identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC.text	365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parastheneboea Redtenbacher 1908	<div><p>Parastheneboea Redtenbacher, 1908</p><p>Type-species: Parastheneboea insignis Redtenbacher, 1908: 474 [= Apora laetior Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907], by monotypy.</p><p>Parastheneboea Redtenbacher, 1908: 474 .</p><p>Bragg, 2001: 593.</p><p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 255.</p><p>Apora Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 241. Type-species: Apora laetior Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 242, by subsequent designation of Bragg, 1993: 34. [Preoccupied by Apora Gunnerus, 1768 (Echinodermata)]</p><p>Echinoclonia Carl, 1913: 43 . Type-species: Echinoclonia borneensis Carl, 1913: 44, pl. 1: 4 &amp; 5 (Ψ) [= Apora laetior Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907], by monotypy. [Synonymised by Günther, 1932: 260]</p><p>Comments. As presently treated the genus appears to contain two distinct generic units. The genotype P. laetior laetior (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and all other Bornean taxa, except P. exotica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), have a rather elongate, roughly parallel-sided head, flat vertex, a rather slender and parallel-sided body, unarmed ventral body surface and distinctly basally curved and compressed profemora. ΨΨpossess an appendicular ovipositor and have the anal segment broad, with the posterior margin rounded or truncate. The anal segment of ɗɗhas the posterior margin rounded and slightly indented medially. The second unit is formed by P. yehi Brock, 1999 from Peninsular Malaysia and the two newly described Chinese species. These have the head indistinctly longer than wide, strongly convex and armed with spines, the profemora only very gently curved and compressed basally, the basitarsi longer than the remaining tarsomeres combined and the thorax ± broadened. ΨΨhave the abdomen broadened basally, possess conspicuous paired lobes on the abdominal sternites and have the anal segment tapered towards a rather narrow, indented apex but lack an appendicular ovipositor. ɗɗin contrast have the posterolateral angles of the anal segment considerably elevated. In several aspects the Bornean P. exotica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl) represents an intermediate between these two groups. The conically elevated vertex, broadened thorax and just indistinctly basally curved and compressed profemora, as well as the basally broadened abdomen and distinct posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites of ΨΨof P. e x o t i c a (Brunner v. Wattenwyl) resemble P. y e h i Brock and P. foliculata n. sp., whereas the unarmed ventral body surface and appendicular ovipositor of ΨΨ, lack of posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites of ɗɗand the bullet-shaped eggs resemble the other Bornean species in the genus.</p><p>Unfortunately, eggs of the genotype P. laetior laetior (Brunner v. Wattenwyl) are not known but the first author’s collection (coll. FH, No. 0343-E) contains a sample of eggs of P. imponens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah. They are bullet-shaped, almost 3.5x longer than wide, cylindrical and have the polar-are distinctly conically pointed and tri-carinate; the micropylar plate is lanceolate and pointed anteriorly. Despite these, the eggs of P. e x o t i c a (Brunner v. Wattenwyl) and P. foliculata n. sp. are the only ones of the genus that have so far been sufficiently described and illustrated. They do however show striking morphological differences which again indicate the genus to consist of two distinct generic units. Eggs of P. exotica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl) are similar to those of P. imponens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl). They are elongate, cylindrical, bullet-shaped and have the polar end conical with four distinct, converging ridges; as in P. imponens the operculum is surrounded by a collar of setae. Eggs of this type of shape are usually associated with taxa in which ΨΨhave an appendicular ovipositor and are laid into soil, moss or crevices of bark. They are widely distributed throughout the subfamily Necrosciinae (e.g. Pseudodiacantha Redtenbacher, 1908, Centrophasma Redtenbacher, 1908 or Orxines Stål, 1875). Eggs of P. foliculata n. sp. are of a very distinct shape and glued to a surface by the flattened ventral surface of the capsule. They are oval in cross-section, have the polar-area rounded and the anterior margin without an opercular collar of setae (Figs. 5 &amp; 6), thus resembling the eggs of e.g. Marmessoidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 or Sipyloidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (both Necrosciinae). Both features of the insects and eggs indicate the second unit, formed by P. y e h i Brock and the two newly described Chinese species, to represent a new as yet unrecognised genus. However, any broader discussion or splitting of the genus should be part of a detailed revisional study of Parastheneboea Redtenbacher and in particular requires knowledge of the eggs of the genotype P. laetior laetior (Brunner v. Wattenwyl).</p><p>The Bornean species of Parastheneboea Redtenbacher, with the exception of P. e x o t i c a (Brunner v. Wattenwyl), appear to be closely related to Galactea Redtenbacher, 1908 . The first author’s collection (coll. FH, No’s 0343-4 &amp; 5) contains the so far undescribed ɗɗof P. imponens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl). They are rather untypical for Parastheneboea Redtenbacher having scale-like tegmina and fully developed alae.</p><p>Another genus supposedly closely related to Parastheneboea Redtenbacher is the Chinese Acanthophasma Chen &amp; He, 2000 (Type-species: Oxyartes varia Chen &amp; He, 1992). This was originally placed in close relation to Oxyartes Stål, 1875 (subfamily Necrosciinae), which is most certainly not the case. Hennemann (2007: 24) suggested possible relationship to Andropromachus Carl, 1913 (subfamily Lonchodinae) but the presence of small, squamiform alae rather affiliates it with Necrosciinae . Any confirmed positioning of Acanthophasma Chen &amp; He requires knowledge of the still unknown ΨΨand eggs.</p><p>Distribution. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and SW-China (Chongqing &amp; Yunnan).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E3BCF64FF30A9B0FB1CCEAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E39CF60FF30AEAFFB96CBDF.text	365B87F31E39CF60FF30AEAFFB96CBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parastheneboea foliculata	<div><p>Parastheneboea foliculata n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 1–6)</p><p>HT, Ψ: SW-China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Xiang, Village Maku, 1814 m, 30.VIII.2006, leg. Liu Ye (IZCAS, in alcohol).</p><p>PT, 7 eggs (laid by HT) [in alcohol]: same data as HT (deposited as follows): 1 egg (IZCAS); 2 eggs (INCA); 2 eggs (coll. FH, No. 0623-E); 2 eggs (coll. LY).</p><p>Etymology. The name (lat. foliculus = small leaf) refers to the conspicuous paired foliaceous appendages of the abdominal sternites IV–VII of ΨΨ. Feminine.</p><p>Differentiation. Closely related to P. y e h i Brock, 1999 from Peninsular Malaysia with which it shares the conspicuous paired, foliacous lobes of the abdominal sternites. It is however distinguished by: the longer and more slender mesothorax which is about 4x longer than the pronotum (2.75x in yehi); less spiny thorax; distinctly apically tapered anal segment; shorter subgenital plate which does not extend over the apex of the abdomen and much less distinct lobes of the femora.</p><p>Description. The colouration is described from photos of the live HT taken at the type-locality. Provisional conservation in alcohol has discoloured all green parts of the body to dull yellow.</p><p>Ψ(Figs. 1 &amp; 2). Rather small (body length 55.0 mm) and robust for the genus, with the median portion of the mesothorax and base of the abdomen considerably swollen. General colouration of head, body and legs green. All-over furnished with many irregular pale green, straw or brown markings and speckles, giving the insect a moss or lichen-like appearance. Head with three indistinct and very faint longitudinal brown postocular lines. Between the eyes with a distinct, semi-circular white line, which is anteriorly and posteriorly accompanied by a bold, roughly triangular marking; the posterior ones broader and each with a small pale spot in the centre. Section between the bases of the antennae dark blackish brown. Anterior portion of mesonotum with a fine longitudinal straw median line which widens to a bold longitudinal staw median stripe in posterior portion of that segment and metanotum. This stripe continued and even broader on abdominal tergites II–V, on these segments medially divided by a very fine, longitudinal brown line. A pale oval spot in the anterolateral angles of the mertanotum. Median segment with a distinct and well defined, slender and oval, straw marking at lateral margins, interiorly accompanied by a weakly defined, bold brown patch. Abdominal tergites II–VII laterally with a large roughly semi-circular, bright pale green marking, which is interiorly defined and bordered by a fin a black line. V–VII dorsally with four ± defined blackish spots. Posterolateral expansions of tergites II–VII dark brown. Some of the larger spines of the meso- and metasternum with whitish tips. Legs irregularly annulated and marmorated with brown and pale green. Scapus, pedicellus and basal half of 3rd segment of antennae dark brown, remaining straw basally and gradually becoming mid brown towards the apex.</p><p>Head: Slightly longer than wide and globose with the vertex prominently swollen and convex. Between the eyes with a slight semi-circular transverse carina marked by a white line. Vertex armed with ten prominent paired occipital spines; six medial ones and two on each side of these, being directed laterally. Cheeks with a very few small tubercles. Eyes of moderate size, circular and projecting hemispherically; length contained about 2x in that of cheek. Antennae long and filiform, about as long as body and almost reaching to tip of abdomen (53.0 mm). Scapus and pedicellus cylindrical in cross-section, length of pedicellus almost contained 1.5x in that of scapus. III elongate, considerably more slender but slightly longer than pedicellus. IV about half the length of III, following first gradually increasing, then decreasing in length towards apex of antennae.</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum somewhat shorter and considerably narrower than the head, anterior margin slightly deflexed, about 1.3x longer than wide. Transverse median depression distinct, very weakly curved and almost reaching lateral margins of segment. Surface set with a pair of rather distinct anterior pronotals just in front and a very small pair of medial tubercles just behind the transverse median depression; a pair of inter-posterior pronotals present close to posterior margin of pronotum, but very indistinct. Mesothorax about 4x longer than pronotum constricted in anterior 1/3, then suddenly widened, very gently constricted and finally weakly widened towards the posterior margin. Mesonotum strongly swollen and convex pre-medially. This portion armed with four paired spines in the centre, the anterior pair very prominent and composite being accompanied by several small spines at their bases, the posterior pair considerably smaller and simple. Laterally of these with a prominent spine and a cluster of three small tubercles. Posterior portion of mesonotum with a very prominent, composite pair of post-median mesonotal spines and a considerably smaller and simple pair of inter-posterior mesonotal spines. Just in front of the swelling with a prominent pair of pointed but simple pre-median mesonotals, these directed cephalad. Lateral surface between these two pairs of these with a single prominent spine. Postero-lateral mesonotals small. Close to lateral margins of mesonotum some spine-like tubercles and a pointed spine roughly in the middle, which are arranged in an irregular longitudinal line. Metanotum roughly quadrate and gently constricted medially, its length contained 4x in that of mesonotum. Set with a small pair of antero-lateral metanotal spines and a more distinct pair of inter-posterior spines. Meso- and metapleurae with a few tubercles and one pointed, supra-coxal spine posteriorly. Meso- and metasternum armed with several paired tubercles and blunt spines, along lateral margins with a longitudinal row of more decided, but short conical spines.</p><p>Abdomen: As long as head and complete thorax combined. Median segment roughly equal in length to metanotum, slightly wider than long, anterior margin gently rounded, surface set with a rather distinct pair of posterior spines and a few small paired tubercles in anterior portion. Segments II–IV conspicuously broadened and broader than thorax, III widest; V–VII gently narrowing. II 1.5x longer than median segment, roughly quadrate and longer than remaining segments; III–VI wider than long, VII as wide as long. Tergites II–VII gently constricted medially and with the posterolateral angles considerably elevated to form a distinct rounded triangular lobe. II–IV each with a prominent pair of median posterior spines and a smaller pair of posterolateral spines, anterior portion with a few small tubercles; V–X unarmed. Sternites set with a few tubercles a variable sizes, II and III close to posterior margin armed with a pair of prominent blunt spines. On IV–VII these are increasingly enlarged, laterally compressed and leaf-like. Praeopercular organ formed by such a pair of foliacous lobes on a common basis (Fig. 4). Tergite VIII as long as but narrower than VII, about 1.3x longer than wide and slightly deflexed towards the posterior; dorsally with a distinct longitudinal median carina. IX 2 /3 the length of VIII, wider than long, rectangular and with a distinct median keel. Anal segment indistinctly longer than IX, keeled dorsally and strongly tapered towards a blunt tip; roughly triangular in dorsal aspect. Each posterolateral angle of apex expanded into a small, rounded lobe (Fig. 3). Cerci elongate, club-like with a rounded apex and slightly longer than anal segment, projecting considerably over its apex; bristled. Subgenital plate slightly convex, impressed basally and reaching 2/3 the way along anal segment; apex obtuse with a median notch (Fig. 4) and the outer margins thickened and angled upward. Lateral surfaces with a distinct, ledge-like longitudinal keel.</p><p>Legs: All very long and moderately slender, profemora about as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined, mesofemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment III and metafemora reaching half way along segment VII; hind legs prominently projecting over apex of abdomen. All femora and tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section. Profemora curved and compressed basally. Posteroventral carina of profemora and both outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora with a few very faint and flat, roughly triangular elevations; dorsal carinae unarmed. Medioventral carina fine and apically armed with 3 minute spines. Tibiae completely unarmed. Tarsi very elongate and more than half the length of corresponding tibia. Basitarsus longer than following three tarsomeres combined; all bristled.</p><p>Measurements in table 1.</p><p>Eggs (Figs. 5 &amp; 6)</p><p>The following description is based on eggs that were laid by the HT and thus fully developed.</p><p>Medium-sized, capsule oval, almost 2x longer than wide and ventral surface with a large, oval and welldefined flattened area. Operculum inserted with an angle of about +30°. Surface of capsule very minutely granulose and shiny. Operculum circular, slightly convex and with a slight, circular central impression. Micropylar plate weakly defined, elongate, the anterior end almost touching the outer margin of the operculum; length contained almost 2x in total length of capsule. Central portion roundly elevated, anterior end club-like. Micropylar cup small and placed close to posterior end of capsule. No median line.</p><p>General colouration pale yellowish with conspicuous brown markings and speckles which form a flowerlike structure to surround the micropylar plate on the dorsal egg surface. Lateral surfaces furnished with more decided and numerous brown speckles, which are towards the dorsal surface well separated by a “3-shaped” brown line. Central portion of micropylar plate brown, lower part of median elevation pale straw; outer margin broadly yellowish. Most portions of operculum brown, except for the circular central impression and a bold trapezoidal marking anteriorly; these pale yellowish.</p><p>Measurements [mm]: length 2.75, width 1.75, height 1.60, length of micropylar plate. 1.75.</p><p>Comments. So far only known from the type specimens. ɗɗunknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E39CF60FF30AEAFFB96CBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E3CCF6EFF30AE82FC76CC74.text	365B87F31E3CCF6EFF30AE82FC76CC74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parastheneboea simianshanensis	<div><p>Parastheneboea simianshanensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 7–9)</p><p>HT, ♂: China, Chongqing, Jiangjin District, Mt. Simianshan 935 m, 19.VIII.2006, leg. Zhang Weiwei (INCA).</p><p>Etymology. Named after the type-locality, Mount Simianshan, in the Jiangjin district of Chongqing municipality.</p><p>Differentiation. Related to P. foliculata n. sp. from Yunnan Province and P. y e h i Brock, 1999 from Peninsular Malaysia. The ɗɗof the first species are not known but there are considerable differences concerning to the number and position of the spines of the head and body; they are more numerous and also present on abdominal tergites VI–IX in P. simianshanensis n. sp. . From P. yehi Brock it differs by: the larger size; more elongate mesothorax; only six spines on the vertex (at least 10 in yehi); four instead of only posterior spines of the abdominal tergites; shorter, in-curving cerci and considerably less distinct teeth of the femora.</p><p>Description. The colouration is described from photos of the live HT. Provisional conservation in alcohol has discoloured all green parts of the body of the dried HT to dull yellow.</p><p>ɗ. Rather small (body length 44.0 mm) and moderately slender for the genus with the median portion of the mesothorax considerably swollen. General colouration of head, body and legs dull green, all over furnished with numerous irregular brown to blackish markings and speckles. Pronotum greenish straw laterally with the median portion broadly black. A faint straw longitudinal median lines runs from the median portion of the mesonotum towards the apex of the abdomen. The base of the posterior cluster of spines on the mesonotum is marked by a bold blackish spot and the median line of the metanotum and median segment is laterally accompanied by a bold blackish brown stripe. All sternites more less plain mid brown. Posterolateral angles of anal segment and cerci black. Three basal antennomeres pale brown, all following with the basal half pale yellowish. Teeth on the ventral carinae of the femora each marked by a greenish straw spot.</p><p>Head: Slightly longer than wide, globose with the vertex moderately swollen and convex. Vertex armed with four prominent paired occipital spines roughly arranged in a quadrangle. Two prominent supra-orbital spines present in front of the four coronals, directed laterally. Between the bases of the antennae with a minute pair of supra-antennal spines. Cheeks smooth except for a single minute tubercle. Eyes of moderate size, circular and projecting hemispherically; length contained about 2x in that of cheek. Antennae long and filiform, about as long as the body (45.0 mm). Scapus elliptical in cross-section, the lateral margis slightly carinate, parallel-sided and about 1.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus cylindrical, 2/3 the length of scapus and conspicuously club-like with the base constricted. III very elongate, much more slender than pedicellus and longer than scapus and pedicellus combined. IV less than half the length of III, following first gradually increasing, then decreasing in length towards apex of antennae.</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum of similar dimension like head, rectangular and about 1.3x longer than wide. Lateral margins in anterior half with a shallow concave excavation. Transverse median depression distinct, almost straight and reaching to lateral margins of segment. Anterior margin armed with two prominent, elongate spines. Posterior half behind the transverse depression set with a prominent pair of median spines, close to posterior margin with a small pair of inter-posterior spines and a slightly more decided postero-lateral spine at each angle. Mesothorax almost 3x longer than pronotum constricted in anterior 1/3, then gradually widened towards the posterior margin. Mesonotum strongly swollen and convex in the medial portion which is armed with six prominent spines in the centre; the anterior two not paired, the posterior pair largest and the outer pair directed laterad. Lateral surfaces of the swelling each armed with two further, prominent spines. Just in front of the swelling with a distinct pair of long and pointed pre-median mesonotals. Posterior portion of mesonotum with a prominent pair of post-median mesonotal spines and a minute pair of inter-posterior mesonotal spines, the latter positioned close to posterior margin. Lateral margins in posterior half armed with three distinct and elongate spines, the anterior half set with a few small tubercles. Metanotum roughly rectangular and about 12.4x longer than wide, its length contained about 3x in that of mesonotum. In the centre armed with four prominent spines on a common base, lateral margins each with a single but prominent median spines, and the posterior margin with four small tubercles interiorly and a small spine in each outer angle. Mesopleurae with a few small tubercles and two rather distinct meso-pleural spines. Metapleurae with two supra-coxal spines on a common base, the posterior one considerably smaller. Prosternum with a short longitudinal carina close to lateral margins, set with two small, blunt tubercles. Meso- and metasternum set with a very few small tubercles; the mesosternum with a pair of conspicuous rough, wart-like structures just in front of the coxae (these may represent sensory-areas or alike).</p><p>Abdomen: Median segment slightly shorter than metanotum, roughly rectangular and about 1.3x longer than wide; dorsally armed with median pair of distinct, pointed spines. Segments II–X together about as long as head and complete thorax combined; narrower than metathorax. II–IV parallel-sided, V–VII very gently tapering, 1.2–1.3x longer than wide. II–IV slightly decreasing in length, V and VI equal in length, VII shorter than previous. Tergites II–VII with the posterolateral angles deflexed to form an acute triangular tooth, which may extend by as much as 1/3 of the body width (indistinct on II). Posterior portion of II–VII dorso-medially armed with four prominent spines; the two anterior ones decidedly larger, the posterior ones in a wider distance to each other, placed very close to posterior margin and conspicuously directed posteriad. These spines gradually decrease in size from II–VII, the posterior pair being only represented as pointed tubercles on VII. Sternites II–VII smooth except for a median pair of tubercles near posterior margin. Tergites VIII and IX both with the lateral margins increasingly deflexed towards the posterior and terminating in a rounded triangular lobe, which is much less acute than the posterolateral lobes seen on II–VII. Both with a conspicuous longitudinal median carina and set with four small spines along the posterior margin, the median pair being rather more decided than the outer pair. VIII about ¾ the length of VII and widened towards the posterior, IX slightly longer than VIII and roughly rectangular (lateral expansions excluded). Anal segment 1.4x longer than IX, somewhat more slender, slightly tectiform and with a well decided median keel. Posterior margin with a broad triangular median excavation, the outer angles roundly deflexed and swollen (Fig. 9); ventral surfaces armed with several minute, in-curving black teeth. Vomer well developed and sclerotised, rather broad, strongly flattened, rounded triangular in ventral aspect and terminating in a single, straight hook of moderate length. Cerci of moderate size and a banana-like appearance, being distinctly up-curved and bearing a conspicuous longitudinal keel ventrally; hidden underneath anal segment. Poculum bulgy, cup-like with the posterior margin gently flattened, deflexed and indented medially. Posterior portion covered with several tubercles and granules, in basal half with a conspicuous transverse carina (Fig. 8).</p><p>Legs: All very long and moderately sender, profemora about as long as combined length of pro- and mesonotum, mesofemora projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment III, metafemora reaching to tergite VIII and the metatibiae greatly projecting over apex of abdomen. All femora and tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section, the medioventral carina of the femora well decided and in the two posterior pairs set with a few small granules. Profemora slightly compressed interobasally. Posteroventral carina of profemora and both outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora each armed with four flat triangular teeth which strongly decrease towards the base of the femur. Dorsal carinae of all femora and complete tibiae unarmed. Tarsi slen- der and moderately elongate, about 1/3 the length of corresponding tibia. Basitarsus slightly longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p><p>Measurements in table 1.</p><p>Comments. So far only known from the HT. ΨΨand eggs unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E3CCF6EFF30AE82FC76CC74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E33CF6FFF30ACFAFC2CCF31.text	365B87F31E33CF6FFF30ACFAFC2CCF31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lonchodinae	<div><p>Subfamily Lonchodinae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893</p><p>The following two genera are very similar in general appearance to the two new Chinese species of Parastheneboea Redtenbacher, 1908 described herein and may easily be confused. Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908 is shown to belong in the subfamily Lonchodinae but has not yet been recorded from China, although quite likely to be present in the southern portions of Xizang (= Tibet). Andropromachus Carl, 1913 is so far only known to be represented in SW-China by one species, P. guangxiense (Chen &amp; He, 2000) . Brief discussions of both genera are provided below.</p><p>Andropromachus Carl, 1913</p><p>Type-species: Andropromachus scutatus Carl, 1913: 49, pl. 1: 1 &amp; 3 (Ψ), by subsequent designation of Zompro, 2002: 68.</p><p>Zompro, 2002: 68.</p><p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 46.</p><p>Hennemann, 2007: 16, figs. 1-3.</p><p>Promachus (?), Kirby, 1904: 377.</p><p>Promachus, Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 292 (in part - not Stål, 1875).</p><p>Spiniphasma Chen &amp; He, 2000: 32, fig. 7–2 (Ψ). Type-species: Spiniphasma guangxiense Chen &amp; He, 2000: 32, by original designation. [Synonymised by Hennemann, 2007: 16]</p><p>Comments. A re-description and review of Andropromachus Carl, 1913 (= Spiniphasma Chen &amp; He, 2000) along with a list of species and a key to the genera of the “ Neohirasea -complex”, to which belongs Andropromachus Carl, was provided by Hennemann (2007: 16 ff.).</p><p>As pointed out by Hennemann (2007: 16) this genus is related to Spinohirasea Zompro, 2002 (Type-species: Spinohirasea crassithorax Zompro, 2002: 67, = Menexenus bengalensis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) but close relation to Neohirasea Rehn, 1904 (Type-species: Phasma (Acanthoderus) japonicum de Haan, 1842: 135, pl. 12: 4) is even more obvious. Detailed subsequent examination of taxa of both genera has left no more features than the convex and spinose vertex, swollen mesothorax and triangular posterolateral tooth of the abdominal tergites to distinguish Andropromachus Carl from Neohirasea Rehn. The latter two features however only match with the genotype A. scutatus Carl and A. guangxiense (Chen &amp; He), but are not true for A. bicolor (Kirby) . This latter species shows striking similarity to Neohirasea maerens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) also from N-Vietnam but solely differs by the convex and spinose vertex, thus clearly emphasising the close relation between these two genera. Unfortunately, no eggs of Andropromachus Carl have become known so far. The shape of the ΨΨgenitalia and close relation to Neohirasea Rehn however, suggest the eggs to be dropped to the ground singularly.</p><p>The spinose vertex shows relation to the Chinese Qiongphasma Chen, He &amp; Li, 2002, but this genus differs by the flat head, slender mesothorax and differently structured genitalia of ɗɗ.</p><p>Distribution. SW-China (Guangxi) and N-Vietnam (Than-Moi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E33CF6FFF30ACFAFC2CCF31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E31CF6AFF30AD42FC05CFEC.text	365B87F31E31CF6AFF30AD42FC05CFEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pericentrus Redtenbacher 1908	<div><p>Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908</p><p>Type-species: Pericentrus moewisi Redtenbacher, 1908: 351 [= Phasma (Acanthodera) bicoronata Westwood, 1848], by subsequent designation of Hebard, 1923: 359.</p><p>Pericentrus Redtenbacher, 1908: 351 (in part – only Indian species, No’s 1 &amp; 2). Hebard, 1923: 359.</p><p>Günther, 1938: 130 ff.</p><p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 259 (in part).</p><p>Description. ΨΨ, ɗɗ: Small to moderately sized and robust Lonchodinae (body lengths: ɗɗ39.0–47.0 mm, ΨΨ47.0–51.0 mm), with an extremely spinose head and body, conspicuously swollen mesothorax (ΨΨin particular) and prominently dentate or lobate legs. Spines of the head and body often composite, aggregated in clusters, or forming spinose crest-like structures. Colouration green and brown, lichen- or moss-like. Thorax and most of abdomen with a fine longitudinal median carina dorsally (Ψfm in particular). Head indistinctly longer than wide and globose, vertex convex, ± conical and strongly spinose. A pair of supra-orbital spines present. No ocelli. Eyes small, circular and projecting hemispherically. Antennae filiform and&gt; 2/3 the length of body; consisting of&gt; 25 segments. Antennomeres elongate, increasing in length towards apex of antennae and club-like apically. Pronotum slightly shorter and narrower than the head, rectangular and spinose dorsally. Mesothorax of ΨΨconspicuously swollen medially and constricted anteriorly, of ɗɗ almost parallel-sided with median swelling very faint; at least 2.5x longer than prothorax (comparatively longer in ɗɗ). Mesonotum covered with numerous prominent and composite spines; central portion in ΨΨconvex and usually armed with a prominent cluster of spines. Metathorax rectangular and slightly constricted medially. Metanotum about as wide as long (ΨΨ) to slightly longer than wide (ɗɗ) and armed with several prominent spines. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal row of spine-like tubercles and each with a distinct, composite supracoxal spine. Sterna sparsely granulose or tuberculose. Abdomen including median segment longer than combined length of head and complete thorax. Median segment less than half the length of metanotum, quadrate to wider than long and spinose. Abdominal segments II–VII of ɗɗof uniform width and longer than wide; of ΨΨquadrate or wider than long and ± decidedly gradually narrowing towards the posterior with II or III the vwidest segments. Posterior margin of tergites II–IX each with ± prominent paired spines (ɗɗ), composite spines or dentate, crest-like structures (ΨΨ). Posterolateral angles of tergites II–IX with a ± distinct triangular tooth (ΨΨ) or foliaceous, dentate lobes (ΨΨ). Sternites tuberculose and with a ± distinct posterior pair of spines. ΨΨwith a distinct praeopercular organ on sternite VII formed by a prominently raised, ± semi-circular posteromedian lobe. Anal segment of ɗɗslightly tectiform, laterally compressed, split and consisting of two semi-tergites. Apices of semi-tergites ± elongated and dentate interiorly. Cerci small, rather elongate, dorsoventrally flattened and carinate. Vomer of ɗɗstrongly reduced. Poculum of ɗɗsmall and distinctly cup-like, subgenital plate of ΨΨvery prominently keeled and boat-shaped, with the longitudinal median keel conspicuously, roundly elevated medially; apex acute and slightly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Legs very long and moderately slender; profemora about as long as pro- and mesonotum combined; mesofemoa a little longer then mesothorax and hind legs projecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Profemora very weakly compressed basally, not conspicuously curved. All femora and tibiae trapezoidal in crosssection; femora considerably broader than corresponding tibiae. Medioventral carina of femora distinct and midways on ventral surface of femur, unarmed. Coxae dentate. Basitarsi elongate, about as long as following three tarsomeres combined; all unarmed.</p><p>Comments. Sensu Redtenbacher (1908: 351) the genus Pericentrus was highly polyphyletic and included five distinct generic units. Only the two Indian species contained by Redtenbacher, Pericentrus moewisi Redtenbacher, 1908 and P. pinnatus Redtenbacher, 1908, actually belong in the genus. Shelford (1909: 354) established Trychopeplus, based on a manuscript name of Brunner v. Wattenwyl, for the two Central American species that Redtenbacher (1908: 351) included, P. multilobatus Redtenbacher, 1908 (= Ceroys laciniatus Westwood, 1874) and P. spinoso-lobatus Redtenbacher, 1908. Examination of the holotype nymph of P. appendiculatus Redtenbacher, 1908 in MNCN with the doubtful locality “Central Java” has proven this also to belong in the genus Trychopeplus Shelford, and therefore to originate from Central or South America and not from Java as erroneously stated by Redtenbacher (1908: 353). Thus, the valid name is Trychopeplus appendiculatus (Redtenbacher) (n. comb.). The fourth New World species contained by Redtenbacher, P. restrictus Redtenbacher, 1908 from Puerto Rico, was transferred to Antillophilus Carl, 1913 of Cladomorphinae: Hesperophasmatini by Rehn &amp; Hebard (1938: 39). Antillophilus was synonymised with Lamponius Stål, 1875 by Moxey (1971: 69), therefore the valid name being Lamponius restrictus (Redtenbacher) . The Bornean Pericentrus nudipes Redtenbacher, 1908 was shown to be a synonym of Parastheneboea exotica (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907), a member of the subfamily Necrosciinae, by Günther (1932: 261). Finally, P. tripinnatus Redtenbacher, 1908 from Sulawesi is remarkable for the bird-beak like ovipositor of ΨΨ, which indicates relation to the Papuan and Melanesian subfamily Eurycanthinae, and in several aspects shows striking similarity to certain members of Neopromachus Giglio-Tos, 1912 .</p><p>Hebard (1923: 359) designated P. m o e w i s i Redtenbacher, 1908 from Sikkim (northern India), the only species that Redtenbacher (1908, pl. 16: 10) illustrated, as the type-species of Pericentrus . P. moewisi Redtenbacher is obviously identical to Phasma (Acanthodera) bicoronata Westwood, 1848 and was synonymised by Günther (1938: 130). Pericentrus pinnatus Redtenbacher, 1908 from Bhoutan, is the only species which is certainly congeneric with P. m o e w i s i, and thus also a member of Pericentrus . Günther (1938: 130ff.) provided detailed descriptions of the newly discovered ɗɗof P. bicoronata (Westwood) and P. pinnatus Redtenbacher. Eggs of both species are as yet unknown.</p><p>Redtenbacher (1908: 351) placed Pericentrus in his tribe Eurycanthini, but subsequent authors regarded the systematic position of the genus as questionable. Günther (1953: 556) listed it in Eurycanthinae with doubt and correctly recognized the two Indian species to be related to Menexenus Stål, 1875 (subfamily Lonchodinae). Zompro (2001: 21) excluded Pericentrus from Eurycanthinae, but without reasoning and left it without a sub-familiar affiliation. The long antennae and structures of the genitalia confirm Günther’s presumption and clearly place Pericentrus in Lonchodinae . Indeed, the strongly keeled, ventrally elevated subgenital pate and prominent lobe-like praeopercular organ of ΨΨ, and distinctly split anal segment of ɗɗwhich consists of two separate, ± elongate semi-tergites show Pericentrus to be closely related to Menexenus Stål. The strongly convex head which is armed with prominent crest-like lobes and spines, generally much more prominent armature of the body and legs, distinct posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites, elongate laterally compressed cerci and just very weakly basally compressed not curved profemora appear to distinguish Pericentrus from Menexenus . However, any broader discussion on the relation between these two genera requires knowledge of the so far unknown eggs of Pericentrus .</p><p>Distribution. Northern India (Sikkim &amp; Assam) and Bhutan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E31CF6AFF30AD42FC05CFEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E34CF69FF30AC8FFC48C8BC.text	365B87F31E34CF69FF30AC8FFC48C8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnipsomorpha	<div><p>Cnipsomorpha n. gen</p><p>Type-species: Cnipsomorpha erinacea n. sp., by present designation. Cnipsus, Liu &amp; Cai, 1992: 61, figs. 3a &amp; b (Not Redtenbacher, 1908). Chen &amp; He, 1996: 286, figs. 1 &amp; 2 (Not Redtenbacher, 1908).</p><p>Description. ΨΨ. Small to very small (body length &lt;5 cm), moderately slender to rather broad, strikingly spinose Pachymorphinae . Entire dorsal body surface ± prominently set with tubercles, spines or spine-like projections, some of which may be composite; armature considerably less distinct on ventral surface. A fine longitudinal median carina running along complete dorsal body surface except on head and pronotum. Antennae short, at best indistinctly longer than head and pronotum combined; consisting of 13–15 segments. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened with lateral margins decidedly elevated. 3rd antennomere strongly constricted basally. Head rounded, indistinctly longer than wide with the vertex convex, rounded and spinose. A distinct pair of spines between the eyes. No ocelli. Mesothorax&gt; 2x longer than pronotum, constricted anteriorly and ± decidedly swollen medially. Abdomen as long as or longer than combined length of head and complete thorax. Median segment less than half the length of metanotum. Abdominal segments II–VII indistinctly longer than wide, all with posterolateral angles elevated triangularly. Tergite IX with median carina terminating in a ± prominent spine or leaf-like extension. Sternite VII with a praeopercular organ. Cerci prominent, ± lanceolate, dorsoventrally compressed and carinate laterally. Subgenital plate small, scoop-shaped, pointed posteriorly and at best reaching half way along anal segment. Legs long and slender, profemora about as long as combined length of head, pro- and mesonotum, hind legs projecting considerably over apex of abdomen. All distinctly carinate and trapezoidal in cross-section. Medioventral carina of femora conspicuous but unarmed. Profemora straight but gently impressed interobasally. All ± distinctly dentate or lobate; tibiae may be unarmed. Tarsi elongate and more than 1/3 the length of corresponding tibia. Basitarsus longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p><p>ɗɗ unknown.</p><p>Eggs. Very small (length &lt;2 mm), slightly longer than high and oval in cross-section, polar-area gently impressed. Capsule surface covered with a bold, slightly raised and net-like and structure, otherwise very minutely granulose. Micropylar plate oval and slightly less than half of the capsule length; outer margin conspicuously raised. Interior portion of micropylar plate low with a raised, longitudinal ridge, posterior end with a very short median-line. Operculum oval, slightly concave and smooth except for a rim of minute hair-like structures along outer margin. Raised structures of the capsule of a conspicuously paler colour than lower portions.</p><p>Differentiation. Closely related to Parapachymorpha Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 but ΨΨare easily distinguished by: the rounded and convex vertex; shortened, strongly basally constricted antennomere III; relatively shorter, medially swollen mesothorax; triangular posterolateral expansions of the abdominal tergites; smaller subgenital plate; longer, lanceolate cerci which are triangular in cross-section; basally straight profemora; more decidedly furnished legs, and in general considerably more developed body armature. The very similar eggs confirm close relation to Parapachymorpha but differ by the more slender and elongate micropylar plate, and much less structured surface of the operculum.</p><p>The general habitus and overall appearance of this new genus shows astonishing similarity and convergence to the New Caledonian Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908 . This could have been caused by adaption to similar mountainous habitats and convergent specialization to host plants of the family Polypodiaceae (ferns).</p><p>Etymology. The generic name mirrors the striking habitual similarity to the New Caledonian genus Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908 (currently attributed to Xeroderinae with doubt), meaning “ Cnipsus -like”. Feminine.</p><p>Comments. Photos of a Ψ C. colorantis (Chen &amp; He) in Mai (2004) and Yang et al. (2005), as well as pictures of the live HT of C. erinacea n. sp. show members of this genus to exhibit an interesting resting-position rather different from those of most Phasmatodea or the related Parapachymorpha Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893. The apical half of the abdomen is curled upwards and the legs are held strongly angled with the hinder pair of legs directed forward. The anterior legs in particular or often held angled backward to cover the mesothorax, similar to the position seen in fig. 10.</p><p>Distribution. Mountainous regions of Southwest China (Yunnan Province). So far recorded from altitudes between 1500 and 2500 m. Species of this genus are highly specialized and restricted to mountainous biotopes. They appear to feed predominantly on ferns ( Polypodiaceae).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E34CF69FF30AC8FFC48C8BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E35CF76FF30A8F7FCA5CCFF.text	365B87F31E35CF76FF30A8F7FCA5CCFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnipsomorpha apteris (Liu & Cai 1992) Liu & Cai 1992	<div><p>Cnipsomorpha apteris (Liu &amp; Cai, 1992) n. comb.</p><p>Cnipsus apteris Liu &amp; Cai, 1992: 62, figs. 3a &amp; b (Ψ). HT, Ψ: China, Yunnan Province, Lushui County, Yaojaping 2500 m, 2.VI.1981, leg. Wang Shuyong (IZCAS); PT, Ψ: Yunnan Province, Lushui County,Pianma (IZCAS). Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 109.</p><p>Differentiation. Distinguished from C. colorantis (Chen &amp; He) by: the slightly larger size; more slender and elongate body; relatively longer body segments; 14-jointed antennae; presence of an anterior pair of spines on the pronotum; less numerous spines of the mesonotum; decidedly more prominent posterior lobes of abdominal tergite IX; more prominent praeopercular organ; shape of the anal segment; apically pointed subgenital plate and unarmed tibiae. From C. erinacea n. sp. it differs by: the smaller size; considerably more slender and elongate body; relatively longer body segments; parallel-sided abdomen; 14-jointed antennae; four instead of six distinct spines and less prominent posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites II–VII; differently shaped anal segment and subgenital plate.</p><p>Description. The following is a translation of the original Chinese description, partly supplemented by the illustrations provided by Liu &amp; Cai (1992). The type specimens in IZCAS could unfortunately not be examined for the present study.</p><p>Ψ. Of moderate size for the genus (body length 34.0 mm), comparatively slender and elongate. Dorsal body surface furnished with numerous prominent spines and tubercles of variable size and a distinctly raised, longitudinal median carina. General colouration yellowish brown with irregular darker brown stripes and markings on most portions of the body.</p><p>Head: Oval, slightly longer than wide, vertex convex and rounded. Between the eyes with a pair of short spines, followed by six much more decided spines on the frons, four prominent spines on the vertex and two small spines close to posterior margin. Antennae rather broad, distinctly segmented, 14-jointed and considerably shorter than profemora; all antennomeres densely setose. Third antennomere very short and constricted basally.</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum slightly trapezoidal, tuberculose, with a few small spines in anterior half and four distinct spines behind the transverse median depression. Mesothorax about 2.6x longer than pronotum and gently swollen medially. Mesonotum armed with four prominent, paired spines in the centre; a pair of small spines close to anterior margin and two moderately distinct spines pre-posteriorly. Lateral margins with several spines of variable size, the median ones decidedly larger than remaining. Metanotum a little more than half the length of mesonotum and armed with two conspicuous pairs of spines, the posterior one being decidedly larger than the rather slender anterior pair. Mesosternum unarmed.</p><p>Abdomen: Median segment roughly half the length of metanotum, in posterior half with a pair of moderately sized spines. Segments II–VII roughly of equal width, all slightly longer than wide. Tergites II–VII slightly elevated posteriorly, the posterolateral angles each forming a small triangular tooth, the posterior margin serrate. II–V each armed with four paired spines, the anterior ones small, the posterior ones very prominent. VI with with two serrate lobes, VII with a short pair of spines, VIII with a distinct, longitudinal median keel. Tergite IX considerably shorter than VIII, wider than long and in the centre rising into a very large, leaflike, 4-dentate lobe. Anal segment longer than IX with a conspicuous medina carina, the posterior margin truncate and roughly dentate. Sternites II–VI with an irregularely wrinkles, longitudinal median carina and two longitudinal spines close to posterior margin which are broadened apically; posterior margin slightly raised and serrate. Praeopercular organ formed by a prominent, raised and angled hump close to posterior margin of sternite VII. Subgenital plate short, scoop-shaped, slightly keeled and apex slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergite IX; apex tapered and posterolateral angles each with a small, blunt tooth. Cerci of moderate size, slightly triangular in cross-section and projecting over apex of anal segment.</p><p>Legs: All rather long and slender, profemora about as long as head, pro- and mesonotum combined, mesofemora slightly projecting over posterior margin of abdominal tergite III, metatibiae exceeding apex of abdomen. Anterodorsal and posteroventral carinae of profemora very gently wave-like, other carinae unarmed. Both dorsal and ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora furnished with several prominent, triangular teeth of variable sizes. Tibiae without conspicuous armature. Basitarsus longer than following three tarsomeres combined.</p><p>Measurements in table 2.</p><p>Comments. So far only known from the two Ψtypes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E35CF76FF30A8F7FCA5CCFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E2ACF77FF30AA62FB0ECEAC.text	365B87F31E2ACF77FF30AA62FB0ECEAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnipsomorpha colorantis (Chen & He 1996) Chen & He 1996	<div><p>Cnipsomorpha colorantis (Chen &amp; He 1996) n. comb.</p><p>Cnipsus colorantis Chen &amp; He, 1996: 286, figs. 1 &amp; 2 (Ψ). HT, Ψ: China, Yunnan Province, Xishuanganna, Mengsong, Menglong 1600 m, 26.IV.1958, leg. Hong Chuipei (IZCAS).</p><p>Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 109.</p><p>Differentiation. Easily distinguished from the other two members of the genus by: the very small size; 13- jointed antennae; lack of anterior spines on the pronotum; more numerous spines of the mesonotum and presence of a sub-basal spine-like appendage of the lateral surfaces of the subgenital plate.</p><p>Description. The following is a translation of the original Chinese description, supplemented by the illustrations provided by Chen &amp; He (1996) and photos of a live specimen in Mai (2004) &amp; Yang et al. (2005). The HT in IZCAS could unfortunately not be examined for the present study.</p><p>Ψ. Very small (body length 28.4 mm) and moderately slender for the genus. Dorsal body surface furnished with numerous spines and tubercles of variable size and a slight longitudinal median carina. Ventral body surface more sparingly and much less decidedly tuberculose and spinose. General colouration of body and legs green with numerous brown and blackish speckles and markings; the legs irregularly but decidedly annulated. Each dorsal body segment with a short, curved green line laterally. Head with a V-shaped brown marking between the eyes. Eyes brown, antennae blackish brown. Longitudinal median carina on thorax yellow. Chen &amp; He (1996) described the preserved HT as yellowish brown, which was certainly discoloured by a provisional storage in ethanol.</p><p>Head: Globose, indistinctly longer than wide, vertex convex and rounded. Between the eyes furnished with a pair of small spines; just behind the eyes with a further pair of spines, which is slightly larger and in greater distance to another. Vertex armed with 10 spines of variable sizes; centre with four prominent coronal spines, the anterior pair being larger; close to posterior margin another pair of enlarged spines. Antennae very short, rather broad, consisting of 13 segments and considerably shorter than profemora; all antennomeres densely setose. Scapus dorsoventrally flattened and slightly dilated laterally, pedicellus much shorter and cylindrical. Third antennomere very short and constricted basally.</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum shorter and slightly narrower than the head, roughly trapezoidal; in posterior half armed with a pair of moderately sized spines. Prosternum flat. Mesothorax more than 2.5x longer than pronotum, constricted anteriorly, decidedly swollen medially and gently narrowing towards the posterior margin. Swollen and convex median portion of the mesonotum set with 16 rather symmetrically paired spines, two pairs of spines in posterior portion, the posterior ones being distinctly smaller. Lateral margins armed with two conspicuous spines pre-medially, the posterior one decidedly larger. Metanotum about 2/3 the length of mesonotum, dorsally armed with three pairs of rather prominent spines and a further, much smaller pair of spines towards posterior margin. Two rather decided, spine-like median tubercles on lateral margins. Meso- and metasternum sparingly tuberculose.</p><p>Abdomen: Median segment contained almost 4.5x in length of metanotum; posteromedially with a small pair of spines. Segments II–VII narrower than thorax and of approximately equal length and width, VIII–X broader; II–VII slightly longer than wide, all longer than median segment. Posterolateral angles of tergites II– VII elevated triangularly, posterior margins each armed with three prominent spines, the median ones largest and formed by the longitudinal median carina, the lateral ones slightly smaller. Dorsal surface of II–V with four medium spines, roughly arranged in a quadrate; these indistinct and tubercle-like on VI and VII. Sternites II–VII each with two pairs of spine-like, whitish tubercles; the posterior ones more prominent. Tergites VIII– X with a distinct longitudinal carina laterally. Longitudinal median carina of VIII and IX terminating in a spine-like protuberance, which is considerably larger and leaf-like on IX. Anal segment longer than IX, with a distinct and medially elevated longitudinal median keel, posterior margin with outer angles each elevated in a rounded lobe; posteromedian portion indented. Cerci prominent, almost as long as anal segment, elongate, dorsoventrally flattened lanceolate with the apex decidedly pointed. Subgenital plate small, scoop-shaped, slightly keeled and more convex in the apical half and tapered towards the pointed tip, which almost reaches half way along anal segment. Lateral surfaces with a conspicuous spine-like appendage in basal portion, produced by the longitudinal lateral carina.</p><p>Legs: All long and moderately slender; profemora about as long as head, pro- and mesonotum combined, metafemora reaching about half way along abdominal segment VI, hind legs projecting considerably over apex of abdomen. All femora decidedly carinate, medioventral carina of femora conspicuous but unarmed. All four carinae of all femora armed with several distinct, triangular teeth of variable sizes. Dorsal carinae of tibiae each with a few small, triangular teeth; ventral carinae unarmed. Tarsi setose.</p><p>Measurements in table 2.</p><p>Comments. So far only known from the unique ΨHT. Photos of a live Ψspecimen in Mai (2004) and Yang et al. (2005) were taken at Tengchong County, Yunnan Province taken by Mai Guoqing.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E2ACF77FF30AA62FB0ECEAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
365B87F31E28CF73FF30ACFAFE27CD32.text	365B87F31E28CF73FF30ACFAFE27CD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cnipsomorpha erinacea	<div><p>Cnipsomorpha erinacea n. sp.</p><p>(Figs. 12–17)</p><p>HT, Ψ: SW-China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Bingzhongluo Village, Mt. Niwalo, 1500–2000 m, 18.VIII.2006, leg. Liu Ye [in alcohol] (IZCAS).</p><p>PT, 1 egg (removed from the abdomen of the HT) [in alcohol]: same data as HT (IZCAS)</p><p>Etymology. The name (lat. erinaceus = hedgehog) refers to the strongly spinose head and body of this new species. Feminine.</p><p>Differentiation. This new species is easily distinguished from the two other members of the genus by: the considerably larger size; gently broadened and sub-basally swollen abdomen; 16-jointed antennae and tapered, apically pointed anal segment. From C. apteris (Liu &amp; Cai) it furthermore differs by: the much broader and robust body; relatively shorter body segment; relatively longer legs; six instead of four prominent spines and more prominent posterolateral lobes of the abdominal tergites II–VII. In addition to the characters mentioned it is distinguished from C. colorantis (Chen &amp; He) by: presence of a small anterior pair of spines on the pronotum; less numerous spines of the mesothorax; lack of a sub-basal lateral spine-like appendage on the subgenital plate, and the unarmed tibiae.</p><p>Description. The colouration is described from photos of the live HT taken by Liu Ye. Provisional conservation in alcohol has discoloured all green parts of the body to pale yellow.</p><p>Ψ (Figs. 12 &amp; 13). Large (body length 42.0 mm) rather broad and robust for the genus; abdomen gently swollen sub-basally with segments III and IV broadest. Entire dorsal surface of head and body armed with tubercles and spines of variable sizes. General colouration of head, body and legs reddish mid brown, although a little darker on the abdomen. Pronotum with two faint dark brown, longitudinal median markings and greenish in between. Mesonotum laterally with two rather short, strongly winded green lines; one in anterior half and one in posterior half. The anterior line broader and both interiorly accompanied by a broad weakly defined black marking. Two similar structure on lateral surfaces of metanotum, one at anterior margin and one one sub-posteriorly; one such structure on lateral surfaces of abdominal tergite II. Tergites III–VII each with a conspicuous, semi-circular bright green marking, interiorly bordered by a broad but rather undecided black line. Tergite VIII with the lateral green marking less defined but considerably larger. Lateral surfaces of tergites IX–X slightly greenish. Meso- and metapleurae pale yellowish green, pro-, meso- and metasternum mid brown, the two latter with a greenish line along lateral margins. Metasternum with a weakly defined greenish median marking near posterior margin. Abdominal sternites brown with some very faint, irregular pale green markings and speckles; the more lateral spines white. All femora and tibiae with indistinct and irregular darker brown markings and annulations.</p><p>Head: Globose, 1.3x longer than wide, vertex strongly convex and rounded. Between the eyes with a pair of rather prominent, blunt supra-antennal spines, these slightly directed towards the posterior. Vertex armed with eight prominent spines. Six paired median occipitals roughly arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows, the anterior pair largest. A further prominent supra-orbital spine positioned anterolaterally of the occipital spines (Fig. 15). Eyes small, circular and projecting hemispherically; length contained 3.5x in that of cheek. Antennae moderately broad, about as long as head and pronotum combined and consisting of 16 segments; all minutely setose. Scapus dorsoventrally compressed and dilated with the lateral margins gently rounded. Pedicelus cylindrical, much narrower and its length contained 3x in that of scapus. III strongly constricted basally. Apical antennomere longest and slightly club-like (Fig. 15).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum about as long and slightly narrower than head; roughly rectangular with the lateral margins weakly convex. Transverse median depression indistinct and short, not reaching to lateral margins of segment. Longitudinal median line decidedly impressed. Two small antero-median tubercles present, two even smaller medial-pronotals, just before transverse median depression, and close to posterior margin armed with two moderately distinct inter-posterior pronotal spines. Mesothorax more than 3x longer than pronotum, anterior 1/3 constricted, medial portion considerably broadened and swollen, lateral margins of posterior 1/3 roughly parallel-sided; posterior margin almost 2x broader than anterior margin. Convex and swollen median portion of mesonotum armed with twelve prominent median-mesonotal spines, three pairs dorsally and two slightly smaller spines on each lateral surface. A pair of distinct and pointed post-median spines present and followed by a pair of much smaller, blunt inter-posterior spines at posterior margin. Lateral margins with a row of several small spines and two considerably larger medio-lateral spines in the median portion, the anterior one larger. Otherwise set with several minute spines or tubercles. Mesopleurae with a longitudinal row of 6–7 small, blunt spines. Metanotum slightly more than half the length of mesonotum, rectangular and about 1.3x longer than wide. Dorsally armed with three prominent pairs of spines, one small anterior pair, a slightly more decided pair close to posterior margin and a considerably more prominent pair medially; another distinct spine close to posterolateral angles of metanotum. Lateral margins with two moderately sized, conical spines in anterior half. Surface otherwise set with several small tubercles or spines. Metapleurae structured like mesopleurae. Meso- and metasternum set with some flat tubercles, the lateral margins slightly raised. Both with a conspicuous conical and strongly shiny median hump just before coxae, which may represent a sensorial area or similar.</p><p>Abdomen: Slightly longer than head and complete thorax combined. Median segment less than ¼ the length of metanotum, wider than long, the anterior margin gently rounded; armed with two prominent spines medially and a further, much smaller spine on each lateral surface. Segments II–VII roughly of equal length; III slightly longer. II and III very slightly widening towards the posterior, IV–VII slightly tapering; III and IV widest. Tergite VIII almost 1.5x longer than VII. Tergites II–VII each with the posterolateral angle strongly elevated to form a prominent triangular, apically pointed lobe, which laterally extends by almost as much as 1/ 3 the width of the corresponding segment; indistinct on II and most prominent on III and IV. II–VIII each armed with six prominent spines; four spines posteromedially which roughly form a quadrangle and a further, strong posterior pair close to posterior margin; these most prominent on III and IV. The posteriors towards the anterior terminating in a decreasing and diverging blunt carina. Close to anterior margin with a further pair of small spines or tubercles. Sternites II–VII each with an irregular longitudinal carina close to lateral margins, which is set with 2–3 ± distinct, blunt spine-like expansions. Praeopercular organ formed by a blunt median tubercle close to posterior margin of VII. Posterior median spines on VIII strongly enlarged to form a distinct triangular tooth. On IX these form two very large, triangular lobes, which dorsally extend by more than half the height of segment (Fig. 14). IX about 3/45 the length of VIII. Anal segment slightly longer than IX, distinctly carinate and tapered towards a pointed apex; roughly triangular in dorsal aspect. Anterolaterally with a prominent, flat tubercle. Supraanal plate very small and entirely hidden underneath apical extension of anal segment. Cerci about ¾ the length of anal segment and projecting over its apex; slightly lanceolate, triangular in cross-section and finely setose. Lower gonapophyses filiform and slightly projecting over posterior margin of subgenital plate. Subgenital plate rather small, scoop-shaped, flat in the basal portion and gently convex in apical portion; lateral surfaces in basal half with a prominent, ledge-like longitudinal keel. Apex rounded with a very minute median incision and reaching about half way along anal segment.</p><p>Legs: All long and moderately slender, profemora slightly longer than combined length of head, pro- and mesonotum, mesofemora reaching half way along abdominal tergite III, and metafemora reaching to posterior margin of tergite VII. All femora and tibiae trapezoidal in cross-section, femora decidedly carinate. Antero- and posteroventral carinae of profemora each armed with 7–9 blunt triangular teeth which increase in size towards apex of femur; remaining carinae unarmed. Both ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora set with three triangular teeth which increase in size towards the apex of femur. Dorsal carinae with a faint, tooth-like sub-basal elevation, otherwise unarmed. Medioventral carina of all femora fine and set with a longitudinal row of minute, white granules. Tibiae unarmed. Tarsi elongate, protarsi slightly more than 1/3 the length, meso- and metatarsi almost half the length of corresponding tibia. Probasitarsus longer than remaining tarsomeres combined, mesobasitarsus slightly shorter, metabasitarsus about equal to combined length remaining tarsomeres.</p><p>Measurements in table 2.</p><p>Eggs (Figs. 16 &amp; 17). One egg was removed from the abdomen of the HT and is briefly described below. However, care must be taken due to certain structures may not be fully developed although the egg appears to have been close to being laid.</p><p>Very small, capsule slightly longer than high and slightly oval in cross-section. Polar-area gently impressed if seen in lateral aspect. Capsule surface covered with a bold, slightly raised and net-like and structure, otherwise very minutely granulose. Micropylar plate oval and being slightly less than half of the capsule length; outer margin conspicuously raised. Interior portion of micropylar plate low with a raised, longitudinal ridge, posterior end with a very short median-line, externally formed by an elevation of the outer margin. Micropylar cup placed close to posterior end of plate. Operculum oval, shallowly concave, outer margin with a rim of minute hair-like structures; otherwise smooth. General colouration of capsule orange mid brown, all raised structures, including those of the micropylar plate, straw to pale greyish. Operculum mid grey.</p><p>Measurements [mm]: length 1.60, width 1.44, height 1.50, length of micropylar plate. 0.70.</p><p>Comments. Only known from the unique ΨHT.</p><p>* after Liu &amp; Cai (1992)</p><p>** after Chen &amp; He (1996)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/365B87F31E28CF73FF30ACFAFE27CD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hennemann, Frank H.;Conle, Oskar V.;Zhang, Weiwei;Liu, Ye	Hennemann, Frank H., Conle, Oskar V., Zhang, Weiwei, Liu, Ye (2008): Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa 1701: 40-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180813
