellsynchronized mass migrations to and from the tree canopy twice a day (Cannicci et al. 1996; Vannini et al. 1997 a).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA1FF8FD1CDF9884585FDBA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. LECTOTYPE: male (7.1 × 6.8 mm) (USNM 45920) (here designated), Indonesia: North Sulawesi: Lembeh Island, 12 November 1909. PARALECTOTYPES: 2 females (13.1 × 11.6 mm, 12.6 × 11.4 mm) (USNM 120523), same data as lectotype.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA1FF8FD1CDF9884585FDBA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 3 A, H, I) squarish in general outline, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by shallow grooves; frontal margin nearly straight; lateral margin straight, subparallel most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 3 A, H, I). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching halflength of outer margin of merus, flagellum long (Fig. 2 N). Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (c. 10 – 18 corneous teeth, distal and proximal crests, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 9 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal 3 tubercles large, tubercles 4 – 7 small, smaller distally, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 3 D, E). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.8 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.6 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.4 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 3 G). G 1 relatively stout; apical process corneous, relatively short, slightly bent at angle of 60 °, ending in truncated tip (Figs. 2 I – M). G 2 condition not known. …… continued on the next page	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA1FF8FD1CDF9884585FDBA.taxon	description	Colour in life. Not known.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA1FF8FD1CDF9884585FDBA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma limbense was originally described on the basis of one male and two female specimens (including one ovigerous) from Limbe (= Lembeh Island), Sulawesi, Indonesia. It has been regarded as a junior synonym of P. leptosoma by Serène (1968) without comment, and this was followed by Ng et al. (2008). Rahayu & Ng (2009) questioned the synonymy but did not resolve the matter. We have examined the three type specimens of P. limbense in the USNM and confirmed that the taxon is specifically distinct from P. leptosoma. The most noticeable difference is seen in the shape of the carapace, which is squarish (Figs. 3 A, H, I), and the form of G 1, which is relatively slender with a truncate tip in P. limbense (Figs. 2 I – M). In P. leptosoma, by contrast, the carapace is trapezoidal with posteriorly converging lateral margins (Figs. 1 A, E, G, 2 A), and the G 1 is relatively stout with a rounded tip (Figs. 2 E – H). Other characters that distinguish this species from other closely related congeners are given in Table 1. Di s tribution. So far known only from Lembeh Island, northern Sulawesi (Rathbun 1914).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA1FF8FD1CDF9884585FDBA.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Not known.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (16.2 × 14.6 mm) (RUMF-ZC- 4710), Japan: Okinawa Island: Awase (on Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong), 18 July 2016, J. - J. Li. PARATYPES: 1 male (14.5 × 12.3 mm) (ZRC 2008.0501), Guam: near Pago Bay, August 2001, H. - C. Liu. — 1 male (14.4 × 12.6 mm), 1 female (12.5 × 11.0 mm) (ZRC 2008.1252), Japan: Miyako Island: Shimajiri, 20 March 2001, P. K. L. Ng. — 1 male (15.9 × 13.7 mm), 1 female (15.3 × 13.0 mm) (ASIZ 73381) Japan: Yaeyama Islands: Iriomote Island, 17 September 2004, H. - C. Liu. — 3 males (13.0 × 11.3 mm, 12.5 × 11.0 mm, 10.4 × 9.0 mm), 1 female (10.1 × 8.5 mm), 1 ovigerous female (11.9 × 10.3) (NMNS- 7779 - 001), Japan: Okinawa Island: Awase, 18 July 2016, J. - J. Li. — 5 males (17.0 × 15.1 mm, 16.9 × 15.1 mm, 15.9 × 14.3 mm, 15.5 × 13.7 mm, 13.4 × 12.0 mm), 1 ovigerous female (11.8 × 9.9) (NMNS- 7779 - 003), Japan: Okinawa Island: Awase, 19 July 2016, J. - J. Li. — 2 males (16.6 × 14.4 mm, 15.6 × 14.1 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 004), Japan: Okinawa Islands: Yagaji Island, 20 July 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 female (11.7 × 9.7) (RUMF-ZC- 2898), Japan: Okinawa Island: Nago: Oura River, 13 April 2010, T. Naruse. — 2 males (13.4 × 11.4 mm, 10.6 × 8.9 mm) (RUMF- ZC- 2899), Japan: Okinawa Island: Nago: Oura River, 4 June 2010, T. Naruse. — 1 male (14.8 × 12.5 mm) (RUMF- ZC- 2900), Japan: Okinawa Islands: Yagaji Island: Gabu, 9 June 2010, T. Naruse. — 1 male (12.3 × 10.0 mm), 1 female (10.8 × 8.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC- 2901), Japan: Okinawa Island: Kin: Okukubi River, 8 February 2014, T. Naruse. — 1 male (15.9 × 13.9 mm) (RUMF-ZC- 2902), Japan: Miyako Island: Kawamitsu, 18 February 2014, T. Naruse. — 1 male (16.9 × 14.5) (RUMF-ZC- 2903), Japan: Okinawa Islands: Yagaji Island: Gabu, 9 March 2010, Naruse. — 2 males (17.4 × 14.7, 15.5 × 13.0 mm), 1 female (16.5 × 14.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC- 2930), Japan: Yaeyama Islands: Iriomote Island: Utara River, 4 May 2014, Naruse. — 3 males (1.7 × 12.4 mm, 13.4 × 12.0 mm, 10.9 × 9.5 mm), 1 ovigerous female (15.6 × 13.8 mm) (RUMF-ZC- 4711), Japan: Okinawa Island: Awase, 17 July 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 ovigerous female (20.2 × 17.5) (NMNS- 7779 - 002) (leg variation), Japan: Okinawa Island: Awase, 18 July 2016, J. - J. Li. Other material: 5 males (19.1 × 16.6 mm, 14.9 × 13.3 mm, 13.7 × 11.5 mm, 12.9 × 11.0 mm, 12.4 × 10.4 mm), 4 ovigerous females (18.1 × 15.4 mm, 16.8 × 14.8 mm, 16.5 × 14.2 mm, 16.2 × 14.1 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 006), Guam, September 2008, H. - C. Liu. — 1 male (13.3 × 11.5 mm) (ZRC 2017.196), Vanuatu: West Baldwin Cove, Nasouli River mouth intertidal, hard bottom, Expédition SANTO 2006, station VM 4, intertidal area near mangroves, 15 ° 34.9 ' S 167 ° 01.8 ' E, 11 September 2006, P. K. L. Ng et al .. — 1 adult female (13.2 × 11.5 mm), 2 juvenile females (8.9 × 7.6 mm, 8.6 × 7.2 mm) (ZRC 2017.197), Vanuatu: Belmoul lagoon channel, intertidal, sand and muddy sand, Expédition SANTO 2006, station VM 9, intertidal area near mangroves, 15 ° 35.8 ' S 167 ° 06.2 ' E, 13 September 2006, P. K. L. Ng et al.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 4 A, E, G, I, 5 A, 22 A) squarish in general outline, 1.2 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 4 C), margin slightly concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 4 A, E, G, I, 5 A, 22 A). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 (sometimes 3) transverse pectinate crests (11 – 13 and 3 – 10 corneous teeth, respectively) (Figs. 5 B, C, 6 A – C) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 10 – 15 (mostly 11) symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal 1 – 5 tubercles steep, sharp, other tubercles large but becoming lower distally, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 5 C, 6 D – F, 19 B). Ambulatory legs relatively stout for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.7 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.5 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.8 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 A). G 1 relatively slender (Figs. 5 D – G, 21 B), slightly bent; apical process corneous, elongated, slightly bent at angle of 45 °, long, stout, ending in rounded tip (Figs. 5 D – G, 21 B). G 2 short, less than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 B). Morphological variation. Several male specimens have asymmetrical chelipeds (Figs. 4 I, J), probably due to regeneration of lost limbs. The dactylar tubercles of the male chela ranges from 10 to 15 (average 11) (Figs. 6 D – F). The corneous teeth of the proximal transverse pectinate crest on the male cheliped palm varies from 3 to 10 (Figs. 6 A – C).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	description	Colour in life. Carapace dark brown, mottled with darker and lighter blotches; chelipeds brownish orange, but more yellowish in large males; ambulatory legs brown (Figs. 22 A, 23 A, 24 B, 25 E).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma gecko n. sp. most closely resembles P. macaco n. sp. in having yellowish chela in life and the relatively slender G 1, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the number of dactylar tubercles on the male chela (10 – 15 in P. gecko n. sp. versus 6 – 8 in P. macaco n. sp.). The other differentiating characters are summarized in Table 1. The sizes of ovigerous females of P. gecko n. sp. show substantial disparity (the smallest carapace width is 11.8 mm and the largest is 20.2 mm), but no other obvious morphological variation detected between small and large specimens. The cheliped asymmetry in P. gecko n. sp. is common in males (Figs. 4 I, J). Other than the asymmetry, the dactylar tubercles and the proximal pectinate crest on the palm vary substantially from 10 – 15 and 3 – 10, respectively. Such wide range of variation has not been observed in other species of this complex. We also found a female with malformed ambulatory legs (Figs. 4 G, H). The variations might result from the tendency of P. gecko n. sp. to automise its chelipeds and ambulatory legs more readily compared to other species we have observed (see “ Ecology ”). There are several records from Japan referred to P. leptosoma. Nakasone (1977) first recorded “ P. aff. leptosoma ” from Gesaji River, Okinawa Island, and noted that the crabs often climb on the mangrove aerial roots and leaves. Nishidaira (1980: 66) also recorded P. aff. leptosoma from Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands. Shokita (2002) first formally recorded P. leptosoma from Oura River, Okinawa Island, and later from Sakagawa River, Okinawa Island (Shokita 2003). Recently, Maenosono & Naruse (2015) reported P. leptosoma from the Ryukyu Islands, and concluded that the “ P. aff. leptosoma ” (listed by Nakasone (1977) and Nishidaira (1980) and P. leptosoma represent the same species. Our study has shown that only P. gecko n. sp. occurs in the Ryukyu Islands, and consequently, the previous records of P. leptosoma from the area are all referred to this new species. De Man (1889), Ortmann (1894) and McLay & Ryan (1990) reported Sesarma leptosoma from Fiji Island. De Man (1889) ’ s illustrations (pl. 10 Fig. 11) show the shape of frontal border of the carapace in the dorsal view is distinctly concave, but this feature is not observed in the true P. leptosoma from Africa. The morphology of this Fijian material instead matches that of P. gecko n. sp. which is known for certain from Japan, Guam and Vanuatu. Davie (2002) recorded material from Queensland, Australia, and on the basis of geography, his record is probably P. gecko n. sp. Takeda & Nunomura (1976) listed P. leptosoma from New Caledonia based on two females, and although no figure was provided, this record falls inside the range of P. gecko n. sp., and as such, their record is also referred to this species.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the new species’ quick movements on vertical surfaces and its tendency to autotomise its appendages when handled, as also observed in the eponymous lizard. The name is used here as a noun in apposition.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan: Okinawa Island, Miyako Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island (Nakasone 1977; Nishidaira 1980; Shokita 2002, 2003; Koller et al. 2010; Naruse 2010; Maenosono & Naruse 2015; Maenosono & Saeki 2016); Guam (Rahayu & Ng 2009), Queensland, Australia (Davie 2002); Fiji (De Man 1889; Ortmann 1894; McLay & Ryan 1990), New Caledonia (Takeda & Nunomura 1976) and Vanuatu (present study).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFADFF8BD1CDFD444536FC87.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. In Okinawa Island, Parasesarma gecko n. sp. is common on the mangrove trees Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong, Pandanus odoratissimus Linn., as well as on rocks and man-made vertical structures (e. g. cement and pillars) (Fig. 25 E) near estuarine waters (Maenosono & Naruse 2015; Maenosono & Saeki 2016). It was found together with Metopograpsus latifrons (White, 1847) (Grapsidae) in the same habitat (Okinawa Island, Japan) (present paper). The new species is active during day and night time, moves fast between mangrove roots, branches or other vertical surfaces. Parasesarma gecko n. sp. tends to lose its appendages very readily when captured, apparently more so than P. kui n. sp., P. macaco n. sp. from Taiwan and P. tarantula n. sp. from Sulawesi.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (13.8 × 12.3 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 005), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, north bank (on Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.), 29 September 2015, J. - J. Li. PARATYPES: 1 male (12.3 × 11.8 mm) (ZRC 2018.0788), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, 5 July 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (11.6 × 10.0 mm) (ZRC 2018.0789), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, 30 September 2015, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (15.2 × 13.4 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 008), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, 6 June 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (13.9 × 12.5 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 009), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Kangkou River, 22 June 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (9.7 × 8.4 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 010), Mindoro, Philippines, 5 March 2016, W. - B. Chan. — 2 males (10.1 × 8.9 mm, 12.9 × 11.8 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 012), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, 19 March 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (12.8 × 11.3 mm), 1 female (14.4 × 13.0 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 013), Taiwan: Tainan: Taijiang National Park: Sicao Mangrove Green Tunnel, South bank, 4 October 2015, J. - J. Li. — 1 female (12.7 × 11.2 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 014), Taiwan: Pingtung: mouth of Paoli River, 4 October 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (12.4 × 10.8 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 007), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 26 September 2015, J. - J. Li. Other material: 2 males (12.7 × 10.8 mm, 9.5 × 10.9 mm), 3 females (12.3 × 10.8 mm, 11.8 × 10.0 mm, 8.4 × 7.5 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 020), Philippines: Bohol Island: Loboc River, 18 May 2004, H. - C. Liu. — 1 male (9.9 × 8.4) (NMNS- 7779 - 011), Philippines: Mindoro, 5 March 2016, W. - B. Chan.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 7 A, E, 8 A, 22 B) squarish in general outline, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by deep grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 7 C, D) margin intensely concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 77 A, E, 8 A, 22 B). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (13 and 10 corneous teeth, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 6 to 8 (average 7) symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal 3 tubercles steep, sharp, the others tubercles large, distalmost 2 tubercles indistinct (Figs. 8 C, 19 C). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.5 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.5 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 5.0 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 B). G 1 relatively slender; apical process corneous, elongated, slightly bent at angle of 45 °, long, stout, ending in rounded tip (Figs. 8 E, F, 21 C). G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 C). Colour in life. In large individuals, the carapace is dark brown, mottled with darker and lighter blotches; females and juveniles occasionally have light orange blotches on the gastric region (Fig. 25 C). Chelipeds are yellowish orange, but brighter in males. Ambulatory legs are gray to brown (Figs. 22 B, 23 B, 24 C).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma macaco n. sp. is most easily separated from other members of the species-complex by the medially concave frontal margin, and in having 6 – 8 dactylar tubercles of the chela (all tubercles are counted, including the small proximal and obsolescent distal ones). The specimens from Bohol Island, Philippines, differ from the other specimens in having a slightly longer G 1 but the tip is of the same shape. The features that distinguish this species from its closest congeners are summarized in Table 1.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the Portuguese " macaco " meaning “ monkey ”. It alludes to the agility of this treeclimbing species and its habit of jumping around branches. The name is used as a noun in apposition.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan: Kangkou River and Paoli River (Pingtung county) and Sicao (Tainan city); Philippines: Mindoro and Bohol Island.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFA9FF89D1CDFC534107FE9A.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Parasesarma macaco n. sp. is a common species in Paoli River, Taiwan. In Taiwan and Philippines, most of specimens of P. macaco were collected at night, with specimens observed climbing the trees along the river banks of the estuary. The common host plants are Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell, Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (in Taiwan) (Figs. 25 A – C), Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. and Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (in Philippines). When the water levels (from the rising tide and rainfall) reach the host plant, the crabs would climb downward and submerge in the water. Parasesarma macaco n. sp. rarely ventures onto the ground except for breeding (Fig. 25 D). Ovigerous females were found almost all year around, but mainly in July to October. Parasesarma macaco n. sp. occurs sympatrically with P. kui n. sp. (Taiwan) and Metopograpsus latifrons (Taiwan and Philippines), the niche and ecology appear to be generally similar (see “ Ecology ” for P. kui).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (14.7 × 13.7 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 015), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River (on Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell), 30 September 2015, J. - J. Li. PARATYPES: 1 male (12.6 × 11.0 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 016), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 20 November 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (14.5 × 13.4 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 017), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 3 May 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (15.6 × 14.0 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 018), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 16 October 2015, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (16.7 × 14.8 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 019), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 22 June 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 female (12.5 × 11.3 mm) (ZRC 2018.0790), Taiwan: Pingtung: Paoli River, 14 August 2015, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (15.1 × 14.1 mm), 1 female (8.0 × 7.1 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 021), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 1 May 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (14.6 × 13.2 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 022), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 21 March 2016, J. - J. Li. — 2 males (15.3 × 13.6 mm, 14.2 × 12.5 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 023), Taiwan: Pingtung: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 1 November 2015, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (16.5 × 15.0 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 024), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 18 June 2016, J. - J. Li. — 1 male (15.1 × 13.9 mm) (ZRC 2018.0791), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 10 August 2016, J. - J. Li. — 2 males (15.6 × 13.9 mm, 13.4 × 14.2 mm) (ZRC 2018.0792), Taiwan: Pingtung: Kenting National Park: mouth of Kangkou River, 1 October 2015, J. - J. Li.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 9 A, E, 10 A, 22 C) squarish in general outline, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 9 C, D), margin slightly concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 9 A, E, 10 A, 22 C). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (12 and 7 corneous teeth, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 9 or 10 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal tubercles steep, sharp, the other tubercles large, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 10 C, D, 19 D). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.6 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.6 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.4 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 C). G 1 relatively stout (Figs. 10 E – H, 21 D); apical process corneous, short, bent at angle of 45 °, stout, ending in rounded tip. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 D). Colour in life. In large males and females from Taiwan, the carapace is almost black, mottled with yellowish or greenish orange blotches. Juveniles are light brown throughout, with some juveniles possessing light orange blotches on the cardiac region. The chelipeds are white and the fingers orange. The ambulatory legs are gray to brown (Figs. 22 C, 23 C, 24 D).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma kui n. sp. occurs sympatrically with P. macaco n. sp. in several areas of Taiwan, but can easily be distinguished by the orange colour on the finger tips when alive (Figs. 23 C, 25 G) (both chelae and fingers organge for P. macaco n. sp., Figs. 23 B, 25 B), the slightly concave frontal margin (Figs. 9 A, E, 10 A) (strongly concave in P. macaco n. sp., Figs. 7 A, E, 8 A), as well as the number of dactylar tubercles of the chela (10 in P. kui n. sp.; 6 – 8 in P. macaco n. sp.). Parasesarma kui n. sp. juvenile are morphologically most similar to P. parvulum n. sp., but the latter species can easily be separated from P. kui by the dense brush of setae on the coxae of P 3 and P 4 (Fig. 15 E). This dense coxal brush of setae is always absent in P. kui n. sp. regardless of the ontogenetic stages. Differentiating characters among this new species and the other close relatives are summarized in Table 1.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Mr. Ching-Fang Ku, a ranger in the Kenting National Park and specialist of land crab conservation. The type locality of P. kui n. sp., Kangkou River, is found in his home village of Kangkou.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far known from southern Taiwan (Kangkou and Paoli River).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFABFF94D1CDF9304681FCE2.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. In Taiwan, Parasesarma kui n. sp. lives sympatrically with P. macaco n. sp. and Metopograpsus latifrons (Grapsidae), in the Paoli River. Its habitat and behavior are similar to that of P. macaco n. sp., and it often climbs on Pandanus tectorius in the Kangkou River as well (Figs. 25 F, G). Some behavioral differences were observed between P. kui n. sp. and P. macaco n. sp. in Taiwan: P. kui n. sp. seems to prefer water of a lower salinity (0 – 15 ppt) and tends to inhabit relatively broader branches of the mangrove trees, and environments with higher humidity (around 87 %). Parasesarma macaco n. sp. on the other hand, occurs in more saline waters (around 30 ppt) and prefers more slender branches and environments with a lower humidity. A study of the microhabitat preferences of these species is being conducted by the first author and Yi-Shin Chian (National Ping Tung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (13.6 × 11.9 mm) (MZB Cru 4803), Indonesia: Papua: Ajkwa River, 11 June 2005, D. L. Rahayu. PARATYPES: 1 female (12.5 × 10.7 mm) (ZRC 2000.1881), Indonesia: Ajkwa River 3 August 1999, G. Setyadi. — 1 male (12.6 × 10.9 mm) (ZRC 2000.1882), Indonesia: Minajerwi, Papua, mangrove, 12 August 1999, G. Setyadi. — 1 male (14.2 × 12.0 mm) (ZRC 2000.1883), Indonesia: Papua, Kamora mangrove Indonesia, 4 April 2000, D. L. Rahayu. — 1 female (13.4 × 11.7 mm) (ZRC 2018.0793), Indonesia: Papua: Ajkwa River, 11 June 2005, D. L. Rahayu.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 11 A, E, 12 A) squarish in general outline, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; surface with scattered tufts of short setae; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 11 C, D) margin intensely concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 11 A, E, 12 A). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (11 and 9 corneous teeth, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 7 or 8 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal 3 tubercles steep, sharp, the others tubercles large, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 12 C, D, 19 E). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.6 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 3.1 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 5.9 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.3 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 D). G 1 relatively stout (Figs. 12 E – H, 20 E); apical process corneous, elongated, slightly bent at angle of 45 °, stout, ending in rounded tip. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 E). Colour in life. General colour dark brown. Carapace mottled light brown and dark brown, palm of cheliped yellow or whitish yellow, fingers reddish orange or light orange (Rahayu & Setyadi 2003).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma gracilipes n. sp. can easily be separated from other species in the species-complex by its relatively slender and longer ambulatory legs which are the longest among the members (Fig. 20 D). The ratio of merus length / width of the P 3 is 3.1 (other species as 2.40 – 2.67) while the P 3 propodus is 5.9 times as long as broad (other species as 4.1 – 5.0) (Fig. 20 D). Other features that distinguish this species from its congeners are given in Table 1. De Man (1902) reported Parasesarma leptosoma from Halmahera, Indonesia [as Sesarma (Parasesarma)], and noticed that the specimens had more slender legs than those crabs from Africa he examined. Similarly, Rathbun (1910) recorded “ Sesarma (Parasesarma) leptosoma Hilgendorf, var. ” from Jobi Island, Dutch New Guinea (now Papua, Indonesia), and commented that the specimens had more slender legs than what De Man (1889; not 1902) mentioned in his description and figure. On this basis of these notes, and partly on the geography, we refer those previous records of P. leptosoma from Indonesia to P. gracilipes n. sp. for the time being.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin " gracilis " (slender) and " pes " (legs), referring to the slender ambulatory legs of the species.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indonesia: Jobi Island (Rathbun 1910), Halmahera (De Man 1902), Papua (Nobili, 1905; Rathbun 1910; Rahayu & Setyadi 2009).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB6FF95D1CDFC7C4548F812.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Parasesarma gracilipes n. sp. is active on muddy substrate in mangrove forest (Rahayu & Setyadi 2009), occurring in the intertidal, area some distance from the river bank. They move fast between mangrove roots even during the day.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (15.9 × 13.7 mm) (ZRC 2012.0755 a), Peninsular Malaysia: Tioman Island, 7 July 2012, B. Y. Lee. PARATYPES: 3 males (10.7 × 9.2 mm, 13.9 × 12.0 mm, 15.5 × 13.3 mm), 4 females (12.6 × 10.7 mm, 13.5 × 12.0 mm, 14.9 × 12.7 mm, 15.6 × 13.0 mm) (ZRC 2018.0794), same data as holotype. — 3 males (11.9 × 10.0 mm, 12.7 × 10.8 mm, 14.2 × 12.8 mm), 4 females (10.9 × 9.0 mm, 12.1 × 10.6 mm, 12.6 × 10.5 mm, 14.0 × 12.2 mm) (ZRC 2018.0795), Peninsular Malaysia: Tioman Island, 4 July 2012, B. Y. Lee. — 2 males (11.4 × 10.0 mm, 11.7 × 9.8 mm), 1 female (13.5 × 11.2) (ZRC 2018.0796), Peninsular Malaysia: Tioman Island, 5 July 2012, B. Y. Lee. — 3 males (12.7 × 10.8 mm, 13.1 × 10.8 mm, 13.1 × 10.9 mm), 3 females (12.3 × 10.4 mm, 13.6 × 11.5 mm, 16.1 × 14.0 mm) (ZRC 2018.0797), Peninsular Malaysia: Tioman Island, 6 July 2012, B. Y. Lee. — 1 male (12.2 × 10.5 mm), 1 female (14.5 × 13.0 mm) (ZRC 2012.0755 b), Peninsular Malaysia: Tioman Island, 7 July 2012, B. Y. Lee. — 3 males (15.0 × 13.5 mm, 13.4 × 11.8 mm, 10.9 × 9.8 mm), 2 females (13.9 × 13.6, 12.3 × 11.1) (ZRC 2018.0799), Malaysia: Borneo: Sabah, 27 February 2018, J. - J. Li et al.. — 1 male (12.6 × 11.5 mm), 1 female (15.4 × 13.8 mm) (MZB Cru 4800), Malaysia: Borneo: Sabah, 27 February 2018, J. - J. Li et al.. — 1 male (13.7 × 12.4 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 027), Malaysia: Borneo: Sabah, 27 February 2018, J. - J. Li et al.. — 2 males (14.5 × 13.0 mm, 14.3 × 13.4 mm) (NMCR 50704), Malaysia: Borneo: Sabah, 27 February 2018, J. - J. Li et al..	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 13 A, E, 14 A, 22 D) squarish in general outline, 1.2 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 13 C, D) margin slightly concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 13 A, E, 14 A, 22 D). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (12 and 7 corneous teeth, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 9 or 10 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal tubercles steep, sharp, the others tubercles large, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 14 C, D, 19 F). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.6 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.6 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.4 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 E). G 1 relatively stout (Figs. 14 E – H, 21 F,); apical process corneous, short, bent at angle of 45 °, long, stout, ending in rounded tip. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 F). Colour in life. Carapace dark brown, fingers of chelipeds are pale white, ambulatory legs violet or purplish brown. (Fig. 22 D, 23 D, 24 E).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma purpureum n. sp., is most similar to P. kui n. sp. (from Taiwan) with regards to its relatively broader carapace. However, the following differences are observed; the carapace surface of P. purpureum has scattered tufts of short setae, the dactylar tubercles of the male chela are consistently nine in number (Figs. 14 D, 19 F,); the corneous tip of the G 1 is proportionately broader (Figs. 14 E – H); and the general colour in life is dark purple, or brownish-purplish with white chelae (Figs. 22 D, 23 D). By contrast, in P. kui n. sp., the carapace surface is glabrous; the dactylar tubercles are nine or ten (Figs. 10 C, D, 19 D); the corneous tip of the G 1 is proportionately narrower (Figs. 10 E – H), and in life, the colour of the carapace is black or light brown, with the chelae possessing orange fingers (Figs. 22 C, 23 C).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin purpureum for “ purple ” with reference to the general colour of the new species.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far known from Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia; and Sabah, East Malaysia, Borneo.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB0FF91D1CDF8F24053FD72.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Parasesarma purpureum n. sp. in Malaysia (Tioman Island and Sabah) is often observed at night and climbing on mangrove tree trunks and aerial roots above the water level.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Male (9.6 × 8.4 mm) (NMCR 50702), Naujan, Mindoro Island, Philippines, 5 March 2016, W. - B. Chan. PARATYPES: 5 males (10.0 × 8.7 mm, 9.9 × 8.4 mm, 8.0 × 6.0 mm, 7.8 × 6.8 mm, 7.8 × 6.8 mm), 4 females (9.9 × 8.2 mm, 9.4 × 8.2 mm, 8.8 × 7.4 mm, 8.6 × 7.3 mm) (NMCR 50703), same data as holotype. — 3 males (10.7 × 9.7 mm, 10.1 × 8.7 mm, 10.1 × 8.6 mm), 4 females (11.3 × 9.6 mm, 9.7 × 8.5 mm, 9.3 × 8.1 mm, 9.0 × 7.8 mm) (NMNS- 7779 - 026), same data as holotype. — 2 males (7.8 × 6.8 mm, 8.5 × 7.4 mm), 1 female (11.4 × 9.8 mm) (ZRC 2018.0800), same data as holotype.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 15 A, F, 16 A) squarish in general outline, 1.1 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; front deflexed downwards (Figs. 15 C, D) margin slightly concave in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, converging posteriorly; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 15 A, F, 16 A). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (18 and 10 corneous teeth, distal and proximal crests, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 10 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal tubercles steep, sharp, the others tubercles large, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 16 C, D, 19 G). Ambulatory legs relatively slender for this species-complex, P 3 and P 4 about 1.5 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae with dense setae; P 3 merus 2.5 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 4.8 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.4 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 F). G 1 relatively stout (Figs. 16 E – H, 21 G); apical process corneous, short, bent at angle of 45 °, long, stout, ending in rounded tip. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 21 G). Colour in life. Colour in general is similar to P. macaco n. sp. (W. - B. Chan, pers. comm.).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Parasesarma parvulum n. sp. morphologically resembles juveniles of P. kui n. sp. but can still be distinguished by the granulation on outer surface of palm is relatively minute and the coxae of P 3 and P 4 with dense setae (see Table 1).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name parvulum derives from the Latin word, meaning young or small, alluding to the relative small size of the present species.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far known from Kalinisan, in Naujan, Oriental Mindoro province, Mindoro Island, Philippines.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFB3FF91D1CDFD01465FF814.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. In Philippines, most of the specimens of P. parvulum found were observed climbing on the mangrove trees Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. and Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. along the river banks of the estuary, and occurs sympatrically with Parasesarma macaco n. sp. and Metopograpsus latifrons (Grapsidae) (W. - B. Chan, pers. comm.).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: male (13.4 × 11.5 mm) (MZB Cru 4801), Sulawesi: Bitung, 2 April 2017, J. - J. Li et al. PARATYPES: 3 males (12.6 × 10.9 mm, 8.6 × 7.6 mm, 8.2 × 7.0 mm) (ZRC 2018.0801), same data as holotype. — 2 males (9.6 × 7.9 mm, 6.7 × 5.7 mm), 1 female (11.9 × 10.1 mm) (MZB Cru 4802), same data as holotype. — 1 ovigerous female (11.2 × 9.6 mm) (ZRC 2018.0802), same data as holotype.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace (Figs. 17 A, F, 18 A) squarish in general outline, 1.2 times broader than long; regions well defined, separated by shallow grooves; postfrontal region distinct, separated into 4 lobes by deep grooves; frontal margin slightly concaves in dorsal view; lateral margin straight, subparallel along most of length before curving to join almost straight posterior carapace margin; cornea extending or just reaching tip of external orbital tooth (Figs. 17 A, F, 18 A). Ischium of third maxilliped with shallow median sulcus, merus with distinct submedian ridge; exopod slender, tip reaching half-length of outer margin of merus, flagellum long. Male cheliped palm with 2 transverse pectinate crests (11 and 10 corneous teeth, distal and proximal crests, respectively) on upper surface; upper surface of dactylus with 10 – 12 symmetrical, obliquely elongate dactylar tubercles, proximal tubercles steep, sharp, other tubercles large, distalmost tubercle indistinct (Figs. 18 C, D, 19 H). Ambulatory legs relatively stout for this species-complex, P 3 about 1.5 times carapace width; P 3 and P 4 coxae without dense setae; P 3 merus 2.3 times as long as broad; P 3 propodus 3.9 times as long as broad; P 3 dactylus 0.5 times length of propodus (Fig. 20 G). G 1 relatively slender (Figs. 18 E – H, 21 H); apical process corneous, short, bent at angle of 45 °, long, stout, ending in rounded tip. G 2 longer than quarter length of G 1 (Fig. 17 E, 21 H). Colour in life. Similar to P. gecko n. sp., colour in general is dark brown. Carapace mottled dark and light brown, chelipeds brownish yellow, ambulatory legs light brown (Figs. 22 E, 23 E, 24 F).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The discovery of Parasesarma tarantula n. sp. from Sulawesi is unexpected. The species was found in Bitung, a site very close to Lembeh Island, the type locality of P. limbense. Parasesarma limbense was found originally in Lembeh Island, but we were not found in Bitung, suggesting that the types may have been collected in a different microhabitat Having two species of a species-complex occurring nearby or even together is not without precedence: in Taiwan, P. kui n. sp. and P. macaco n. sp. also live sympatrically in some locations. Parasesarma tarantula n. sp. most closely resembles P. gecko n. sp. in the carapace shape and live colouration. It differs from all other members of the species-complex in having the P 3 propodus distinctly shorter (Fig. 20 G). In addition, P. tarantula is easily separated from P. limbense by its prominently concave frontal margin, as well as its straight and elongated G 1 (Figs. 18 E – H, 21 H).	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is from the old Italian common name for large spiders, tarantula. The use of the name here alludes to the tree-climbing habits of the new species, similar to many species of tarantula, some of which are also found in Sulawesi. Used as a noun in apposition.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from North Sulawesi, thus far.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
376A1B4DFFBDFF9DD1CDFA1944CBFD8A.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. In Sulawesi, Parasesarma tarantula n. sp. is often observed climbing on mangrove trees and dead wood above the water. They can also found in tree holes near the water level. They are generally active during the daytime.	en	Li, Jheng-Jhang, Rahayu, Dwi Listyo, Ng, Peter K. L. (2018): Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 4482 (3): 451-490, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
