identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
361087A7FFCCFFAC55ABFDE35340CB44.text	361087A7FFCCFFAC55ABFDE35340CB44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi Burton 1937	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi Burton, 1937 comb.nov.</p><p>Figs 2 a–e, 3a–f</p><p>Mycale gravelyi Burton, 1937: 24, pl. II fig. 16; Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1965: 102, pl. VII, fig. 25; Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 86.</p><p>? Mycale rotalis; Burton 1926: 80 (listed for Suez Canal, Red Sea, without description) (not: Bowerbank, 1874)</p><p>? Mycale pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 117, fig. 16.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) gravelyi; Minh-Quang Thai: 114 (listed only).</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 07864a, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon,Ambon Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1333/lat -3.6833)">Hative Besar</a>, 3.6833°S 128.1333°E, depth 1–4 m , coll. R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 002, field number 002 / II/18, 6 September 1984 (color grey; grainy interior); ZMA Por. 07884, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Ambon Bay, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1167/lat -3.7)">Tawiri</a>, 3.7°S 128.1167°E, depth 1–4 m, coll. J. Brouns , snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 010, field number 010 / II/08, 6 September 1984 (color grey; grainy interior); ZMA Por. 08199a, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Ambon Bay, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1333/lat -3.75)">Eri</a>, 3.75°S 128.1333°E, depth 3–7 m , coll. R. W.M. van Soest, SCUBA, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 007, field number 007 / III/33, 3 September 1984 (color grey; on coral clump; grainy); RMNH Por. 11765, Taiwan, Lanyu Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.5226&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.0813" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.5226/lat 22.0813)">Iraraley Bay</a>, 22.0813°N 121.5226°E, depth 3 m, coll. N.J. de Voogd , SCUBA, field number KUE141A (encrusting on an Agelas sp.; slide only).</p><p>Description. The three specimens from Ambon Bay are thinly encrusting on dead corals and among the base of living corals, forming patches up to several cms long and wide (cf. Fig 2a, arrows), thickness between 0.5 and 1.5 mm. The specimen from KUE grew on the surface of a sponge ( Agelas sp.) collected from a cave. Consistency firm. Surface smooth with faint canal patterns visible in preserved condition. Color in life reported as greyish or light reddish, in alcohol it becomes light beige. The tissue between the skeletal tracts of our specimens is grainy in outlook and consists of unidentified polyangular particles of about 2–5 µm in diameter.</p><p>Skeleton. The tangential ectosomal skeleton (Figs 3f,f 1) is formed by robust intercrossing spicule tracts of 30–120 µm in diameter, in cross section consisting of 3–10 aligned spicules. The ectosomal tracts form triangular meshes, with mesh sizes between the tracts variable, approximately 250–450 µm wide. Rosettes of anisochelae 105–125 µm in diameter are common between the tracts. The choanosomal skeleton consists of thick plumose tracts fanning out peripherally, carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Tracts are 100–200 µm in thickness, formed by up to 15 spicules in cross section, and they are positioned at approximately 500–600 µm distance from each other. ZMA Por. 07684 has overall a slightly less robust skeleton compared to ZMA Por. 08199a.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 2 b–e, 3a–e). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, and one of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 2b,b 1, 3a,a 1), fusiform, with elongate head and clearly constricted neck, gradually but somewhat abruptly pointed, 524– 548.4 –616 x 11– 16.6 – 22 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 2c, 3b), robust, with alae all well-developed and the shaft free for about 1/3 of the spicule length, with slightly outwardly curved median alae, 38– 47.6 – 57 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 2d,d 1, 3c), narrow-shaped, with upper alae longer than half the length of the spicule, often 2/ 3 in length, with lower alae relatively small and the free part of the shaft short, 21– 23.2 – 25 µm (in both specimens approximately the same size).</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 2e,e 1, 3d), narrow and thin, with small lateral alae, looking undeveloped, but they are similar in both specimens, 12– 14.4 – 20 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Figs 2f, 3e), robust, with unequally curved apices, occasionally S-shaped, similar in both specimens, 69– 80.9 – 93 µm, thickness 3.5– 4.4 – 5.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Ambon Bay, depth 1–7 m, on corals, Taiwan, Lanyu, in cave, encrusting an Agelas specimen; Krusadai Island, Gulf of Manaar, India (no further data); Tuléar, Madagascar, whitish, among corals and in shallow reef caves, depth 1– 2 m.</p><p>Remarks. This species, named after the naturalist F.H. Gravely, is only rarely reported and remains insufficiently known. The identification of our specimens must be considered tentative, because Burton’s description of the type (BMNH 1931.11.28.178) is ambiguous, as there is no information on the dermal skeleton and spicule data contrast between description and illustration. Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1965, 1971) cited occurrence of this species in Madagascar, and described the ectosomal skeleton as possessing a ‘réseau régulier de fibres de styles’, which we interpret as conforming to that of the subgenus Aegogropila . Thus our identification with Burton’s species rests on Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s subsequent description. Still, the spicule size information of the type conforms closely with that from our specimens: styles 510 x 14 µm, anisochelae I (in rosettes) 35–45 µm, anisochelae II/III 14–24 µm (not separated by Burton), sigmas 70 µm. In Burton’s drawing of the spicules, there is a difference with the description, as he pictures two sizes of sigmas (not mentioned in the description) and his two anisochelae drawings are not clearly different in shape and size from each other and we classify them both as anisochelae I. We assume that the drawing of the small sigma must be attributed to the smallest anisochela category (III) as this appears with the barely developed alae almost like a sigma at the magnification used by Burton (500 x). Tissue of the type was noted to be charged with refringent granules, which were also present in our specimens (and assumed to be evidence of mucus production). Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (l.c.) report similar spicule sizes as our specimens: styles 400–500 µm, anisochelae I (rosettes) 45 µm, anisochelae II 18–24 µm, anisochelae III 10–12 µm, sigmas I 75–85 µm, but they make no mention of grainy tissue.</p><p>Burton (1926: 80) listed Mycale rotalis (Bowerbank, 1874) as occurring in the Suez Canal, but he failed to provide a description. Unless this Atlantic-Mediterranean species has performed a reversed Lessepsian migration, this record possibly concerns a member of the present species. However, re-examination of the specimen is necessary.</p><p>A species close to, and possibly a junior synonym, is Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996 from Papua New Guinea. The overall data of the shape and the sizes of the spicules match the present material, but there are two distinct differences, the sigmas may be as thick as up to 14 µm, and the ectosomal spicule tracts are up to 1 mm in diameter, both sizes clearly in excess of those of the above discussed likely members of M. (Ae.) gravelyi .</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) meridionalis sensu Samaai &amp; Gibbons 2005 (not: Lévi 1963) from the Atlantic coast of South Africa appears similar to the present species, but the sigmas of the South African specimen are clearly smaller, only 23–28 µm and the anisochelae I have a curved shape, unlike those of M. (Ae.) gravelyi .</p><p>With its narrow-shaped anisochela II, Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi is obviously close to M. (Ae.) orientalis (Topsent, 1897) and M. (Ae.) sulevoidea (Sollas, 1902), but differs from these species in having larger styles, lacking sigmas II and toxas. We searched exhaustively for these microscleres and are certain they were absent in our four specimens.</p><p>It is possible that Esperella porosa Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 338; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 68, pl.XV figs 6,9,17, pl. XVI fig. 5 from Southeast Australia, now reassigned as Mycale (Aegogropila) porosa (cf. World Porifera Database, Van Soest et al. 2020) is a senior synonym of the present species. The general description fits, but Ridley &amp; Dendy’s mycalostyles are only 380 x 16 µm, only a single anisochela is reported and sigmas are much larger, 160 x 8.5 µm, than those of the present specimens. The species was only reported outside our regional limits and is here further ignored, but comparison of the two types is recommended.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFCCFFAC55ABFDE35340CB44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFC9FFB255ABF90750ABCDEC.text	361087A7FFC9FFB255ABF90750ABCDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) orientalis (Topsent 1897)	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) orientalis (Topsent, 1897)</p><p>Figs 4 a–i, 5a–h, 6a–i, 7, Tables 1, 2</p><p>Esperella sordida var. orientalis Topsent, 1897: 459 .</p><p>Mycale aegagropila; sensu Wilson, 1925: 426; Rao 1941: 445 (not: Johnston 1842)</p><p>Carmia orientalis; Lévi 1956: 17; Desqueyroux 1981: 739, figs 35–39.</p><p>Carmia contarenii; sensu De Laubenfels 1951 a: 261, fig. 8; Bergquist 1977: 65 (not: Lieberk̹hn 1859).</p><p>? Mycale sulevoidea; sensu Lévi 1961a: 16, fig. 20; Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 86; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 290 (not: Sollas 1902).</p><p>? Mycale sp. 1 sensu Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 88, fig. 38.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype MHNG C12 /4, slide of Esperella sordida var. orientalis, Ambon, Ambon Bay, between corals, depth 0-10 m (cf. Topsent, 1897, p. 425).</p><p>ZMA Por. 01604, Indonesia, depth 36 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, field nr. SE1295, details not certain, possibly from stat. 303, year 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01612, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Timor, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.4591&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.205" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.4591/lat -10.205)">Samau Island</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.4591&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.205" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.4591/lat -10.205)">Haingsisi</a>, 10.2050°S 123.4591°E, depth 23 m, coralline algae, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 060, fieldnr. SE 12 III, 27 April 1899; ZMA Por. 02889, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Postillion Islands, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.2/lat -7.1833)">Pulau Sarassa</a>, 7.1833°S 118.2°E, depth 38 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 043, fieldnr. SE 1291 V, 4-5 April 1899; ZMA Por. 02890, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Flores, W coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.4591&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.205" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.4591/lat -10.205)">Bay of Badjo</a>, 10.2050°S 123.4591°E, depth 40 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 050, fieldnr. SE 1313IIB, 16-18 April 1899 ; ZMA Por. 02900, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Postillion Islands, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.2/lat -7.1833)">Pulau Sarassa</a>, 7.1833°S 118.2°E, depth 36 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 043, fieldnr. SE 1291 II, 5 April 1899; ZMA Por. 07978b, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, NE coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.9169" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.75/lat -9.9169)">Sumba</a>, E of Melolo, 9.9169°S 120.75°E, depth 1–4 m, gently sloping reef flat, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052 / II/22, 13 September 1984 (color red) . ZMA Por. 10360, Seychelles, Mahé, NE coast, Cap Maçons and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5167/lat -4.7667)">Anse de Forbans</a>, 4.7667°S 55.5167°E, depth 0-6 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 612, 14 December 1992; ZMA Por. 11929, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.3/lat -5.75)">Poivre Atoll</a>, N rim, reef slope, 5.75°S 53.3°E, depth 10–15 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, SCUBA, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 767, fieldnr. IOP-E 767/02, 29 December 1992 (color orange-red) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.7333/lat -4.1667)">Por.</a> 15818, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.1667°S 55.7333°E, depth 55 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Agassiz trawl, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 714, fieldnr. IOP-E 714/06, 19 December 1992 (color orange) ; ZMA Por. 17025, Oman, Kuria Maria Islands, Al Hallaniya main island, tidal region, on dead shell between stones, coll . R. G. Moolenbeek &amp; H. Dekker, fieldnr. 91/61, 12 November 1991; ZMA Por. 17254, Oman, no further locality data, on dead shell, coll . R.G. Moolenbeek, fieldnr. MOO 02/04, December 2002 ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.7333/lat -4.1667)">Por.</a> 22274, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.1667°S 55.7333°E, depth 55 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Agassiz trawl, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 714, fieldnr. IOP-E 714/06, 19 December 1992 (color orange).</p><p>Description (Figs 4a, 5a, 6a). The type is described as a network of creeping flattened lobes, which also applies to four Siboga specimens (ZMA 01604, 1612, 2889, and 2900). These show some tendency to be elongated branchlike, but other specimens are irregularly massive or thinly encrusting. All shallow-water specimens are encrusting without a definite form. Sizes vary, with largest encrusting specimen measuring 5 x 6 cm (ZMA 11929). A specimen from deeper water (ZMA 22274) consists of thin orange branches up to 2–3 cm long each. All specimens are soft. Colors where known are orange-red, orange or red, which keeps in alcohol in the more recently collected specimens but fades to light beige in older specimens. Surface smooth or more irregular, variable.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 4b, 6b). The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential reticulation of moderately thick spicule tracts, not clearly bound by spongin, so it tends to become confused in several specimens. In the type the skeletal tracts average 25 µm in diameter, with 5–6 spicules in cross section, other specimens may have slightly thicker tracts, up to 35 µm. Meshes enclosed in the type are 200–400 µm in size, and this may be slightly larger or smaller in the remaining specimens, ranging from 150–450 µm. Most specimens have rosettes of anisochelae I, positioned on the tracts or on the crossings. The type has relatively few rosettes, but several specimens have them abundantly, while ZMA 02889 appears to lack them. Size of rosettes 100–110 µm diameter. The choanosomal skeleton consists of the usual plumose spicule tracts fanning out to carry the ectosomal reticulation. Tracts are relatively thin just below the surface, 30–60 µm in diameter (5–13 spicules in cross section), and become gradually more robust interiorly, with 70–120 µm as maximum diameter. They are rather closely positioned, approximately 300–600 µm apart .</p><p>Spicules (Figs 4 c–i, 5b–h, 6c–i). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three categories, sigmas in two categories, and toxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 4c,c 1, 5b,b 1, 6c,c 1), rather robust, with faintly developed constriction of neck and elongate head, 231– 295.6 –381 x 4– 7.8 – 12 µm (type: 288-324 x 5–6 µm).</p><p>Anisochela I (Figs 4d, 5c, 6d), rather robust, alae mostly well-developed, and the shaft straight and free for about 1/3 of the spicule length, with outwardly curved upper median alae, variable in size among specimens, 32– 42. 1 – 57 µm (type 41–45 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 4e, 5d,d 1, 6e), narrow-shaped, with upper alae longer than half the length of the spicule, often about 2/ 3 in length of the spicule. Upper frontal alae in Indian Ocean specimens rather ‘bulbous’, curved inwards at the lower ala rim. Lower alae well developed, sometimes with undulate rim or provided with a median protrusion. Free part of the shaft short. Size variable, 18– 23.8 – 30 µm (type: 22–27 µm) .</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 4f, 5e, 6f), variable shape, often narrow-shaped similar to anisochela II, but with longer free part of the shaft; normally with median upper ala slightly more expanded outward; lower median ala with median protrusion, 9– 14.1 – 19 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Figs 4g,g 1, 5f, 6g), robust, strongly curved near the apices, inequiended, quite variable in size, 51– 90.5 – 121 µm, thickness 2–9 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Figs 4h, 5g, 6h), thin, more openly curved than sigma I, variable in size, 9– 23.7 – 38 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 4i, 5h, 6i), usually wing-shaped, deeply curved, but more gradually curved forms also common, very large size range in Indonesian specimens, less so in Indian Ocean specimens, large toxas are also thicker, up to 2 µm, smaller toxas thin, overall they range 31– 111.6 – 384 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 7). In our material specimens of this species originated from Indonesia (as did Topsent’s type), Oman, and the Seychelles, from shallow reefs down to 55 m. The species has not been reported often, but records may be hiding under different names, e.g. some specimens may have been identified as M. (Ae.) sulevoidea . Wilson’s (1925) and Rao’s (1941) records of the European species Mycale aegagropila (Johnston, 1842) [= M. (Ae.) contarenii (Lieberk̹hn, 1869)] from the Philippines and India possibly concern the present species, although it could be also M. (Ae.) sulevoidea as no images of the spicules were provided. Carmia contarenii by De Laubenfels, 1951 from Hawaii is likely also this species.</p><p>Records of M. sulevoidea by Lévi (1961a), Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971) and Pulitzer-Finali (1993) from the Western Indian Ocean (Aldabra, Madagascar, Kenya) are likely assignable to M. (Ae.) orientalis based on spicule sizes and drawings of anisochelae II. Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s (1971) Mycale sp. 1 conforms in most details to the present species, although their small sigmas/toxas (their Fig. 38g) look peculiar. If these records indeed concern the present species, its distribution covers a wide area, from the Western Indian Ocean eastward to Hawaii.</p><p>Aproximate localities where M. (Ae.) orientalis specimens have been found or probably have been found are presented in Fig. 7.</p><p>Remarks. A slide of Topsent’s holotype was re-examined. Neither Topsent’s (1897) description, nor Desqueyroux’s (1981) redescription mention the presence of narrow-shaped anisochelae II. They are more rare than anisochelae I and III, but nevertheless clearly present in the slide.</p><p>The present species has the same spicule complement as M. (Ae.) sulevoidea (cf. below), but differs from that species in the possession of flattened but not duck-beaked anisochela II, which are also smaller in length. It is a subtle difference, but under SEM it is unmistakable. In view of the rather common widespread occurrence of the species in our samples and the scarceness of reports in the literature, it is quite imaginable that older records of M. (Ae.) sulevoidea may have sometimes been mistaken for M. (Ae.) orientalis .</p><p>SEM images of 9 specimens were made and these showed some variability in shapes of anisochelae III (more narrow or more squat) and of toxas (deeper or shallower curved). The species is apparently widespread, occurring in Indonesian as well as in Seychelles and Oman waters. The spicule complement of the two ‘populations’ were compared and this resulted in small, subtle differences, although a clear separation is not found. Toxa upper length of Indonesian specimens appears greater and sigma I size of Indonesia specimens on average seems slightly larger. The upper frontal alae of anisochelae II of Western Indian Ocean specimens is often more robust and rather bulbous compared to that in Indonesian specimens. A comparison between spicule size data of West Pacific and Indian Ocean specimens (cf. Table 1) indicates there is very little difference and the species seems homogeneous over the entire region as far as spicule sizes are concerned. These differences do not point to geographic differentiation .</p><p>M. (Ae.) tapetum Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005 (p. 76) from the West coast of South Africa is rather similar in spicule complement to the present species. No sigmas II were reported, the toxas measure only 46–48 µm, and there were apparently raphides of 23 µm (not shown in the drawing of the spicules of their fig. 53).</p><p>De Laubenfels’ (1951) Hawaii record of the European species Carmia contarenii (Lieberk̹hn, 1859) was suggested to be M. (Ae.) orientalis by Lévi (1956). Although no anisochelae II were mentioned, it is here assumed that they were present, but overlooked.</p><p>Elsewhere, there is similar spiculation in Mexican Pacific Mycale (Aegogropila) magnitoxa Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2010, but anisochela II of that species is less narrow, and mycalostyles are significantly shorter and thinner.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFC9FFB255ABF90750ABCDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD7FFB355ABFEEF51D3CDC0.text	361087A7FFD7FFB355ABFEEF51D3CDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) phillipensis (Dendy 1896)	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) aff. phillipensis (Dendy, 1896)</p><p>Figs 8 a–f</p><p>? Esperella phillipensis Dendy, 1896: 15; Topsent 1897: 463.</p><p>? Esperella philippensis (sic); Dawydoff 1952: 50 (listed only).</p><p>? Mycale philippensis (sic); Chernyakova 2007: 242 (Southern Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>? Mycale (Mycale) phillipensis; Azzini et al. 2007: table 1 and fig. 2C (Vietnam, no description).</p><p>? Mycale (Aegogropila) phillipensis; Calcinai et al. 2013: 39, figs 24A–H; Minh–Quang Thai: 114 (listed only).</p><p>Not: Esperella philippensis; (sic) Lindgren1898: 302; nec: Mycale phillipensis Pulitzer-Finali 1982b (= M. (Carmia) aff. phyllophila Hentschel, 1911)</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 13404, Seychelles, Mahé, NE coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5167/lat -4.7667)">Anse de Forbans</a>, 4.7667°S 55.5167°E, coastal slope, on coral rubble, depth 0–6 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 612, 12 December 1992 (color greyish blue) .</p><p>Description. Small irregular patch (Fig. 8a) of a soft sponge, surface bumpy and clathrous. Size 5 x 5 x 0.5 cm, color greyish blue in life, similar in alcohol, consistency soft, slimy in life, soft in alcohol.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 8b). Weakly developed, with curved tracts lying at greater distance from each other. The ectosomal tangential reticulation has predominantly thin tracts 15–30 µm in diameter, up to 6 spicules in cross section, following sinuous courses and intersecting at unequal angles. Meshes vary from 150 to 450 µm in width. The choanosomal skeleton has few thick tracts, 50–100 µm in diameter, up to 15 spicules in cross section. These lie at distances of 600–800 µm. They are mostly undivided, but at the periphery they fan out into one or a few spicules carrying the ectosomal reticulation. In between the ectosomal and choanosomal tracts there are numerous anisochelae-rosettes of 60–75 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 8 c–f). Mycalostyles, a single category of anisochelae, sigmas in two size categories.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 8c,c 1), approximately equidiametrical over much of the length, but with a slightly constricted neck and prominent elongate head; many have a rather bluntly pointed end, 356– 373.6 –414 x 3– 4.2 – 5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 8d), they are of a common anisochelae I type with well-developed alae at both ends and the shaft free for approximately 40%, with the upper frontal ala slightly flaring outwards, 36– 39.7 – 44 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 8e), common, normal shaped, or rather shallowly curved, intermediate between thin and robust (thickness not exceeding 2 µm), 51– 60.7 – 69 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 8f), rare (easily overlooked), strongly curved, 9– 11.4 – 16 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Seychelles (Mahé), under reef rubble at shallow depth; South Australia (type locality). Possibly Indonesia, Vietnam (but see below).</p><p>Remarks. Dendy’s (1896) description differs primarily from the above in the absence of the smallest category of sigmas, hence our use of ‘aff.’ Still, the small sigmas were rare in our specimen and easily overlooked. The styles were described by Dendy as having ‘rather abrupt, sharp points’, which differs somewhat from the condition observed in the majority of styles in our specimen. Most other details mentioned by Dendy do conform with the Seychelles material.</p><p>The present species name has been used by other authors, Topsent (1897) for a specimen from Ambon, Lindgren (1898), Azzini et al. (2007) and Calcinai et al. (2013) for Vietnamese material, Pulitzer-Finali (1982b) for material from Hong Kong. Topsent reported much smaller anisochelae (21 µm), as did Calcinai et al. (12.5–22.5 µm) and both also had thicker styles. We believe that the difference in size of the anisochelae, and in the case of Azzini et al. and Calcinai et al. also the shape, is too large to make conspecificity with Dendy’s species likely. In any case, it is unlikely that Azzini et al. ’s and Calcinai et al.’s specimens are conspecific with our material as their live specimens were (light) red. Lindgren’s and Pulitzer-Finali’s descriptions of the skeleton of their specimens make it clear that these did not belong to the subgenus Aegogropila, but are likely Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila .</p><p>The distant original locality of the type of Dendy ( Port Phillip Bay, South East Australia) is possibly a reason that all considered specimens have discrepancies and future work should establish whether the species is as widespread as is suggested by current records. We refrain from giving our specimen separate specific status until a revision has been undertaken .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD7FFB355ABFEEF51D3CDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD6FFB655ABFA85528DCC08.text	361087A7FFD6FFB655ABFA85528DCC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) prognatha Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) prognatha sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 9 a–d, 10a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 15822, Mauritius, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=57.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 57.8/lat -20.24)">Chenal du Trou d’Eau Douce</a>, reef, 20.24°S 57.80°E, depth 8–10 m, coll. J.H. Stock, 7 February 1964 (color violet).</p><p>Description. Lobate, massive (Fig. 9a), consolidating algae and bryozoans, which provide much of the support. Size of the mass 10 x 5 x 2 cm. Live color cited as violet by its collector, orange beige in alcohol. Surface optically smooth, slightly bumpy, generally lipostomous, but with a few slightly raised oscules. Consistency firm, probably due to the enclosed algae and bryozoans.</p><p>Skeleton. The usual ectosomal aegogropila-skeleton (Fig. 9b) of intercrossing spicule tracts is present. Tracts are 50–70 µm in diameter (8–10 spicules), forming meshes of 300–600 µm in size. Rosettes of anisochelae I are common in the ectosome and are 60–110 µm in diameter. Few subectosomal spicule tracts are present, only some bundles supporting the ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is largely replaced by algal thallus threads (Fig. 9c), with many loose megascleres and microscleres strewn among them.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 9d, 10 a–g). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three categories, sigmas in two categories, toxas and toxodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 10a,a 1), similar to those of M.(Ae.) orientalis: moderately robust, with faint constriction below an elongated, barely swollen head, 318– 342.9 –381 x 8– 10.3 – 11 µm.</p><p>Anisoschelae I (Fig. 10b), rather robust, alae well-developed, and the shaft straight and free for about 45% of the spicule length, with outwardly curved upper median alae, 49– 52.3 – 57 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 10c), differentiated in two overlapping types, one approximately similar to those of M. (Ae.) orientalis with narrow shape and broad median alae, the other more robust, with upper median ala rather narrow and the upper lateral alae broadly developed, with lower median ala broad and with slightly incurved rim, the two types in overlapping sizes, 23– 26.4 – 30 µm .</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 10d,d 1), characteristically with upper median ala overlapping the lower median ala, and tapering proximally towards a pointed ending, lower median ala with median protrusion; free shaft approximately 1/3 of the length of the spicule, size rather uniform, 9– 12.6 – 14 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig.10e), robust, rather narrow, with strongly curved apices, 96– 107.1 – 111 µm, up to 10 µm in thickness.</p><p>Sigmas II (Figs 10f), thin, rather evenly curved, in a large size range but not clearly divisible in size categories, 15– 24.3 – 36 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 10g,g 1), shallow-curved, in a large size range but not clearly divisible in separate sizes, smaller toxas partially arranged in toxodragmas (Figs 10g 1), tending to be diamond-shaped (‘double’ toxodragmas), sizes 36– 64.9 – 132 µm, the larger sizes have a thickness up to 2 µm.</p><p>Etymology. The species name is an adjective derived from ‘prognath’, a medical term referring to a protruding jaw condition in humans. We consider this an apt description of the condition found in the anisochelae III.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Mauritius, shallow reef locality.</p><p>Remarks. The specimen resembles specimens assigned here to M. (Ae) orientalis, but it differs substantially in (1) having two shapes of anisochelae II, (2) prognath anisochelae III, and (3) toxodragmas. The skeleton is also peculiar in being fortified by algal thallus. Live color is violet in stead of the orange color in M. (Ae.) orientalis . There is resemblance in anisochelae II between the two Oman specimens of M. (Ae.) orientalis, which are also relatively robust, perhaps evidence of the existence of a distinct Indian Ocean population which could include the present specimen. However, additional features such as the toxodragmas, and especially the peculiar shape of anisochelae III, are absent in these specimens.</p><p>Mycale aegagropila sensu Wilson 1925, here considered to belong to M. (Ae.) orientalis, was mentioned to possess a few toxodragmas, a further indication that our new species is close to M. (Ae.) orientalis .</p><p>Prognath anisochelae III remind of the condition in the Caribbean species Mycale (M.) arndti Van Soest, 1984 as demonstrated in Hajdu &amp; R̹tzler’s (1998) fig. 3g.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD6FFB655ABFA85528DCC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD3FFBA55ABFECB5455CA6E.text	361087A7FFD3FFBA55ABFECB5455CA6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea Sollas 1902	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea Sollas, 1902</p><p>Figs 11 a–e, 12a–g, 13a–g, 14, Table 2</p><p>Esperella sulevoidea Sollas, 1902: 213, pl. XV fig. 10.</p><p>Mycale sulevoidea; Hentschel 1912: 325, pl. 13 fig. 6, pl. 18 fig. 14; Barnes &amp; Bell 2002 a: table 1 (listed only).</p><p>? Mycale sulevoidea; Burton 1934: 548; Burton 1959: 228; Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 86 (no adequate descriptions).</p><p>Not: Lévi (1961a: 16); Pulitzer-Finali (1993: 290) = M. (Ae.) orientalis .</p><p>Carmia sulevoidea; Thomas 1968: 256, figs 3–4.</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea; Lim et al. 2008: 102.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 01594, Indonesia, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Solor Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.1502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4237" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.1502/lat -8.4237)">Lamakera</a>, 8.4237°S 123.1502°E, depth 20 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 061, field nr. SE 527 II, 1 May 1899; ZMA Por. 02891, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pearl Banks</a>, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 273, field nr. SE 144.1, 23 December 1899 ; ZMA Por. 07989, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, NE coast, reef flat off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.16668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.75/lat -9.16668)">Melolo</a>, 9.16668°S 120.75°E, depth 1–4 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052 / II/34, red crust on Acropora, 14 September 1984 ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">Por.</a> 08964, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef NE of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, SCUBA, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169 / IV/35, 30 September 1984 (red crust); ZMA Por. 09555, Singapore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7563&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2884" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7563/lat 1.2884)">Raffles Lighthouse</a>, 1.2884°N 103.7563°E, littoral, depth 0–2 m, coll. H. Moll, snorkeling, 5 January 1978 (blood-red crust) ; ZMA Por. 12459, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4481&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4481/lat -6.0963)">Salayar</a> anchorage and surroundings, 6.0963°S 120.4481°E, depth 0–35 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 213, field nr. SE 1753I, 26 September 1899 ; ZMA Por. 17808, Kenya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.3833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.3833/lat -4.6667)">Shimoni Channel</a>, 4. 6667°S 39.3833°E, depth 8–11, coll. Y. Benayahu , SCUBA, field nr. PO 25395, 3 February 2003; ZMA Por. 21702a, Singapore, Pulau Hantu, coll. H. Moll, 21 September 1978 .</p><p>Description (Figs 11 a–c). Encrusting, consolidating dead coral rubble. The type was described as creeping with disc-like attachment. Our specimens are similarly patchy, but may also be somewhat thicker forming cushions. Oscules are usually slightly raised above the surface. Sizes usually do not exceed several cm 2. Surface smooth but irregular. Consistency soft. Color where recorded red or blood-red (cf. photo in Lim et al. 2008).</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 11 d–e). The ectosomal aegogropila-type skeleton is fairly robust, with intercrossing spicule tracts 30–70 µm in diameter made up of 5–8 spicules in cross section, delimiting triangular meshes of 300–600 µm in size. Variability among the various specimens is large. Several specimens tend to have the ectosomal tracts aligned with sigma I microscleres, but this is not always the case. Rosettes of anisochelae I measure 95–150 µm in diameter and are concentrated near the crossing points of the spicule tracts. Choanosomal tracts in the inner parts of the sponge are separated at approximately 500–800 µm and have a maximum thickness of 120–180 µm. Towards the surface they subdivide into thinner tracts as thin as 40 µm, carrying the surface skeleton. Microscleres are evenly distributed in the ectosomal region, but become scarcer in the interior.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 11e, 12 a–g, 13a–g). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three categories, sigmas in two categories, toxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 12a,a 1, 13a,a 1), robust, with elongated head and only slightly constricted neck, 286– 370.9 – 465 x 7– 9.2 – 17 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 12b, 13b), well-developed alae, including broad upper and lower frontal alae, with shaft approximately 40% of its length free, in side view, the upper frontal alae are flaring outwards, 39– 51.1 – 63 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 12c,c 1,c 2, 13c), characteristically duck-bill shaped in side-view (terminology cf. Hajdu et al. 1995 for similar anisochelae in their species Brazilian M. (Ae.) escarlatei); narrow elongated upper alae, with upper frontal alae tapering from distally broad to proximally narrower, curved outwards at the lower rim, causing a curved duckbill-like outline in side view (this varies somewhat among the specimens); free part of the shaft quite short; in dorsal view the spicule is violin-shaped due to upper lateral alae narrow from being expanded distally to become barely thinner than the shaft proximally and subsequently swelling again in the lower alae; spicules robust in comparison with anisochelae II of M. (Ae.) orientalis and they are on average longer in the present species; length quite variable within and among specimens, 24– 34.4 – 47 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 12d, 13d,d 1), possibly occurring in two overlapping shapes and sizes; both types are narrow in shape, the larger may be resembling small anisochelae II, the smaller approaching the compact shape found in M. (Ae.) gravelyi and M. (Ae.) orientalis with slightly longer shaft; separation in two distinct spicule types is not quite clear, so we treat them both as growth forms of the same anisochela III, length 11– 16.2 – 24 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Figs 12e, 13e), robust, with strongly curved apices, length variable among specimens, 76– 102.3 – 130 µm, thickness up to 12 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Figs 12f, 13f), thin, strongly curved, 17– 25.8 – 35 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 12g, 13g), predominantly deeply curved, but more shallow-curved shapes also occur; large variation in size, 22– 93.5 – 240 µm, thickness up to 1.5 µm, almost invariably thinner than the toxas of M. (Ae.) orientalis; in some specimens the toxas were rare.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. (Fig. 14) Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Kenya, possibly Mozambique, Madagascar and Red Sea, from shallow water down to 20–35 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The assignment to I. Sollas’ Esperella sulevoidea is based especially on the small drawing she presented in pl. XV fig. 10 of the middle-sized category of anisochelae. The type description does not mention presence of sigmas II, but these spicules may often be easily overlooked. Hentschel’s (1912) description of material from the Aru Islands does contain measurements of sigmas II as well as a good description of the characteristic anisochela II. His measurements of the mycalostyles exceed those of Sollas’ and our own measurements (up to 576 µm), but overlaps with our data, and we are confident Hentschel’s material belongs to the present species. This also applies to Thomas’ (1968) record from Palk Bay, India, who provides an excellent description of a ‘brick-red’ specimen collected at 1–2 m depth.</p><p>We refrained from distinguishing different discrete types of anisochelae III, which was suggested by Hajdu et al. 1995, as anisochelae III and IV, for the present species. Although we acknowledge that shapes of anisochelae III in M. (Ae.) sulevoidea are more variable than is usual in other species of Mycale, we could not confirm the clear distinctness. In various specimens the variation usually overlapped, both in size and shape. These tiny spicules may likely depend for their shape of a number of factors such as silica content of the environment or growth process.</p><p>Burton’s (1934) record of three ‘flagelliform’ specimens of 35 x 1.5 cm from the Great Barrier Reef remains dubious without further information. Such habitus forms have not been encountered in our material. Their shape reminds of Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi (q.v.). Likewise, Burton’s (1959) record of the species from the Red Sea is uncertain due to lack of description.</p><p>We made SEM images of 6 specimens, but a detailed comparison of regional specimens is not presented as our specimens were all from the West Pacific except the single specimen from Kenya. This has smaller and thinner mycalostyles, some diversity in shape of anisochelae III, and the toxas were rare. However, the single specimen precludes regional conclusions .</p><p>The present species is very similar to M. (Ae.) orientalis, and we compared the two species including spicule sizes (cf. Table 2). The comparison yielded the following differences: (1) the subtly different shape of the upper alae of the anisochelae II (cf. Figs 12c,c 1,c 2), which in the present species are curved abruptly outwards in the lower part of the median alae, whereas these are gradually curved in M.(Ae.) orientalis; moreover in dorsal view the anisochelae differ in the violin-shaped narrowing of the lateral alae in M. (Ae.) sulevoidea opposed to the normal shaped lateral alae in M. (Ae.) orientalis (cf. Figs 5d,d 1), (2) in the larger size of the anischelae II (Table 2), and (3) in the longer and thicker mycalostyles (Table 2). Less clear is the difference in color. M. (Ae.) orientalis is reported to have an orange live color, against the present species reported as red, blood-red or brick-red, but there are currently no live images to further prove this. The here cited alleged differences require further confirmation.</p><p>Additional Mycale (Aegogropila) species from the region</p><p>Remark. Most of the species listed here have not been examined by us (excepting Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa Bergquist, 1965), so their properties can only be derived from the original description and if present subsequent records. It is not certain that they are all valid species. As stated above, we limit the listing to the considered region stretching from the West Pacific Islands in the east, the coasts of East Africa in the west, South China and the Philippines in in the north and northeastern, northern and southwestern parts of Australia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD3FFBA55ABFECB5455CA6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFF3250A7C967.text	361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFF3250A7C967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa Bergquist 1965	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa Bergquist, 1965</p><p>Figs 15 a–h</p><p>Mycale cavernosa Bergquist, 1965: 170, figs 23a–c.</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa; Hajdu et al. 1995: 7.</p><p>Material examined. USNM 23703, small fragment of the holotype, Palau Islands, 1.75 miles NE of Ngabadangel, depth 30.6 m, coll. Coral Fish Project Expeditions, stat. 125, 24 August 1955 .</p><p>Summary description. The lobate single specimen of 20 x 5 x 1.5 cm is broken in two finger-shaped fragments (Figs 15a,a 1). The fragments are greyish white, no life color is known. The surface is characteristically folded, probably due to shrinking. Surface skeleton is of the aegogropila-type (Fig. 15b), with thin tracts 4–38 µm in diameter (1–8 spicules in cross section) delimiting triangular meshes of up to 400 µm in widest dimension. The choanosomal skeleton is plumoreticulate with notable spongin cementing the tracts, with in the interior stout spicule tracts (90–185 µm in diameter), thinning out towards the surface (20–50 µm in diameter), where there are spicule brushes carrying the tangential surface skeleton. Spicules (Figs 15 c–h) mycalostyles (Fig. 15c) (Bergquist: 262– 306 –351 x 4– 4.2 – 8 µm), remeasured 273– 330.7 –391 x 4– 5.9 – 7.5 µm, anisochelae I (Fig. 15d) (if proper, not mentioned by Bergquist) 39–60 µm, anisochelae II (Figs 13e,e 1,e 2) (Bergquist 29–33– 40 µm), remeasured 28– 33.4 – 36 µm, anisochelae III (Fig. 15f) (Bergquist 11– 13.5 – 15 µm), remeasured 11– 13.7 – 16 µm, sigmas I (Figs 15g,g 1) (Bergquist 92– 97.5 – 105 µm), remeasured 96– 99.4 – 104 µm, sigmas II (Fig. 13h) (Bergquist 19– 23 – 26.5 µm), remeasured 21– 24.2 – 26 µm. No additional microscleres, and no rosettes of anisochelae were observed.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the Palau Islands.</p><p>Comments. We were able to make some slides and a SEM stub, and confirmed Hajdu et al. ’s (1995: 7) discovery of anisochelae I in low quantity and with reduced shape. These were not mentioned by Bergquist, so it remains somewhat uncertain whether they are proper. The anisochelae II are similar to those of M. (Ae.) sulevoidea . We consider the present species as doubtfully valid, because toxas were sometimes rare in some specimens of M. (Ae.) sulevoidea . If the anisochelae I mentioned above are proper to the sponge, there is an outside possibility that M. (Ae.) cavernosa will prove to be a junior synonym of M. (Ae.) sulevoidea, but lack of toxas precludes this conclusion.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFF3250A7C967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFB615507CA49.text	361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFB615507CA49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) erythraeana (Row 1911)	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) erythraeana (Row, 1911)</p><p>Esperella erythraeana Row, 1911: 340, fig. 19.</p><p>Mycale erythraeana; Burton 1926: 80 (no description).</p><p>Summary description (from Row 1911). Sponge consolidating a mass of bryozoans lying on a muddy bottom, size 6.5 x 5 x 2.5 cm. Color in alcohol dark grey-brown. Conisistency ‘lax’. Surface smooth with small oscules. The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with thick spicule tracts (30 spicules in cross section) thinning out towards the surface, forming loose spicule brushes. The ectosomal skeleton has the spicule tracts intercrossing without orientation, thickness 4–5 spicules in cross section. Rosettes of anisochelae are 70 µm in diameter. Mycalostyles are 320–330 x 4 µm. Anisochelae in two size categories, 24–36 µm and 15 µm. Sigmas 50–70 µm (thickness 2 µm). Toxas strongly curved, averaging 90 µm in length. There are also dubious raphides or hair-like oxeas/styles.</p><p>Distribution. Khor Shinab, Red Sea; also Suez Canal.</p><p>Comments. This species reminds of Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al., 2013 (cf. below), as this shares the ‘lax’ skeleton, two sizes of anisochelae in the same size range and long thin toxas. Differences are the bifurcate sigmas (we believe this is a minor difference as this occurs in a low frequency in other species as well), and the smaller mycalostyles. Similarly, Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row, 1911) appears close, differing primarily in lacking the aegogropila-type ectosomal skeleton (see below). Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis Thomas, 1968 (see below) is also close but differs in being black and lacking proper toxas, in stead having bundled long raphides.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFDEFFBB55ABFB615507CA49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFF325451CFF9.text	361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFF325451CFF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai 2013	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al. 2013</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al., 2013: 41, figs 25A–F, 26A–F.</p><p>Summary description (from Calcinai et al. 2013). Smooth white-transparent sponge very thinly encrusting on Paratelesto (Octocorallia), size 13–16 cm in lateral expansion. Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate, tangential ectosomal skeleton with thin tracts interconnected by single spicules. Rosettes of anisochelae I present on the tracts. Mycalostyles small and straight, 140–190 x 2–4 µm, anisochelae I averaging 28.5 µm, anisochelae II averaging 13.3 µm, both well developed and lower median alae provided with upward pointing protrusion, anisochelae II narrowshaped, sigmas in two size categories, I often with bifid ending, 53–88 µm, with thickness 2–5 µm, II very thin, 25–36 µm, and toxas faintly curved (raphidotoxas), 51–223 µm.</p><p>Distribution. North Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth unknown.</p><p>Comment. This is one of several Mycale species with raphidotoxas ( M. (Ae.) erythraean a (cf. above), M. (Ae.) mannarensis (cf. below), M. (Carmia) raphidiophora (cf. below). M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa (cf. below), M. (C.) suezza (cf. below) and a new species described below. Among these, the present species stands out in having short mycalostyles, which is the only clear difference with M. (Ae.) erythraeana, discussed above. A close comparison of the type material of all these species is warranted to confirm they are valid separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFF325451CFF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFC985416C8CF.text	361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFC985416C8CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) lilianae Calcinai 2013	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae sensu Calcinai et al. (2013)</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae Carballo &amp; Hajdu, 1998; Calcinai et al., 2013: 37</p><p>Summary description (from Calcinai et al. 2013). Thinly encrusting on soft coral, red in life, soft, with optically smooth surface. Ectosomal skeleton a reticulation of spicular tracts with 4–5 spicules in cross section. Choanosomal skeleton of thin ascending spicule tracts. Spicules mycalostyles with elongate heads, 240–280 x 5–10 µm, anisochelae I of 42.5–50 µm, arranged in rosettes, anisochelae II 22.5–27.5 µm, anisochelae III 12.5–17 µm, sigmas in two size categories, 92.5–117.5 x 5–11.5 µm and 17.5–27.5 µm, toxas 17.5–380 µm, micracanthoxeas 5–10 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Oahu, Hawaii Islands, 0.5–3 m depth.</p><p>Comments. The two specimens from Hawaii named Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae by Calcinai et al. 2013 are probably not conspecific with the Carballo &amp; Hajdu’s (1998) species. Color of the Brazilian species was yelloworange, not red. The spicule complement is quite similar, although toxas are smaller in the Brazilian species, but with exception of the micracantoxeas that complement is also similar to that of Mycale (Ae.) orientalis (cf. above), making the similarity not a significant reason to consider the Hawaii material conspecific.</p><p>De Laubenfels (1951) described Carmia contarenii (Lieberk̹hn, 1859) from Hawaii (here reassigned to Mycale (Ae.) orientalis, cf. above), which could also turn out to be this species if we assume that the micracanthoxeas could have been overlooked (they are only reliably identified under SEM). We refrain from proposing a new name for Calcinai et al. ’s Hawaii material, but suggest that it is likely a species new to science.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD8FFBD55ABFC985416C8CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFD8FFBE55ABF9895499CC08.text	361087A7FFD8FFBE55ABF9895499CC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis Thomas 1968	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis Thomas, 1968</p><p>Mycale mannarensis Thomas, 1968: 255, figs 1–2; Pattanayak 2009: 25 ..</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis; Carballo &amp; Hajdu 2001: 209.</p><p>Summary description (from Thomas, 1968). Sponge black in life (color disappears in alcohol), thinly encrusting, smooth and slimy, growing among Halimeda algae. Choanosomal skeleton ill-defined, tracts arranged at a slanting angle to the surface. Ectosomal skeleton a well-developed aegogropila-type tangential skeleton forming triangular meshes. Tracts of mycalostyles are combined with tangential bundles of long raphides. Rosettes of anisochelae are present. Spicules mycalostyles with visible axial canals, 294–315 x 4–8 µm, anisochelae of ‘ordinary’ type stated to be in a single variable size 21–42 µm, but in the figure two distinct types are shown, the smaller of which is narrow-shaped, sigmas in a single size, 63–84 µm, thickness up to 4 µm, and raphides in bundles, slender and straight, 376–528 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Gulf of Mannar (Hare Island, Muyal Theevu, 9.20°N 79.08°E), India, depth 1 m.</p><p>Comment. The long raphides are likely homologous to raphidotoxas, and this brings this species in close proximity to the seven raphidotoxa-bearing species reported for the region. The black color is unique among those, and in combination with very long raphides/raphidotoxas this probably indicates the species to be valid.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFD8FFBE55ABF9895499CC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFDBFFBE55ABFECB515ACE8A.text	361087A7FFDBFFBE55ABFECB515ACE8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali 1996	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996</p><p>Mycale (Aegagropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 117, fig. 16.</p><p>Summary description (from Pulitzer-Finali 1996). Thinly encrusting sponge, green in life, white in alcohol. Tangential ectosomal skeleton of aegagropila-type, detachable, strongly developed, tracts stated to be 450–1000 µm in diameter, delimiting meshes of 1800–2800 µm wide. If this is accurate, then this makes the sponge unique among all species of the subgenus. Choanosomal skeleton not described. No mention is made of rosettes. Spicules mycalostyles, robust, 450–550 x 7–15 µm, anisochelae I of ‘normal’ shape, 40–48 µm, anisochelae II 18.5–23 µm, anisochelae III 11.5–13.5 µm, sigmas in two categories, one with thickness 3.4–4.5 µm and length 70–85 µm the other, more rare, category has a thickness of 11.5–14 µm, length 90 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Laing Island, N Papua New Guinea, depth 1 m.</p><p>Comment. As stated above, the species appears close to M. (Ae.) gravelyi, but the extreme thickness of sigmas and ectosomal tracts, precludes synonymy of the two. Re-examination of the type material in the Genoa museum is warranted, also because description of the choanosomal skeleton is lacking and the precise shapes of the anisochelae are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFDBFFBE55ABFECB515ACE8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFDBFFBF55ABFC545261CA6A.text	361087A7FFDBFFBF55ABFC545261CA6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Aegogropila) serpens (Von Lendenfeld 1888)	<div><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) serpens (Von Lendenfeld, 1888)</p><p>Esperella serpens Von Lendenfeld, 1888: 213 .</p><p>Mycale serpens; Hallmann 1914: 406, pl. xxiv fig. 6, text-fig. 14; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 292.</p><p>Summary description. (after Hallmann (1914), who studied a fragment of the type specimen) ‘Cake-shaped’ soft sponge of 8 x 5 x 2.5 cm, provided with lax processes. Color dull-grey in alcohol. Choanosomal skeleton loose megascleres with scattered sand grains. Ectosomal skeleton of ramifying spicule fibres partially connected by loose spicule bundles. Spicules consist of mycalostyles, 220–295 x 5 µm, slender anisochelae of 18–27 µm, sigmas 18.5–29 x 1 µm, and trichodragmas 12–25 x 5 µm.</p><p>Distribution. E coast of Australia (Port Jackson).</p><p>Comment. Although the occurrence of this species is outside our target region, it is possible it may be found to occur more northward. The spiculation reminds of West Australian Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana Hentschel, 1911, but that species lacks ectosomal specialization and it has two sizes of anisochelae (cf. below).</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Aegogropila) species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific region</p><p>1 Ectosomal intercrossing tracts excessively thick, 500 µm or more, sigmas I in two thickness categories, excessively thick, 90 x 11–14 µm and normal 70–85 x 3–4.5 µm ..................................... Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata</p><p>- Ectosomal tracts less than 150 µm thick, sigmas I less than 12 µm thick.......................................... 2</p><p>2 Toxas or rhaphidotoxas or long thin raphides present......................................................... 3</p><p>- No toxas, no rhaphidotoxas, no long thin raphides........................................................... 9</p><p>3 Proper toxas, wing-shaped or at least with clear median curve.................................................. 4</p><p>- Raphidotoxas or long thin raphides, but no proper toxas....................................................... 8</p><p>4 Three anisochelae categories present...................................................................... 6</p><p>- Only two anisochelae categories present................................................................... 5</p><p>5 Only large sigma I present, no micracanthoxeas.................................. Mycale (Aegogropila) erythraeana</p><p>- Both sigma I and sigma II and micracanthoxeas present............................. Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae</p><p>6 Anisochelae III have their upper median alae protruding with a spear-like extension over the lower median alae; also next to single toxas there are toxodragmas are present.............................. Mycale (Aegogropila) prognatha sp.nov. - No anisochelae III with spearlike protrusion of the upper median alae; toxas are not forming toxodragmas.............. 7</p><p>7 Anisochelae II have the lower rim of the upper median alae curved outwards assuming a duckbill-shape.......................................................................................... Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea</p><p>- Anisochelae II have the upper median alae gradually curved.......................... Mycale (Aegogropila) orientalis</p><p>8 Sponge black in life, apparently only a single category of anisochelae................. Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis</p><p>- Sponge whitish colored, two anisochelae categories................................... Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata</p><p>9 Trichodragmas present.......................................................... Mycale (Aegogropila) serpens</p><p>- No trichodragmas.................................................................................... 10</p><p>10 A single category of anisochelae............................................... Mycale (Aegogropila) phillipensis</p><p>- Two or more categories of anisochelae................................................................... 11</p><p>11 A single category of sigmas, anisochelae II similar to M. (Ae.) orientalis .................. Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi</p><p>- Two categories of sigmas, anisochelae II similar to M. (Ae.) sulevoidea .................. Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Aegogropila)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Aegogropila) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 47. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 16. The subgenus is widespread in warmer and temperate waters, with a few (sub-)Antarctic species, and with the highest species density in the Mediterranean-Atlantic regions. This is likely an effect of collecting efforts. Other high diversity regions are the Caribbean and Indonesia.</p><p>We take here the opportunity to remove the homonymy between Mycale (Aegogropila) adhaerens subsp. fibrosa Koltun, 1958 (senior primary homonym) and Mycale (Mycale) fibrosa Boury-Esnault &amp; Van Beveren, 1982 (junior primary homonym), by erecting Mycale (Mycale) bouryesnaultae nom.nov. as a replacement name for the junior name, named after Nicole Boury-Esnault.</p><p>Taken together, the species of this subgenus are representative of the distribution pattern of the entire genus Mycale (cf. also below Fig. 130).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFDBFFBF55ABFC545261CA6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFE5FF8055ABFF3253C2C9A4.text	361087A7FFE5FF8055ABFF3253C2C9A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) Von Lendenfeld 1887	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Arenochalina) Von Lendenfeld, 1887</p><p>Arenochalina Von Lendenfeld, 1887: 821 .</p><p>Mycale (Arenochalina); Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 676 (with further synonyms).</p><p>Type species. Arenochalina mirabilis Von Lendenfeld, 1887: 821, pl. 26 fig. 70, pl. 27 fig. 28.</p><p>Remarks. The subgenus is recognized by its universal skeletal features (rectangular reticulation of thick spongin fibres cored by thin, often almost vestigial, mycalostyles, and in several species foreign materials such as sand grains, spicule debris, and algal strands) and the production—at least in most species—of copious slime when exposed to air. The ectosomal region usually has an organic thick ‘skin’, in preserved material flaky, and there is usually no elaborate ectosomal skeleton. However, single megascleres and microscleres may be present strewn tangentially in the surface membrane.</p><p>Present treatment of this subgenus follows the Systema Porifera, chapter on Mycalidae by Van Soest &amp; Hajdu (2002). This relies heavily on Wiedenmayer’s (1989) descriptions of materials from Australia, where the subgenus appears to be particularly common, and his suggestions for synonymies. We also adopted Hajdu &amp; R̹tzler’s (1998) description of the Western Atlantic material as applying to our specimens. Following this, species of the subgenus are apparently notoriously variable in growth forms and presence of microscleres. Specimens, all co-occurring in the same sympatric localities, may have tubular, massive, stipitate or irregularly ramose form, coarse or more smooth surface, and may lack anisochelae, sigmas, or both. This variability makes it especially difficult to distinguish discrete species over a larger region such as we consider here. A review of the literature identifies a large number of species names in the region considered here apparently belonging to the subgenus: M. (Ar.) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887), M. (Ar.) spongiosa (Dendy, 1896), M. (Ar.) imperfecta Baer, 1906, M. (Ar.) euplectellioides (Row, 1911), M.(Ar.) fistulata Hentschel, 1911 (including var. macrochela), M.(Ar.) regularis Wilson, 1925, and M.(Ar.) tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a . Additional likely Arenochalina species from the region are M. tenuispiculata Dendy, 1905, and M. monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932 .</p><p>Van Soest (1984: 30), followed by Erpenbeck et al. (2016, supporting information), referred Gelliodes setosa Keller, 1889 to Mycale (Arenochalina), but we disagree. We examined Keller’s type, ZMB 270, and found this to be conforming to Gelliodes, and not to Mycale (Arenochalina) . The records of Van Soest and Erpenbeck et al. are here assigned to Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906 (cf. below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFE5FF8055ABFF3253C2C9A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFE5FF8455ABFAA45269CDEC.text	361087A7FFE5FF8455ABFAA45269CDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides (Row 1911)	<div><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides (Row, 1911)</p><p>Figs 17 a–d, 18a–f, 19a–e, 28</p><p>Esperella euplectellioides Row, 1911: 333, pl. 37 fig. 12, text-fig. 16.</p><p>Mycale euplectellioides; Burton 1926: 80 (no description); Zoltowska-Aksamitowska et al. 2018: 3, figs 1a–b.</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 12.2.1.58, slide, Red Sea (no locality, likely Sudanese Red Sea) .</p><p>ZMA Por. 10996, Jordan, Gulf of Aqaba, coll . T. Fanni, field nr 11, May 1995 (red); ZMA Por. 16626, Egyptian Red Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.8334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.2333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.8334/lat 27.2333)">Hurghada</a>, 27.2333°N 33.8334°E, depth 7–10 m , SCUBA, coll. Diaa Youssef, field nr. DY–13, 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 16989, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.0/lat 29.5167)">Marine Science Station</a>, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, overgrowing broken parts of Lobophyllia at depth of 10 m , SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 15.12.1, 15 December 2001; ZMA Por. 19757, Egyptian Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, coll. Tarek Temraz, field nr. SAA–7, no further data (preserved dry); RMNH Por. 9628, Saudi Arabia, near Thuwal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.0021&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.2654" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.0021/lat 22.2654)">Al Asoul</a>, 22.2654°N 39.0021°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. THU07/JED126, 10 November 2014; Specimen not retrieved, not registered, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Marine Station, depth 7 m , coll. D. Youssef, field nr. RS605–50.</p><p>Description (Figs 17 a–d, 18d, 19a–b). Cup-shaped to cylindrical or occasionally club-shaped sponges. In situ color is red or pale red (Fig. 17a). Size up to 20 cm high and 10 cm diameter in the type, about 12 x 7 cm in our largest specimen. Surface with deep valleys and sharp conules, the dark red color alternated by white stripes formed by the protruding ends of thick skeletal spiculofibres. Membranes between the conules paler red, soft and somewhat mottled. The rim of cup-shaped specimens is smooth pale red. Preserved specimens loose their tissues quickly by copious slime production, and this process may be responsible for the loss of microscleres which occur loose in the surface membrane.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 18a, 19c). System of coarse spongin fibres filled with thicker (&lt;500 µm diameter) or thinner (200 µm diameter) bundles of mycalostyes and with frequent foreign inclusions. Surface membrane flaky, mucous, without spicule skeleton (mostly macerated in preserved specimens).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 18 b–c,f, 19d–e). Mycalostyles, virtually no anisochelae found but reported for type specimen, sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 18b,b 1,b 2,e,e 1,f, 19d,d 1,d 2), straight, thin, with wide axial canal, often with trifid heads or elongately rounded, 208– 223.4 –251 x 2– 2.4 – 3.5 µm; type specimen 213– 249.7 –282 x 3.5– 4.3 – 5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae, one anisochela of 15 µm was found in ZMA Por. 16626 (not shown, possibly foreign); they were common in the type specimen (Fig. 18f), narrow-shaped, 23– 24.8 – 27 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 19f), strongly curved, usually thin, in a single but variable size, 32– 42.9 – 52 µm; type specimen, 37– 54.2 – 69 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 28). So far known only from the Red Sea. Row’s type specimen is of unkown Red Sea locality. Our specimens originated from the northern Red Sea (Aqaba, Hurgada, Jeddah). On reefs, depth 7– 10 m.</p><p>Remarks. Row’s (1911) description reports the presence of many anisochelae, and we found these in the slide of the type we examined (Fig. 18f), but virtually none of the specimens we obtained contained these microscleres.Also the sigmas, reported as common by Row, were quite rare in our specimens. Mycalostyles and sigmas were smaller in our specimens than in the type. These differences with the type would seem sufficient to prevent our specimens to be assigned to the same species as Row’s specimen. However, in specimens of this subgenus elsewhere, e.g. in the Caribbean, the presence of microscleres is notoriously variable and they are not infrequently absent in specimens of the same shape and color. The copious production of slime by specimens lifted out of the water may lead to turning the sponge into an almost macerated stage, and this may well be the cause of considerable loss of microscleres. We are not aware of another vase-shaped Mycale (Arenochalina) species in the Red Sea, so we feel justified to assign our specimens to Row’s species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFE5FF8455ABFAA45269CDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFE1FF8955ABFEEF513CCCC7.text	361087A7FFE1FF8955ABFEEF513CCCC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer 1906	<div><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906</p><p>Figs 20 a–g, 21a–d, 22a–d, 23</p><p>Mycale imperfecta Baer, 1906: 20, pl. II fig. 5, pl. V figs 3–8; Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 86, fig. 35; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 291; Barnes &amp; Bell 2002 a: table 1 (listed only).</p><p>Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911: 292, fig. 4.</p><p>Mycale fistulata var. macrochela Hentschel, 1911: 294 .</p><p>? Mycale monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932: 329, text-fig. 6; Rao 1941: 446.</p><p>Mycale trincomaliensis Rao, 1941: 447, pl. XII fig. 19, text-figs 23–25.</p><p>Mycale spongiosa; Thomas 1973: 36, pl. II fig. 8, pl. V fig. 9, pl. VII fig. 8 (not: Dendy 1896 = M. (Ar.) mirabilis).</p><p>Mycale tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a: 102, figs 13–14.</p><p>? Mycale sp. Thomas 1973: 37, pl. II fig. 9, pl. V fig. 6.</p><p>Mycale setosa; Van Soest 1984: 30; Erpenbeck et al. 2016: supplementary data COI tree (not: Gelliodes setosa Keller, 1889).</p><p>Mycale tricomaliensis (sic); Pattanayak 2009: 26.</p><p>Material examined. ZMB 4398 (Figs 26a), syntype (2 specimens, 2 slides) of Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911, Australia, West Australia, Sharksbay, ca. 6 miles S of Denham, coll . R. Hartmeyer &amp; W. Michaelsen 1905; ZMB 4399 (Fig. 26b), holotype of Mycale fistulata var. macrochela, Australia, Sharksbay, South Passage, coll. Hartmeyer &amp; Michaelsen.</p><p>ZMA Por. 01611, Indonesia, N Maluku, Halmahera, anchorage N of Salomakiee (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.3241&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.3241/lat -0.942)">Damar</a>) Island, 0.942°S 128.3241°E, depth 45 m, bottom coralline algae, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 144, field nr. SE1199, 7 August 1899 ; ZMA Por. 11438, Seychelles, Mahé, Praslin Island, NW coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.7/lat -4.2833)">Chevalier Bay</a>, 4.2833°S 55.7°E, depth 2–10 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 703, field nr. IOP-E 703/11, 17 December 1992 (dirty grey); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.6833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.6833/lat -4.2)">Por.</a> 12656, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/02, 19 December 1992 (purple); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.2333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.2333/lat -3.75)">Por.</a> 12657, Seychelles, Mahé, E of Bird Island, 3.75°S 55.2333°E, depth 45 m, trawl, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 720, field nr. IOP-E 720/20, 20 December 1992; ZMA Por. 12703, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.3167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.3167/lat -5.4167)">St. Joseph Atoll</a>, NW rim, reef slope, 5.4167°S 53.3167°E, depth 5–22 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 753, field nr. IOP-E 753/22, 26 December 1992 (purple); ZMA Por. 13409, Seychelles, Mahé, SE coast near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.55/lat -4.75)">Pointe Cocos</a>, coral rubble, 4.75°S 53.55°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 738, field nr. IOP-E 738/17, 24 December 1992 (rose-purple); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.2/lat -3.6833)">Por.</a> 13728, Seychelles, Mahé, W of Bird Island, 3.6833°S 55.2°E, depth 1 m, snorkeling, coll. W. Kooistra, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 722, field nr. IOP-E 722/1A, 19 December 1992 ; ZMA Por. 17888, Oman, Dhofar province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.82&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.82/lat 16.95)">Mirbat Peninsula</a>, 16.95°N 54.82°E, depth 5–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R.G. Moolenbeek, R. Gómez &amp; O. Eerland, December 2002 .</p><p>Description (Figs 20 a–d, Figs 21a, Figs 22a,a 1). Cushion-shaped, erect-lobate, or thick encrustations. Size of specimens up to 10 x 8 x 4 cm. Color in life purple or greyish purple. Surface flaky and/or irregularly smooth to spiny (preserved condition), due to choanosomal fibres protruding through the surface membrane. In preserved samples oscules small and spread over the surface. Consistency compressible, rather soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 20 e–g). As usual for the subgenus, the skeleton consists of a reticulation of spongin-encased spicule tracts. In this species, the spongin is often almost entirely obscured by the solid mass of the mycalostyles. Meshes are square, 1–2 mm wide, with primary tracts 200–300 µm in diameter and secondary tracts of 10–100 µm anastomosing at right angles. Microscleres common, anisochelae arranged in rosettes (Fig. 20g) of up to 65 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 21 b–d, 22b–d). Mycalostyles, one size of anisochelae, one size of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 21b,b 1, 22b,b 1), variable in thickness, straight, with oval heads, 241– 275.2 –309 x 2– 5.4 – 10 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Figs 21c, 22c), variable in length and in abundance among specimens but less so within a given specimen, with prominent upper lateral alae and narrow median alae, fully developed lower alae, 18– 25.5 – 42 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 21d, 22d), variable in size, but within an individual there is less variation; no sigma size categories are evident; most are almost half-circular in outline, with slightly incurved apices; occasionally they are more elongate in shape, 42– 74.6 – 104 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 23). Indonesia, Seychelles, Oman, Zanzibar, Madagascar, West Australia, India, in shallow reefs down to 45 m.</p><p>Remarks. Type specimens of Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911 and its variety macrochela were re-examined and re-assigned to Baer’s species, which has priority. Microscleres among the various specimens here assigned to M. (Ar.) imperfecta show the same large range of sizes (anisochelae 18–42 µm, sigmas 45–104 µm) as in M. (Ar.) regularis, a size range that in other subgenera of Mycale would cover two or more categories. However, the size range within specimens of this species is narrow, with little variation in size, whereas among specimens it is wide, but no regional patterns are apparent.</p><p>The characters distinguishing the present species from other Mycale (Arenochalina) members of the region are lobate shape, purple live color, thin primary and secondary spicule tracks completely filled with often relatively robust mycalostyles. Baer mentions mycalostyles of only 186–246 x 3–4 µm whereas in our specimens these are longer and barely overlap Baer’s specimens, but in view of the large variation of spicule lengths and thickness, this is thought to fall within the variation. Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s (1971) description of a Madagascar specimen reports longer but equally thin mycalostyles. Baer’s, Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s and Pulitzer-Finali’s specimens had on average smaller anisochelae, and they do not mention presence of rosettes, but otherwise the descriptions match ours. In our specimens the spicule data show a large range. Hentschel’s (1911) material of Mycale fistulata is similar in shape to Baer’s type, but shares the longer mycalostyles with Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s (1971) material and the present specimens from the Seychelles. Hentschel’s var. macrochela is here regarded as belonging to this species, but in some individuals the sigmas are larger than average. Future studies might show there is taxonomic diversity in this presumed variable species.</p><p>Mycale trincomaliensis Rao, 1941 from India conforms in all aspects to the present species. We believe Thomas’ (1973) description of Mycale spongiosa from the Seychelles likely concerns the present species, as the shape (encrusting a ‘twig’), the skeleton (‘scalariform’ with main fibres of 180 µm diameter cored by 30–50 megascleres), and the spicules (anisochelae in rosettes, fairly large sigmas) match Baer’s and our description. Esperella spongiosa Dendy, 1896 is convincingly synonymized with M. (Ar.) mirabilis by Wiedenmayer (1989). That author also synonymized the present species with M. (Ar.) mirabilis (cf. above), but we disagree because of the consistent differences of our specimens with Von Lendenfeld’s species. That species has erect-pedunculate shape, cream or yellow color, has foreign material enclosed in its primary fibres and its microscleres are virtually absent. In the absence of more definite information we believe that Mycale sp. sensu Thomas (1973) from the Seychelles could also belong to the present species.</p><p>Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971) suggested the present species is close to Esperella tenuispiculata Dendy, 1905 . However, Dendy’s species (cf. also below) has much smaller sigmas (36 µm) and the skeleton and tissue is filled with sand grains and foreign material. It may be closer to M. (Ar.) mirabilis . Below, we recognize specimens in our collection as close to if not conspecific with M (Ar.) tenuispiculata .</p><p>Mycale tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a was also suggested as a synonym of M. (Ar.) mirabilis by Wiedenmayer (1989), but in view of the apparently abundant presence of microscleres, both anisochelae and sigmas, it is perhaps closer to the present species. In contrast, the fibres are described to be filled mostly with sand grains, rendering it not certainly a member of M. (Ar.) imperfecta .</p><p>Rosettes of anisochelae are shared with M. (Ar.) regularis Wilson, 1925 (cf. below), and in many other aspects, e.g. the semicircular, slightly incurved shape of the sigmas, this species is closest to the present. However, the habitus of M. (Ar.) regularis is persistently tubular, fibres are thicker and contain more spongin. If Wiedenmayer’s hypothesis of polymorphism in Indo-West Pacific Arenochalina specimens would prove to be for real, then chances are that what we described above under M. (Ar.) euplectellioides and below under M.(Ar.) regularis belong to the same species as the present. In that case, the name M. (Ar.) imperfecta would have priority. We prefer to emphasize the difference in overall shape as a specific feature.</p><p>We suggest that Indian Mycale monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932 could be a junior synonym, even though no sigmas have been reported from it. Several specimens assigned here to M. (Ar.) imperfecta had their sigmas only rarely present (e.g. ZMA. Por. 13728 and 17888), and paucity of microscleres is characteristic of the subgenus Arenochalina in general. Re-examination of the type material is necessary to confirm the synonymy.</p><p>In the course of the study of this species we discovered that Mycale fistulata var. macrochela Hentschel, 1911 (here re-assigned to M. (Ar.) imperfecta Baer, 1906) is a senior primary homonym of Mycale macrochela Burton, 1932 from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica (Burton 1932: 289, pl. 51 fig. 6). Despite the synonymic status of the former, the junior primary homonym must be replaced (ICZN Art. 57.2), and we propose Mycale (Mycale) mauricei sp.nov., named after Maurice Burton (there is already a combination Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995, cf. below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFE1FF8955ABFEEF513CCCC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFECFF8E55ABFDBF521AC8BF.text	361087A7FFECFF8E55ABFDBF521AC8BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis Wilson 1925	<div><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis Wilson, 1925</p><p>Figs 24 a–e, 25a–e, 26a–c, 27a–f, 28</p><p>Mycale euplectellioides var. regularis Wilson, 1925: 427 .</p><p>Mycale euplectellioides; Salmoun et al. 2007: 153 (not: Row, 1911).</p><p>Material examined. USNM 21273 (Fig. 22a), holotype of Esperella euplectelliodes var. regularis, Philippine Islands, Sulu Archipelago, Jolo Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.989&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.989/lat 6.7222)">Belan Point</a>, 6.7222°N 120.989°E, depth 39.6 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.989&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.7222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.989/lat 6.7222)">Albatross Expedition</a> stat. 5136, 14 February 1908 .</p><p>ZMA Por. 02906, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pearl Banks</a>, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m , trawl/dredge/divers, Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr. SE 1604I, 23 December 1899; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.1333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.1333/lat -6.5)">Por.</a> 08883, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE, Take Bone Rate NE, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333°E, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 139, field nr 139 / IV/02, 25 September 1984 (blue); ZMA Por. 14515, Indonesia, North Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.0568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7931" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.0568/lat 1.7931)">Bunaken</a>, S of Tilisei Island, 1.7931°N 125.0568°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, SYMBIOSPONGE Project, field nr. 98/NS/MAY06/BH/068, 6 May 1998 (iridescent blue); RMNH Por. 2147, Indonesia, Bali, Tulamben Beach, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.5911&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.2739" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.5911/lat -8.2739)">Liberty Wreck</a>, 8.2739°S 115.5911°E, depth 18 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, field nr. BAL.21/100401/112, 11 April 2001 (blue); RMNH Por. 2155, Indonesia, Sulawesi, S, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4734&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4734/lat -5.6623)">Tanjung Bira</a>, 5.6623°S 120.4734°E, depth 25 m , coll. N.J. de Voogd, station BIR03, field nr. UP / BR/040302 /222, 4 March 2002; RMNH Por. 2160, Indonesia, Sulawesi, S, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4734&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6623" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4734/lat -5.6623)">Tanjung Bira</a>, 5.6623°S 120.4734°E, depth 42 m , coll. N.J. de Voogd, station BIR02, field nr. UP / BR/090202 /286, 9 February 2002 (blue); RMNH Por. 3928, Indonesia, West Papua, Raja Ampat Islands, SE Gam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.6733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1687" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.6733/lat -5.1687)">Mike’s Point</a>, 5.1687°S 130.6733°E, 20–25 m , SCUBA, coll. W. Renema, 20 November 2007; Specimen not retrieved, not registered: Papua New Guinea, coll. M.C. Díaz, field nr. 92579 (whitish) .</p><p>Description (Figs 24 a–b, 25a–b, 26a, 27a,e–f). Hollow, cylindrical tube or group of tubes connected at the base (Figs 24a, 25a, 27 e–f). Shape tending to become expanded or even flaring in the larger specimens (Fig. 24a), but smaller specimens may be finger-shaped (Fig. 27a) or massive, not forming clear tubes and then resembling M. (Ar.) imperfecta (cf. above). Size variable, up to 20 cm or more in height, mouth diameter up to 10 cm in the larger specimens, narrower in smaller specimens. Mouth of the tubes provided with thin organic rim (Fig. 24a), which disappears in preservation. Surface provided with grouping of blunt spines, or bluntly conulose, due to protruding fibres, becoming progressively macerated in preservation. Color iridescent pale blueish (Figs 24a, 25a) or (greyish) white (Figs 27 e–f), becoming light beige or dirty white in preservation (Figs 24b, 25b, 26a, 27a). Consistency cartilaginous. Copious mucus production when lifted out of the water.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 26b,b 1–c). Framework of spongin-enforced spicule tracts, with main tracts 300–700 µm in diameter interconnected—frequently at right angles—by secondary tracts of 150–250 µm diameter. Both fibre types are filled with dense masses of thin mycalostyles, usually closely aligned, but especially at the connecting region they may be strewn in all directions. Near the surface, thinner tracts may branch off and fan out into the organic ectosome. Loose mycalostyles may be strewn tangentially in the mucous tissue inbetween the protruding endings of the main fibres. Specimens not immediately put into alcohol may loose much of their organic tissues and also loose the bulk of the microscleres. This may cause difficulties in identifying the spicule complement because the presence, absence or rarity of microscleres may then vary in individual sponge specimens. In well-preserved specimens, the microscleres are usually present in abundance, and anisochelae are typically gathered in rosettes of 60–70 µm diameter (Fig. 26c).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 24 c–e, 25c–e, 27b–d). Mycalostyles, a single size of anisochelae, a single size of sigmas; microscleres are usually common.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 24c,c 1, 25c,c 1, 27b,b 1), thin, with elongate heads, shaft equidiametrical, often with blunt ending, 213– 283.9 –318 x 2– 4.3 – 6.5 µm; type specimen: 279– 305.3 –315 x 5– 5.8 – 6.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Figs 24d, 25d, 26e, 27c), narrow, but with both upper and lower alae well-developed, free shaft about one third of the length of the spicule, 23– 30.1 – 41 µm; type specimen: 28– 32.1 – 36 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 24e, 25e, 27d), thin, widely curved to almost circular, with ends tending to turn inward, 51– 70.2 – 94 µm; type specimen: 74– 83.8 – 94 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 28). Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, on deeper parts of the reefs and rocks, from 10 m down to 42 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Together with M. (Ar.) euplectellioides, the present species is distinct from the other Mycale (Arenochalina) species in the region by forming a large cylindrical shape. Differences with M. (Ar.) euplectellioides are mainly the surface color, of whitish to pale blue color, against the red color of that species. It is close in additional characters to Mycale (Aenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906 (cf. above), sharing rosettes of anisochelae and semicircular sigmas with incurved endings. As a further distinction apart from shape, the skeletal fibres are usually more robust, up to 700 µm in diameter. In the Caribbean, Mycale (Arenochalina) laxissima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) occurs in a large range of shapes (tubular, massive or encrusting), so it may be argued that the differences in shape between M. (Ar.) regularis (and indeed also M. (Ar.) euplectellioides) and M. (Ar.) imperfecta is infraspecific variability within a single variable species. For the time being, we emphasize here the differences (see also below), and keep the two as separate species.</p><p>The syntype of Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis Wilson, 1925 (as a variety of M. euplectellioides), USNM 21273 (cf. Fig. 26a), was re-examined and we conclude that the alleged differences with M. (Ar.) euplectellioides noted by Wilson are maybe not all of taxonomic significance. Wilson cites fibre diameter differences between main fibres (up to 850 µm in diameter) and connecting fibres, and subdermally thinner fibres, and a more regular reticulation, but these features are quite variable in our specimens. In situ photos of the two (e.g. M. (Ar.) euplectellioides (RMNH Por. 9628) and M. (Ar.) regularis (ZMA Por. 14515) show that the two differ clearly in color and more subtly in surface features, the former being more sharply conulose, the latter more bluntly conulose. In preservation, these differences largely disappear. A further indication that the two are closely related but different species is the distribution known so far, with M. (Ar.) euplectellioides confined to the Arabic peninsula and M. (Ar.) regularis to the Indo-Malayan archipelagoes (Fig. 28).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFECFF8E55ABFDBF521AC8BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFEBFF9255ABFA5E5335CB8D.text	361087A7FFEBFF9255ABFA5E5335CB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuispiculata (Dendy 1905) Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) aff. tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905) comb.nov.</p><p>Figs 29 a–f, 30a–d, 31a–g</p><p>Esperella tenuispiculata Dendy, 1905: 161 .</p><p>? Parisociella anomala; sensu Burton 1952: 169 (not: Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886: 341).</p><p>Desmacella spec. Erhardt &amp; Baensch 2000: 64.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 14598, Oman, Ras al <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=58.7408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.5315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 58.7408/lat 23.5315)">Khayran</a>, 23.5315°N 58.7408°E, depth 12 m , on fish cage, SCUBA, coll. R. Gomez, SYMBIOSPONGE project, field nr. 98 / IO / NOV05 /RG/002, 5 November 1998 (live color red); ZMA Por. 16926, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.0/lat 29.5167)">Marine Science Station</a>, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, overgrowing dead Acropora at depth of 10 m , SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 538, 2001 (red, preserved dry); ZMA Por. 16932, Jordan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.0/lat 29.5167)">Northern Gulf</a> of Aqaba, Aqaba pier, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, depth 5 m , SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 544, 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 16933, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.0/lat 29.5167)">Marine Science Station</a>, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, growing on water pipes at depth of 7 m , SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 545, 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 16953, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.5167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.0/lat 29.5167)">Marine Science Station</a>, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, overgrowing dead Lobophyllia at depth of 10 m , SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 9.5.1, 9 May 2001 (red, preserved dry); RMNH Por. 9145, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.9736&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.4583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.9736/lat 29.4583)">Marine Science Station</a>, 29.4583°N 34.9736°E, encrusting branching dead corals, 10–15 m depth , SCUBA, coll. L. Rix, field nr. 5, 8 December 2013 (red) .</p><p>Description (Figs 29 a–f, 31a–c). ZMA Por. 14598 and RMNH Por. 9145 consist of larger alcohol preserved fragments, the other specimens are small wet and dried fragments, complemented by in situ and on deck photos. From these and from in situ photographs we can describe the species as forming encusting lobes on dead corals, in life (Figs 29 a–b,e) with wide oscules of 3–10 mm or more in diameter on top of lobes, dark to bright red in color (although lighter, orange, colored inside), on deck they are also red, (Figs 29 c–d,f), but in preservation they become dirty white (Fig. 29d). Surface smooth to bumpy-microconulose in life, more bumpy in preservation. The sponge is frequently hosting white scyphozoan polyps (Fig. 29b) and/or?polychaete tubes (see also Erhardt &amp; Baensch 2000: 64). Size of encrusting specimens up to 5 cm in diameter, up to 3 cm in thickness. Consistency of the encrusting specimens soft, compressible. One of the collectors, R. Gómez (Oman specimen ZMA Por. 14598) noted that it smelled after ‘canned tomatoes’. Production of slime not reported as excessive.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 30a, 31d). The skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts, 120–180 µm in diameter comprising&gt;25 spicules in cross section, enclosed by spongin, interconnected at right angles by thinner, likewise sponginenforced spicule tracts, 30–50 µm in diameter comprising &lt;10 spicules in cross section. The skeleton is confused and irregular. From these basal tracts issue peripherally directed thinner spicule tracts, 30–50 µm diameter without foreign material and with less visible spongin, and near the surface individual spicules fan out to carry the surface membrane (Fig. 30a), rather similar to what is seen in most Mycale (Carmia) species. Microscleres are generally rare, but sigmas may be more frequent in some specimens, both sigmas and anisochelae may be deficient in some specimens. No rosettes of anisochelae have been observed.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 30 b–d, 31e–f). Mycalostyles, one size of anisochelae (if present), one size of sigmas (if present). If specimens have both microsclere types, they tend to have more sigmas than anisochelae, the latter being difficult to find or absent.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 30b,b 1, 31e,e 1), typically ‘hollow’, with visible axial canals, reduced in silica development, with elongately swollen tyles, length variable, 152– 238.6 –291 x 1– 2.49 – 3.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Figs 30c, 31f), usually quite rare, virtually absent in several specimens, occasionally a few are encountered, if present somewhat compressed and irregular, 12– 17.4 – 21 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 30d, 31g), also rare but definitely more often encountered and occasionally common, invariably thin, C- or S-shaped, usually asymmetric, 23– 35.1 – 40 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Our material is confined to the Arabian Peninsula, common in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, also Oman. If indeed conspecific with M. (Ar.) tenuispiculata occurring also in Sri Lanka. Abundant on dead corals in open reefs, 5– 15 m.</p><p>Remarks. We are not certain our specimens belong to Dendy’s species. His type material (not seen) is similar in most aspects to our specimens, including the sandy interior and the uneven surface, but the paucity of microscleres (with anisochelae rare or absent) provides some doubts. Anisochelae were reported by Dendy as ‘scarce, but constant’, which concurs with our specimen from Oman, but the Aqaba material contained only a few anisochelae in four of the specimens, in one we did not find any.</p><p>Assignment of this species to the subgenus Arenochalina instead of Carmia is based on the irregular sponginenforced spicule tracts, but it is by no means certain. Our specimens share with Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) the rare presence of microscleres and the occurrence of sand grains and other foreign objects in the primary fibres, although this was rather uncommon. Differences are the color, which is cited as yellowish cream to beige (cf. Wiedenmayer 1989), and is bright red in our specimens. Mycalostyles in Australian M. (Ar.) mirabilis specimens appear distinctly thicker (2–8 µm) than in our Red Sea specimens (1–3.5 µm). Especially the color difference indicates that the Red Sea material is specifically distinct.</p><p>Esperella arenicola Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 339; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 72, pl. XV fig. 4, pl. XVI fig.8, from Bass Strait, South Australia, reassigned to Mycale arenicola by Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994), on paper reads as rather similar to the present species, but mycalostyles and sigmas of that species are larger, and it has trichodragmas, not found in the present species. It may also be close to Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana Hentschel, 1911 . As the locality of arenicola falls outside our regional limits we do not add a summary description.</p><p>We suggest here that Burton’s (1952) record of Parisociella anomala (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) (originally as Esperella) is a member of the present species. His specimen had a skeleton resembling Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides (Row, 1911) (cf. above), and red live color. The shape was a macerated ‘fragment of a branch’ and low encrustations, with microscleres absent. The properties of Ridley &amp; Dendy’s species, to which Burton had associated his Gulf of Aqaba specimens, are rather different and we do not think Burton’s material belongs to it. Ridley &amp; Dendy describe a digitate irregularly ramose sponge, branches up to 12.5 cm, skeleton a rectangularly meshed reticulation of ‘stout spiculofibre’ containg a very large amount of spongin and few spicules. Megascleres were given as styles/tyostyles of about 250 x 5 µm, and rare microscleres in the form of very minute slender isochelae. Burton also mentioned the presence of toxas of 20–60 µm, apparently overlooked by Ridley &amp; Dendy, and believed the isochelae were ‘degenerate’ anisochelae. Burton also gave several synonyms, which appear to be mostly Microcionidae .</p><p>Additional species of Mycale (Arenochalina) in the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFEBFF9255ABFA5E5335CB8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFF7FF9355ABF963551CCDEC.text	361087A7FFF7FF9355ABF963551CCDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala (Ridley & Dendy 1886)	<div><p>? Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)</p><p>Esperella anomala Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 341 (not: Parisociella anomala; sensu Burton 1952).</p><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 678.</p><p>Summary description. Digitate and irregularly ramose sponge, size up to 12.5 cm long and 6 mm thick. The skeleton is a rectangularly meshed system of cored spongin fibres. Megascleres subtylostyles of about 250 x 5 µm. There are scarce and very small?isochelae only, although Burton (1952) insists there are toxas.</p><p>Distribution. Honolulu, Hawaii, depth 20– 30 m.</p><p>Comment. See above in remarks of M. (Ar.) aff. tenuispiculata . Whether this is really a Mycale (Arenochalina) should be demonstrated by re-examination of the type specimens (BMNH 1887.5.2.165) and extensive (SEM-)studies. The status of this species is illustrative for the morphological problems posed by members of the subgenus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFF7FF9355ABF963551CCDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFF6FF9555ABFEEF5223CC9C.text	361087A7FFF6FF9555ABFEEF5223CC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld 1887)	<div><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887)</p><p>Arenochalina mirabilis Von Lendenfeld, 1887: 821, pl. XXVI fig. 70, pl. XXVII fig. 28; Von Lendenfeld 1888: 103; Whitelegge 1902: 212–213; Pulitzer-Finali 1982a: 100, fig. 12.</p><p>Esperella spongiosa Dendy, 1896: 16 .</p><p>? Esperella crassa Dendy, 1896: 17 .</p><p>? Esperella rara Dendy, 1896:18 .</p><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis; Hallmann 1912: 252 (footnote); Carpay 1986: 32; Wiedenmayer 1989: 84, pl. 9 figs 8–10, 13, pl. 10 figs 1–2, pl. 29 figs 1–4, text figs 53–56 (see also there for possible synonymies and extensive description); Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 677.</p><p>Naviculina mirabilis; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 293.</p><p>Mycale mirabilis; Erpenbeck et al. 2016: Supplementary Data 2, 28S and COI trees.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA.Por.P.12173, Australia, Tasmania, Eaglehawk Neck, coll. M.C, Carpay, slide made from single erect specimen of 30 cm long, kept at Tasmanian Museum, reg.nr. TM 85.</p><p>Summary description. Sponges are massive, erect club-shaped to lobate, or encrusting, with coarsely spinous surface. Color in life brownish yellow. On deck, the sponge becomes slimy and looses much of its organic tissue quickly, leaving a macerated skeleton of coarse spongin fibres. The consistency is compressible in life, but becomes rigid in preservation. Size of specimens up to 30 x 5 x 4 cm. The skeletal framework of the sponge is made up of coarse thick spongin fibres usually entirely filled with thin, vestigial mycalostyles. Foreign materials including sand grains or algal strands occurs in some of the fibres in some of the specimens but this is uncommon generally. The main fibres, with thickness varying from 100 µm to 1 mm depending on position in the sponge (thicker specimens have basal fibres much thicker than peripheral fibres) may be irregularly anastomosing by connecting thinner fibres (100–250 µm diameter). Surface skeleton is absent. Spicules mycalostyles, microscleres rare or absent. Mycalostyles, typically ‘hollow’, reduced in silica development, almost vestigial, with faintly swollen tyles often grooved or lobed, length variable, 104–280 x 1–7 µm. Anisochelae not found in tropical localities but two anisochelae of 19–23 µm were found in one of Wiedenmayer’s specimens from South East Australia. Sigmas, only rarely observed, absent in tropical localities. Wiedenmayer found 8 sigmas in one of his specimens from South East Australia, thin, widely curved, with apices somewhat incurved, size 42–86 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Northern Australia (Von Lendenfeld 1887; Pulitzer-Finali 1982a), South East Australia (Wiedenmayer 1989), Northwest Tasmania (Carpay 1986), on reefs and rocks down to 30 m depth.</p><p>Comments. Differences with Red Sea specimens, here assigned to Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905) are the color, which is cited as yellowish cream to beige in North Australian, and red in Red Sea specimens. Mycalostyles in North Australian specimens appear distinctly thicker (2–8 µm) than in Red Sea specimens (1–3.5 µm). Of the synonymy designations made by Wiedenmayer (1989), we disagree with M. (Ar.) imperfecta Baer, 1906, M. (A.) fistulata Hentschel, 1911, and M. (Ar.) tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982b, as these were reassigned above to the synonymy of Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta . This species is purple in color and has abundant microscleres, including rosettes of anisochelae.</p><p>Wiedenmayer (1989) also suggested Gelliodes setosa Keller, 1889 was a junior synonym of the present species. However, his reason for suggesting this comes from Van Soest’s (1984) discussion of the affinities of Caribbean Mycale laxissima (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), in which he suggested that Indonesian specimen ZMA Por. 01611 showed similarities with M. laxissima . The ZMA specimen was identified by M. Burton as Mycale setosa (Keller, 1889), but here it is reassigned to Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta (cf. above). The name was also used by Erpenbeck et al. (2016, supplementary data, CO1tree). Burton’s identification (and Van Soest’s remark) does not conform to the type of Gelliodes setosa as described by Keller (1889), a.o. because no anisochelae were mentioned by Keller. As stated above, we examined the type ZMB 270, which conforms to Gelliodes .</p><p>Wiedenmayer (1989) did not include South Australian Esperella crassa Dendy, 1896 in his long list of assumed junior synonyms of the present species, perhaps because Dendy mentions the presence of small anisochelae of 16 µm. Other features, including a strong presence of sand and foreign material do suggest it could be a junior synonym. Likewise, Esperella rara Dendy, 1896 with the same sandy skeleton and small anisochelae, but in addition also trichodragmas, appears close if not conspecific with the present species. Both are technically outside our target region, so we refrain from giving summary descriptions. Of the latter species the type material appears to have been lost (Ayling et al. 1982; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer, 1994: 292).</p><p>Mycale waitei (Whitelegge, 1906) (originally as Cladorhiza) is a likely Mycale (Arenochalina) from New South Wales, but no formal subgenus assignment has so far been made (but see below in Table 9).</p><p>Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994) assigned this species to the genus Naviculina Gray, 1867 . No reasons for this suprising assignment were given. The genus is currently accepted as a subgenus of Mycale species with cleistochelate anisochelae (dubbed ‘naviculichelae’ in this study following Van Soest &amp; Hajdu, 2002) (see below). M. (Ar.) mirabilis does not possess naviculichelae.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Arenochalina) species of the region</p><p>Remark. We refrain from keying out M. (Ar.) anomala (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) and M. waitei (Whitelegge, 1906) as there is doubt of their identity.</p><p>1 Growth form a flaring tube or coalescent tubes.............................................................. 2</p><p>- Not tubular. Shape is encrusting, lobate or erect club-shaped................................................... 3</p><p>2 Color red or pale red; surface with deep valleys and sharp conules................ Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides</p><p>- Color greyish, whitish or iridescent pale purple; surface with pustular outgrowths, inside more smooth............................................................................................ Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis</p><p>3 Microscleres obviously present, including rosettes of anischelae, sigmas 40–105 µm ...... Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta</p><p>- Microscleres not common, may be rare or absent............................................................ 4</p><p>4 Live color bright red, fibres predominantly filled with mycalostyles, occasionally bryozoans or algae may be enclosed in the fibres, sigmas if present &lt;40 µm ............................................ Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuispiculata</p><p>- Live color yellowish beige to dirty white, fibres filled with sand grains; sigmas if present&gt; 40 µm ................................................................................................ Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Arenochalina)</p><p>Our estimate for the global diversity of the subgenus is severely uncertain, due to the unsatisfactory state of morphological evidence for species distinction. We believe a rational number of species is approximately 15, but this is not much better than a ‘guess’. One of the vexing problems is the poor knowledge of several South East Australian ‘species’ alleged or suspected to belong to the subgenus. The global distribution of the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 32, showing that the subgenus is absent in polar regions and most temperate waters. Its absence in the Mediterranean indicates it has a circum-tropical distribution with a likely South East Pacific origin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFF6FF9555ABFEEF5223CC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFF0FF9555ABFE7F5447CF86.text	361087A7FFF0FF9555ABFE7F5447CF86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) Gray 1867	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Carmia) Gray, 1867</p><p>Carmia Gray, 1867: 537; De Laubenfels 1954: 154; Bergquist &amp; Fromont 1988: 21.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia); Topsent 1924: 83; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 678.</p><p>Type species. Hymeniacidon macilenta Bowerbank, 1866 (= Mycale (Carmia) macilenta).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFF0FF9555ABFE7F5447CF86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFF0FF9855ABFD405106CCB8.text	361087A7FFF0FF9855ABFD405106CCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) amiri Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) amiri sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 33 a–h, 34a–h</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 09737, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Salayar, E of N point <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.4667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4417/lat -6.4667)">Pulau Bahuluang</a>, 6.4667°S 120.4417°E, sea grass bed on coral branch, depth 0–2 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 171, field nr. 171/18, 1 October 1984 (live color green).</p><p>Paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.4667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4417/lat -6.4667)">Por.</a> 06542, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Salayar, E of N point Pulau Bahuluang, 6.4667°S 120.4417°E, sea grass bed on coral branch, depth 0–2 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 171, field nr. 171/04, 1 October 1984 (brown); paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.4667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4417/lat -6.4667)">Por.</a> 06544, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Salayar, E of N point Pulau Bahuluang, 6.4667°S 120.4417°E, sea grass bed on coral branch, depth 0–2 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 171, field nr. 171/06, 1 October 1984 (yellow-green) ;</p><p>Non-type material: ZMA Por. 07966, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, NE coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.9167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.75/lat -9.9167)">Sumba</a>, E of Melolo, 9.9167°S 120.75°E, reef flat, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052 / II/05, 14 September 1984 (dark brown) .</p><p>Description. Small crusts and patches on dead corals (Figs 33a, 34a), branching octocorals and other marine invertebrates. Surface microlobate, smooth, slimy. In preserved condition no visible openings. Live colors dark yellow green or brown. Size of individual patches dependent of substratum, 1–1.5 cm long, 0.5 cm thick. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 33b,b 1). Thin, lax tracts of megascleres, 30–60 µm in diameter (5–8 spicules in cross section) run through the choanosome ending at the surface with brushes of spicules. Overall, the skeleton has a low spicular density, except microscleres, which are abundant in the surface membrane and throughout the choanosome. Rosettes of anisochelae I are small (up to 75 µm diameter) and have only 5–8 spicules. The tissue of all specimens shows a dense mass of refractile granules. One specimen (ZMA Por. 07966) is packed with multicellular cyanobacteria (Fig. 34h).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 33 c–h, 34b–g). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, and two categories of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 33c,c 1, 34b,b 1), thin, with barely developed elongate heads and pointed opposite ends, 205– 275.3 –351 x 2.5– 3.6 – 5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 33d,d 1, 34c), well-developed elongate shape, free part of the shaft 30–40% of spicule length, with upper median alae extended outward, lower median alae squarish, 24– 31.4 – 35 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 33e, 34d,d 1), similar to anisochelae I in shape, 16– 19.0 – 23 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 27f, 28e), reduced lateral alae, upper and lower median alae nearing each other, 9– 11.4 – 15 µm.</p><p>Sigma I (Fig. 33g, 34f), narrow-shaped, thickness 1.5–3 µm, asymmetrical, with incurved endings, 48– 56.5 – 66 µm.</p><p>Sigma II (Fig. 33h, 34g), thin, symmetrical, 12– 17.8 – 21 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia. In sea grass meadows and on reef flats, often on other marine invertebrates, down to 4 m.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the late Ichsan Amir, formerly of the Research and Development Centre for Oceanology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia, in recognition of his work on Indonesian sponges (cf. Amir 1992). Ichsan unfortunately died from an accident preventing him from pursuing his intended studies on the Indonesian sponge fauna.</p><p>Remarks. The specific features of the new species are the three categories of anisochelae and two of sigmas in combination with lack of toxas and trichodragmas and the abundance of refractile granules in the tissue.</p><p>We excluded ZMA Por. 07966 from the type material because of its dark brown live color and the possibly related presence of numerous multicellular cyanobacteriae. The lower alae of anisochelae III in this specimen are slightly different from those of the type specimens and sigma II appear more robust. Nevertheless, the tissue with refractile granules and the overall shape and size of the spicules is similar to the other three specimens, which were all from the same locality. The slight differences between the type material and ZMA Por. 07966 may be due to differences in habitat.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFF0FF9855ABFD405106CCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFFDFF9A55ABFE5B5187C968.text	361087A7FFFDFF9A55ABFE5B5187C968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 35 a–d, 36a–f</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 16645, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Kudingareng Keke, depth not given, but presumably from shallow-water reef environment, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 0206–01, 2 June 1997 (brown).</p><p>Description. Thinly encrusting sponge, covering and insinuating among the septae of a broken Fungia mushroom coral (Figs 35 a–b). In preservation, surface is smooth, without visible openings. Size of several patches up to 2 x 3 cm in lateral expansion, several mm in thickness. Color brown in life, reddish brown in preservation. Consistency soft, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 35 c–d). Very lightly built, with thin megasclere tracts, 20–30 µm in diameter (4–6 spicules in cross section) running sinuously from the substratum towards the surface, where they fan out into brushes of single megascleres. Tracts are distanced from each other at 250–300 µm intervals. Between the tracts are shorter or longer (80–250 µm) bundles, 50–100 µm in thickness, of fusiform trichodragmas (Figs 35 c–d), each about 75 x 5 µm (see below), running parallelly to the megasclere tracts or irregularly. There is no special ectosomal skeleton, the dermal membrane having numerous sigmas and few rosettes of anisochelae I (50–60 µm in diameter). The choanosomal tissue is darkly reddish brown.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 36 a–f). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, and fusiform trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 36a,a 1), straight, with well-developed rounded heads, comparatively short and thin, 187– 205.5 – 222 x 1.5– 1.8 – 2.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 36b), comparatively narrow-shaped, with upper and lower alae well developed, free part of shaft 25–30% of total spicule length, little variation in size, 18– 22.1 – 27 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 36c), reduced in overall development, with upper median alae longer than half the spicule length, 8– 10.8 – 14 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 36d), thin (0.5–1.5 µm in thickness), asymmetrical, comparatively narrow-shaped, 37– 46.2 – 57 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Figs 36e,e 1,f), fusiform, faintly reminding of toxodragmas, but individual raphides sinuously curved but not toxa-shaped, 60– 74.2 –84 x 3– 4.7 – 6 µm. They are grouped in wide bundles, 50–100 µm in diameter, individually (80 µm long) or in longer sinuous structures (more than 250 µm long, cf. Fig. 35d) running parallel to the choanosomal megasclere tracts.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, on shallow-reefs.</p><p>Etymology. The compound name is an adjective consisting of the words Fungia and –philus meaning ‘ Fungia -loving’ referring to the substratum, a dead specimen of the mushroom coral genus Fungia .</p><p>Remarks. The habitus of the new species is encrusting-insinuating in the grooves between the septae of a dead Fungia . Since there is only a single sample, we cannot be certain that the species is uniquely confined to this substratum. The outstanding features of the new species are the bundles of fusiform trichodragmas and the poorly developed megasclere tracts. The combined spicule characters of the specimen are unique among Mycale (Carmia) species of the region. No close relatives have been identified.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) pulvinus Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005 from the Atlantic coast of South Africa shows some superficial resemblance in spicule complement, but sizes and categories show significant differences and there are no toxodragma-like microscleres.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFFDFF9A55ABFE5B5187C968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFFFFF9B55ABFB6B546DCACB.text	361087A7FFFFFF9B55ABFB6B546DCACB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) lissochela Bergquist 1965	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) lissochela Bergquist, 1965</p><p>Figs 37 a–e, 38a–e</p><p>Mycale lissochela Bergquist, 1965: 168, figs 22a–b</p><p>Not: Alcolado 1976: 5 (= presumably M. (C.) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927).</p><p>Material examined. USNM 23702, fragment of holotype Palau Islands, Koror, E side of mouth of Kaki-suido, Oyster Pass, coll. Project Coral Fish Expedition, depth 1–7 m, 22 October 1955 .</p><p>ZMA. Por. 09632, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.96" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.28/lat -4.96)">Badi</a>, 4.96°S 119.28°E, depth 20 m , SCUBA, coll. H. Moll, 1 October 1980 (mottled brown-white) .</p><p>Description (Figs 37a, 38a). Encrusting on erect hydroids, soft corals, and partially covered in zoanthids. Length and width of sponge dependent of substratum dimension (up to 10 cm or more in lateral expansion), thickness several mm. Surface conulose due to protruding hydroid/coral substratum. Live color of ZMA 09632 was reported as mottled brown-white. The type material is pinkish grey to cream-yellow in alcohol. The preserved ZMA specimen is blackish brown, due to color contamination from verongid sponges subsequent to collecting. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 37b, 38b). Thin spicule tracts, 30–60 µm in diameter branching sinuously (Fig. 37b) but not anastomosed, fanning out towards the surface (Fig. 38b). There is no tangential skeleton of megascleres, only scattered microscleres. Overall spicular density low, with both megascleres and microscleres thinly developed.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 37 c–e, 38c–e). Mycalostyles, a single category of anisochelae, a single category of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 37c,c 1, 38c,c 1), slightly curved, with thin elongated head and sharply pointed ending, type specimen: 212–275 x 3–4.5 µm, Indonesian specimen: 237– 253.8 –276 x 2– 3.6 – 5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Figs 37d, 38d), not common, narrow-shaped, with upper alae 50% of spicule length, type specimen: 13–20 µm, Indonesian specimen: 14– 16.4 – 18 µm</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 37e, 38e), common, in a single thin, elongate category, variable in size, type specimen: 19–40 µm, Indonesian specimen: 24– 34.0 – 38 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Palau Islands, on reefs, at 1–20 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The species is characterized by poor development of silica, with thin spicule tracts, thin mycalostyles and thin microscleres, with only the sigmas commony present. The type material from Palau and the Sulawesi specimen are closely similar in these aspects, as well as in spicule dimensions. On paper the description sounds rather similar to several other thinly encrusting Mycale (Carmia) species, such as M. (C.) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911 (cf. below), M. monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932 (cf. above and below), and perhaps also M. (Ar.) tenuispiculata (cf. above), but the combination of poorly developed skeleton attached to anthozoan or hydrozoan substratums, with single size categories of small thin anisochelae and small thin sigmas, appears distinct.</p><p>Alcolado’s (1976) record of this species from Cuba is obviously incorrect.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFFFFF9B55ABFB6B546DCACB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFF9FF9F55ABF9C3509ACB1C.text	361087A7FFF9FF9F55ABF9C3509ACB1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) monomicrosclera Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) monomicrosclera sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 39 a–e, 40a–d</p><p>Not: Mycale monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932: 329, text-fig. 6; Rao, 1941: 446,</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por.7288.a, Taiwan, Penghu Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5524&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.7127" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5524/lat 23.7127)">Gupoyu</a>, 23.7127°N 119.5524°E, depth 12 m, coll. Y. Huang, 19 August 2010 (orange).</p><p>Non-type specimens, ZMA Por. 08405, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.3333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.4333/lat -22.3333)">Selat Linta</a>, 8.5833°S 119.57°E, reef, depth 4–11 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.3333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.4333/lat -22.3333)">Indonesian-Dutch Snellius</a> II <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.3333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.4333/lat -22.3333)">Expedition</a> stat. 079, field nr. 079/ III/31, 18 September 1984 (orange; slide only); ZMA Por. 16354, New Caledonia, near Nouméa, 22.3333°S 166.4333°E, depth 20 m, coll. B. Richer, ORSTOM (donated by H. Dijkstra), 22 May 1984 (dried) .</p><p>Description (Figs 39a, 40a). The Taiwanese holotype is a thin orange crust, beige in alcohol, with slippery smooth surface. Consistency soft, rather slimy. It was encrusting a bivalve but is now broken into two equal-sized fragments of 2 x 2 cm (Figs 38a). Surface irregularly microlobate, smooth, no visible openings in preseverved condition. The dried New Caledonia specimen is thickly encrusting on a bivalve shell (Fig. 40a). Color orange in life, pale orange in dry condition. The Indonesian specimen was reported to be also orange, but only a thick section of the skeleton remains (Fig. 39e)</p><p>Skeleton. Typically Carmia -like, with a dense choanosomal skeleton of thin spicule tracts, 30–50 µm in thickness, lying parallel at a distance of 100–150 µm, running through the sponge body and thinning out at the surface (Figs 39b,e, 40b). No tangential ectosomal skeleton. No rosettes were observed. Tissue charged with some sand grains and small foreign particles.</p><p>Spicule s (Figs 39 c–d, 40c–d). Mycalostyles and anisochelae (no sigmas).</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 39c,c 1), thin, slightly or strongly curved, occasionally sinuous, occasionally straight. The latter condition is found in the holotype and the Indonesian specimen, 171– 215.8 –352 x 2.5– 3.9 – 5 µm; the New Caledonian specimen has the mycalostyles somewhat shorter and distinctly more curved than both others (Figs 40c,c 1), 170– 230.8 –267 x 2.5– 3.4 – 4.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Fig. 33d, 34d), variable in length but in a single size category, narrow, upper median alae occasionally with a slightly outwardly turned lower rim, lower median alae with a prominent upwardly projecting lobe, free part of the shaft approximately 35% of spicule length, 11– 18.4 – 24 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Taiwan, Indonesia, New Caledonia, on coral reefs, 4–20 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a noun consisting of the Greek word mono = one and the sponge term microsclera = microsclere, referring to the possession of only a single microsclere type in this species.</p><p>Remarks. If only spicule complement is taken into account, the present specimens would conform to Mycale monanchorata Burton &amp; Rao, 1932, as this is the only known species so far from the region with a single size of anisochelae as exclusive microsclere category. However, above we proposed that this is likely a junior synonym of Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906 . In Mycale (Arenochalina) species often one or both of the microsclere categories are rare or absent, especially in preserved material because of the extreme production of mucus which drains from the skeleton when lifted out of the water, in the process taking microscleres along. Our suggestion is based on observations by Burton &amp; Rao of thick mycalostyle-filled skeletal tracts in M. monanchorata, clearly thicker tracts and anastomosed to form rectangular meshes, whereas our present species has clearly thinner and unconnected tracts. Rao (1941) measured the spicule tracts of M. monanchorata as 60–200 µm. Burton &amp; Rao described the megascleres as having a conspicuous axial canal and compared their specimen to Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis . The anisochelae of our specimens are smaller (up to 24 µm vs up to 36 µm in Burton &amp; Rao’s specimen) and did not occur in rosettes like Burton &amp; Rao’s specimen. M. monanchorata is clearly Mycale (Arenochalina) -like in skeletal and spicular properties, similar to M. (A.) imperfecta . Our specimens are not similar to that species and are obvious members of subgenus Carmia, not Arenochalina .</p><p>Three similar specimens distributed over a wide area (New Caledonia, Indonesia, Taiwan) confirm the distinctness of the present new species. Because the specimens occur in widely distant localities, and one of the specimens have distinct curved mycalostyles, we refrain from giving type status to the New Caledonian and Indonesian specimens .</p><p>The curved-sinuous mycalostyles of the New Caledonian specimen remind somewhat of Japanese M. (C.) tenuisinuositylostyli Hoshino, 1981, but that species has a full complement of microscleres, incuding two size categories of anisochelae, sigmas I and toxas.</p><p>In several aspects (life color, skeleton) the new species is similar to Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911 (cf. below). But all specimens we assigned to this species have abundant sigmas, lacking entirely in the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFF9FF9F55ABF9C3509ACB1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFFAFFE555ABF9FF51BECDEC.text	361087A7FFFAFFE555ABF9FF51BECDEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila Hentschel 1911	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911</p><p>Figs 41 a–e, 42a–c, 43, 44a–e, 45, Table 3</p><p>? Esperella philippensis (sic); sensu Lindgren 1898: 302, pl. 19 figs 13a–c (not: Dendy 1896, cf. above).</p><p>Mycale phyllophila Hentschel, 1911: 294, fig. 5; Lévi 1963: 10, text-fig. 3; Van Soest 1982: 88, fig. 5.</p><p>? Mycale phillipensis; sensu Pulitzer-Finali, 1982b: 101 (not: Dendy 1896, cf. above).</p><p>Mycale adhaerens; Li 1986: 86 (Chinese), 109 (English), pl. I fig. 8, text-fig. 8 (not: Lambe 1894).</p><p>? Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila; Minh-Quang Thai 2013: 114 (listed only).</p><p>Material examined. ZMB Por 4401, syntypes (two specimens, cf. Figs 43), Australia, West Australia, Sharksbay, 2.5 miles SW of Denham, coll. Hartmeyer &amp; Michaelsen, Hamburg SW Australia Expedition, 10 June 1905 . ZMA Por. 01614, Indonesia, Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4481&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4481/lat -6.0963)">Salayar</a> anchorage, 6.0963°S 120.4481°E, depth 0–36 m , reef exploration, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 213, field nr. SE243, 26 September 1899; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6907" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1687/lat -3.6907)">Por.</a> 01615, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon anchorage, 3.6907°S 128.1687°E, depth 36–54 m , dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 181, field nr. SE1314, 5 September 1899; ZMA Por. 01810, Indonesia, Maluku, W coast Kur Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.9529&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.3513" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.9529/lat -5.3513)">Killsuin</a> anchorage, 5.3513°S 131.9529°E, depth 20–45 m , dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 250, field nr. SE272, 6 December 1899; ZMA Por. 04481, Hong Kong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.2662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.5506" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.2662/lat 22.5506)">Ah Chau</a>, 22.5506°N 114.2662°E, coll. G. Thompson, April 1978 ; ZMA Por. 04482, Hong Kong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.3486&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.4972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.3486/lat 22.4972)">Chek Chau</a>, 22.4972°N 114.3486°E, coll. G. Thompson, April 1978 ; ZMA Por. 06523, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sumbawa, N coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.2617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.3417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.2617/lat -8.3417)">Bay of Sanggar</a>, 8.3417°S 118.2617°E, coastal reef with sea grass, depth 0–1 m , snorkeling, coll. J. Brouns, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 120, field nr. 120/15, 21 September 1984 (live color yellow) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Por.</a> 08035, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef, depth 1–4 m , snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / II/11, 19 September 1984 (red); ZMA Por. 08156, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Ambon Bay near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.1333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.1333/lat -3.75)">Eri</a>, 3.75°S 128.1333°E, sandy bay with patch reef, depth 4–6 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 006, field nr. 006 / III/1, 2 September 1984 (orange); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.57/lat -8.5833)">Por.</a> 08384, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, Selat Linta, 8.5833°S 119.57°E, reef, depth 4–11 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 079, field nr. 079 / III/08, 18 September 1984 (red); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.57/lat -8.5833)">Por.</a> 08385, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, Selat Linta, 8.5833°S 119.57°E, reef, depth 4–11 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 079, field nr. 079 / III/09, 18 September 1984 (red); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Por.</a> 08820, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef, depth 10–17 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / IV/12, 19 September 1984 (red); ZMA Por. 08904, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.1333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.1333/lat -6.5)">Tiger Islands</a>), 6.5°S 121.1333°E, reef, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 139, field nr. 139 / IV/23, 25 September 1984; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">Por.</a> 08938, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169 / IV/06, 30 September 1984 (red-brown); ZMA Por. 12148, Seychelles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.8167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3667/lat -5.8167)">Amirantes</a>, N of Platte Island Atoll, 5.8167°S 55.3667°E, depth 1 m , snorkeling, coll. E. Coppejans, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 796, fieldnr. IOP-E 796/22, 7 January 1993 (wine-red); ZMA Por. 13100, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Samalona, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SA/NV/200497/27, 20 April 1997 (red); ZMA Por. 13297, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Kudingareng Keke, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. KK/NV/240497/18, 24 April 1997 (red); ZMA Por. 16532, Seychelles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.8167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3667/lat -5.8167)">Amirantes</a>, N of Platte Island Atoll, 5.8167°S 55.3667°E, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 796, field nr. IOP-E 796/22, 7 January 1993 (wine-red) ; ZMA Por. 17597, Hong Kong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.4167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.333/lat 22.4167)">Wong Shek</a>, near fish farm, 22.4167°N 114.333°E, on rope collected at 150 m depth , coll. H.U. Dahme, 10 May 2003 (red); ZMA Por. 18344, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Bali, 3–20 m depth , coll. Susilo, field nr. TRB72, 15 October 2003 (brownish red); ZMA Por. 21325, China, Hainan, Lingshui, coll. Yu-Wei Guo, field nr. LS–248, 31 August 2004 (red) ; ZMA Por. 21326, China, Hainan, Lingshui, coll. Yu-Wei Guo, field nr. LS–248, 31 August 2004 (yellow) ; ZMA Por. 22182, Mauritius, depth 3–5 m , SCUBA, coll. M. Bhikajee, field nr. VIIsp10, 2010 (reddish brown); RMNH Por. 6583, Indonesia, Sulawesi, N Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.1723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.4032" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.1723/lat 1.4032)">Teluk Walemetodo</a>, 1.4032°N 125.1723°E, deph 1 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. LEM29/150212/224, 15 February 2012; RMNH Por. 8202, Vietnam, Ha Long Bay, near Bui Xam island, fish farm, depth 0.5–1 m , coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. VIE042, 17 August 2013.</p><p>Description (Figs 41a, 43). Thickly to massively encrusting sponges with optically smooth surface. Size up to 15 x 5 cm, thickness up to 0.5–1 cm. Substratum irregularities beneath the crust may occasionally push up the surface into lobes and projections. No visible openings in preservation. Many specimens encrust mangrove roots, algae, dead corals, and rubble. Life colors reported as red, orange, bright orange, red brown, yellow, wine red, (most often times cited as red). In preservation, colors are shades of beige or grey. Consistency crumbly, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 42 a–c). The choanosomal skeleton consist of characteristically wispy, sinuous, closely separated, megasclere tracts, 40–150 m in diameter (up to 20 spicules in cross section), running upwards to the surface, dividing into thinner tracts and ending in often wide spicule brushes of up to 500 µm wide. These brushes are adjacent to each other and make an effective surface cover, but there are no tangential spicules, all lie at various sharp angles to the surface membrane. The tissue between the tracts is charged with dense amounts of individual sigmas and anisochelae (Fig. 42 b–c). No rosettes.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 41 b–e, 44a–e). Mycalostyles, two categories of isochelae, sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 41b,b 1), robust, comparatively straight and short, 206– 264.1 –302 x 2.5– 6.1 – 10 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 41c, 44 a–e upper row), well developed, narrow-shaped, free part of shaft 20–25% of spicule length, upper alae at the rim slightly curved outwards, 18– 21.7 – 28 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 41d, 44 a–e lower row), similar in shape to anisochelae I, with free part of the shaft slightly larger (30–35% of spicule length), 11– 15.3 – 19 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 41e), comparatively variable over the region, but no size categories within individual specimens, well developed, thickness 1–2 µm, almost symmetrical in shape with slightly incurved endings, 24– 33.6 – 45 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 45). Indonesia, Seychelles, South Africa, West Australia, Vietnam, China. On mangrove roots, algae, corals, and other hard substratums, from the tidal zone down to 54 m or beyond.</p><p>Remarks. A common species occurring all over the region. No distinct regional differences in spicule sizes were detected (cf. Table 3).</p><p>Lindgren’s misspelled Esperella philippensis Dendy could be this species, although there are other possibilities. Dendy’s species (cf. above) is a member of subgenus Mycale (Aegogropila), whereas Lindgren described a typical member of Mycale (Carmia) . There is no mention of two size categories of anisochelae, so on paper it could be e.g. M. (C.) lissochela (cf. above), but the abundance of sigmas points more in the direction of the present species. Reexamination of Lindgren’s specimen from 45 m depth off the South Vietnamese coast is necessary.</p><p>Van Soest’s (1982) record from Hong Kong failed to distinguish two size categories of anisochelae, but they were clearly present after re-examination (see ZMA Por. 04481 and 04482). Pulitzer-Finali’s (1982b) report of M. phillipensis (cf. above) from Hong Kong was made in the same general volume on the Hong Kong marine fauna (Morton &amp; Tseng 1982) as Van Soest’s report on M. phyllophila . These two reports were based on small collections sent independently to both spongologists without further coordination. We suggest here that the Hong Kong Mycale ’s described by both concern the same species, M. (C.) phyllophila, but the samples need to be compared to make sure.</p><p>Li (1986) reported the NE Pacific Mycale adhaerens (Lambe,1894) from the Gulf of Tonkin, S China. His description mentions only a single anisochela size, but his drawing shows two sizes. Since the present species is apparently common in Chinese waters (cf. above), we believe it is likely that Li’s record also belongs here.</p><p>East Pacific Mycale (Carmia) cecilia De Laubenfels, 1936, as extensively redescribed by Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza (2010), apparently does not have two size categories of anisochelae, although the size range is large (12.5–27.5 µm). The authors assume that Hawaii Mycale (Carmia) maunakea De Laubenfels, 1951 is a junior synonym, but in view of the wide geographic separation, we are not convinced (cf. also below). We examined slides from the Galapagos Islands [(ZMA Por. 11246, cf. Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest 1997: 450) and RMNH.Por. 11536 (coll. N.J.DV, field nr. GAP054)] and found the spicules rather variable in length and thickness, subtly different from specimens of Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila . An extensive comparison of specimens, preferably including molecular sequences, from both sides of the Pacific ‘divide’ is necessary to reach a conclusion. This is beyond the ambitions of our present study.</p><p>Outside our target region, New Zealand Mycale (Carmia) hentscheli Bergquist &amp; Fromont, 1988 (as Carmia hentscheli) is also close to the present species, as already remarked by the authors themselves. We re-examined a spicule suspension of this species (NNMZ 166), thanks to Eduardo Hajdu’s thesis work in Amsterdam, and found a.o. that the ‘not abundant’ sigmas were so rare that they were virtually absent. The authors described the life color as black-red, dark purple, orange or red, and presence of filamentous algae was noted. Although, it is definitely closely related it is clearly not conspecific with M. (C.) phyllophila . The species is known for its rich source of secondary metabolites (e.g. Rust et al. 2020).</p><p>Mexican-Pacific Mycale (Carmia) contax (Dickinson, 1945) as redescribed by Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraz (2010) shows spicule similarity in having two closely similar anisochelae sizes as in the present species, but the specimen contains toxas and raphides.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFFAFFE555ABF9FF51BECDEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF80FFE555ABFEEF5382CABA.text	361087A7FF80FFE555ABFEEF5382CABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora Hentschel 1911	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora Hentschel, 1911</p><p>Figs 46 a–i</p><p>Mycale raphidiophora Hentschel, 1911: 291 .</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora; Shaw 1927: 424 (no description).</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 11176, Seychelles, Mahé, of SE coast, 4.7667°S 55.55°E, depth 45–50 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 742, field nr. IOP-E 742/04, 24 December 1992 (red); ZMA Por. 12704, Seychelles, Mahé, off SE coast, 4.7667°S 55.55°E, depth 45–50 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 742, field nr. IOP-E 742/03, 24 December 1992 (red) .</p><p>Description (Fig. 46a). Encrusting shells, up 6 x 4 cm in lateral expansion, several mm thick. Red colored in life, in preservation grayish beige. Surface irregular, slightly punctate, no visible openings. Consistency soft, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 46b,b 1). The interior of the sponge is filled with refractile grains. The skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts of 55–110 µm diameter (consisting of 8–12 megascleres in cross section) coursing from the substratum to the surface, where they fan out into brushes of individual spicules. The surface membrane is charged with microscleres and these also are scattered in the tissue between the refractile grains. Rosettes of anisochelae I, 80–125 µm in diameter, are rare but do occur in both specimens.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 46 c–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, raphidotoxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 46c,c 1), short, fusiform, and comparatively robust, with prominent head and subterminal neck, 254– 277.6 –298 x 4– 6.4 – 8 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Fig. 46d) I, robust with well developed upper and lower alae, free part of the shaft 30–35% of spicule length, 44– 47.8 – 52 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 46e), narrow-shaped, well-developed upper and lower alae, free part of shaft about 35% of spicule length, 19– 21.9 – 25 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 46f), reduced, with poorly developed upper and lower lateral alae, 10– 14.2 – 18 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 46g), robust, narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, 71– 85.1 –105 x 4.5– 6.1 – 7 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 46h), thin (1 µm or less in thickness), almost symmetrical, 17– 18.3 – 21 µm, quite rare in ZMA Por. 11176.</p><p>Raphidotoxas (Figs 46i,i 1), usually arranged in loose bundles, curved shape, about 1 µm thick in the middle, 250– 338.5 – 462 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, West Australia, possibly Tasmania, on shells, collected at greater depth (down to 50 m).</p><p>Remarks. The description of Hentschel of the holotype from West Australia differs in several aspects, anisochelae I are only up to 28 µm (against up to 50 µm in our specimens), and within the smaller anisochelae no distinction was made into anisochelae II and III, sized only 12–15 µm (against 10–24 µm in our specimens). Furthermore, no sigma II were mentioned by Hentschel, but these are easily overlooked in many specimens of Mycale, and are rare in our specimens. The occurrence on shells, the shape of the mycalostyles, the presence of raphidotoxas and robust sigma I are similarities between the holotype and our specimens. We prefer to emphasize these similarities.</p><p>There is considerable resemblance to Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912, which will be treated below. The difference between the two species as defined here is the more delicate skeletal tracts and the apparent absence of sigmas II in M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa .</p><p>There are several other species in the region possessing raphidotoxas, see below, M. (C.) raphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912, M. (C.) tenuichela sp.nov., and M. (C.) tydemani sp.nov. The present material stands out by having relatively robust skeleton and spicules, and detailed small differences (cf. key below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF80FFE555ABFEEF5382CABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF82FFE855ABFF325549C818.text	361087A7FF82FFE855ABFF325549C818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa Hentschel 1912	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912</p><p>Figs 47 a–h</p><p>Mycale rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912: 340, pl. XIX fig. 16.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) raphidotoxa; Carballo &amp; Hajdu 2001: 214.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 08838, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">Komodo</a>, north cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, depth 10–17 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096/ IV/33, 19 September 1984 (dark brown); ZMA Por. 08937, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169/ IV/05, 30 September 1984 (blackish brown).</p><p>Description (Fig. 47a). Thin veneer covering coralline algae on dead coral, one specimen also on a keratose sponge ( Fascaplysinopsis reticulata). Size 2–3 cm in lateral expansion, thickness a few mm. Colors in life reported as dark brown or blackish brown, beige in preservation. Surface in life showing striking venal pattern, but this is retracted in preservation. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 47b). Delicate and paucispicular. Thin, wispy megasclere tracts (up to 30 µm diameter, 5–7 spicules in cross section) are separately running from the substratum to the surface, where they fan out in brushes of individual spicules. No cross-connecting tracts. Tissue grainy. Microscleres occur throughout the choanosome, but are more common near the surface. Bundles of raphidotoxas are not common, most are scattered individually.A few rosettes of anisochelae I were noted, but likewise most anisochelae are scattered individually.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 47 c–h). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, one category of sigmas, raphidotoxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 47c, c 1), thin, with barely developed elongate heads, 199– 209.6 –224 x 1.5– 2.6 – 3 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 47d), well-developed, free part of the shaft 35–40% of spicule length, with slightly outcurving upper median alae, 31– 36.7 – 40 µm</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 47e,e 1), generally similar to anisochelae I but with upper median alae parallel to shaft, with distinct lip on median lower alae, 17– 21.2 – 29 µm</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 47f), rather reduced but with median upper and lower alae well-developed, 12– 14.1 – 15 µm.</p><p>Sigma I (Fig. 47g), robust, narrow-shaped, 76– 92.6 –104 x 3– 4.4 – 5 µm.</p><p>Raphidotoxas (Figs 47h), thin, curved irregularly but occasionally symmetrically toxiform, 124– 188.0 –241 x 0.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, reef slope, 10– 17 m.</p><p>Remarks. There are two differences between our specimens and Hentschel’s description (which was confirmed in Carballo &amp; Hajdu 2001): the mycalostyles of the type apparently were longer and thicker (304–392 x 5–6 µm) and its chelae were only distinguished in two size categories (39–45 µm and 17–20 µm). The latter difference may be explained by the similarity in shape of the smaller chelae categories, which may have caused Hentschel to consider them a single variable category. The difference in mycalostyle size is here explained as intraspecific variation, but it might indicate interspecific diversity. See also below for further indication of the latter possibility.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF82FFE855ABFF325549C818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF8DFFEA55ABFAFB557FC8D4.text	361087A7FF8DFFEA55ABFAFB557FC8D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) tenuichela Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) tenuichela sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 48 a–h</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 11435, Seychelles, Mahé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.7/lat -4.2833)">Praslin Island</a>, NW coast, Chevalier Bay, 4.2833°S 55.7°E, depth 2–10 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 703, field nr. IOP-E 703/04, 17 December 1992 (live color red).</p><p>Paratype ZMA Por. 11643, Seychelles, Mahé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.8333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.3833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.8333/lat -4.3833)">La Digue Island</a>, SE coast, 4.3833°S 55.8333°E, depth 7 m, SCUBA, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 735, field nr. IOP-E 735/02, 23 December 1992 (orange) .</p><p>Descriptio n (Fig. 48a). Thin crust on dead coral rubble, orange-red in life, beige in alcohol. Size 2 x 2 cm lateral expansion, only a few mm in thickness. Surface smooth, no obvious openings (preserved). Consistency soft, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 48b). Tight spicule tracts traverse through the sponge from the substratum to the surface, more or less parallel, ending in spicule brushes. Thickness of tracts 30–60 µm. Separate loose bundles of raphidotoxas/ raphides are scattered between the skeletal tracts, random, not clearly localized. Individual mycalostyles and raphides/raphidotoxas are similar in length and and only slightly different in thickness, thus may be easily confused. Rosettes of anisochelae I are likewise scattered among the tracts, not very common. Overall presence of microscleres is low. The sections contained also much debris, sand grains, but these were not organized as part of the skeleton. Choanosomal tissue is grainy.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 48 c–h). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three size categories, sigmas not certainly present, raphides/raphidotoxas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 48c,c 1), thin, almost vestigial, with wide axial canals, straight, with elongate heads and blunt opposite ends, 201– 251.8 –289 x 2– 2.7 – 3.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 48d), narrow-shaped, but lower part of upper median alae verging slightly outwards, free part of the shaft 35% of spicule length, 25– 32.8 – 40 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 48e), overall similar to anisochelae in shape, but narrower-shaped, without outward verging upper median alae, lower median alae with conical upward protrusion, 20– 22.4 – 25 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 48f), narrow, reduced with feebly developed lateral alae, 9– 13.4 – 16 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 48g), rare, not certainly proper (only a few were observed in spicule slides and sections), not clearly separated in categories, all thin (1–2 µm in thickness), 21–52 µm.</p><p>Raphides/raphidotoxas (Figs 48h,h 1), thin, curved, but not symmetrical (so technically not toxas or raphidotoxas, but presumed to be homologous to raphidotoxas), in loose bundles, 1 µm or less in thickness, length 50– 279 – 350 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 48i), 6–11 x 3–4 µm, individual raphides/microxeas 5–8 x 0.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, Mahé area, on shallow reefs, 2– 10 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a compound noun, composed of tenuis (L.) = thin, slender, and chela, referring to the unusual slim anisochelae I and II.</p><p>Remarks. It proved rather difficult to pinpoint the exact properties of this species, because the specimens were very thin and small patches on coral rubble, which also harbored other such thin veneers, including other sponges of haplosclerid and microcionid affinity. These neighbors and also the debris and other inclusions caused contamination of the slides with a variety of spicules. Because two specimens were obtained, we were able to recognize the morphological characters, guided by the similar shapes of the characteristically thin and narrow anisochelae. There are similarities with above described Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa in habitus, skeletal structure and size and shape of most spicule types. Especially the narrow anisochelae I and II are similar to those of M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa, but are even more slimly built than in that species. However, the large robust sigmas described in M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa were definitely absent in the Seychelles specimen, and it is possible that the few thin sigmas reported here are contamination from neighbouring sponges and not proper. Since both specimens have them, we assume here that they are proper despite their rarity. An additional difference is the presence of tiny trichodragmas. These were not common and at first only detected under SEM, but subsequently recognized also in sections and spicule slides.</p><p>Below we describe a species new to science from Lombok, Indonesia, named after the commander of H.M.S Siboga, G.F.Tydeman, which is also rather similar in overall microsclere complement to the present species, including having short trichodragmas. Differences are the possession of robust sigma I and proper toxas, both lacking in the present species. Anisochela I of the present species is much slimmer and different in overall shape</p><p>Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971) described a Mycale sp. 2 from Madagascar, which showed some similarities with the present species. They reported no sigmas (apart from two serrated sigmas, which were obviously foreign), similar mycalostyles, several categories of anisochelae and raphides. The difference with the above described specimen (and also with M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa) was the presence of small toxiform microscleres, not found in our specimens. No trichodragmas were mentioned by Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, but these could have been easily overlooked.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF8DFFEA55ABFAFB557FC8D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF8FFFED55ABF9B7508FCEB0.text	361087A7FF8FFFED55ABF9B7508FCEB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) tubiporicola Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) tubiporicola sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 49 a–b, 50a–c, 44a–c</p><p>Mycale spec. Van Soest &amp; Verseveldt 1987: 28, figs 1–3; Erhardt &amp; Baensch 2000: 52; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 680.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 09261, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096/ II/19, 20 September 1984.</p><p>Paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.52/lat -8.6)">Por.</a> 08009, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, Teluk Slawi, 8.6°S 119.52°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 069, field nr. 069 / II/16, 17 September 1984; paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Por.</a> 09280, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / II/19, 20 September 1984; paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Por.</a> 09281, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / II/19, 20 September 1984; paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Por.</a> 09283, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / II/19, 20 September 1984; paratype ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.52/lat -8.6)">Por.</a> 09315, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, Teluk Slawi, 8.6°S 119.52°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 069, field nr. 069 / II/16, 17 September 1984 .</p><p>Not type material: ZMA Por. 09282, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Komodo</a>, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096/ II/19, 20 September 1984 (dried) ; ZMA Por. 16695, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3381&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1338" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3381/lat -5.1338)">Kapoposang</a>, 5.1338°S 119.3381°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. NV/ KP/020900/120, 2 September 2000 ; ZMA Por. 22224, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">Komodo</a>, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, coastal reef with sandy bottom, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096/ II/19, 20 September 1984 (dried) ; RMNH Por. 5310, Indonesia, Halmahera, Tidore <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.39203&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.75275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.39203/lat 4.75275)">Desa Tahua</a>, 4.75275°N 127.39203°E, depth 3 m, SCUBA, coll. B.Hoeksema, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition stat. TER.07, field nr. TER07/281009/061, 28 October 2009 .</p><p>Description (Figs 49 a–b, 50a–c). The pale-white tissues and skeleton of the present Mycale specimens are intimately intertwined with specimens of the octocoral Tubipora musica L., forming tube-like structures not found in free T. musica individuals. Apparently, the sponge has caused the octocoral to form these tubes, an obvious advantageous growth form for an otherwise encrusting sponge without elaborate supporting skeleton. Van Soest &amp; Verseveldt (1987) gave an extensive description of the present symbiotic association with Tubipora musica, including drawings made from histological sections, reproduced here in Fig. 50c. We refer to this paper for more details, confining ourselves to measurements and illustrations of the spicule complement.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 50b). Not clearly developed. Megascleres in vague bundles or scattered singly in low density. Microscleres abundant, rosettes of anisochelae not clearly developed, but clustered anisochelae are not uncommon.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 51 a–c). Mycalostyles, anisochelae, sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 51a,a 1), comparatively robust, straight, with prominent heads and pointed opposite endings, 202– 237.8 –262 x 4– 5.1 – 6 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 51b), usually solitary but one rosette-like cluster was found in ZMA Por. 09280; shape of individual spicule narrow, median alae parallel and close to the shaft, lower median alae with upwards extended finger-shaped lobe, free part of the shaft 20% of spicule length, 16– 24.2 – 27 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 51c), robust, thickness 2.5–3 µm, often symmetrical, comparatively narrow, 84– 95.2 – 119 µm. A few thin small sigmas (20–30 µm) were found in one of the specimens (paratype ZMA Por. 08009), but it is uncertain whether they were proper.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, particularly common around the island of Komodo, also found off SW Sulawesi and Halmahera; sandy bottom in bays and lagoons, down to 4 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name means ‘dwelling on Tubipora ’ referring to the likely symbiosis of the sponge with its ‘host’ Tubipora musica .</p><p>Remarks. The features of this new species, apart from its co-habitation with Tubipora musica are the large symmetrical sigmas in combination with a single category of narrow-shaped anisochelae and straight comparatively robust mycalostyles. Earlier speculation (Van Soest &amp; Verseveldt 1987) that this species could be free-living elsewhere in Indonesia has so far been demonstrated as unproven. No Mycale (Carmia) species with similar skeletal characters was found among the many specimens studied from the region. This confirms its hypothesized symbiotic nature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF8FFFED55ABF9B7508FCEB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF8BFFF055ABFF325373CF75.text	361087A7FF8BFFF055ABFF325373CF75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) tydemani Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) tydemani sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 52 a–k</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 02886, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, W coast of Lombok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.0579&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.7478" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.0579/lat -8.7478)">Ampenan</a>, 8.7478°S 116.0579°E, depth 23.4 m, coll. G.F. Tydeman, field nr. SE3015, May 1909.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5333/lat -4.7333)">Not</a> type material. ZMA Por. 10405, Seychelles, Mahé, Pointe au Sel, 4.7333°S 55.5333°E, reef flat, depth 1–2 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 603, 7 December 1992 (live color yellowish red) .</p><p>Description (Fig. 52a). Thin encrustations on corals and hydroids, size 3 x 2 x 0.5 cm. Color in life yellowish red (Seychelles specimen), in preservation similarly reddish beige. Surface smooth, no visible openings. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 52b,b 1). Choanosomal spicule tracts of 25–80 µm in diameter (4–10 spicules in cross section) run from the substratum to the surface where they fan out into individual spicules. Tracts are not connected, and lie at distances of 200–300 µm. Anisochelae arranged in clusters of about 50–70 µm in size. In the holotype there are no clear rosettes, but in the Seychelles specimen these are common.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 52 c–j). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, toxas, raphidotoxas, trichodragmata.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 52c,c 1), slim, with prominent elongated heads and pointed opposite ends, 182– 237.9 –276 x 2– 3.4 – 5 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 246– 260.3 –291 x 3– 3.2 – 4 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 52d), well developed, with upper median alae extended outward, free part of the shaft approximately 25–30% of spicule length, lower alae robust, 30– 32.1 – 34 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 27– 29.9 – 32 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 52e), rare, well developed, narrow-shaped, with free part of the shaft only 10–15% of spicule length, 18– 19.6 – 21 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 17– 18.8 – 22 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 52f), with well-developed upper alae, with less developed lower alae, lower median alae with an upward projection, 9– 10.8 – 13 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 9– 11.0 –13).</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 52g), common, robust, thickness 2.5–3.5 µm, narrow, asymmetrical, 54– 58.6 – 64 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 65– 73.6 – 81 µm).</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 52h), rare, thin, symmetrical, 11–24 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 11–16 µm).</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 52i), rare, thin, deeply curved with upturned endings, 32– 67.4 – 105 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 68– 90.6 – 120 µm).</p><p>Raphidotoxas (Figs 52j,j 1), common, curved, with elongated upturned endings, 310– 335.5 –360 x 0.5 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 242– 308.2 – 366 µm).</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 52k), short, fusiform, many loose individual raphides of 0.5–1 µm thick, dragmas are 15– 21.3 –32 x 7–9 µm (ZMA Por. 10405: 15– 21.8 –31 x 5–12 µm).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Seychelles, shallow water down to 23 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name is proposed to honour Vice-Admiral Gustaaf Frederik Tydeman, commander of H.M.S. ‘Siboga’, who collected the holotype during a fieldtrip while serving as naval commander in Nederlands Oost Indië.</p><p>Remarks. The present specimens differ from other raphidotoxa-possessing species ( M. (C.) rhaphidiophora, M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa and M. (C.) tenuichela sp.nov. described above by possession of the combined presence of robust sigma I, small genuine toxas with upturned wings, and short trichodragmas. From the first two mentioned species, the new species differs also in lacking the grainy/sandy interior.</p><p>We are not entirely confident that the two specimens from widely different localities belong to the same species. The holotype has no clear rosettes of anisochelae I, whereas ZMA Por. 10405 has them clear and abundant. Sigmas I differ significantly in size (54–64 in the holotype against 65–81 for ZMA Por. 10405). Also, the toxas of the latter are not curved entirely symmetrically and may have to be considered small raphidotoxa rather than proper toxas. For that reason we refrain from assigning paratype status to ZMA Por. 10405. We provide here the separate measurements of the two individuals, to facilitate future distinction between the two. However, we remain confident the two are members of the same species as the other spicule types conform closely between the two .</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) confundata (De Laubenfels, 1954) from the Mid Pacific is also a species likely possessing raphidotoxas as well as proper toxas, but it apparently has only a single category of small (20 µm) anisochelae and no short trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) levii Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005 from the Atlantic coast of South Africa, recently renamed as Mycale (Carmia) samaaii Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 (because it was preoccupied by Mycale (Paresperella) levii Uriz, 1987), has the general spicule complement of the present new species, but the spicular dimensions differ significantly: mycalostyles of M. (C.) samaaii are up to 12 µm in thickness, all three anisochelae sizes are larger and not overlapping. The South African species lacks sigma II and has next to raphides (thought to be equivalent to our raphidotoxas) also thin long oxeas of 400–600 µm, which were mentioned as the defining character of the South African species. These differences and the geographic separation are sufficient to consider them separate but closely related species. Samaai &amp; Gibbons compare their species with Lévi’s South African record of Carmia macilenta, which on paper appears exactly like their species, except for the long raphidotoxa-like oxeas. We suggest that Carmia macilenta sensu Lévi (1963) (not: Bowerbank 1866) could belong also to Mycale (Carmia) samaaii .</p><p>Additional Mycale (Carmia) species from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF8BFFF055ABFF325373CF75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF95FFF055ABFD2B5334C887.text	361087A7FF95FFF055ABFD2B5334C887.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana Hentschel 1911	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana Hentschel, 1911</p><p>Figs 53 a–h</p><p>Mycale cockburniana Hentschel, 1911: 289, fig. 3 (not: Van Soest 1990: 305).</p><p>Mycale cockburniana var. albanensis Hentschel, 1911: 290 .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMH S1665 (Figs 53a,c) and slide of holotype ZMB 4397, Australia, West Australia, Freemantle region, Cockburn Sound, Port Royal, depth 14.5–18 m, bottom mud an algae, coll. R. Hartmeyer &amp; W. Michaelsen, 30 September 1905.</p><p>Summary description (partially after Hentschel 1911). Encrusting on mollusk shell (Fig. 53a), size 3 x 1 cm. Preserved color dirty yellow. In the interior there are algae and other foreign material embedded. Skeleton (Fig. 53b) consisting of isolated strong spicule tracts running at right angles to the surface, in addition to scattered single spicules. Spicules: mycalostyles (Fig. 53d) fusiform, 192– 247.8 –296 x 3– 4.9 – 6.5 µm, anisochelae in two size categories, neither in rosettes, slightly different in shape, I (Fig. 53e) more straight and with longer free shaft, 21– 25.3 – 31 µm, II (Fig. 53f), with proportionally shorter shaft, 7.5– 16.4 – 20 µm, sigmas (Fig. 53g) thin, in a single size category but variable, 21– 26.8 – 37 µm, trichodragmas (Fig. 53h) 18– 26.7 –30 x 2– 4.5 – 10 µm.</p><p>Distribution. West Australia, Fremantle-Albany region, depth 0.75– 18 m.</p><p>Comments. Anisochelae of the var. albanensis were slightly different in shape, according to Hentschel, but in the absence of illustrations this is thought to be of minor importance. Spicule sizes were similar.</p><p>The possession of trichodragmas suggests a similarity to Mycale (Carmia) arenicola (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) (originally as Esperella) from Bass Straits, South Australia, but this is a very sandy sponge, with longer mycalostyles, only a single category of anisochelae, and larger sigmas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF95FFF055ABFD2B5334C887	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF95FFF055ABFA465477CAD8.text	361087A7FF95FFF055ABFA465477CAD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) confundata (De Laubenfels 1954)	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) confundata (De Laubenfels, 1954)</p><p>Oxycarmia confundata De Laubenfels, 1954: 155, text fig. 101.</p><p>Summary description. Thin red crust on sponge Neopetrosia pandora De Laubenfels, 1954 [junior synonym of N. chaliniformis (Thiele, 1903)]. Skeleton not clearly described (lots of foreign oxeas obscured the structure), but bundles of ‘tylostyles’ and a ‘protoplasmic dermis’ suggest membership of subgenus Carmia . Spicules mycalostyles of 225 x 1 µm, a single category of anisochelae of 20 µm (rosettes were not reported), two size categories of sigmas, 70 and 20 µm, toxas possibly in two size categories, 130–235 and 60 µm, raphides drawn in a small bundle (so possibly raphidotoxas), 60–120 x 0.3 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Pohnpei, Federate States of Micronesia (East Caroline Islands), 5 m depth.</p><p>Comment. The genus Oxycarmia De Laubenfels, 1954 is confirmed here to be a junior synonym of Mycale (Carmia) as already proposed by Van Soest &amp; Hajdu (2002: 679). The present species still needs re-examination in order to properly delimit it from other Mycale (Carmia) species from the region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF95FFF055ABFA465477CAD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF97FFF255ABFF32534ACF27.text	361087A7FF97FFF255ABFF32534ACF27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) fistulifera (Row 1911)	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) fistulifera (Row, 1911)</p><p>Esperella fistulifera Row, 1911: 336, text-fig. 17.</p><p>Mycale fistulifera; Burton 1926: 80 (no description).</p><p>Summary description. Characteristic shape, with undivided thick basal portion up to 12 x 4.5 cm in size, upon which are erect oscular tubes of 10 cm high. Surface optically smooth. Preserved color is muddy yellowish grey, consistency lax and easily damaged. Skeleton with many loose scattered megascleres but also with some slender irregular tracts of 3–8 spicules in cross section. Mycalostyles, slender, straight, 250 x 2–2.5 µm, anisochelae not numerous, scattered throughout the sponge, not forming rosettes, in two (?) size categories, the larger of which measures 23 µm, sigmas not numerous, but more frequent than the anisochelae, 35–40 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Suez, northern Red Sea, shallow depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF97FFF255ABFF32534ACF27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF97FFF255ABFD2153D8C8FB.text	361087A7FF97FFF255ABFD2153D8C8FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale 1914	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale, 1914</p><p>Mycale madraspatana Annandale, 1914: 154, pl. X fig. 3, pl. XI fig. 4; Burton 1937: 24, pl. II fig. 12; Ali 1956: 295; Pattanayak 2009: 25.</p><p>? Mycale macilenta; Li 1986: 86 (Chinese), 110 (English), pl. I fig. 3, text-fig. 9 (not: Bowerbank 1866).</p><p>Summary description. Brick-red crusts on Mytilus mussels. The skeleton is confusingly described, but apparently there is not a clear ectosomal aegogropila-like tangential skeleton. Annandale’s description provided the following spicule data: mycalostyles 265–279 µm, anisochelae I (in rosettes) 43–52 µm, sigma I rare, size not given, toxas quite variable in length 140–352 µm. Burton’s (1937) description does not provide clarity over the presence or absence of an ectosomal skeleton. For the spicules he gives: mycalostyles 280 x 5 µm, anisochelae I 48 µm, anisochelae II 20 µm, sigma I 80 µm, toxas 140–350 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Madras (= Chennai) Harbor, depth 1–2 m; possibly South China.</p><p>Comments. For the time being we maintain this species as separate, but its published descriptions make it very similar to Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row, 1911), cf. below. There is only a single, possibly not important, difference with Mycale (Carmia) militaris Annandale, 1924 (see below), viz. the anisochelae of that species apparently do not form rosettes. Li’s (1986) description of the NE Atlantic species M. macilenta from South China keys out as possibly belonging to this species, but he also reports small sigmas of 26–30 µm.</p><p>Outside our target region, New Zealand Mycale (Carmia) tasmani Bergquist &amp; Fromont, 1988 has similarities with M. (C.) madraspatana and M. (C.) suezza (Row, 1911) (cf. below) in the spicule complement, the three allegedly having differences in the size categories of the anisochelae. M. (C.) tasmani has three categories, confirmed by us from a spicule suspension of the holotype (?, labeled as NNMZ 167) donated to the ZMA collection by Eduardo Hajdu. M. (C.) suezza has two anisochelae categories and M. (C.) madraspatana has probably at least two as well according to Burton (1937), although Annandale mentions only a single category. These three species should be compared carefully in order two clarify their status as separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF97FFF255ABFD2153D8C8FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF97FFF355ABF9E55292CC08.text	361087A7FF97FFF355ABF9E55292CC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) maunakea De Laubenfels 1951	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) maunakea De Laubenfels, 1951</p><p>Mycale maunakea De Laubenfels, 1951 a: 261, fig. 7; Bergquist 1967: 159 (misspelled as manuakea).</p><p>Mycale cecilia sensu De Laubenfels 1950: 25, fig. 15; Bergquist 1977: 65; Kelly et al. 2003: Appendix p. 6 (?not: Mycale cecilia De Laubenfels, 1936 b)</p><p>Summary description. Encrusting, 1 mm thick, pale pink in life, soft. Oscules about 200 µm. Ectosome contains numerous microscleres but no megascleres. Skeleton formed by spicule tracts forming columns 30–40 µm in diameter, 100–200 µm apart, that do not anastomose or branch. At the surface they make dermal tufts. Mycalostyles 160–240 x 2–6 µm, anisochelae, narrow, almost isochelae-like, in one (?) size, 13–22 µm, sigmas 37–42 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Island of Hawaii, Hilo Harbor, Coconut Island, depth 2 m.</p><p>Comment. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia sensu Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza 2010 (p. 180 in part, the Hawaiian record) may be conspecific with this species, because these authors synonymized the present species with De Laubenfels’ (1936b) M. (C.) cecilia, a species from the Pacific coast of Panama. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia sensu Kelly et al. 2003 from Micronesia (Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan), identified by Michelle Kelly, may also be referred here. Without closer comparison between the present species and the type of M. (C.) cecilia it appears prudent to keep M. (C.) maunakea and M. (C.) cecilia as separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF97FFF355ABF9E55292CC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF96FFF355ABFECB5541CE46.text	361087A7FF96FFF355ABFECB5541CE46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) militaris Annandale 1914	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) militaris Annandale, 1914</p><p>Mycale aegagropila var. militaris Annandale, 1914: 151, pl. X fig. 2; Ali 1956: 295 (misspelled as aegagsopila).</p><p>Mycale aegagropala (sic) var. milataris (sic); Pattanayak 2009: 24.</p><p>Summary description. Thin film on Mytilus mussels. Bright scarlet in life, turning dull green in preservation. No description of skeleton but stated to be similar to Esperella aegagropila sensu Vosmaer &amp; Pekelharing 1897 . This description concerns Dutch populations of Mycale (Carmia) encrusting oysters. It is likely that these authors studied Mycale (Carmia) micracanthoxea Buizer &amp; Van Soest, 1977, which is commonly found in the oysterbeds in SE Netherlands. Annandale’s material is thus likely to belong to subgenus Carmia . Mycalostyles 240–270 µm, anisochelae I (not in rosettes) 44 µm, sigmas I 95 µm, toxas 148–200 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Madras (= Chennai) Harbor, depth 1– 2 m.</p><p>Comment. This description reminds strongly of Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale, 1914 . The only difference is the presence of rosettes of anisochelae in that species. Ali (1956) reports sigmas of 120 µm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF96FFF355ABFECB5541CE46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF96FFF355ABFC06549EC9E2.text	361087A7FF96FFF355ABFC06549EC9E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) mytilorum Annandale 1914	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) mytilorum Annandale, 1914</p><p>Mycale mytilorum Annandale, 1914: 152, pl. X fig. 1, pl. XI figs 2–3; Burton 1937: 24; Ali 1956: 284 (misspelled as mytiliorum); Pattanayak 2009: 25.</p><p>Summary description. Thin brick-red crust on Mytilus mussels. Skeleton consists of vertical bundles of mycalostyles, pushing up the ectosomal membrane, but no tangential ectosomal skeleton is present. Mycalostyles 180–260 x 4–5.5 µm, scarce anisochelae I (not in rosettes) 19 µm, sigmas 40 µm. No toxas.</p><p>Distribution. Madras (= Chennai) Harbor, 1–2 m depth.</p><p>Comment. Hard to distinguish from e.g. M. (C.) maunakea, but that species has pink life color.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF96FFF355ABFC06549EC9E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF96FFF355ABFAEC5237CBD3.text	361087A7FF96FFF355ABFAEC5237CBD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) relicta Annandale 1924	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) relicta Annandale, 1924</p><p>Mycale relicta Annandale, 1924: 405, fig. 3; Pattanayak 2009: 26.</p><p>Summary description. Encrusting on a dead branch in a brackish lake (salinity 22.8%o), thickness 3 cm. Skeleton largely macerated and containing ingrown algal thallus. Mycalostyles fusiform with wide axial canal, 216–383 x 7–10 µm. Anisochelae, narrow, with lower median alae pointed and shape ‘retroverted’, in a single size 20–26 µm (not in rosettes). Sigmas, thin, in a single size, 44–60 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Verlaten Island, near Krakatoa, Western Indonesia, in brackish lake.</p><p>Comment. Again hard to distinguish from M. (C.) maunakea and M. (C.) mytilorum, but its peculiar chelashape may indicate specific distinctness.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF96FFF355ABFAEC5237CBD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF96FFF455ABF8B251AACC70.text	361087A7FF96FFF455ABF8B251AACC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) stegoderma De Laubenfels 1954	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) stegoderma De Laubenfels, 1954</p><p>Carmia stegoderma De Laubenfels, 1954: 154, text-fig. 100.</p><p>Summary description. Yellowish brown-grey crust on dead coral, 7 cm in lateral expansion, 1–2 mm thick. There are very large subectosomal spaces, leaving only a thin choanosomal crust on the substratum. Megascleres mycalostyles of 500 x 6 µm occasionally forming bundles of up 130 µm in thickness. Microscleres anisochelae in two size categories, 40 and 15 µm (the latter being rare), a single category of sigmas, 33 µm, and a single category of toxas, 40 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Pohnpei, Federate States of Micronesia (East Caroline Islands), depth 4 m.</p><p>Comment. The combination of long mycalostyles with small toxas appears distinct among the Mycale (Carmia) species of the region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF96FFF455ABF8B251AACC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF91FFF455ABFE135214CED1.text	361087A7FF91FFF455ABFE135214CED1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row 1911)	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row, 1911)</p><p>Esperella suezza Row, 1911: 338, text-fig. 18.</p><p>Summary description. Irregular (preserved) dark grey mass, partly growing on a mussel. Surface slightly conulose but otherwise smooth. Consistency soft, easily fragmented. Skeleton consists of sinuously curved spicule tracts, branching but not anastomosing. Tracts variable in thickness, containing 2–6 spicules in the peripheral region, but in deeper parts may be 20–25 spicules thick. There are also many loose scattered megascleres. No ectosomal skeleton. Mycalostyles 320–330 x 4 µm, abundant anisochelae in two? size categories, the larger of which are 40 µm or less, sigmas 70 x 4 µm (occasionally tri-forked or swollen), toxas long, possibly raphidotoxa-like, but usually with abrupt median curve, 210–310 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Suez, northern Red Sea, shallow depth.</p><p>Comment. For the time being we maintain this species as separate, but its published description makes it very similar to the junior Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale, 1914 . This is described as being a thin brick-red crust, but no other differences are apparent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF91FFF455ABFE135214CED1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF91FFF455ABFBB0528FCA43.text	361087A7FF91FFF455ABFBB0528FCA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) toxifera (Dendy 1896)	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera (Dendy, 1896)</p><p>Esperella toxifer Dendy, 1896: 16</p><p>Carmia toxifera; Lévi 1963: 12, pl. 1C, text-fig. 7.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera; Calcinai et al. 2013: 44, figs 28A–G.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) spec. Calcinai et al. 2013: 46, figs 29A–F.</p><p>Summary description and comments. From South East Australia, outside our regional limits, Dendy (1896) described cushion-shaped sponges with small oscules and fibrous skeleton, colored ochre in life. Mycalostyles 200 x 4 µm, anisochelae 10 µm, sigmas (rare) 12 µm, toxas 95 µm. Slightly outside our regional limit, Lévi reported massive yellow-colored Carmia toxifera from the central south coast of South Africa. Lévi’s material had mycalostyles, 210–225 x 3–7 µm, anisochelae, 10–11 µm, sigmas (rare), 16 µm and toxas (rare), 75–110 µm. The two descriptions by Calcinai et al. (2013) are apparently considered two different species. The unnamed brown-orange specimen from Indonesia (N Sulawesi), depth 7 m, was a very thin crust on an octocoral ( Carijoa rissei). No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Plumose tracts of mycalostyles and scattered microscleres. Spicules include mycalostyles, 125–212.5 x 2 µm, anisochelae 12.5–17.5 µm and long thin symmetrical toxas with central inflexion, 62–380 µm. The authors refrained from naming the material as the preservation apparently was insufficient. If the spicule package that is described is the full complement, then it is possibly an undescribed species, although it is possible that it is a reduced specimen of Mycale (Carmia) toxifera lacking sigmas. There is an additional description of a thinly encrusting dull-orange to ochre Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera by Calcinai et al. from Hawaii, resembling the above specimen, but which included longer mycalostyles, 130–245 x 2–2.5 µm, anisochelae, 10–16 µm, sigmas, 17–32 µm and toxas 45–212 µm. Possibly, this is a more elaborate member of the same insufficiently known species, as Dendy and Lévi report sigmas and toxas being rare. If these assignments as the same species are correct, it indicates that this could be a widespread species in the region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF91FFF455ABFBB0528FCA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF90FFF555ABFF32509ACF2D.text	361087A7FF90FFF555ABFF32509ACF2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) vermistyla Li 1986	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) vermistyla Li, 1986</p><p>Mycale vermistyla Li, 1986: 87 (Chinese text), 110 (English text), Fig. 10.</p><p>Summary description. Branched, firm body, surface irregular, color brown. Skeleton with isolated bundles of mycalostyles. Mycalostyles, alleged to be in two categories (straight and vermiform) 134–254 x 3–8 µm, anisochelae 14–16 µm, sigmas I 36–39 µm, sigmas II peculiarly curved, 14–17 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Yulin, south coast of Hainan, South China Sea, approx. 18.2°N 109.54°E. no depth data.</p><p>Comment. The ‘vermiform’ mycalostyles are probably just juvenile spicules (see above in the New Caledonian specimen of M. (C.) monomicrosclera sp.nov., which has similar vermiform spicules). The small sigmas are indicated as ‘much more curved’ and peculiar. We believe that the ramose growth form is the distinctive feature of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF90FFF555ABFF32509ACF2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF90FFF655ABFD2C554FC972.text	361087A7FF90FFF655ABFD2C554FC972.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) Gray 1867	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) spec.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) sp. 1; Kelly et al. 2003: Appendix</p><p>Material (not examined). QM 317358, Guam, identified by Michelle Kelly. Listed only, no description has been published .</p><p>Key to the species of Mycale (Carmia) of the region</p><p>Remark. The subgenus contains twentyone named and described species from the tropical Indo-West Pacific of which we had only nine species in the collection. Of the remaining twelve species we were able to study type material of an additional two species, leaving ten species unexamined. This affects the quality of the key below. We have doubts about the distinctness of Mycale (Carmia) suezza, M. (C.) madraspatana, M. (C.) militaris, M. (C.) relicta and M. (C.) mytilorum . These might not all turn out to be valid species after they will have been re-examined in the near future. For completeness sake we attempted to key them out nevertheless. We omitted Mycale (Carmia) spec. material from Guam as a description is not available.</p><p>1 Sponge habitus ramose........................................................... Mycale (Carmia) vermistyla</p><p>- Sponge not ramose, encrusting or massive.................................................................. 2</p><p>2 Sponge growing intertwined with living octoral Tubipora musica forcing the coral to form tubes with deep central cavities....................................................................... Mycale (Carmia) tubiporicola sp.nov.</p><p>- Not growing with Tubipora musica ....................................................................... 3</p><p>3 Microscleres include toxas and/or raphidotoxas............................................................. 4</p><p>- No toxas or raphidotoxas.............................................................................. 13</p><p>4 Microsclere complement quite diverse, including three size categories of anisochelae, two size categories of sigmas, toxas, raphidotoxas and trichodragmas............................................... Mycale (Carmia) tydemani sp.nov.</p><p>- Less diverse microsclere complement..................................................................... 5</p><p>5 Next to anisochelae and sigmas there are exclusively raphidotoxas; no proper toxas................................. 6</p><p>- Toxas present, with or without raphidotoxas................................................................ 8</p><p>6 Sigmas I robust, up to 105 x 5–7 µm ...................................................................... 7</p><p>- Sigmas I rare, thin, up to 52 x 1 µm ........................................... Mycale (Carmia) tenuichela sp.nov.</p><p>7 Spicule tracts thin, wispy, up to 30 µm diameter; sigma II absent........................ Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa</p><p>- Spicule tracts thick, up to 110 µm diameter; sigma II present.......................... Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora</p><p>8 Both toxas and raphidotoxas present................................................ Mycale (Carmia) confundata</p><p>- Only proper symmetrical toxas, no raphidotoxas............................................................. 9</p><p>9 Only small toxas present (up to 40 µm)............................................. Mycale (Carmia) stegoderma</p><p>- Toxas&gt; 40 µm, in a large size range, up to 200–350 µm ..................................................... 10</p><p>10 Anisochelae I 40–50 µm ............................................................................... 11</p><p>- Anisochelae I only 10–20 µm .................................................... Mycale (Carmia) aff. toxifera</p><p>11 Color dark grey (alcohol)............................................................. Mycale (Carmia) suezza</p><p>- Color brick red...................................................................................... 12</p><p>12 Anisochelae I in rosettes....................................................... Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana</p><p>- Anisochelae I not in rosettes......................................................... Mycale (Carmia) militaris</p><p>13 No sigmas present................................................... Mycale (Carmia) monomicrosclera sp.nov.</p><p>- Sigmas present...................................................................................... 14</p><p>14 Three size categories of anisochelae.............................................. Mycale (Carmia) amiri sp.nov.</p><p>- Only two or a single category of anisochelae............................................................... 15</p><p>15 Two categories of anisochelae.......................................................................... 16</p><p>- A single category of anisochelae........................................................................ 18</p><p>16 Raphides and/or trichodragmas present................................................................... 17</p><p>- No raphides or trichodragmas..................................................... Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila</p><p>17 Trichodragmas large, up to 80 µm, fusiform in shape; growing on the coral Fungia (unkown whether this is obligatory).......................................................................... Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila sp.nov.</p><p>- Trichodragmas in small straight packages (18–30 µm)................................ Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana</p><p>18 Massive sponge, thickness at least 1 cm .................................................................. 19</p><p>- Sponge a thin crust of 1 mm or less...................................................................... 21</p><p>19 Basal mass with long erect fistules................................................... Mycale (Carmia) fistulifera</p><p>- No fistules or long outgrowths.......................................................................... 20</p><p>20 Massive, irregular, anisochelae distorted................................................. Mycale (Carmia) relicta</p><p>- Massively encrusting on other invertebrates, anisochelae normal shaped..................... Mycale (Carmia) lissochela</p><p>21 Sponge pale pink in life........................................................... Mycale (Carmia) maunakea</p><p>- Sponge brick red................................................................. Mycale (Carmia) mytilorum</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Carmia)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Carmia) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 61. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 54. The subgenus is widespread in warmer and temperate waters, with only very few polar species, and with the highest species density in Indonesia, the Seychelles and the Mediterranean-Atlantic regions. This is likely an effect of collecting efforts. Taken together, the species of this subgenus are representative for the distribution pattern of the entire genus Mycale (cf. also below Fig. 130).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF90FFF655ABFD2C554FC972	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF92FFF755ABFBA054FFCAA7.text	361087A7FF92FFF755ABFBA054FFCAA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina (Whitelegge 1906)	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906)</p><p>Figs 55 a–e</p><p>Esperella ancorina Whitelegge, 1906: 466, pl. XLIII, fig. 6.3.</p><p>Mycale parasitica; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (not: Carter 1885 = Mycale (Grapelia) australis).</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina; Hajdu 1995: 79, figs 6.17, 25–33.</p><p>Not: Mycale ancorina; Capon &amp; Macleod 1987: 225 (= Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis).</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 10908, fragment of neotype AMS Z1440, Australia, New South Wales, E of Woollongong, Tethys Expedition stat. 48, depth 100 m, substrate sand and mud to rock, trawl, 18 March 1898 .</p><p>Summary description (based on Whitelegge 1906 and Hajdu 1995). Stalked-arborescent (Fig. 55a), with thick branches tending to be arranged in one plane, branch length up 23 cm x 2.5 cm in diameter. Surface optically smooth, wrinkled in dried condition. Magnified there are small dermal conules up to 1 mm high. Oscula are scattered, up to 2 mm in diameter. Consistency firm, preserved color dark cream. Skeleton consisting of strong plumoreticulate spicule tracts, 200–400 µm in diameter ending at the surface in spicule brushes carrying a confused mass of tangential spicules. Spicules (Figs 55 b–e) include robust mycalostyles (Figs 55b,b 1) 300–330 x 10–15 µm and three categories of anisochelae, (I) 47–61 µm, (II) 15–18 µm (I and II are arranged in rosettes of respectively 125 and 40 µm diameter), and (III) 18–22 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 55c,c 1) strongly curved with four upper unguiferous alae and squarish lower alae, anisochelae II (Figs 55d,d 1) with curved shaft and upper alae fused with frayed rim, with lower alae also with frayed rims, anisochelae III (Figs 55e) spurred, palmate with upper lateral alae fused to the shaft and almost meeting the lower lateral alae. No sigmas. Only two specimens from South East Australia have been reliably identified, one of which was lost; other specimens reported under this name (Capon &amp; Macleod 1987) were found to be misidentified (cf. Hajdu 1995).</p><p>Distribution. South East Australia.</p><p>Remarks. Hajdu (1995) distinguished this species from the sympatric Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867) (cf. below) on the branching vs massive-sprawling habitus and the size of anisochelae III being larger than that of anisochelae II. Both species differ from other Mycale (Grapelia) species in lacking sigmas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF92FFF755ABFBA054FFCAA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF92FFF755ABFF325375CEA1.text	361087A7FF92FFF755ABFF325375CEA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) Gray 1867	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Grapelia) Gray, 1867</p><p>Grapelia Gray, 1867: 534 .</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia); Hallmann 1914: 399; Hajdu 1995: 73; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 680.</p><p>Type species. Grapelia australis Gray, 1867: 534 (= Mycale (Grapelia) australis).</p><p>Remarks. This subgenus was treated comprehensively in chapter 6 of Hajdu’s thesis (Hajdu 1995, pp. 73–98), including the six species known from the Indo-West Pacific region. The subgenus is defined on its strongly curved unguiferate anisochelae I and strongly curved anisochelae II with denticulated rims of the upper and lower median alae. Remarkably, no additional material was detected in the previous 25 years since Hajdu’s thesis. The type species Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867) was described extensively also in Van Soest &amp; Hajdu (2002) (p. 680). For completeness sake and also to confirm the rather ambiguous treatment of several species, named and described by Hajdu according to the rules of the ICZN, but presented as ‘submitted’ as well as ‘n.sp.’, we briefly categorize Indo-West Pacific species of which material was available in the Naturalis collection, as well as provide fresh SEM images of the spicules of these. We also include M. (G.) australis and M. (G.) ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906), technically from outside our study area. For more extensive information and a key to all species of Mycale (Grapelia) we refer to Hajdu’s thesis. We confirm the essence of Hajdu’s conclusions, but the subgenus remains rather poorly known due to the apparent rarity of its members. Only a single species, Caribbean M. (G.) unguifera Hajdu et al. 1995, is known from outside the Indo-West Pacific region. The subgenus is quite likely monophyletic because of the shapes of anisochelae I and II, and the occurrence of rosettes not only of anisochelae I but also of anisochelae II. Its affiliation with the remaining subgenera is likely strongest with certain species of Mycale (Mycale), with which it shares curved anisochelae I and spurred anisochelae III.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF92FFF755ABFF325375CEA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9DFFFA55ABF9D451F8C9D0.text	361087A7FF9DFFFA55ABF9D451F8C9D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray 1867)	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867)</p><p>Figs 56 a–f</p><p>Hymeniacidon spec. Bowerbank 1864: fig. 135.</p><p>Grapelia australis Gray, 1867: 534 .</p><p>Esperia parasitica Carter, 1885: 108, pl. IV fig. 1.</p><p>Pseudoesperia enigmatica Carter, 1886: 455 .</p><p>Esperella enigmatica; Dendy 1896: 14.</p><p>Mycale parasitica var. arenosa Hentschel, 1911: 311, fig. 13; Guiler 1950: 8.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) parasitica var. arenosa; Shaw 1927: 423.</p><p>Mycale parasitica; Carpay 1986: 31, 71 fig. MC1.</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) australis; Hajdu 1995: 74, figs 6.1–12; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 680, fig. 7.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 10712, Australia, Tasmania, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.3/lat -43.2)">Stockyard Point</a>, 43.2°S 144.3°E, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. M. Carpay, 10 December 1984 (beige-yellow) .</p><p>Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Massive, rather globular, sponge (Fig. 56a), with dimensions 11 x 15 x 5 cm (rather similar to the neotype specimen BMNH 1886.12.1.5.467 depicted in Hajdu 1995 figs 2–3). Beige to mustard-yellow alive, beige in preservation. Surface optically smooth, with scattered oscules of 5–8 mm in diameter and one larger vent-like depression of 3 cm in diameter and 1 cm deep. Surface provided with clear, partially detachable, crust, where damaged showing underlying skeletal reticulation. Consistency compressible. Skeleton (Fig. 56b) plumoreticulate, with strongly developed spicule tracts, up to 300 µm in diameter in the deeper parts, down to 60 µm diameter in subsurface tracts. Thicker tracts are irregularly interconnected by thinner tracts at varied angles. Subectosomal skeleton partially consisting of unispicular brushes upon which rests the confused tangential ectosomal skeleton strengthened by foreign material. Rosettes (Fig. 56b) of 15–20 anisochelae I (105–110 µm in diameter) and II (average 45 µm in diameter) are numerous and contribute to the surface skeleton. Spicules (Figs 56 c–f) robust mycalostyles (Figs 48c,c 1) with barely swollen heads, usually curved, sometimes bent in opposing directions, 345– 377.0 –405 x 8– 12.8 – 15 µm, moderately strongly curved anisochelae I (Fig. 56d), with unguiferous upper alae, and squarish lower alae, 43– 51.6 – 60 µm, anisochelae II (Figs 56e,e 1) with three-pronged serrated flattened upper alae (Fig, 56e1) and lightly serrated lower alae (Fig. 56e 1), 18– 20.2 – 22 µm, and spurred anisochelae III (Fig. 56f), with lateral upper and lower alae meeting along the shaft, 15– 16.9 – 19 µm. No sigmas (erroneously reported by Carpay 1986, mistaking these for the anisochelae II).</p><p>Distribution. South and West Australia, including Tasmania.</p><p>Remarks. The difference in size between anisochelae II and III is supposedly the opposite of what is found in M. (G.) ancorina . However, the size of anisochelae III is overlapping with that of anisochelae II, and it is minimal between anisochelae of M. (G.) ancorina (18–22 µm) and M. (G.) australis (16–19 µm), so the value of the distinction between the two species appears to be dubious for this feature. The main difference between the two sympatric Australian species remains the habitus (arborescent in M. (G.) ancorina and massive globular in M. (G.) australis).</p><p>West Australian M. (G.) carteri (Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924) is a further species similar to the above in general aspects, including habitus and shapes of anisochelae, but differs sharply from the present species and also from M. (G.) ancorina in the possession of sigmas. Likewise, the Madagascan M. (G.) vaceleti Hajdu, 1995 is close to the present species but the holotype contains rare sigmas (not the paratype apparently), and sizes of anisochelae I and III differ substantially.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9DFFFA55ABF9D451F8C9D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9FFFFC55ABFAB35440CC08.text	361087A7FF9FFFFC55ABFAB35440CC08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu 1995	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995</p><p>Figs 57 a–f</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995: 87, figs 6.44–51.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01597, Indonesia, Maluku, Kai Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.6953&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5859" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.6953/lat -5.5859)">Duroa Strait</a>, 5.5859°S 132. 6953°E, depth 0–52 m, Blake dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 257, 11 December 1899.</p><p>Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Thinly to massively encrusting (Fig. 57a) on dead branches of a Homotrema -like foraminifera. Size 3 x 1.5 x 0.2 cm. Color in preserved condition beige brown. Surface microconulose. No apparent oscules. Consistency compressible. Skeleton plumoreticulate, with spicule tracts up to 120 µm, thinning out towards the surface, ending in surface tufts of single spicules. The tangential ectosomal skeleton is thoroughly confused. Spicules (Figs 57 b–f) mycalostyles (Figs 57b,b 1) straight and comparatively long and slim, 408– 466.5 –486 x 6– 11.9 – 15 µm, anisochelae I (Figs 57c) with curved shaft, upper alae unguiferate, upper median ala often bifid, lower alae squarish with smooth rims, 34– 37.7 – 44 µm (arranged in rosettes of 95–111 µm in diameter), anisochelae II (Fig. 57d) contracted-globular, free part of shaft almost absent, with upper alae smaller and fused with teethed rim and lower alae larger with serrated rims, 6– 8.4 – 10 µm (arranged in rosettes of 28–35 µm in diameter), anisochelae III (Fig. 57e) larger than anisochelae II, palmate, conventional in shape with short spur, 10– 11.6 – 15 µm, sigmas (Fig. 57f) 29– 40.2 –48 x 1–3 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia, depth 0– 52 m.</p><p>Remarks. The species name was duplicated from the manuscript name used by Burton for this species in his unpublished manuscript of the sponges of the Siboga Expedition. As Hajdu (1995: 87) suggested, the name menylloides probably refers to the genus name Menyllus Gray, 1867, a junior synonym of Iophon Gray, 1867, caused by the similarity of anisochelae II to bipocilla. The name Menyllus was taken from Ancient Greek history, as it was the name of a commander of one of the armies in the Lamian War of 322 BC (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Menyllus).</p><p>So far the species has been reported only from the Indonesian type locality. The anisochelae II are the defining character for this species, although M. (G.) trichophora Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924 has probably rather similar, but larger anisochelae II. So far no SEM images of anisochela II of that species have been published. M. (G.) trichophora differs from M. (G.) menylloides in lacking sigmas and having trichodragmata.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9FFFFC55ABFAB35440CC08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF99FFFE55ABFECB5342CEB1.text	361087A7FF99FFFE55ABFECB5342CEB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu 1995	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu, 1995</p><p>Figs 58 a–c, 59a–e</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu, 1995: 93, figs 6.65–69.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 10711, Seychelles, Mahé, NE coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5167/lat -4.7667)">Cap Maçons</a> and Anse de Forbans, 4.7667°S 55.5167°E, reef slope, depth 0–6 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 612, field nr. IOP-E 612/11, 12 December 1992 (pale blue-grey).</p><p>Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Pale, blue-grey mass (Fig. 58a) encrusting on a coralline algal nodule. Size 3.5 x 1.5 cm in lateral expansion, thickness about 0.4–0.5 cm. Surface microconulose, with a few small oscules of 2 mm diameter. Consistency compressible, fragile. Choanosomal skeleton plumose (Fig. 58 b–c), consisting of straight, mostly undivided, spicule tracts of 100 µm diameter, near the surface dividing into thinner tracts 20–50 µm in diameter carrying the surface membrane. No clearly visible tangential ectosomal skeleton of megascleres, but a concentrated presence of rosettes of anisochelae I forms a replacement skeleton. Spicules (Fig. 59 a–d) mycalostyles (Fig. 59a,a 1), straight, comparatively thin, with elongate heads, 324– 350.1 –391 x 3– 4.4 – 5 µm, anisochelae I (Figs 59b) comparatively elongate and less strongly curved, with relatively small upper unguiferous alae and squarish lower alae, 51– 61.3 – 81 µm (arranged in rosettes (Fig. 58b) of 144– 155.8 – 170 µm diameter), anisochelae II (Figs 59c,c 1) bipocilla-like with thin shaft, thin-bladed fused serrated upper alae and lower alae with median serrated / short-teethed alaee (Figs 59c) or multiple-teethed alae (Figs 59c 1 and 59c 2), possibly in two size categories, 9– 17.2 – 28 µm (arranged in irregular rosettes (Fig. 58c) of 44–51 µm diameter, occasionally clustered into larger masses), anisochelae III (Fig. 59d), shaped conventionally palmate, faintly spurred, 14– 16.2 – 20 µm, and thin sigmas (Fig. 59e) 45– 50.6 – 59 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Mahé, Seychelles, depth 0– 6 m.</p><p>Remarks. This is a very distinct species on account of the elongate anisochelae I and the quite peculiar bipocilla-like anisochelae II. The closest species are M. (G.) trichophora and M. (G.) menylloides, with more curved and thicker-shafted anisochelae I, and short-shafted bipocilla-like anisochelae II of a more globular thicker form with incurved elaborate alae.</p><p>Additional Mycale (Grapelia) species from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF99FFFE55ABFECB5342CEB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFC775232C85A.text	361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFC775232C85A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu 1995	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995: 84, figs 6.34–37</p><p>Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Of this species only a thick section slide, serving as the holotype, is so far known, limiting the information on spicule detail. There is a dense tangential ectosomal skeleton of intercrossing megascleres and numerous rosettes. Choanosomal spicule tracts comparatively stout, up to 230 µm in diameter. Spicules mycalostyles, robust, fusiform, narrowing to thin barely developed heads, 387–514 x 12–19 µm, anisochelae I curved, with short non-unguiferous upper alae, 83–94 µm, anisochelae II similar in shape to anisochelae I, 21–28 µm, anisochelae III, spurred, palmate, 15–21 µm, sigmas, thin, 26–37.</p><p>Distribution. Durban, South Africa</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFC775232C85A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFA0452B7CA6A.text	361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFA0452B7CA6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) carteri (Dendy & Frederick 1924)	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) carteri (Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924)</p><p>Pseudoesperia carteri Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924: 501, pl. 26 fig. 6.12; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (reassigned to Mycale parasitica).</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) carteri; Hajdu1995: 85, figs 6.38–43.</p><p>Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Irregularly shaped cushion of 5 x 3 x 3 cm. Surface rough, consistency soft. Ectosomal skeleton consist of a confused layer of tangential arranged megascleres, choanosomal skeleton with long ascending tracts of megascleres of up to 180 µm in diameter. Spicules mycalostyles, comparatively short and slim, 254–307 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft and unguiferous upper alae squarish lower alae, 41–48 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae II similar to those of M. (G.) ancorina but smaller, 11–13 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae III similar to those of M. (G.) australis but also smaller, 13–17 µm, sigmas, thin, 31–45 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Abrolhos Islands, West Australia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9BFFFE55ABFA0452B7CA6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9AFFFF55ABFF3252B7CF44.text	361087A7FF9AFFFF55ABFF3252B7CF44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora (Dendy & Frederick 1924)	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora (Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924)</p><p>Pseudoesperia trichophora Dendy &amp; Frederick, 1924: 502 .</p><p>Mycale trichophora; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 293.</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora; Hajdu 1995: 87, figs 6.52–54.</p><p>Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Thin crust on an Ircinia sponge. Ectosomal skeleton a tangential layer of megascleres carried by a palisade of subectosomal brushes of megascleres. Choanosomal tracts of up to 100 µm diameter run irregularly from the substratum to the surface. Spicules mycalostyles comparatively short and slim, 292–339 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft with unguiferous upper alae, comparatively robust, 48–62 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae II similar to those of M. (G.) menylloides but larger, 10–13 µm (arranged in rosette-like clusters), anisochelae III palmate with spur, 13–17 µm, and trichodragmas 22–34 x 3–8 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Abrolhos Islands, West Australia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9AFFFF55ABFF3252B7CF44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF9AFFC155ABFD06521CCFE4.text	361087A7FF9AFFC155ABFD06521CCFE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti Hajdu 1995	<div><p>Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti Hajdu, 1995</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) parasitica; Vacelet et al. 1976: 51, pl. 3 fig. c, text-fig. 31 (not: Carter 1885 = M. (G.) australis)</p><p>Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti Hajdu, 1995: 91, figs 6.55–64.</p><p>Material examined. Schizotype fragment, ZMA Por. 10912 (taken from holotype MNHN D. VVL 149), Madagascar, Tuléar, Antseteky, Grand Récif, station 16c, depth 8–9 m, coll. P. Vasseur , 1969.</p><p>Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Massively encrusting in coral cavities, with conulose surface. Oscules 2–3 mm in diameter. Color white in life and in alcohol. Size up to 4 x 2 x 1 cm. Consistency softly compressible, easily damaged. Choanosome cavernous, fibrous. Skeletal tracts up to 200 µm in diameter diminishing to 30–90 towards the periphery. Tangential ectosomal skeleton consist of thin spicule tracts and numerous rosettes of both anisochelae I and II. Spicules mycalostyles comparatively slim, 250–355 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft and unguiferous upper alae, pointed lower alae, 40–62 µm (arranged in rosettes of 135 µm diameter), anisochelae II similar in shape to anisochela I but much smaller, with three-pronged fused upper alae with serrated rim, with serrated lower alae, 15–19 µm (arranged in rosettes of 45 µm diameter), anisochelae III with spurred palmate shape, 11–15 µm, and rare sigmas 37–40 µm, found in the holotype, but not in the paratypes.</p><p>Distribution. Madagascar, 8–9 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The present species from Madagascar is similar to M. (G.) carteri, but sizes of spicules differ substantially.</p><p>N.B. We have not been able to find the fragment cited above in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in 2019, so data provided above are based on Hajdu 1995.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Grapelia) species of the region</p><p>Remark. Hajdu’s (1995) (p. 95) key to the Mycale (Grapelia) species is here emended to leave out the Caribbean species, M. (G.) unguifera Hajdu et al., 1995 . We do include Mycale (Grapelia) australis despite the fact that its distribution falls outside our regional focus.</p><p>1 Anisochelae I palmate............................................................. Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni</p><p>- Anisochelae I unguiferate............................................................................... 2</p><p>2 Sigmas absent........................................................................................ 3</p><p>- Sigmas present....................................................................................... 5</p><p>3 Microsclere complement includes trichodragmas.................................... Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora</p><p>- No trichodragmas..................................................................................... 4</p><p>4 Habitus ramose; anisochelae II tend to be smaller than anisochelae III...................... Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina</p><p>- Habitus thickly massive; anisochelae III tend to be smaller than anisochelae II................ Mycale (Grapelia) australis</p><p>5 Anisochelae II compact, globular, free part of shaft barely present, small (± 10 µm)......... Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides</p><p>- Anisochelae II Ξ 10 µm, differently shaped................................................................. 6</p><p>6 Anisochelae bipocilla-like, rounded open with little difference in shape between upper and lower alae................................................................................................ Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti</p><p>- Anisochelae II with long free part of the shaft, canopy-like upper alae and narrow-high lower alae.................... 7</p><p>7 Anisochelae I ± 50 µm, sigmas common............................................... Mycale (Grapelia) carteri</p><p>- Anisochelae I up to 78 µm, sigmas rare............................................... Mycale (Grapelia) vaceleti</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Grapelia)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Grapelia) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 9. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 60. The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical warm-temperate waters, but is so far lacking from the tropical East Pacifc and East Atlantic (contrasting with Van Soest &amp; Hajdu’s (2002) statement that the subgenus has ‘representatives in all tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world oceans’). Details are scarce as most species have been found only once.</p><p>Subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna) Pulitzer-Finali, 1982</p><p>Kerasemna Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a: 104; Richmond et al. 2011: 122, fig. on p. 123.</p><p>Mycale (Arenochalina); (in part) Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 678, figs 5H–I.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale); sensu Calcinai et al. 2006: 197, 201 (not: Mycale (Mycale) sensu Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002).</p><p>Amended definition. Thin-walled tubular or hollow-massively encrusting Mycale . Habitus consisting of a weblike outer surface supported by a reticulation of spicule tracts and skeletal support from branched coralline algae enclosing a hollow interior. The thin tissue between the supporting skeletal tracts and/or algal thallus is charged with single intercrossing megascleres and toxodragmas. Further microscleres, if present, are sigmas, anisochelae and trichodragmas.</p><p>Type species. Kerasemna tenuityla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982 (by monotypy) (= Mycale (Kerasemna) tenuityla).</p><p>Remarks. It is proposed here to re-erect the genus Kerasemna as a subgenus of the genus Mycale, to which it was previously assigned as a junior synonym of the subgenus Arenochalina (cf. Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002).Although there are similarities with Arenochalina (such as spongin-encased spicule tracts, symbiosys with algae, and often scarceness of microscleres), the usually dense mass of toxodragmas, often arranged in loose concentrations (‘nested’ in Thiele’s (1903) description of one of the species, cf. below), and the web-like habitus make it clearly distinct from the known species of Arenochalina . A further difference with most species of Arenochalina is the absence of the production of copious slime when lifted out of the water, so characteristic of Arenochalina species.</p><p>We distinguish so far two species, the type species, M. (K.) tenuityla and M. (K.) humilis (Thiele, 1903) discernible by the absence (in M. (K.) tenuityla) or presence (in M. (K.) humilis) of anisochelae. Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti Calcinai et al., 2006 and Mycale (Mycale) corallina Calcinai et al., 2017 are also members of the subgenus, but these are clear junior synonyms of Mycale (K.) humilis, cf. below. Both distinguished Mycale (Kerasemna) species may possibly be members of a single variable species, but the evidence for this is currently lacking.</p><p>A possible Atlantic representative of the subgenus is Mycale incrustans Burton, 1932 (as Arenochalina), found attached to a buoy at Ascension Island (Burton 1932, p. 293). The specimen has a Mycale (Carmia) - type skeleton, consisting of wispy bundles of thin mycalostyles running parallel from the substratum to the surface. It lacks anisochelae and sigmas, but has ‘nested’ toxas as the only microscleres. The specimen needs to be re-examined, but on paper sounds rather similar to Mycale (Kerasemna) tenuityla .</p><p>Pulitzer-Finali (1982a) assigned several unrelated species to his genus Kerasemna, including Ophlitaspongia arbuscula Row, 1911 and O. horrida Row, 1911, both reassigned to Clathria by Hooper (1996). These are not members of the subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF9AFFC155ABFD06521CCFE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFA4FFC655ABFCE753CDCA14.text	361087A7FFA4FFC655ABFCE753CDCA14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Kerasemna) humilis (Thiele 1903) Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Kerasemna) humilis (Thiele, 1903) comb.nov.</p><p>Figs 61 a–d, 62a–f, 63a–g, 64</p><p>Biemna humilis Thiele, 1903: 944, fig. 10.</p><p>? Desmacella tubulata sensu Dendy 1916: 116 (not: Dendy 1905).</p><p>Sigmatoxella humilis; Pulitzer-Finali 1982a: 107.</p><p>Mycale aff. c ockburniana; Van Soest 1990: 305; Erhardt &amp; Baensch 1998: 54 (not: Hentschel 1911)</p><p>? Desmacella humilis; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 293.</p><p>? Kerasemna humilis; Richmond et al. 2011: 122, fig. p. 123.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti Calcinai et al., 2006: 197, figs 3A–C, 4A–F, 5A–J, 6A–F (not: Hajdu 1995).</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) corallina Calcinai et al. 2017: Supplementary file 2.</p><p>Mycale calcinaiae Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020: 63 .</p><p>Mycale humilis; Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020: 63.</p><p>Material examined. ZMB 3203, two slides of holotype of Biemna humilis (slides labeled as Desmacella humilis), Indonesia, Ternate, coll. W. K̹kenthal, 1893–1894; MSNG 52803, paratype of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti Calcinai et al., 2006, Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Siladen Station, depth 17 m, 28 May 2002.</p><p>ZMA Por. 02905, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Postillion Islands, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.2/lat -7.1833)">Pulau Sarassa</a>, 7.1833°S 118.2°E, coral bottom, depth 36 m , dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 043, field nr. SE829I, 4 April 1899; ZMA Por. 08028, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5683&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.4833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5683/lat -8.4833)">East</a>, Komodo, NE cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, depth 1–4 m , snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096 / II/02, 19 September 1984 (live color yellow); ZMA Por. 08564, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, Taka Karlarang, reef, depth 6–8 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 147, field nr. 147 / III/11, 27 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">Por.</a> 08953, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169 / IV/24, 30 September 1984 (light yellow); ZMA Por. 09753, Papua New Guinea, no further data, dried, coll. M.C. Díaz, field nr. 90152 (orange-red) ; ZMA Por. 12970, Indonesia, N Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7797&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6132" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7797/lat 1.6132)">Bunaken Island</a>, 1.6132°N 124.7797°E, reef drop-off, dried, coll. H. Erhardt, 22 September 1996 (white-purple, photo in Erhardt &amp; Baensch 1998) ; ZMA Por. 13327, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Samalona, reef, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SA/NV/060597/03, 6 May 1997 (white-purple); ZMA Por. 14523, Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Bunaken, ESE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.8053&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.6317" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.8053/lat -1.6317)">Siladen Island</a>, 1.6317°S 124.8053°E, depth 18 m , coll. B.W. Hoeksema, SYMBIOSPONGE Expedition, field nr. 98/NS/MAY07/BH/077, 7 May 1998 (white); ZMA Por. 15829, Madagascar, Nosy B, Crater Bay, depth 4–10 m , muddy reef bottom, SCUBA, coll. J.H. Stock, 21 December 1963 (orange); ZMA Por. 16832, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Tanjung Setan, depth 20 m , SCUBA, coll. S. Weinberg, 20 August 1995 (orange); RMNH Por. 1608, Palau, Koror, Ngerikuul Pass, E of Ngetekiou Island, pass between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngeteklou</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngermeuangel Island</a>, 7.3167°N 134.5167°E, depth 8 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J, de Voogd, field nr . KOR02 /120505/003, 12 May 2005 (green); RMNH Por. 1609, Palau, Koror, Ngerikuul Pass, E of Ngetekiou Island, pass between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngeteklou</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngermeuangel Island</a>, 7.3167°N 134.5167°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J, de Voogd, field nr . KOR02 /210505/095, 21 May 2005; RMNH Por. 1610, Palau, Koror, Ngerikuul Pass, E of Ngetekiou Island, pass between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngeteklou</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.5167/lat 7.3167)">Ngermeuangel Island</a>, 7.3167°N 134.5167°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J, de Voogd, field nr . KOR02 /210505/096, 21 May 2005; RMNH Por. 2150, Bali, N side of Nusa Penida, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.5436&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6736" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.5436/lat -8.6736)">Desa Buyuk</a>, 8.6736°S 115.5436°E, depth 0–30 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, field nr. BAL.34/210401/259, 21 April 2001 (white); RMNH Por. 2190, Bali, Padang Bai, E side <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.5131&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5294" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.5131/lat -8.5294)">Tanjung Sari</a>, 8.5294°S 115.5131°E, shallow slope, depth 0–30 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, field nr. BAL.19/080401/097, 8 April 2001 (white); RMNH Por. 2608, Singapore, Pulau Tekukor (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2308" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8365/lat 1.2308)">Monkey Island</a>), NW side, 1.2308°N 103.8365°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.23/040406/170, 4 April 2006 (yellow); RMNH Por. 2617, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Tanjung Bira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -5.65)">Pulau Liukan</a>, 5.65°S 120.43°E, depth 25 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BIR05/230501/242, 23 May 2001; RMNH <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7833/lat 1.6167)">Por.</a> 2618, Indonesia, North Sulawesi, SW Siladen Island, 1.6167°N 124.7833°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA. coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD11 /170502/079, 17 May 2002; RMNH Por. 3054, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Tanjung Bira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -5.65)">Pulau Liukan</a>, 5.65°S 120.43°E, depth 28 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BIR05/230501/321, 23 May 2001; RMNH Por. 5329, Indonesia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.3624&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.7299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.3624/lat 0.7299)">Halmahera</a>, Maitara Maitara W, 0.7299°N 127.3624°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition 2009, field nr. TER.09/291009/080, 29 October 2009; RMNH 8867, Taiwan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.6671&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.2552" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.6671/lat 23.2552)">Dong YiJu</a>, west side, outside fishing harbor, 23.2552°N 119.6671°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. PES135, 28 July 2014 (orange) .</p><p>Description (Figs 61 a–d, 63a). The species was recently described extensively by Calcinai et al. (2006) as Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti . We can confirm their excellent account of the species, also based on slides made from a fragment of the paratype sent to us by Dr. Barbara Calcinai. The specimens in their full-grown habitus exhibit wide-mouthed tubes, often two such tubes are found merged to a larger mass with two openings. Size may be considerable: Calcinai et al. (2006) report specimens of 40 cm high and 20 cm wide, with terminal vent up to 15 or 20 cm. The walls of the tube are thin (often less than 1 cm in thickness), web-like, supported by purple- or red-colored algal strands (genus Amphiroa). Juvenile or incipient growth forms may be much smaller and basically are encrusting. These may lack an upper large opening, in stead having lateral excurrent openings giving access to the hollow interior. The surface is irregularly conulose, caused by Amphiroa strands lifting up the surface tent-like. The skin between the strands, both on the outside and the inside of the tubes is punctured by many small incurrent and excurrent openings, of about 1 mm or less in diameter. The inner surface of the vent has also irregularly distributed larger openings, presumably oscules. Colors of larger specimens sometimes give an overall pinkish impression (Figs 61 a–b), due mostly to the algal strands, but the tissue inbetween is pale yellow, and yellow-orange colors (Fig. 61c) are also reported frequently, especially in smaller encrusting specimens, occasionally white, rarely greenish. So far the colors are not clearly correlated to other features of the species, so we assume them to be variable. Preserved, colors are off-white or light beige (Figs 61d, 63a). Consistency is fragile, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 62 a–f). The algal strands (thickness 250–400 µm) form the framework of the skeleton, but spongin-encased spicule tracts of variable thickness (commonly 30–70 µm in diameter, occasionally as thick as 200 µm) and length (may be as long as 1 mm or more) connect the algal strands to form a secondary supporting structure. Between the algal strands and the spicule tracts there is an unorganized mass of toxodragmas, anisochelae, sigmas, rare trichodragmas and single tangentially arranged megascleres. No clear ectosomal skeleton on both sides of the tube walls. The toxodragmas may form vague clusters, but sigmas and anisochelae are scattered singly in the tissue, no rosettes.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 63 b–g). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, toxas (mostly in toxodragmas), trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 63b,b 1), comparatively short and robust, with barely developed head, slightly fusiform, 207– 242.7 –297 x 4– 6.7 – 11 µm; type specimen: 231– 267.3 –297 x 4.5– 7.4 – 11 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 63c), usually less common, narrow-shaped but otherwise normal, with both upper and lower alae developed, free part of the shaft about 40–50 %, size 17– 22.9 – 30 µm; type specimen: 17– 19.4 – 22 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 63d), usually more common, comparatively slightly more reduced with upper and lower alae pointed towards each other, 10– 13.4 – 19 µm; type specimen: 10– 13.3 – 16 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 63e), usually very common, thin, asymmetrically curved, the endings look roughened under SEM, but no definite spines were observed, 16– 24.9 – 30 µm; type specimen: 19– 24.8 – 30 µm.</p><p>Toxodragmas (Figs 63f,f 1), extremely common, consisting of an intertwined double-pack of individual thin raphide-like toxas (less than 1 µm in thickness), leaving a characteristic eye-like central opening, 33– 42.5 –51 x 4– 6.6 – 10 µm; type specimen: 34– 43.9 –51 x 4– 7.4 – 10 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 63g), not common, consisting of a small package of straight raphides, 7– 11.8 –17 x 3– 6.6 – 10 µm; type specimen: 9– 11.9 –15 x 3– 6.4 – 9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 64). Indonesia, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Palau, Taiwan, Madagascar, Kenya,?Western India, on reefs down to 36 m. More ecological information is provided in Calcinai et al. (2006).</p><p>Remarks. We re-examined original slides of Thiele’s Biemna humilis and found abundant anisochelae I and II, apparently overlooked by Thiele. In most aspects, Biemna humilis conforms with what is so far known as Mycale aff. cockburniana sensu Van Soest 1990 and Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti Calcinai et al., 2006 . Thiele’s material was a blade-like encrustation, not an elaborate wide-tubed specimen, but in spiculation and presence of Amphiroa strands there is complete conformity. Calcinai et al. ’s name is a primary junior homonym of Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu, 1995, which has priority. Calcinai et al. 2017 proposed Mycale (Mycale) corallina to replace M. (M.) vansoesti Calcinai et al., because junior primary homonyms are permanently invalid (ICZN Art. 57.2). Van Soest &amp; Hooper (2020: 63) were unaware of this replacement name (which was proposed in a Supplementary file, and at the time was not picked up by the World Porifera Database) and proposed Mycale calcinaiae as a replacement name. Both names are junior synonyms of Mycale (Kerasemna) humilis (Thiele, 1903) comb.nov.</p><p>Calcinai et al.’s description does not entirely conform to our above description as it omitted reporting the small trichodragmas, which were found in all our specimens, including Calcinai’s paratype. Because they are quite small and not at all very common, we assume that they were overlooked by Calcinai et al.</p><p>Although Pulitzer-Finali (1993) reported the present species from Kenya as Desmacella humilis, he pointed out in the discussion that it shared the toxodragmas with his Australian Kerasemna tenuityla . Subsequently, Kelly in Richmond et al. 2013, used the combination Kerasemna humilis for our species. We confirm here the presence of the species in the Western Indian Ocean by reporting a specimen from Madagascar. The spicule shape and sizes (mycalostyles 244–249 x 6–7.5 µm, anisochelae I 22–25 µm, anisochelae II 17–19 µm, sigmas 21–29 µm, toxodragmas 45–50 µm, and trichodragmas 12–17 µm) conform to those of the numerous specimens we report from the Western Pacific. Apparently orange colored specimens are more common there, as both our specimen, Pulitzer-Finali’s specimens and Richmond’s specimen are reported to have that color. Still, orange and yellow specimens were also reported from Indonesia (see Fig. 61c), Singapore, Taiwan and Papua New Guinea. The coralline algae found associated with the species recognized so far appear to be mostly Amphiroa spec., at least in the pink, purple, or pale yellow-white forms. Possibly, the association is thus obligatory, but this may be only for these forms. Yellow-orange specimens may have a different algal associate (cf. Calcinai et al. 2006). Pulitzer-Finali’s (1993) Kenya and Zanzibar records mention the presence of toxodragmas and sigmas, but do not report anisochelae. It is possible that the specimens do not contain anisochelae and belong to M. (K.) tenuiyla rather than to M. (K.) humilis .</p><p>Dendy’s (1916) report of a deviating Desmacella tubulata appears on paper to be a likely record of the present species from Western India, as Dendy mentions ‘toxa arranged in a sheaf or toxodragma’. This will need to be reexamined for certainty.</p><p>Mycale cockburniana Hentschel, 1911 and its variety albanensis Hentschel, 1911, generally shares the spicule complement with the present species: mycalostyles 192–256 x 3–4 µm, two size categories of anisochelae 21–27 µm and 13–16 µm, thin sigmas 22–25 µm, and trichodragmas 25–30 µm. The habitus is encrusting and contains ingrown ‘Pflanzentheile’, adding to the similarity. The main difference is the absence of the peculiar toxodragmas. The skeleton is described as conforming to subgenus Carmia (cf. above).</p><p>Kerasemna tenuityla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982 (see below) is a close relative, differing mostly in the absence of anisochelae. We maintain this as a separate species for the time being.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFA4FFC655ABFCE753CDCA14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFA2FFC955ABFF3253A0C9A2.text	361087A7FFA2FFC955ABFF3253A0C9A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Kerasemna) tenuityla (Pulitzer-Finali 1982)	<div><p>Mycale (Kerasemna) tenuityla (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982)</p><p>Figs 65 a–c, 66a–e</p><p>Kerasemna tenuityla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a: 106, figs 16–17.</p><p>? Desmacella humilis; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 293.</p><p>Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuityla; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 678, figs 5H–I; Calcinai et al. 2006: 201.</p><p>Material examined. MSNG 46937, holotype, fragment and slide, Australia, Heron Island, NW end of northern shore, depth 11 m , SCUBA, coll. G. Pulitzer-Finali, field nr . HER.23, 26 April 1979 .</p><p>RMNH Por. 8328, France, Mayotte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.0718&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.9412" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.0718/lat -12.9412)">Ranikiki</a> reef, 12.9412°S 45.0718°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAY02–028, 4 May 2013; RMNH Por. 8866, Taiwan, Penghu Islands, SiYuPing , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, 23.2733°N 119.5051°E, field nr. PES166, 29 July 2014 .</p><p>Description (Fig. 65a,a 1, 66a,b). Massive-lobate with hollow interior. Walls strengthened by algal thallus. Overall similar to M. (K.) humilis, but no clearly tubular habit has been collected so far. Size up to 9 cm in height, 4.5 cm in lateral expansion. Color in life white or shades of red, algal thallus purple. Preserved, color changes to beige (Fig. 66b).</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 65 b–c). A reticulation of algal strands and thick spongin encased spicule tracts, up to 750 µm in diameter and connected by thinner tracts of about 60 µm in diameter (Fig. 65b), together enclosing a hollow interior. Between the tracts and strands there is a web-like tissue membrane containing a dense mass of toxodragmas and scattered sigmas (Fig. 65c). No chelae were detected.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 66 b–e). Mycalostyles, sigmas, toxodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 66c,c 1), straight, stocky, head faintly developed, 183– 221.9 –252 x 3– 4.7 – 7.5 µm; type specimen: 183– 204.7 –212 x 3– 4.1 – 5 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 66d,d 1), thin, symmetrical, with ends often faintly spined, 20– 25.8 – 31 µm; type specimen: 22– 25.9 – 31 µm.</p><p>Toxodragmas (Figs 66e,e 1), similar in shape and size to M. (K.) humilis, 39– 44.4 –51 x 4– 6.3 – 9 µm; 39– 44.9 – 51 x 5– 6.1 – 9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Northeast Australia, Mayotte, Taiwan, in shallow-water reefs.</p><p>Remarks. The species is delimited against M. (K.) humilis by the more restricted habitus (not tubular), the absence of anisochelae and trichodragmas, and perhaps also the thinner megascleres. Specimens of the present species consistently have the sigma endings faintly spined, visible only under SEM. The spines were not observed in M. (K.) humilis, although roughened endings did occur in its sigmas. The similarity in size and shape of the shared spicules and the apparent wide sympatry (both occur over eastern and western parts of the region) rather strongly suggests the possibility that these differences could fall within the variation of a more variable M. (K.) humilis . For the time being we emphasize the spicular differences.</p><p>It is also urgent to re-examine Desmacella arenifibrosa Hentschel, 1911: 314 and Biemna microxa Hentschel, 1911: 316, which do not seem to be Desmacella and Biemna, but may prove to be reduced members of subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna) . We refrain from formally reassigning these species, but merely point out that they might belong here.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Kerasemna) species of the region</p><p>1 Anisochelae present........................................................................ M. (K.) humilis</p><p>- Anisochelae absent........................................................................ M. (K.) tenuityla</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna)</p><p>The above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Kerasemna) are presented in the map of Fig. 67 of the distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007. The subgenus is with certainty only known by two species from the tropical Indo-West Pacific waters, but may be also present in the tropical Atlantic (cf. Burton 1932).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFA2FFC955ABFF3253A0C9A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFAFFFCA55ABFF3254ABC989.text	361087A7FFAFFFCA55ABFF3254ABC989.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) (Mycale) Gray 1867	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Mycale) Gray, 1867</p><p>Type species. Hymeniacidon lingua Bowerbank, 1864 (= Mycale (Mycale) lingua).</p><p>Remarks. The subgenus is cosmopolitan and rich in species (approximately 50 accepted species to date, cf. Van Soest et al. 2020), but it is likely to be non-monophyletic (Loh et al. 2012). The tangential ectosomal skeleton is a disorganized mass of single intercrossing spicules. Many species have a grooved surface and often have a full complement of spicules, mycalostyles, several sizes of anisochelae and of sigmas and often trichodragmas. Toxas are rare. The smallest anisochelae may frequently have their lower alae reduced to a single stick-like extension of the shaft crowned by a small spur. These features are shared with species of subgenera Mycale (Oxymycale) Hentschel, 1929 and Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) Kent, 1870 . With these subgenera Mycale (Mycale) also occasionally shares species with size categories of the mycalostyles. In contrast to Hajdu (1995) we employ here categories of mycalostyles only if there is a clear length difference, because width differences are strongly influenced by growth stage of the spicule. Bluntly rounded pointed ends are also considered subject to variation within the same mycalostyle type.</p><p>Among the species occurring in the region, there is a puzzling complex formed by specimens having the identical spicule complement of Mycale (Mycale) grandis (Gray, 1867), but exhibiting two distinct habitus features, (1) red specimens usually occurring somewhat hidden underneath and between corals, often covered partially by sediment, with a smooth surface showing a faint reticulation, and (2) in contrast white specimens, forming thick cushions in exposed position, with the surface distinctly punctate. Preliminary unpublished molecular sequence data (both of 28S and 18S genes) obtained by us from several red individuals and a single white one show small (2–3) differences in the composition of base pair positions. This induced us to consider these M. (M.) grandis forms as potentially specifically different, and we chose to name them provisionally M. (M.) grandis ‘red’ and M. (M.) aff. grandis ‘white’, treated below among the Mycale (Mycale) species in alphabetical order. The justification to treat them separately is debatable, because the type material of early species united under M. (M.) grandis remains incompletely known lacking the decisive information on live color. The red and white ‘morphs’ of this complex resemble the orange and white individuals found in the Caribbean Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882), described and investigated by Loh et al. (2012). No distinct genetic groupings were detected in that species.</p><p>Less binary color divisions are found in Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (Dendy, 1905), with color shades varying from orange, via greenish or bluish to whitish. No separate treatment for these are made below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFAFFFCA55ABFF3254ABC989	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFAFFFCD55ABFB485245CCB8.text	361087A7FFAFFFCD55ABFB485245CCB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) asigmata Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) asigmata sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 68 a–f, 69a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 09321, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, NE coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.7117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.8917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.7117/lat -9.8917)">Sumba</a>, E of Melolo, 9.8917°S 120.7117°E, depth 75–90 m, bottom calcareous stones, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 051, field nr. 051/ VI / Dreg /05, 13 September 1984 (light brown).</p><p>Paratype ZMA Por. 09140, same data as holotype (light brown) .</p><p>Description (Fig. 68a). In life, light brown massive sponges, with irregular surface covered by a detachable ectosomal membrane. Preserved material shredded and fragmented, together forming a crumbly fibrous mass. Estimated size 15 x 10 cm, thickness up to 3 cm. Color in alcohol red-brown, darker than in situ . Consistency soft and compressible, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 68 b–f). Choanosomal tracts arranged plumosely, with strong long spicule tracts, 90–135 µm diameter (8–10 spicules in cross section), distances between them 200–500 µm, few interconnecting tracts. Near the surface the tracts subdivide and fan out to carry the ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 68b). This resembles that of M. (M.) crassissima, in being comparatively open, with tangential megascleres arranged in ill-defined short bundles, next to individual spicules. No clear rosettes of anisochelae, but on the subsurface choanosomal tracts the anisochelae are arranged in loose clusters or ‘pseudorosettes’ (Figs 68 c–d). In the open spaces between the ectosomal megascleres numerous trichodragmas (Fig. 68 e–f) of various sizes are occurring in dense aggregations.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 69 a–g). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, three categories of trichodragmas (no sigmas).</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 69a,a 1), comparatively robust, fusiform, with elongated heads and faintly developed subterminal constriction, 362– 408.6 –438 x 9– 12.8 – 15 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 69b), common, compact, with free part of the shaft 25% of spicule length, with upper alae broadly extended and median alae oval and slightly shorter than the lateral alae, lower alae characteristically broadly extended with rounded upper rim, 46– 69.3 – 81 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 69c), not common, overall shape elongated, free part of the shaft variable, 25–35% of spicule length, upper median alae slightly extended, as long as the lateral alae, 22– 25.8 – 33 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 69d), not common, shape largely similar to anisochelae II, 15– 17.5 – 19 µm. Trichodragmas I (Fig. 69e), fusiform, 32– 42.6 –57 x 6– 6.8 – 10 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas II (Fig. 69f), rectangular to oval, 12– 15.2 –18 x 4– 6.6 – 9 µm</p><p>Trichodragmas III (Fig. 69g), rectangular to oval, 4– 5.9 –8 x 1–1.5 µm</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Dredged near Sumba, Indonesia, at greater depth (75–90 m).</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the absence of sigmas.</p><p>Remarks. The new species stands out among Mycale (Mycale) species reported from the study area by the absence of sigmas combined with the possession of three size categories of trichodragmas. A further feature is the characteristic compact shape of anisochelae I with its broadly extended median alae, especially the lower median alae. Apart from the absence of sigmas, there is some resemblance to M. (M.) crassissima (cf. below) in spicule complement (anisochelae in three categories, trichodragmas), but the anisochelae III of that species possess a distinct spur, lacking in the present material. M. (M.) grandis s.l. also have a spurred anisochelae III, and in addition have peculiar large anisochelae I unlike the present species.</p><p>The only other species of Mycale (Mycale) lacking sigmas and possessing trichodragmas is deep water (300 m) Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1983 . This has only two categories of anisochelae, and anisochelae I have the curved shape and short upper alae of M. (M.) dendyi -like anisochelae I, quite unlike those of the present new species. The length of the ‘milliards’ of raphides is given as 120 µm, well in excess of those of the present new species. Also the mycalostyles of M. (M.) myriasclera are distinctly longer, 750–900 m, twice the length of those cited above. Mycale (Mycale) incurvata Lévi, 1993, also from deep water off New Caledonia, is again similar to M. (M.) asigmata sp.nov. and M. (M.) myriasclera, but this not only lacks sigmas but also trichodragmas. M. (M.) incurvata is very close to Mycale (Mycale) trichela Levi, 1963 from the Atlantic side of South Africa (so outside our target region), in having three size categories of anisochelae, lacking both sigmas and trichodragmas or raphides, but the shape and the distinctly larger mycalostyles (up to 725 x 20 µm of M. (M.) trichela, only 400–590 µm in M. (M.) incurvata), make them distinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFAFFFCD55ABFB485245CCB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFA8FFD355ABFE5B5349CEC2.text	361087A7FFA8FFD355ABFE5B5349CEC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (Dendy 1905)	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (Dendy, 1905)</p><p>Figs 70 a–d, 71a–h, 72, 73, Table 4</p><p>Esperella crassissima Dendy, 1905: 160, pl. XI fig. 6.</p><p>Mycale crassissima; Hentschel 1912: 339 (Indonesia, yellow green); Dendy, 1922: 55, pl. 5 fig. 1; Lévi 1961b: 124 (Vietnam, ochre-rose); Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 85, fig. 34 (Madagascar, bright orange); Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 289 (Tanzania, light greenish blue or orange); Chervyakova 2007: 241 (Southern Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) crassissima; Pattanayak 2006, figs 42a–f, pl. VII fig. E (Andaman Islands); Azzini et al. 2007: Table 1 (Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima; Lim et al. 2008: 101 (Singapore, light green); Calcinai et al. 2013: 35 (Vietnam, yellow); Minh-Quang Thai 2013: 114 (listed only); Samaai et al. 2019: 43, figs 17A–I.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 01566, Indonesia, Papua, W coast, between Loslos and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.5979&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2092" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.5979/lat -1.2092)">Broken Island</a>, 1.2092°S 130.5979°E, depth 18 m, dredge, Siboga Expedition, stat. 162, 18 August 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01567, Indonesia, Kalimantan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.7166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.7166/lat -2.4166)">Borneo Bank</a>, 2.4166°S 117.7166°E, depth 40–50 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 080, field nr. SE713, 13 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01568, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Tana Djampea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6274/lat -7.1058)">Kambaragi Bay</a>, 7.1058°S 120.6274°E, depth 0–32 m, trawl, Siboga Expedition, stat. 064, 4 May 1899 ; ZMA Por. 1569, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.378/lat 5.828)">Pulau Weh</a>, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 August 1906 ; ZMA Por. 01570, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.378/lat 5.828)">Pulau Weh</a>, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 August 1906 ; ZMA Por. 01571, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.378&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.828" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.378/lat 5.828)">Pulau Weh</a>, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, depth 73 m, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 Augutst 1906 ; ZMA Por. 01572, Indonesia, Siboga Expedition, station unknown ; ZMA Por. 01573, Indonesia, Maluku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.9084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.9084/lat -4.5398)">Banda</a> anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, 22 November 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01574, Indonesia, Kalimantan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.8897&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.8897/lat 1.1332)">Pulu Kaniungan Ketjil</a>, 1.1332°N 118.8897°E, depth 11 m, Siboga Expedition, stat. 089, 21 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01575, Indonesia, Maluku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.9084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.9084/lat -4.5398)">Banda</a> anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, 22 November 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01576, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Bay of Bima, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.695/lat -8.05)">South Fort</a>, 8.05 S 118.695°E, depth 55 m, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 047, 8 April 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01577, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pearl Banks</a>, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr. SE139, 23 December 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01578, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Rotti Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.8733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.0183/lat -10.8733)">Cyrus Bay</a>, 10.8733°S 123.0183°E, depth 36 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 299, 27 January 1900 ; ZMA Por. 01578, Indonesia, Kalimantan, East side, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.9615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.9615/lat 1.7714)">Moearas Reef</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.9615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.9615/lat 1.7714)">Karang Lintang</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.9615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.9615/lat 1.7714)">Pulau Palabangan</a>, 1.7714N 118.9615°E, depth 0–54 m, trawl/dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 091, 22 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01580, Indonesia, Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4481&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4481/lat -6.0963)">Salayar</a> anchorage and surroundings, 6.0963°S 120.4481°E, depth 0–36 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 213, field nr. SE1602, 26 September 1899 ; ZMA Por. 02907, Indonesia, Maluku, Kai Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.7103&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.7103/lat -5.6501)">Duroa Strait</a>, 5.6501°S 132.7103°E, depth 22 m, dredge, Siboga Expedition, stat. 258, 12 December 1899 ; ZMA Por. 06530, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3416667°S 118.2616667, depth 0–1 m, snorkeling, coll. J. Brouns, field nr. 120/06A, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 120, 23 September 1984 ; ZMA Por. 07997 Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.52/lat -8.6)">Teluk Slawi</a>, N cape of entrance, 8.6°S 119.52°E, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 069 / II/6 A, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 069, 17 September 1984 (yellow-brown) ; ZMA Por. 08641 Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Salayar, NW coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.45/lat -6.35)">Pulau Guang</a>, 6.35°S 120.45°E, depth 4–12 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 152 / III/24, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 152, 28 September 1984 (dark red, probably caused by red alga) ; ZMA Por. 08872, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3383333°S 118.273333, depth 8–11 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 122 / IV/15, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 122, 21 September 1984 (yellow) ; ZMA Por. 10174, Papua New Guinea, coll. M.C. Daz, field nr. 92119 ; ZMA Por. unregistered slide, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, NE coast of Sumba, E of Melolo, 9.9°S 120.708333, depth 6 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 048/ III/4, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 048, 13 September 1984 (yellow) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.2167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.2167/lat -3.7)">Por.</a> 10564, Seychelles, Mahé, N of Bird Island, 3.7°S 55.2167°E, depth 50–52 m, trawl, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 729, field nr. IOP-E 792/05, 22 December 1992 (bright orange) ; ZMA Por. 11713, Seychelles, Mahé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.2167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.7167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.2167/lat -3.7167)">Bird Island</a>, off E coast, 3.7167°S 55.2167°E, depth 3 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 717, field nr. IOP-E 717/04B, 20 December 1992 (pink) ; ZMA Por. 12037, Seychelles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.1333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.0333/lat -6.1333)">Amirantes</a>, N of Île Desnoeufs, 6.1333°S 55.0333°E, depth 54 m, trawl, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 782, field nr. IOP-E 782/17, 2 January 1993 (orange) ; ZMA Por. 12563, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.3167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.3167/lat -5.7333)">Poivre Atoll</a>, N rim, reef flat, 5.7333°S 53.3167°E, depth 7–8 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 768, field nr. IOP-E 768/06, 30 December 1992 (light grey blue) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5667/lat -4.2167)">Por.</a> 12705, Seychelles, Mahé, W of Aride Island, 4.2167°S 55.5667°E, depth 47 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 702, field nr. IOP-E 702/21, 17 December 1992 (light brown) ; RMNH Por. 1835, Indonesia, Bali, NE side Pulau Serangan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.2536&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.7275" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.2536/lat -8.7275)">Loloan Serangan</a>, 8.7275°S 115.2536°E, depth 0–17 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BAL.13/050401/065, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, 5 April 2001 (white fluorescent green blue); RMNH Por. 2057, Indonesia, Java, Kepulauan Seribu (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.53872&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.698889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.53872/lat -5.698889)">Thousand Islands</a>), off Jakarta, 5.698889°S 106.538722°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SER.25/160905/095, Kepulauan Seribu Expedition 2005, stat. SER.25, 18 September 2005; RMNH Por. 2538, Singapore, Pulau Tekukor (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.840164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.23005" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.840164/lat 1.23005)">Monkey Island</a>), SE side, 1.23005°N 103.8401667°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.12/300306/100, 30 March 2006 (green); RMNH Por. 2587 Singapore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.73185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2321833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.73185/lat 1.2321833)">Terumbu Pempang Tengah</a>, W side, 1.232183333°N 103.73185°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.20/030406/149, 3 April 2006 (fluorescent blue); RMNH Por. 5330, Indonesia, Halmahera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.3624&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.7299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.3624/lat 0.7299)">Mataira Mataira</a> W, 0.7299°N 121.3624°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition 2009 stat. TER:09, field nr. TER:09/291009/081, 29 October 2009; RMNH Por. 5846, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.9456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6913" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.9456/lat -4.6913)">Kapoposang</a>, 4.6913°S 118.9456°E, depth 9 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. UPG012/210810/046, 21 August 2010 (yellow); RMNH Por. 6541, Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.1813&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.42113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.1813/lat 1.42113)">Desa Pandean</a>, 1.42113°N 125.1813°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. LEM28/140212/185, 14 February 2012; RMNH Por. 7234, Indonesia, Java, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.570305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.732906" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.570305/lat -5.732906)">Semak Daun</a>, 5.73290602°S 108.570303°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. JAK04 PS–NV115, 28 July 2011 (brown); RMNH Por. 11766, Taiwan, Penghu Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5619&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.5709" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5619/lat 23.5709)">Xiying Rainbow Bridge</a>, 23.5709°N 119.5619°E, exposed during low tide, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ORC–008, 29 July 2018 (orange).</p><p>Description (Figs 70a,a 1, 71a). Massively lobate, cushion-shaped or encrusting sponges with optically smooth surface, but microscopically slightly uneven. Some larger specimens (e.g. RMNH Por. 6541) show surface grooves, making them look similar to M.(M.) dendyi . A subsurface reticulated pattern is often observed in situ . Specimens may occasionally encrust algae and branching octocorals. Lobate specimens have apical small oscules about 1–3 mm in diameter, with size up to 10 x 7 x 4 cm. Color in life mostly yellowish to orange (Fig. 70a 1), but red, pink, brown, light brown, white, fluorescent blueish (Fig. 70a) or greenish specimens have been recorded. Some of these shades may have been influenced by symbiont algae or bacteria. In preserved condition colors vary from pale yellow or white to reddish beige. Consistency is firm, but compressible.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 70 b–d). Choanosomal skeleton plumo-reticulate, built of usually strongly developed spicule tracts, 50–180 µm in diameter (6–14 spicules in cross section), interconnected by thinner tracts. Main tracts end at the surface by fanning out (Fig. 70b) to carry a tangential ectosomal skeleton. The main tracts in peripheral parts are echinated by anisochelae I, which do not form rosettes, but in stead form dense elongated concentrations along the tracts. Ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 70c), tangential, rather lightly developed, with few intercrossing tracts and many individual spicules. Authors, including Dendy, have been characterizing the skeleton as Mycale (Aegogropila) -like, but this is likely based on observation of the subsurface reticulation of choanosomal tracts carrying the true ectosomal skeleton. We maintain this is basically Mycale (Mycale) -like. The ectosomal region of many specimens is characterized by crowded trichodragmas (Fig. 70d).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 71 b–h, 72). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two of sigmas, and trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 71b,b 1), robust, with barely developed elongated heads, pointed opposite end, often curved, size variable, possibly due to regional diversity, 288– 434.7 –663 x 4– 10.5 – 21 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 71c, 72), robust, with upper and lower frontal alae slightly flaring outwards, both upper and lower lateral alae well-developed, with free part of the shaft approximately one third of the length of the spicule. In many specimens a considerable part of the anisochelae I have a faint spur-like lower outgrowth (cf. Fig. 72, second row) but smoothly rounded lower parts are also common (Figs 72, first row). Size quite variable between specimens, possibly regionally determined, 37– 56.7 – 86 µm, but there is limited variation within a single specimen.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 71d, 72, third row), in overall shape usually similar to anisochelae III, with prominent upper frontal and lateral alae, a short free part of the shaft, but with the lower frontal ala plate-like and the lateral alae developed as usual, not reduced stick-like as in anisochela III. There is usually a lower terminal spur developed but this may be very short or absent in some specimens. The size slightly overlaps with anisochelae III, 19– 25.8 – 33 µm (possibly up to 35 µm, see below).</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 71e, 72, fourth row) with well developed upper alae, dominating the spicule shape when examined with lower magnification, with the free part of the shaft extending to the lower part of the spicule which lacks developed alae and ends in a prominent spur. Size variable, possibly regionally determined, 12– 15.8 – 20 µm. Sigma I (Fig. 71f), thin, not clearly different in shape from sigma II, but there is no overlap in size despite rather large variation between specimens, 27– 38.6 – 60 µm.</p><p>Sigma II (Fig. 71g), thin, not clearly different in shape from sigma I, limited variation in size, 12– 17.4 – 24 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 71h), straight, tightly bound, usually small (20–30 µm long) but in several specimens there was quite a range in size, overall sizes 10– 32.1 –75 x 5– 8.4 – 13 µm. In many specimens the short trichodragmas were observed occurring in larger clusters (Fig. 70d).</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 73). Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Vietnam, Taiwan, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa (Sodwana Bay). The species occurs on shallow reefs and in deeper waters on available hard substratums, from the tide mark down to 73 m.</p><p>Remarks. This is probably one of the more common widespread Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Due to this wide distribution, most characters are quite variable, but all identified specimens share a massive-encrusting shape, lightly developed ectosomal tangential skeleton, well-developed choanosomal spicule tracts, anisochelae I crowded on the tracts in an echinating position, but not forming rosettes, rare anisochelae II usually spurred, smallest anisochelae spurred, with stick-like lower alae, thin sigmas I and II, and tightly packed trichodragmas.</p><p>Anisochelae I in most specimens were of two more or less distinct types, the first (Fig. 72, first row) have a smoothly rounded lower end between the lateral and median alae, the second (Fig. 72, second row) have a small point or spur at their lower end. The frequency of the two types differs in various specimens. Since they were both of approximately the same size, we do not consider them distinct from each other.</p><p>Most authors, including Dendy (1905) did not distinguish anisochela II as a separate spicule type. With some effort, in all specimens we examined, anisochelae II were found. The presence of a separate ‘middle-sized’ anisochela was earlier also observed by Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971) and Pulitzer-Finali (1993). Nevertheless, anisochelae II were usually quite rare. This meant that they could not always be found in dissociated spicule mounts and in an SEM examination. This is likely the reason that other other authors (Hentschel 1912; Lévi 1961b; Calcinai et al. 2013; Samaai et al. 2019) did not distinguish them from the smaller anisochelae III. They are distinguished from anisochela I by smaller size and a shape lacking offstanding median frontal alae. Anisochela II differs consistently from anisochela III in having proper lower frontal and lateral alae, whereas anisochela III has a narrow stick-like frontal ala only, lacking lateral alae entirely. Anisochela III always has a spur. Both anisochelae I and anisochelae II may or may not have a spur, if present often faintly developed, often blunt.</p><p>The lower alae condition in anisochela II with broadly developed frontal alae is also found in Caribbean Mycale (M.) laevis (Carter, 1882) presented in SEM photos in Hajdu &amp; Desqueyroux’s (1994) fig. 41 (from holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.189 of Esperella fusca Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 considered synonymous with M.(M.) laevis), in Hajdu’s (1995) chapter 5 and fig. 5.41, and in Hajdu &amp; R̹tzler‘s (1998) fig. 15d. In these cases the anisochelae were treated as ‘robust’ versions of anisochelae III, which in majority have the stick-like condition as in M.(M.) crassissima . In contrast, we postulate here that the spurred anisochelae with broadly developed lower fronal alae in M. (M.) laevis in reality are anisochelae II, not previously recognized in this species.</p><p>Sigma categories are not obvious because the shape and thickness of the larger and the smaller sigmas are largely similar. For that reason they were not distinguished by some authors (Dendy 1905; Hentschel 1912; Calcinai et al. 2013), but from the size ranges provided by these authors it is likely that they were present. We believe the two sigma size categories are shared with related species (e.g. Mycale (Mycale) grandis, cf. below), so it is important to distinguish them as separate spicule types.</p><p>Trichodragmas are predominantly small (20–30 µm long), but some specimens (six of our 25 specimens) have a wider size range, up to 75 µm. We could not find a correlation with other features of the sponges.</p><p>Calcinai et al. (2013) report the presence of very small smooth microxeas (2.5 µm, apparently visible only with SEM) in the type specimen BMNH 1907.12.1.56 and in their own specimen from Vietnam. Although very small rod-like grains or debris is often present in our specimens, we failed to consistently find sufficient numbers of such tiny objects .</p><p>Colors reported for this species are so varied, that taxonomic diversity could be presumed. However, no correlation was evident between colors (the more yellow-red colored vs the more green or blueish green specimens) and spicule measurements and frequency of occurrence of the various spicule types. Color variation (greenish blue and orange) was also reported by Pulitzer-Finali (1993), so we must accept at this stage of our knowledge that color is not a consistent feature of the species.</p><p>Regional differences in spicule size data are also not clear (cf. Table 4), although most Seychelles specimens (except ZMA Por. 12705) have shorter mycalostyles and shorter anisochelae I than those of Indonesian specimens. Skeletal tracts of Seychelles specimens on average appear thinner (50–100 µm with 6–10 spicules in cross section) than Indonesian specimens (60–180 µm with 8–14 spicules in cross section).</p><p>The name M. (M.) crassissima Dendy, 1905 is threatened by M. (M.) gelatinosa (Ridley, 1884), which may turn out to be a senior synonym (see also below). Ridley’s description of the skeleton and the spicules appears to overlap with the data provided above. The only clear distinction is the shape of the smallest anisochelae, which would lack the spur. This can be distinguished with certainty by SEM. We were unable to reexamine Ridley’s material, so this remains to be established definitively.</p><p>The description of Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist &amp; Tizard, 1967 (as Mycale (Carmia), reported also by Kelly-Borges &amp; Bergquist (1988) as Aegogropila digitata, reminds of the present species, but short trichodragmas are apparently not present in that species (see also below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFA8FFD355ABFE5B5349CEC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFB6FFD855ABFADC5370C8F0.text	361087A7FFB6FFD855ABFADC5370C8F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row 1911)	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911)</p><p>Figs 74 a–c, 75a–d, 76a–h, 77, Table 5</p><p>Esperella dendyi Row, 1911: 332, fig. 15.</p><p>Mycale sulcata Hentschel, 1911: 307, fig. 11; Lévi 1963: 11, Pl. IB, text-fig. 4.</p><p>? Mycale sulcata var. minor Hentschel, 1911: 310, fig. 12.</p><p>Mycale sulcata var. aruensis Hentschel, 1912: 340 .</p><p>? Mycale (Mycale) sulcata; Burton 1959: 238.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) aruensis; Hajdu 1995: 101.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) dendyi; Hajdu 1995: 101.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) minor; Hajdu, 1995: 104.</p><p>Material examined. SMF983, holotype of Mycale sulcata var. aruensi s, Indonesia, Aru Islands, N of Penembulai, depth 8 m, coll. Merton Expedition, stat. 10, 2 April 1908 .</p><p>BMNH 1936.3.4.587, Mycale sulcata, Murray collection stat. 24, Gulf of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.895" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.22/lat 11.895)">Aden</a>, 11.895°N 51.22°E, depth 73– 220 m, 9 October 1933 .</p><p>ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.9167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.75/lat -9.9167)">Por.</a> 07964, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, NE coast, E of Melolo, 9.9167°S 120.75°E, gently sloping reef flat, depth 1–4 m , snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052/ II/03, 13 September 1984 (orange); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">Por.</a> 08935, Indonesia, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. IOP-E 169/ IV/03, 30 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por.P. 11920 (slide only), Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.15/lat -6.535)">Take Bone Rate</a>, S of Pulau Tarupa Kecil, 6.535°S 121.15°E, depth 59 m , coll. Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 4.232, 16 October 1984; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.6833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.6833/lat -4.2)">Por.</a> 11124, Seychelles, Mahé, N of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m , rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/12A, 19 December 1992 (orange); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.6833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.6833/lat -4.2)">Por.</a> 11447a, Mahé, N of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m , rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/12, 19 December 1992 (orange); ZMA Por. 15216, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.338&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.338/lat -5.134)">Lae-lae</a>, 5.134°S 119.338°E, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 240503, 24 May 1997 (orange) ; ZMA Por.P. 27690–27693 (thick sections and spicule mounts, slides only), South Africa, Port Elizabeth region, coll. A. van Schie, field nr. UPE 96–133–134, March 1996 ; RMNH Por. 2180, Indonesia, Bali, Sanur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.2644&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.6706" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.2644/lat -8.6706)">Bangsai Point</a>, slowly declining reef slope, 8.6706°S 115.2644°E, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001 stat.06, field nr. BAL06/020401/024, 2 April 2001 (orange); RMNH <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7463&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2264" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7463/lat 1.2264)">Por.</a> 2582, Singapore. Pulau Hantu Besar, W side, 1.2264°N 103.7463°E, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.19/020406/144, 2 April 2006 (orange); RMNH Por. 5226, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Manado, Tua <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7056/lat 1.625)">South Negen</a>, 1.625°N 124.7056°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD08 /150501/051, 15 May 2001; RMNH Por. 5837, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3769/lat -4.8556)">Karanrang</a>, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. UPG011/200810/037, 20 August 2008 (yellow); RMNH Por. 11767, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3769/lat -4.8556)">Karanrang</a>, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL094, 27 April 2018 (orange); RMNH Por. 11768, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3769/lat -4.8556)">Karanrang</a>, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL116, 27 April 2018 .</p><p>Description (Figs 74 a–c, 76a). Massively encrusting sponge growing among corals, with coarsely grooved irregular surface, often encrusted with sediment (Fig. 74a). The grooves meander over the surface (Fig. 74b) forming characteristic polygonal ‘islands’ of thick surface flakes. Oscules in life large (1–2 cm in diameter) and composite, but they may contract in preservation. Small openings are found in the grooves (Fig. 74c). Size may be considerable, up 12 cm in lateral expansion, up to 10 cm in thickness, but much smaller thinly encrusting specimens are also found. Color in life bright orange, in preservation becoming shades of brown, the surface regions darker brown, the inner and lower parts of specimens lighter brown or beige. Consistency rather soft and compressible, coarsely fibrous.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 75 a–d). Plumoreticulate skeleton of thick spicule tracts (Fig. 75a), deep in the choanosome being 300–400 µm in diameter, gradually subdividing towards the surface into thinner tracts, ending up subectosomally into tracts of 50 µm or less which carry the surface crust. The ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 75b) is a thick (100 µm), dense layer of tangentially arranged individual megascleres. Inbetween the intercrossing megascleres there is a dense mass of trichodragmas and individual raphides. In the subectosomal region numerous rosettes of anisochelae I are found (Fig. 75 c–d), in a large size variation, 60–210 µm in diameter; the smaller rosettes appear to be of small anisochelae I (Fig. 75d).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 76 b–h). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, a single category of sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 76b,b 1), robust, straight, elongately fusiform with barely developed heads, in a large size variation, possibly regionally determined, 318– 484.6 –781 x 3– 10.4 – 16 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 76c), mostly arranged in globular rosettes, robust, strongly curved, free part of the shaft about 40% of total spicule length, with short rounded upper alae and squarish lower alae, in a large size range, 48– 62.9 – 75 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 76d), of normal shape, with well-developed upper and lower alae, free part of the shaft about 25%, 16– 22.3 – 30 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 76e), dominated by well-developed upper alae, lower alae complicated, irregularly divided (not clearly visible in light microscopy, only properly observed with SEM), with basal spur, 11– 13.9 – 18 µm. In one of our specimens no anisochelae III were found, in most specimens they were rare or moderately rare.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 76f), predominantly thin, symmetrical, occasionally with slightly incurved endings, frequency variable in various specimens, size usually 13– 21.8 – 34 µm, but a few—possibly foreign—larger sigmas have been found, 48–60 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas, very common, especially the larger sizes; in many specimens there are distinctly larger trichodragmata (I, Fig. 76g), 61– 84.9 –144 x 5– 10.7 – 16 µm, and smaller (II, Figs 76h), 12– 22.3 –35 x 5–7 µm. In two of our specimens, trichodragmas II were rare or absent.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 77). Indonesia, Singapore, Seychelles, Red Sea, West Australia, Gulf of Aden, Maldives, South Africa, possibly South Korea, from shallow water reefs down to 59–73 m, possibly deeper down to 220 m.</p><p>Remarks. We follow Hajdu (1995) in considering Mycale sulcata Hentschel, 1911 synonymous with Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911) . Hajdu examined type material of Row and found that the differences on paper between the two descriptions were non-existent, e.g. Row’s material did contain sigmas and two sizes of trichodragmas. As Hajdu (1995) (p. 101) pointed out, the publication date of Esperella dendyi Row, 1911 was printed to be November 30, 1911, whereas Hentschel’s publication of Mycale sulcata bears no print information other than the year 1911. According to the ICZN (art. 21.3.2), the printed date of the latter is then determined to be December 31, 1911. Accordingly, if both are the same species as assumed here, the name Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911) has priority. Hajdu (1995) listed specimens of this species from Korea, which need further examination.</p><p>Mycale sulcata var. minor Hentschel, 1911 was listed as Mycale minor in Hajdu (1995: 104), but he did not study it and he did not comment on it. Hentschel (1911: 311) stated it was a reduced form (hence the varietal name minor), but he also suggested a similarity with his Mycale parasitica var. arenosa considered now a junior synonym of Mycale (Grapelia) australis (cf. above). The specimen was dried and thus could have been macerated and lost part of its spicule complement. In the absence of further information we consider it a member of the present species, but it needs to be further studied.</p><p>We examined a microscopic slide of Mycale sulcata var. aruensis Hentschel, 1912 from the Aru Islands, raised to species status by Hajdu (1995) without discussion. We found that it conformed to the typical variety from Western Australia. Differences between the two noted by Hentschel (1912) were clearly the result of a difference in frequency of occurrence of anisochelae II and III and sigmas. These were observed in both ‘varieties’, thus removing their differences.</p><p>One of our specimens (RMNH Por. 5226), appeared to have two distinct rosette sizes (140–180 µm vs. 60–70 µm), the smaller of which contained smaller than usual anisochelae I (less than 45 µm). Other features of the specimen did not differ from the characters of M. (M.) dendyi, so we refrained from attaching taxonomic significance to this.</p><p>Burton’s (1959) material from the Indian Ocean of this species (as Mycale sulcata) consists of several fragments with thick surface crust and irregular skeleton, similar to the Sulawesi specimen ZMA Por. 15216 (cf. Fig. 63a), but it contained large sigmas up to 86 µm. That sigma size exceeds those of all our specimens, so it is uncertain whether Burton’s material could be conspecific with M. (M.) dendyi . Hajdu (1995) proposed part of the sample to be a separate species, his Mycale (Mycale) sp. 4. Proper redescription of the sample is necessary.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1983 shares the shape of the anisochelae I with the present species, but differs clearly in lacking anisochelae III and sigmas (cf. below).</p><p>Outside our target region, Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 (see also Bergquist &amp; Fromont 1988), possesses a similar spicule complement, including curved anisochelae I. Thanks to Eduardo Hajdu’s thesis work, we were able to examine a spicule suspension made from the type specimen BMNH 1923.10.1.102, which revealed two size categories of mycalostyles (972– 1116 x 23–30 µm and 511–678 x 10–23 µm), and anisochelae I 81–92 µm, clearly larger than those of the present species, confirming that the species differs from M. (M.) dendyi . See for further details also below.</p><p>The shape of anisochelae I of this species reminds rather strongly of those found in Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995, a deviating Grapelia because of the absence of unguiferous upper alae. In combination with the peculiar anisochelae III in the present species showing strongly indented lower alae, it would seem possible that M. dendyi is also a Grapelia, and not a member of the subgenus Mycale . That would then also apply to Antarctic Mycale (Mycale) tridens Hentschel, 1914, which is even more Grapelia -like as its upper alae are pointed and could be termed ‘unguiferate’ (cf. Hentschel 1914: pl. V fig. 6; Ríos 2006: fig. 191). Elsewhere, several other Mycale (Mycale) species have such strongly curved anisochelae I, further complicating eventual close affiliations between subgenera Mycale and Grapelia . We will have to await molecular support.</p><p>We compared spicule size data from Indo-West Pacific and Western Indian Ocean specimens assigned to this species (cf. Table 5), but no clear differences were found.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFB6FFD855ABFADC5370C8F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FFBCFF2055ABFF32515DC968.text	361087A7FFBCFF2055ABFF32515DC968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray 1867	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867 ‘red’</p><p>Figs 78 a–g, 79a–k, 80a–j, 81a–k, Tables 6, 7</p><p>Esperia sp. Schmidt 1864: 34, pl. III fig. 11.</p><p>Mycale grandis Gray, 1867: 533; Hentschel 1912: 337, pl. XVIII fig. 13 (Indonesia); Burton 1934: 547 (no description, North Australia); Burton 1937: 23, pl. II fig. 13 (India); Lévi 1958: 29, fig. 24 (Red Sea); Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1965: 104 (Madagascar); Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 86; Thomas 1986: 6, fig. 1n (Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep);? Tanita &amp; Hoshino 1989: 116, fig. 70 (Japan); Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 291 (Kenya); Madrigal 1999: 4 (American Samoa); Coles &amp; Bolick 2007: 911, fig.1 (Oahu, Hawaii, assumed invasive since mid 1990s); Vicente et al. 2016: 1 (Hawaii).</p><p>Esperia pellucida Ridley, 1884: 437, pl. XL fig. K, pl. XLII fig. h (from Torres Straits, North Australia); Chervyakova 2007: 242 (Southern Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>Esperia obscura; Ridley 1884: 438 (North Australia) (not: Carter 1882 = M. (Naviculina) obscura).</p><p>Esperia indica Carter, 1887: 72, pl. VI figs 3–6 (Andaman Sea).</p><p>Esperella pellucida; Topsent 1897: 462 (no description, Ambon);? Dawydoff 1952: 50 (Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>Mycale armata Thiele, 1903: 950, fig. 16 (Ternate); De Laubenfels 1954: 151, text-fig. 99 (mid Pacific); De Laubenfels 1955: 139 (mid Pacific); Eldredge &amp; Smith 2001: B9–B10 (Hawaii); Coles et al. 2007: 1–30 (Hawaii).</p><p>Mycale indica; Burton &amp; Rao 1932: 327 (India); Rao 1941: 445 (India).</p><p>Oxymycale strongylophora De Laubenfels, 1954: 94, text-fig. 57 (mid Pacific).</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) grandis; Coles et al. 1999: table 1 (Oahu, Hawaii, called non-indigenous); Putchakarn 2007: 1637, fig. 12 (Thailand).</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) indica; Pattanayak 2006: 64, fig. 43a–i, pl. VII fig. F (Andaman Islands).</p><p>? Mycale (Aegogropila) pellucida; Minh-Quang Thai 2013: 114 (Vietnam, listed only).</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) grandis; Calcinai et al. 2013: 33, figs 21A–L (Hawaii); Nuñez-Pons et al. 2017: 13 (Hawaii).</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype slide BMNH 1867.3.11.60 (‘Esp. ind’) from Schmidt (upon which Gray based his Mycale grandis). No further locality data.</p><p>Holotype slides BMNH 1882.2.23.224 (2 slides, ‘from type’), Esperia pellucida Ridley, 1884, Australia, Torres Strait, Alert Island, depth 13 m, bottom sand.</p><p>Holotype slides BMNH 1887.6.1.2 (3 slides, 2 of Carter, one labeled Bk (=Bowerbank) 1536), Esperia indica Carter, 1887, Myanmar, Mergui Archipelago, King Island.</p><p>Holotype fragment ZMB 3157, Esperella armata Thiele, 1903, Indonesia, Halmahera, Ternate, coll. W. K̹kenthal.</p><p>Holotype fragment, USNM 22937, Oxymycale strongylophora De Laubenfels, 1954, Ailing-lap-lap Atoll, Bikajela Island, depth 10 m, on dead coral, coll. ‘diver’, 20 June 1949.</p><p>ZMA Por. 01581, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.2642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.6456" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.2642/lat -9.6456)">Bay of Nangamessi</a>, bottom coral sand, 9.6456°S 120.2642°E, depth 0–36 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 053, field nr. SE 1487 IV, 21 April 1899; ZMA. Por. 01582, Indonesia, Maluku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.9084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.9084/lat -4.5398)">Banda</a> anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, field nr. SE814, 22 November 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01583, Indonesia, Papua, NW coast Waigeu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.2827&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.0901" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.2827/lat -0.0901)">Wunoh Bay</a>, bottom coralline algae, 0.0901°S 130.2827°E, depth 32 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 152, field nr. SE 1542 II, 12 August 1899; ZMA Por. 01584, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, E coast of Roti Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.6333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42/lat -10.6333)">Pepla Bay</a>, bottom coral, mud, coralline algae, 10.6333°S 123.42°E, depth 22 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 301, field nr. SE207 CXII, 30 January 1900; ZMA Por. 01585, Indonesia, Maluku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=129.9084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5398" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 129.9084/lat -4.5398)">Banda</a> anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, field nr. SEDEIII, 22 November 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01586, Indonesia, Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4481&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0963" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4481/lat -6.0963)">Salayar</a> anchorage and surroundings, 6.0963°S 120.4481°E, depth 0–36 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 213, field nr. SE3019, 26 September 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01587, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, E coast of Roti Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.6333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.42/lat -10.6333)">Pepla Bay</a>, bottom coral, mud, coralline algae, 10.6333°S 123.42°E, depth 22 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 301, field nr. SE4XVI, 30 January 1900 ; ZMA Por. 01588, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pearl Banks</a>, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, bottom sand, shells, 5.4134°S 134.6677E, depth 13 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr. SE138, 23 December 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01589, Indonesia, Timor, S coast, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.0916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.2333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.0916/lat -10.2333)">Noimini</a>, 10.2333°S 124.0916°E, depth 8–36 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 296, field nr. SE207 CXII, 24 January 1900; ZMA Por. 01590, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Borneo Bank, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.4039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.4039/lat -2.2183)">Pulau Sebangkatan</a>, bottom coralline algae, 2.2183°S 117.4039°E, depth 34 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 081, field nr. SE 1432 II, 14 June 1899; ZMA Por. 01591, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pearl Banks</a>, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, bottom sand, shells, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, 23 December 1899 ; ZMA Por. 01592, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Borneo Bank, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.4039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.4039/lat -2.2183)">Pulau Sebangkatan</a>, bottom coralline algae, 2.2183°S 117.4039°E, depth 34 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 081, field nr. SE16, 14 June 1899 ; ZMA Por.P. 11923 (slide only), Indonesia, Kalimantan, Borneo Bank, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.4039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.4039/lat -2.2183)">Pulau Sebangkatan</a>, bottom coral, coral sand, 2.2183°S 117.4039°E, depth 34 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 081, field nr. SE889, 14 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 02887, Indonesia, Sulawesi, anchorage off S point <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.9502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.9502/lat -5.5165)">Kabaëna Island</a>, 5.5165°S 121.9502°E, bottom coarse sand, depth 22 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 209, field nr. SE397 II, 23 September 1899; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.9167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.75/lat -9.9167)">Por.</a> 07979, Indonesia, Sumba, NE coast, E of Melolo, reef flat, 9.9167°S 120.75°E, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052 / II/25, 14 September 1984 (brown); ZMA Por. 08997, Indonesia, SE Sulawesi, Tukang Besi Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.975/lat -5.9333)">Binongko</a>, SW of Taipabu, 5.9333°S 123.975°E, depth 15–30 m , SCUBA, coll. H.A. Ten Hove, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 044, field nr. 44 / V/05, 11 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 09556, Singapore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7069&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7069/lat 1.2164)">Pulau Salu</a>, 1.2164°N 103.7069°E, depth 0–2 m, snorkeling, coll. H. Moll, 22 December, 1977 (blood-red) ; ZMA Por. 09809, Australia, Queensland, Heron Island, SE, depth 0–8 m, snorkeling, coll. D. Vethaak, 1 April 1983 (red) ; ZMA Por. 10849, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Lombok, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.0333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.0333/lat -8.35)">Gili Air</a>, 8.35°S 116.0333°E, littoral, snorkeling, coll. C.C. Hofman, field nr. 25, 7 August 1991 (orange) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.6667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.2167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.6667/lat -4.2167)">Por.</a> 11157, Seychelles, Mahé, S of Aride Island, 4.2167°S 55.6667°E, depth 35 m, rectangular dredge, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 713, field nr. IOP-E 713/09, 19 December 1992 (red) ; ZMA Por. 11293, Seychelles, Amirantes, northern slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.0167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.0167/lat -6.2167)">Île Desnoeufs</a> platform, 6.2167°S 53.0167°E, reef slope, depth 12-15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 783, field nr. IOP-E 783/18, 2 January 1993 (orange) ; ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5167/lat -4.6167)">Por.</a> 11679, Seychelles, Mahé, E of Mahé, N of Moyenne Island, 4.6167°S 55.5167°E, reef slope, depth 1–7 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 749, field nr. IOP-E 749/25, 25 December 1992 (red) ; ZMA Por. 11706, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.35/lat -5.45)">St. Joseph Atoll</a>, S rim, 5.45°S 53.35°E, reef slope, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 759, field nr. IOP-E 759/18, 28 December 1992 (orange) ; ZMA Por. 12145, Seychelles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3667/lat -5.6167)">Amirantes</a>, N of Platte Island Atoll, 5.6167°S 55.3667°E, reef, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. H.A. Ten Hove, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 796, field nr. IOP-E 796/18, 7 January 1993 (red); ZMA Por. 12554, Seychelles, Mahé, SE coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.5167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.5167/lat -4.7333)">Anse Royale Bay</a>, 4.7333°S 55.5167°E, reef slope, depth 2–13 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 740, field nr. IOP-E 740/13, 24 December 1992 (red) ; ZMA Por. 13017, American Samoa, Tutuila Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-170.7225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.2997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -170.7225/lat -14.2997)">Nu’uuli Lagoon</a>, 14.2997°S 170.7225°W, encrusting underside of rubble, snorkeling, coll. L.G. Madrigal, field nr. S2, 24 May 1998 (red-orange) ; ZMA Por. 13026, American Samoa, Tutuila Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-170.6631&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.2879" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -170.6631/lat -14.2879)">Tafanal Reef</a>, 14.2879°S 170.6631°W, encrusting underside of rubble, snorkeling, coll. L. Madrigal, field nr. S11, 24 May 1998 (red-orange) ; ZMA. POR. 18679, Thailand, Rayong, Samet islands, W side of Ko Samet, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5539" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4696/lat 12.5539)">Hin Khan Na</a>, 12.5539°N 101.4696°E, depth 3 m, under rock , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. SAMA–02, 26 January 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 18695, Thailand, Samet Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5539" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4696/lat 12.5539)">Ao Pgarung</a>, S of Ko Samet, 12.5539°N 101.4696°E, on dead coral, depth 5 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. SAMB–06, 27 October 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 18727, Thailand, Rayong, Klang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.6905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6073" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.6905/lat 12.6073)">Mon Islands</a>, N of Ko Nai, 12.6073°N 101.6905°E, fringing reef, depth 4 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. MONB–04, 29 October 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 18753, Thailand, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4873&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.786" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4873/lat 11.786)">Trad</a>, Chang Islands, S of Ko Mark, 11.786°N 102.4873°E, fringing reef, depth 3 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. CHAD–04, 19 November 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 18837, Thailand, Suratthani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.976&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.7047" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.976/lat 9.7047)">Ko Tae-nai</a>, W side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.976&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.7047" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.976/lat 9.7047)">Ko Phangan</a>, 9.7047°N 99.976°E, coral reef, depth 3 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr SAID–01, 21 December 2001 (red, dried specimen); ZMA Por. 18908, Thailand, Rayong, Ban-Pae fishing pier, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–41, 26 January 2003; ZMA Por. 18915, Thailand, Trad, Chonburi, Pataya fishing pier, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–48, 15 December 1999; RMNH Por. 1545, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.7917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.1417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.7917/lat -6.1417)">Java Sea</a>, 6.1417°S 107.7917°E, ‘ Gier’ Expedition stat. 3, 16 October 1907 ; RMNH Por. 2596, Singapore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.7493&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2281" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.7493/lat 1.2281)">Pulau Hantu Kecil</a>, NE coast, 1.2281°N 103.7493°E, depth 9 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.21/030406/158, 3 April 2006 (red); RMNH Por. 4400, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, no further data, depth 17 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, 11 May 1997; RMNH Por. 8679, Thailand, coll. Jeep, field nr. 57/1, 2014 (red) ; RMNH Por. 11769, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.4011&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8456" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.4011/lat -4.8456)">Polewali</a>, 4.8456°S 119.4011°E, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL058, 24 April 2018 (red); RMNH Por. 11770, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3769/lat -4.8556)">Karanrang</a>, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL113, 27 April 2018 (red).</p><p>Description (Figs 78 a–f, 80a). Red or red-orange lobate sponges growing inbetween live and dead corals, often cryptic, but more thinly encrusting specimens are also common (Fig. 78a); occasionally, parts of specimens may bear thin outgrowths. In living condition lobes carry large oscules, up to 1 cm diameter or more (Figs 78 b–d). Size of specimens usually modest, but may grow to 8 x7 x 5 cm. Surface often covered by sediment (Figs 78 a–b), but optically smooth when free. On deck (Fig. 78e), out of the water, the red color is seen to be the same inside as outside. In preserved condition (Figs 78f, 80a), the color becomes dirty white throughout, with shiny, slightly translucent surface, in older preserved specimens the color is often beige. Consistency firm, but compressible.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 79 a–c). Choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 79b) plumoreticulate, with thick spicule tracts, in the interior up to 400 µm in diameter (up to 25 spicules in cross section), about 2 mm or more apart, irregularly interconnected by thinner tracts. Towards the surface the thick tracts subdivide into thinner tracts and fan out to carry the surface skeleton. This tangential ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 79a) is an irregular layer of individually intercrossing megascleres, occasionally forming short tracts of two or three spicules thick. Anisochelae I are not found in the ectosomal skeleton and do not form rosettes. Instead they ‘echinate’ the peripheral choanosomal tracts (Fig. 79c), hooked individually in low density into these with their lower alae.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 79 d–k, 80b–j, 81a–k). Mycalostyles, three-four size classes of anisochelae, two size categories of sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 79d,d 1, 80b,b 1, 81e), often curved but also straight, with elongated heads, mostly with pointed ends mucronate or more gradually tapering, occasionally rounded, variable in length and thickness, possibly regionally restricted, 351– 515.5 –672 x 6– 14.3 – 24 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I, in most specimens divisible in two overlapping size categories, which also have subtle different shapes, here dubbed anisochela Ia and Ib.</p><p>Anisochela Ia (Figs 79e, 80c, 81 a–d,f), characteristically with a free part of the shaft making up 50% or more of the spicule length, with upper alae predominantly pointed although not truly unguiferous, occasionally oval, considerably standing off from the shaft, lower alae rounded, lower lateral alae positioned slightly above the median alae, size variable, possibly regionally determined, occasionally rare in individual specimens, total length 90– 117.8 – 156 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae Ib (Figs 79f, 80d), similar in overall shape to anisochelae Ia, but with shorter shaft, lower lateral and median alae more or less in the same position towards the shaft, alae rounded, not sharply pointed like anisochela Ia; these spicules are often rare (e.g. not observed in slide of Schmidt’s type material, cf. Fig. 81), but occasionally they are the dominant anisochelae I type in specimens, overall size slightly overlapping with anisochelae Ia, but the two types are clearly separate in size in individual specimens, 51– 73.2 – 96 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 79g, 80e,e 1, 81g), often rare or sometimes not found, but occasionally rather abundant. They are robust, with free part of the shaft short, 15–20% of spicule length, with well developed alae at both ends, the upper alae elongated with sharp-angled but rounded edges, the lower alae rounded, no spur, 22– 27.1 – 32 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 79h, 80f,f 1, 81h), usually abundant, with upper alae dominating the spicule, with lower alae absent or only visible vaguely as little knobs on the shaft, which is provided at the distal end with a prominent spur, and then curves upwards to form a stick-like reduction of the median alae, 12– 17.1 – 24 µm.</p><p>Sigma I (Figs 79i, 80g, 81i), usually abundant, but may be rare in some specimens, thin to moderately thick (1–2 µm), usually asymmetrical, variable in size among specimens, possibly regionally determined, 32– 53.8 – 81 µm.</p><p>Sigma II (Figs 79j, 80h, 81j), usually abundant, thin, likewise asymmetrical, 9– 17.3 – 23 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Figs 79k, 80 i–j, 81k), usually common, usually fusiform in shape, but squarish forms are also found, size range overall considerable, but usually limited within an individual, occasionally both smaller and larger occur within the same specimen, 18– 57.1 –146 x 9– 11.2 – 18 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 86). This is one of the most widespread and common Mycale species in the study region, reported apparently correctly from the whole Indo-West Pacific region, from Hawaii to East Africa and from South China to North Australia. Specimens recorded here were all collected in shallow reef habitats, down to 45 m. In Hawaii the species is considered a recent invader (Coles et al. 1999; Eldredge &amp; Smith 2001; Coles et al. 2007, as M. armata; Coles &amp; Bolick 2007, as M. grandis). Distributions of sponges in the mid 20 th century were poorly known, but M. (M.) grandis was already known from Mid-Pacific localities previously (De Laubenfels 1954: as M. grandis and Oxymycale strongylophora; De Laubenfels 1955: as M. armata), and our present specimens from American Samoa add to bridging the gap. De Laubenfels’ Hawaii sponge investigations were not at all exhaustive, some sponges were studied from aquaria and where they were collected in the field it was done using local divers. Despite the great efforts of Coles et al. to assess the ecological impact of the species, the extensive Hawaii occurrence is likely to be at most a range extension or population increase rather than a genuine alien invasion.</p><p>The record from off Oshima Island near Tokyo, Japan by Tanita &amp; Hoshino (1989) is perhaps doubtful, because no mention is made of trichodragmas. There are no further records of the species so far north.</p><p>Remarks. The only available type material of this species, Schmidt’s slide from the Natural History Museum, London, did not contain anisochelae Ib and anisochelae II, so formally our specimens do not conform to Gray’s Mycale grandis . However, the shape of anisochelae Ia (Fig. 81a) is obviously the same spicule as that found in all our specimens, and also the spicule measurements fall within the range observed in our specimens. No precise locality from which the slide was made is known for Schmidt’s specimen (‘von dem indischen Meere’), but it is likely from our study area. No further specimen details are known, as Schmidt obtained his material by dissolving it from a coral specimen. As the live color of the original specimen is unknown, it cannot be excluded that Schmidt’s material was from a white specimen. This is one of the reasons we here assign both the red and the white specimens (cf. below) to Mycale (Mycale) grandis sensu lato . Abundance of anisochelae II was found to be low in many specimens of both ‘species’, so it is proposed here to consider the deficient presence of anisochelae II in the lectotype of Mycale grandis as an issue of minor importance.</p><p>We re-examined type slides of Esperia pellucida Ridley, 1884 (Fig 81b) and E. indica Carter, 1887 (Fig. 81c) and found these two species without doubt to be identical to M.(M.) grandis sensu lato . The measurements provided by Carter (1887: 73) do not all appear to be accurate, as e.g. the size of the mycalostyles cited by Carter (1218 x 37.8) far exceeds those we measured in Carter’s slide BMNH 1887.6.1.2 (504–564 x 14–24 µm, roughly about half the size given by Carter). Later records of Mycale indica by Burton &amp; Rao (1932: 327) give measurements similar to ours and do not at all match those provided by Carter, so it is likely Carter made a mistake. Unfortunately, he did not give magnifications with the drawings of the spicules in his pl. VI figs 3–6, just stating that the spicules were all magnified to the same scale. This is obviously incorrect.</p><p>We also re-examined a slide of Ridley’s (1884) specimen described under the name Esperia obscura and this was found to be misidentified, conforming to the present species and not to Carter’s species, which will be treated below as Mycale (Naviculina) obscura . Ridley (p. 439) already suggested that Mycale grandis could be conspecific with his obscura .</p><p>Thiele’s (1903) description of Mycale armata failed to mention the presence of anisochelae II and trichodragmas, but re-examination of a slide of the type material ZMB 3157 revealed the rare presence of anisochelae II and abundant presence of trichodragmas. We also found anisochelae II in a fragment of the holotype (cf. Fig. 81g) .</p><p>Lévi’s (1958) Red Sea record is undoubtedly M. (M.) grandis . He reports the presence of four anisochelae types, of which the second largest (’ type normal’) clearly represents what we call here anisochelae Ib, whereas the third largest were characterized as ‘identique aux précédents’. We have clearly shown with SEM that the third largest anisochelae are distinct in shape from anisochelae Ib .</p><p>Pulitzer-Finali’s (1993) record of the species from Kenya also contained two sizes of anisochelae I, viz. 110– 130 µm and 55–70 µm, next to anisochelae II (23–29 m) and anisochelae III (14.5–17 µm). The specimens were orange in color.</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) anisochela Lévi, 1963 is a greyish subglobular species from the west coast of South Africa, falling outside the region we focus on in this study. It has a spicule complement virtually identical to Mycale (Mycale) grandis, including the characteristic shape of the anisochelae I, but the measurements of all spicules (except the sigmas) are clearly in excess of those of the many specimens described here from the tropical Indo-West Pacific: mycalostyles 950– 1050 x 26–28 µm, anisochelae I 220 µm, anisochelae II 60– 25 µm, anisochelae III 30 µm, sigmas I 52 µm, sigmas II 32, trichodragmas 50 µm. It is obviously closely related to M. (M.) grandis, as Lévi himself noted, but we consider it a valid species. The large size of the anisochelae is by no means the largest in Mycale, as Caribbean Mycale diaphana (Schmidt, 1870) (p. 57) has anisochelae, quite similar in shape to those of M. (M.) grandis and M. (M.) anisochela, measuring 650 µm. This latter measurement could not be confirmed by Carter (1882: 289), when he studied the type material in the Natural History Museum, London, the sizes he observed were about 120 µm. Maybe Schmidt made an error.</p><p>We compared the spicule sizes and categories of red or presumed red M. (M.) grandis specimens from Indo-West Pacific and Indian Ocean (cf. Table 6), but found few if any differences, indicating the likely wide distribution of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FFBCFF2055ABFF32515DC968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF45FF2655ABF9CD5123CC54.text	361087A7FF45FF2655ABF9CD5123CC54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) grandis (Gray 1867)	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) aff. grandis (Gray, 1867) ‘white’</p><p>Figs 82 a–f, 83a–e, 84a–h, 85, 86, Table 7</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 08554, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.2083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.2083/lat -6.45)">Take Karlarang</a>, 6.45°S 121.2083°E, reef, depth 8 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 147, field nr. 147/ III/01, 27 September 1984 (grey-white); ZMA Por. 08996, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.975/lat -5.9333)">Tukang Besi Islands</a>, SW of Taipabu, 5.9333°S 123.975°E, reef slope, depth 15–30 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 044, field nr. 044/ V/02, 11 September 1984 (white); ZMA Por. 14549, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7647&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6376" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7647/lat 1.6376)">North East Bunaken Island</a>, 1.6376°N 124.7647°E, steep slope, depth 35 m , SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, SYMBIOSPONGE project, field nr. 98/NS/MAY10/BH/103, 10 May 1998 (white); ZMA <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7833/lat 1.6167)">Por.</a> 17384, Indonesia, North Sulawesi, SW Siladen Island, 1.6167°N 124.7833°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA. coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD11 /170502/049, 17 May 2002 (white, yellow inside); ZMA Por. 18757, Thailand, Trad, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4873&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.786" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4873/lat 11.786)">Chang Island</a>, S of Ko Mark, 11.786°N 102.4873°E, fringing reef, depth 3 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. CHAD–08, 19 November 2001; RMNH Por. 3699, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, SW Bunaken Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.7583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.618" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.7583/lat 1.618)">Alung Banua</a>, 1.618°N 124.7583°E, depth 20 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD07 /150502/NV049, 16 May 2002 (white, yellow inside); RMNH Por. 5434, Indonesia, Halmahera, Ternate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.3772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.3772/lat 0.8417)">Tarau</a>, 0.8417°N 127.3772°E, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition stat. TER.17, field nr. TER.17/021109/ NV185, 2 November 2009 (white); RMNH Por. 6595, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.2266&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.46097" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.2266/lat 1.46097)">Tanjung Nanas Island</a>, 1.46097°N 125.2266°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. LEM33/170212/NV283, 17 February 2012 (white) .</p><p>Description (Figs 82 a–f, 83a, 84a). Thickly encrusting to massively lobate epilithic sponges, with punctate smooth surface, white colored in life, white-beige in preserved condition. Size often considerable (Fig. 83a), up to 20 x 15 cm in lateral expansion, up to 10 cm thick. Oscules in life may be up to 1 cm in diameter, contracted in preservation to a few mm. Consistency firm, hard, barely compressible.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 83 b–e). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate with thick spicule tracts of up to 1.5–2 mm diameter dividing towards the surface into tracts of 300–600 µm diameter. Main tracts are irregularly connected by thinner tracts of approximately 200–600 µm. Spicule tracts closely to the surface are echinated by individual anisochelae I, these are not crowded and do not form rosettes. Meshes of the choanosomal skeleton are up to 6 mm in size, which causes the punctate aspects of live specimens. Ectosomal skeleton is a tangential layer of confused single intercrossing megascleres. Anisochelae are distributed individually or in small groups along the subectosomal tracts. Trichodragmas are scattered throughout the sponge, often in great numbers.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 83e, 84 b–h, 85). Mycalostyles, three/four categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 84b,b 1), usually curved, with heads elongate and with faintly developed neck, pointed often mucronate or bluntly rounded, 444– 571.3 –660 x 10– 15.2 – 21 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I, in most specimens divisible in two overlapping size categories which also have subtle different shapes, here dubbed anisochela Ia and Ib.</p><p>Anisochelae Ia (Figs 84c, 85), usually exceeding 100 µm in length, with characteristic, strongly developed upper alae standing off from the shaft; upper alae are often sharply pointed, especially the lateral ones, but more rounded rims are not infrequent; shaft straight until just above the lower alae, where the lateral alae are positioned slightly higher along the shaft than the median alae; rims of the lower lateral alae are rounded, median lower alae are broad and the rims may be somewhat irregular in outline; sizes variable among specimens, 96– 112.5 – 147 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae Ib (Fig. 83e), more or less of the same shape as anisochela Ia, but with shorter shaft. This causes the spicule to look slightly different due to changed proportions of upper alae; the spicule is often rare, but can always be found and may occasionally be more common than anisochelae Ia; size variable, 56– 73.2 – 84 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 84d,d 1), robust, with free part of shaft short (on average 15% of spicule length), with upper alae long (average 60% of spicule length), curved slightly inwards, rims rounded, median upper alae often grooved; lower alae well-developed, median lower alae with rounded rim or tending to form a bluntly pointed rim; spicule may be rare or more common; size 24– 28.1 – 36 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 84e,e 1), with dominant upper alae (40–60% of spicule length), with lower alae reduced to stick-like extension of the shaft, lacking any bladed extensions laterally or medially, with prominent spur on the distal part of the spicule; size 14– 16.3 – 21 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 84f), thin, on average 2 µm in thickness or less, usually slightly asymmetrical, size 41– 57.3 – 73 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 84g), thin, on average 1 µm in thickness, similar in shape to sigma I, but slightly more incurved, size 14– 17.5 – 22 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 84h), fusiform shape, size 27– 65.3 –92 x 9– 10.1 – 12 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 86). In our material, most specimens were limited to northeastern Indonesia, usually in deeper reef parts; one specimen was collected in Thailand. Shallow reefs down to 35 m.</p><p>Remarks. One of us (NJdV) collected specimens from the type locality (Ternate, Indonesia) of Thiele’s Mycale armata, and these were white. It is thus tempting to assume that Thiele’s species could be valid as distinctly different in color from Mycale (Mycale) grandis . However, there is no definite evidence that Thiele’s material was white, so we adopt here the assumption that it probably was red as most of the specimens we examined were red if live color was reported. The white form is apparently more rare and has a more restricted distribution, known from Indonesia and Thailand, but so far not reported from elsewhere.</p><p>We could find no consistent spicular difference with red/orange colored members of the species (see Table 7). To emphasize this, we compared in Fig. 85 anisochelae Ia of six red specimens + the Mycale armata type of which no color was known (upper row), with anisochelae Ia of four white specimens (lower row), and found them to be clearly similar to one another. Compare also spicule packages of Figs 79, 80 and 84. In the field, the two are easily recognized by the white vs the red color and presumably also the more cryptic occurrence of the red form, but it is indeed remarkable that the spiculation does not reflect these differences. A potential parallel is found in West Atlantic Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882), which is known to occur in orange and white forms (Loh et al. 2012). Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (cf. above) also occurs in a wide range of live colors, including reddish, purplish and whitish or yellow-white shades. Color differences may be less distinctive then presumed at first glance. A further reason for us to choose to name the white form also M. (M.) grandis (with ‘aff.’ to acknowledge the differences), is because there is no information on the color of earlier synonyms of M. (M.) grandis ( Esperia pellucida Ridley, 1884, Esperia indica Carter, 1887 and Mycale armata Thiele, 1903), each of which might compete with any new name proposed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF45FF2655ABF9CD5123CC54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF43FF2855ABFCF452F7CF74.text	361087A7FF43FF2855ABFCF452F7CF74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) grandoides Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 87 a–d, 88a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 02904, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.0733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.3916" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.0733/lat -8.3916)">Sapeh Strait</a>, 8.3916°S 119.0733°E, bottom corals and shells, depth 69 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 049a, field nr. SE1345.4, 14 April 1899.</p><p>Paratype ZMA Por. 01613, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.125/lat -8.5)">Komodo</a> and Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, bottom dead corals and sand, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SE54 CXIII–I, 12 February 1900 .</p><p>Description (Fig. 87 a–b). The holotype (Fig. 87a) has a detached cylindrical shape with both ends rounded, size 3 cm high, 1 cm in diameter. The paratype (Fig. 87b) has a similar cylindrical shape, so this is likely an important feature of the species, Surface is smooth (holotype) or slightly roughened (paratype) and lacks visible openings. The color in alcohol is dirty white to pale orange. Consistency compressible, but crumbly and easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 87 c–d). Plumose, with long undivided spicule tracts (Fig. 87c), 80–130 µm in diameter, separated at distances of 400–600 µm. In the deeper parts of the choanosome many loose megascleres are strewn without arrangement. Anisochelae I occur in clusters (Fig. 88a) that may be characterized as indistinct rosettes and and anisochelae II occur in vaguely circular arrangement (Fig. 88b), associated with the skeletal tracts, but neither form clear rosettes. At the surface (Fig. 87d), there is a dense mass of intercrossing tangentially arranged megascleres, carried by the extended endings of the choanosomal tracts.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 88 c–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 88c,c 1), slightly rounded or straight, with narrow bluntly rounded heads, without visible constricted ‘neck’, with sharply pointed end, 405– 485.7 –576 x 11– 14.1 – 19 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 88d), of ‘normal’ shape, with free part of the shaft approximately 35% of spicule length, with prominent oval upper alae, lower median alae broad with straight upper rim, lower latera alae rounded, 57– 77.8 – 90 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 88e), very common in both specimens, shape compact, globular in outline, with free part of the shaft 15% or less of the length of the spicule, with upper alae extended outwards but with rims curved inwards agains, shape of alae oval with rounded rims, with lower alae also well-developed, both median and lateral alae rounded, 25– 30.6 – 37 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 88f), upper alae dominating, forming a sheath around the upper part of the shaft, lower part lacking alae and provided with a distinct spur, 16– 18.8 – 22 µm.</p><p>Sigma I (Fig. 88g), about 1–1.5 µm in thickness, asymmetrical, 39– 48.1 – 60 µm.</p><p>Sigma II (Fig. 88h), thin, tending to be symmetrical, 13– 19.3 – 24 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Fig. 88i), straight, compact, variable in length, 15– 28.5 –39 x 5– 6.4 – 9 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Both specimens were obtained from nearby localities in Sape (or Sapeh) Strait between the islands of Komodo and Sumbawa, Indonesia, at greater depths (69–73 m).</p><p>Etymology. Grandoides is a composite word consisting of grandis, a Latin adjective meaning great or large, and -oides, a suffix from Ancient Greek meaning ‘resembling’; the composite name is chosen because of the similarity of the present species to Mycale (Mycale) grandis .</p><p>Remarks. The new species resembles M. (M.) grandis in the overall spicule complement, with all spicule types of that species present in approximately the same size range, except for anisochelae I. The latter lacks the size and characteristic shape, being much more compact, with oval upper alae and shorter free part of the shaft. Anisochelae II are even more compact than those of M. (M.) grandis, and its upper alae curve outwards giving the shape a characteristic globular outline. The mycalostyles appear oxea-like in having a narrow bluntly rounded head lacking any swelling or subterminal neck. The shape of the specimens is fingerlike unlike most M. (M.) grandis specimens. Because of the paucity of material for the new species and lack of in situ images, it is possible that some of the mentioned differences may turn out to have limited value for distinction of M. (M.) grandis and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. if more and better known material will be found.</p><p>The nearest to this species in morphology is probably Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov. The two are compared below.</p><p>There is also considerable similarity with M. (M.) crassissima, which has the same spicule complement, but the shape of the anisochelae II is clearly different.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF43FF2855ABFCF452F7CF74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF4CFF2C55ABFF32535CCC9D.text	361087A7FF4CFF2C55ABFF32535CCC9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis n.sp.</p><p>Figs 89 a–d, 90a–h, 91a–b</p><p>Mycale murrayi; Burton 1959: 228 (not: Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886: 338).</p><p>Mycale massa var. oceanica; Burton 1959: 229 (not: Topsent 1924).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01603, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, off E coast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.125/lat -8.5)">Sumbawa</a>, 8.5°S 119.125°E, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SECXIII–II, 12 February 1900.</p><p>Examined for comparison: BMNH 1936.3.4.541, Mycale massa var. oceanica sensu Burton, 1959, from the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.8333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.8667/lat 21.8333)">South Arabian</a> coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m ; BMNH 1887.5.2.155, holotype of Esperella murrayi Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, from Port Jackson; BMNH 1936.3.4.542, holotype of Mycale topsenti Burton, 1959, from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.8333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.8667/lat 21.8333)">South Arabian</a> coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m ; BMNH 1923.10.1.102, spicule slide of holotype of Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924, from Three Kings Island, New Zealand .</p><p>Description (Fig. 89a). Globular sponge of 3 cm diameter, with a disk-like area of attachment. Color in alcohol dirty white, tending to light beige. Surface optically smooth but microscopically uneven, rough. No visible oscules or openings. Consistency firm.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 89 b–d). Plumose thick spicule tracts of 150–200 µm diameter (approximately 15 spicules in cross section) traverse the choanosome and fanning out at the surface carry the ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 89b). They are spaced parallelly at distances of 200–500 µm and have only few interconnecting tracts. The inner parts of the choanosome contain also a mass of megascleres strewn without direction. The region between this unorganized interior skeleton and the surface is occupied by large lacunae crossed over only by skeletal tracts, sparingly ‘echinated’ by groups of anisochelae. Ectosomal region (Fig. 89c) a dense mass of tangentially arranged megascleres pierced by brushed endings of the choanosomal spicule tracts. These brushes are responsible for the rough surface. Anisochelae do not form clear rosettes, but form small groups (pseudorosettes, cf. Fig. 89d) of 4–5 spicules attached here and there to the spicule tracts.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 90 a–h). Mycalostyles in two distinct size categories, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, and trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles I (Figs 90a,a 1), found especially frequent in the choanosomal tracts and the surfaces brushes, long and thin, thickest about halfway the length of the spicule, slightly curved, occasionally slightly sinuous, heads elongate, with barely any constriction subterminally (at low magnification appearing oxea-like), 901–998.3– 1092 x 12 – 15.4 – 19 µm.</p><p>Mycalostyles II (Fig. 90b), found especially in the ectosomal crust but occurring also in the choanosomal spicule mass, generally similar to mycalostyles I, but more curved and looking more robust because of having the same thickness while being shorter, 591– 621.6 –678 x 12– 13.3 – 16 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 90c), with upper and lower alae broadly developed, with free part of the shaft about 40–45% of spicule length, 71– 87.5 – 98 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 90d), elongated oval in shape, with both upper and lower alae well-developed, compared to anisochelae I they are more narrow-shaped, 28– 36.1 – 42 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 90e), similar in shape to anisochelae II, but only almost half the length, and provided with a small spur, 19– 22.2 – 27 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 90f), thin (about 1 µm in thickness), normal shaped, symmetrical, 42– 45.9 – 50 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 90g), comparatively thick (1.5–2 µm in thickness), symmetrical, with ends incurved and bluntending, occasionally slightly swollen, 19– 25.6 – 32 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Figs 90h), variable in length, but no distinct categories, comparatively thick and tending to be fusiform, 35– 78.0 –91 x 10– 13.2 – 18 µm.</p><p>Etymology. The name is a composite word meaning ‘from Lesser Sunda’ referring to the province in which the type locality is found.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Dredged between Sumbawa and Pulau Banta at 73 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is characterized by the two distinct size classes of mycalostyles and the peculiarly shaped sigma II. Burton (1959) reported a specimen named Mycale massa var. oceanica Topsent, 1924 from the South Arabian coast (21.8333°N 59.8667°E) at considerable depth (1046 m). The specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.541) was re-examined (Fig. 91a) and it likely belongs to the present new species (Burton also labeled the present ZMA holotype with the same name in his unpublished manuscript on the Siboga sponges). The South Arabian specimen has mycalostyles of 1000 x 20 µm, three sizes of anisochelae, 90–100 µm, 40–44 µm and 20 µm, two sizes of sigmas 52–72 µm and 10–12 µm, and trichodragmas of 30–100 µm (measurements taken from Burton’s paper), thus almost identical to the present holotype. Topsent’s (1924) original description of M. (M.) massa var. oceanica concerns deep water material from the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. In a previous paper (Van Soest et al. 2014, pp. 62–65) we described similar specimens from the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania and Morocco and concluded the var. oceanica fell within the variation of Mycale (Mycale) massa (Schmidt, 1862) s.l. There is a general similarity in spiculation with our new species, but the division in two discrete size categories of mycalostyles is not found in the Mediterranean-Atlantic specimens, and the shape of the sigma II is also different (asymmetrical, thin).</p><p>Burton (1959) reported Mycale (Mycale) murrayi (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) from the Gulf of Aden (11.895°N 51.22°E) at 73–220 m depth. We re-examined the specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.589) (cf. Fig. 91b) and found it to be similar to our new species in most aspects, except the slightly larger size of sigma II). Provisionally, we reassign this record to our new species. Southeast Australian Mycale (Mycale) murrayi Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886 (type specimen BMNH 1887.5.2.155 from Port Jackson re-examined) appears indeed close to our new species in spiculation, although styles are smaller (528– 621.6 –714 x 13– 16.9 – 22 µm), occur in a single size category, and have a proper mycalostyle form with clearly developed head, but there are only few subtle differences in the remaining spicules: slimly built anisochelae I (76–83.3– 91 µm) occurring in rosettes, anisochelae II (30– 43.7 – 61 µm), spurless anisochelae III (18–22.2– 24 µm), sigmas I (37– 44.5 – 51 µm), sigmas II (22– 26.4 – 31 µm) and trichodragmas (63–75.6–93 x 4–11.2– 15 µm). A strong further difference with our (and also Burton’s specimen named M. massa var. oceanica), however, is the elaborate upright habitus of M. (M.) murrayi with characteristic groove pattern, reminding rather strongly of North Atlantic Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866), unlike the present and Burton’s specimen.</p><p>On paper the new species is also similar to Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton, 1959 described from the same locality as the above mentioned South Arabian M. (M.) massa var. oceanica . We re-examined Burton’s holotype, BMNH 1936.3.4.542) and found his description accurate. The shape of the specimen (Fig. 91c) is more widespread, less compact, the mycalostyles (900 x 18 µm) with more distinct heads (not oxea-like at low magnification), and there is only a single category of sigmas, clearly larger (60–80 µm) than those of our material (see also below).</p><p>With New Zealand Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 (type slide BMNH 1923.10.1.102, re-examined by us) the new species shares the presence of two sizes of mycalostyles (I 972– 1116 x 23–30 µm, and II 498–678 x 10–23 µm, and overall spicule complement: anisochelae I 81–92 µm, anisochelae II 36–43 µm, anisochelae III 24–30 µm, sigmas I 33–72 µm, sigmas II 14–19 µm, and trichodragmas 51–96 x 7–9 µm. The habitus of the type of M. (M.) novaezealandiae is club-shaped, so not unlike our present species, but the surface is corrugated-grooved, clearly different from M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. There are also compelling differences in the smaller mycalostyles, which are oxeote in M. (M.) novaezealandiae, in the shape of the anisochelae I (curved in M. (M.) novaezealandiae), and in the presence of peculiarly swollen sigmas II in M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov.</p><p>The present new species shows considerable similarity to the above described Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov., as the locality (Nusa Tenggara at greater depth), the shape (compact cylindrical) and the overall spicule complement are virtually the same. There are two distinct differences: M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has only a single category of mycalostyles with length only about half of the longer category of M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov., and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has characteristic peculiarly compact anisochelae II, not found in the present species. We are confident the two belong to closely related but different species.</p><p>Additional species of Mycale (Mycale) from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF4CFF2C55ABFF32535CCC9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF49FF2C55ABFE135122C913.text	361087A7FF49FF2C55ABFE135122C913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist & Tizard 1967	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist &amp; Tizard, 1967 comb.nov.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) digitata Bergquist &amp; Tizard, 1967: 187, pl. 5 fig. 2, text-fig. 2.</p><p>Aegogropila digitata; Kelly-Borges &amp; Bergquist 1988: 134, pl. 2 fig. d.</p><p>Summary description. Massive sponge with conical digitations. Color in life yellow or greenish, internally orange. Consistency firm. Surface optically smooth, punctate. Ectosomal skeleton with tangential megascleres strewn without order, and with rosettes of anisochelae I, diameter 150–180 µm. Choanosomal skeleton of stout anastomosing tracts with little visible spongin carrying the surface skeleton. Spicules: mycalostyles 416–540 x 7.5–16 µm, anisochelae I 53–65 µm, anisochelae II 24–29 µm, anisochelae III 16–18 µm, sigmas, apparently not divisible in size groups, 16–45 µm. Raphides, which are not certainly proper (not mentioned in Kelly-Borges &amp; Bergquist 1988), 140–350 µm.</p><p>Distribution. North Australia (Darwin region) and S Papua &amp; New Guinea (Motupore Island), shallow water.</p><p>Comment. The descriptions of this species and the illustrations, especially the SEM photo of an anisochela II (?) provided in Bergquist &amp; Kelly 1988: Pl. 2d, remind rather strongly of Mycale (Mycale) crassissima . Conspecificity is precluded by the apparent absence of trichodragmas, and also the presence of rosettes of anisochelae in the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF49FF2C55ABFE135122C913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF49FF2D55ABFBF25445CDC0.text	361087A7FF49FF2D55ABFBF25445CDC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) ernsthentscheli (Van & Aryasari & De 2020) Van Soest & Hooper 2020	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) ernsthentscheli Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 comb.nov.</p><p>Mycale macilenta var. australis Hentschel. 1911: 296, fig. 6a–d.</p><p>Mycale hentscheli Hooper in Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer, 1994: 288.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) hentscheli; Calcinai et al. 2013: 42, figs 26G–N.</p><p>Mycale (Carmia) ernsthentscheli Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020: 33 .</p><p>Summary description. Encrusting, two specimens, but no further details on the habitus. Ectosomal skeleton a dense tangential layer of megascleres carried by choanosomal megsclere tracts that fan out beneath the surface. Rosettes of anisochelae I present. Spicules mycalostyles 232–306 x 3–4 µm, anisochelae I 32–41 µm, anisochelae II 12–20 µm, sigmas I 67–105 µm, sigmas II 17–30 µm (reported subsequently by Calcinai et al. 2013), toxas I 80–230 µm, toxas II present but no size given (toxas respectively 190–270 µm (I) and 47–115 µm (II) reported subsequently by Calcinai et al. 2013), micracanthoxeas 4 µm (subsequently reported by Calcinai et al. 2013).</p><p>Distribution. Shark Bay, Western Australia, 7–12 m depth, on coral reefs.</p><p>Comments. Calcinai et al. 2013 re-examined the type ZMB 4402 and found that Hentschel’s description of the spicules omitted to report small sigmas and micracanthoxeas. Remarkably, Calcinai et al. assigned the species to subgenus Carmia, but discussed it in their remarks on Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata . They gave no reason for the assignment to Carmia, but presumably this was caused by the fact that Mycale macilenta, of which this species originally was assigned to as a variety, is the type species of Carmia . The description by Hentschel of a dense tangential layer of megascleres in his specimens leaves little doubt that this species is not a member of Carmia .</p><p>A possible senior synonym is Mycale multisclera Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 (cf. below), but this remains uncertain as the description of that species is inadequate.</p><p>Hooper in Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994: 288) proposed a new name Mycale hentscheli for Mycale macilenta australis Hentschel, 1911 from Shark Bay, Western Australia, because the subspecific name australis was already in use for Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1866) . However, when Carmia hentscheli Bergquist &amp; Fromont, 1988 was transferred to Mycale the name became a senior secondary homonym of Hooper’s name. ICZN Art. 57.3 required a new name to remove the homonymy, which was proposed recently as M. (C.) ernsthentscheli Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 . We now believe this needs to be transferred to subgenus Mycale .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF49FF2D55ABFBF25445CDC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFE8351C9CE63.text	361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFE8351C9CE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) gelatinosa (Ridley & Dendy 1886) Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) gelatinosa (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886) comb.nov.</p><p>Esperia gelatinosa Ridley, 1884: 611, pl. LIV figs f.</p><p>Esperella gelatinosa; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 66, pl. XVI fig. 7.</p><p>Summary description. Lobate to encrusting, up to 4.5 x 2.2 cm. Surface undulating to smooth. Color greenish brown (alcohol). Consistency firm. Ectosomal skeleton of intercrossing tangential megascleres (not reticulated). Choanosomal skeleton loose tracts of megascleres. Spicules: mycalostyles 500 x 16 µm, anisochelae I 60 µm, anisochelae II 19 µm, sigmas 57 µm, trichodragmas 20 x 6–8 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Mascarene Islands (Providence Island), North Australia (Cape York, Torres Straits), shallow water down to 43 m.</p><p>Comment. Possibly, the presence of an intermediately sized anisochela was overlooked by Ridley, and only the largest size of sigmas is provided, which would leave the presence of smaller sigmas open. If these spicules were indeed present, then the only clear distinction of this species with Mycale (Mycale) crassissima is the shape of the smallest anisochelae, of which Ridley emphasized they lack a spur. This can be distinguished only with certainty by SEM. We were unable to reexamine Ridley’s material, so a distinctness from Dendy’s species remains to be determined definitively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFE8351C9CE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFC625415C898.text	361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFC625415C898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) incurvata Levi 1993	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) incurvata Lévi, 1993</p><p>Mycale incurvata Lévi, 1993: 35, pl. III fig. 7, text-fig. 12.</p><p>Summary description. Shape hollow-flabelliform, size 7 x 4 x 2.5 cm. Surface provided with a system of intercrossing grooves and ridges. Color greenish yellow-grey. Ectosomal skeleton not described but presumably tangential, carried by bouquets of the choanosomal plumoreticulate spicule tracts. ‘Pseudorosettes’ of anisochelae I are fixed to the subectosomal spicule tracts. Spicules mycalostyles 400–590 x 12–15 µm, anisochelae I 100 µm, anisochelae II 38–48 µm, anisochelae III 20–22 µm (not spurred).</p><p>Distribution. New Caledonia, depth 680–700 µm.</p><p>Comment. The species is unique in the region considered in lacking both sigmas and trichodragmas, shared only with M. (M.) trichela from the Atlantic coasts of South Africa. It is otherwise closest to M. (M.) asigmata sp.nov. and M. (M.) myriasclera (cf. above in the Remarks of M. (M.) asigmata sp.nov.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF48FF2D55ABFC625415C898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF48FF2E55ABFA7B554ECC9C.text	361087A7FF48FF2E55ABFA7B554ECC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) meridionalis Levi 1963	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) meridionalis Lévi, 1963</p><p>Mycale meridionalis Lévi, 1963: 9, fig. 2, pl. I fig. E (not: Samaai &amp; Gibbons 2005: 76).</p><p>Summary description. Encrusting on ‘filiform red Anthozoan’. Ochre colored (alcohol), surface irregular, soft consistency. Ectosomal skeleton made up loose megascleres fanning out tangentially from subectosomal spicule tracts (this is here interpreted as indicating membership of subgenus Mycale). No mention is made of rosettes of anisochelae. Choanosomal skeleton vertical spicule tracts. Spicules: mycalostyles straight, with barely developed heads, 210–325 x 8–12 µm, anisochelae I 42–50 µm, anisochelae II 18–30 µm, anisochelae III 12 µm, sigmas 58–65 µm, trichodragmas 16–35 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Port Elizabeth region, South Africa, shallow water.</p><p>Comments. The species was assigned to subgenus Mycale (Aegogropila) by Samaai &amp; Gibbon 2005, but we believe this was based on a misunderstanding of the French description of the surface skeleton. The subsequent assignment of Samaai &amp; Gibbons’ specimen to Lévi’s species appears not correct in our view (the table of comparison of the spicule dimensions of the two show strong differences). We maintain this species is Mycale (Mycale) and not conspecific with Samaai &amp; Gibbons’ specimen.</p><p>The species stands out among Mycale (Mycale) species of the region by the small dimensions of the mycalostyles and the apparent lack of small sigmas. Nevertheless, the most similar species is Mycale (Mycale) crasssissima, and in view of the large size variation of the mycalostyles of that species (288–663 x 5–18 µm, cf. above), it cannot be excluded that M. (M.) meridionalis is a member of that variable species. If we should interpret the condition of the ectosomal skeleton as conforming to subgenus Carmia, then there is similarity with Mycale (Carmia) amiri sp.nov., but that species lacks trichodragmas and its anisochelae I are clearly smaller (26–33 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF48FF2E55ABFA7B554ECC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFBB054BCC8EB.text	361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFBB054BCC8EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Levi & Levi 1983	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1983</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi &amp; Lévi, 1983: 953, pl. VII fig. 6, text-fig. 17.</p><p>Material examined. MNHN DCl 2966, holotype, New Caledonia, Banc de la Torche, 300 m depth .</p><p>Summary description. Semiglobular, yellow-ochraceous, firm mass, size 3 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm. Surface smooth formed by a thick ectosomal skeleton of tangential megascleres. Choanosomal skeleton consisting of thick megasclere tracts dividing dichotomously in the subectosomal region carrying the ectosomal region. Rosettes of anisochelae I and also of anisochelae II are found in the ectosomal region. Spicules: mycalostyles 750–900 µm, strongly curved anisochelae I with broad short upper alae 85–90 µm, anisochelae II 20–25 µm, trichodragmas/raphides 120 µm, the latter occurring in dense masses.</p><p>Distribution. New Caledonia, deep water.</p><p>Comment. Because of the shape of the anisochelae I, the present species appears closely related to Mycale (Mycale) dendyi, but that has anisochelae III, sigmas, and the mycalostyles are distinctly smaller.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFBB054BCC8EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABF9EA5438CABC.text	361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABF9EA5438CABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) orenzii (Schulze) sensu Li 2008	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) orenzii (Schulze) (sensu Li 2008)</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) orenzii (Schulze); Li 2008: 295.</p><p>This name is listed in the Checklist of China seas (Liu (ed.) 2008), the sponges of which were assembled by Li Jinhe. It is currently a nomen nudum as there is no species ‘ orenzii Schulze’ and there is no description. This is an obvious misspelling, with the closest name that is likely meant is Esperia lorenzii Schmidt, 1862 from the Mediterranean, now considered a junior synonym of Mycale (Aegogropila) syrinx (Schmidt, 1862) . If the mistake indeed refers to Schmidt’s name then the identity is a misapplication as Mediterranean species do not occur in Chinese waters. It is also likely a member of the subgenus Mycale (Aegogropila), not of Mycale (Mycale) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABF9EA5438CABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFE7F5517CED6.text	361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFE7F5517CED6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale?) Gray 1867	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale?) multisclera Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 (incertae sedis)</p><p>Mycale multisclera Pulitzer-Finali, 1993: 290 (no illustrations).</p><p>Summary description. Membership of the subgenus Mycale (Mycale) is by no means certain, and based solely on the diversity of microscleres and lack of positive information on the ectosomal skeleton. Only known from dried fragments of a sponge indicated as ‘grey’ in life. No further details of habitus or consistency. Spicules: mycalostyles apparently quite variable in shape and size with styles, subtylostyles and strongyles of 180–310 x 3–8 µm, anisochelae I 37–47 µm, anisochelae II 17–20 µm, sigmas 80–90 µm, toxas 60–300 µm, raphides 150 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Mombasa, Kenya, shallow water.</p><p>Comment. The spicule complement resembles that of Mycale macilenta var. australis Hentschel, 1911 (see above as M. (M.) ernsthentscheli Van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 comb.nov.), and it is possible that the two are conspecific. However, the description is inadequate for proper evalution of its identity vis-à-vis other species of the region. We consider this Mycale incertae sedis until redescription will have provided clarity over its skeletal properties.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF4BFF2E55ABFE7F5517CED6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF4AFF3155ABFF32526CCCE3.text	361087A7FF4AFF3155ABFF32526CCCE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton 1959	<div><p>Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton, 1959</p><p>Fig. 91c</p><p>Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton, 1959: 229, text-fig. 15.</p><p>Material examined. BMNH 1936.3.4.542, holotype, Oman, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.8333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.8667/lat 21.8333)">South Arabian</a> coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m, coll. John Murray Exped. stat. 54, 3 November 1933 .</p><p>Summary description. Small repent-ramose mass (Fig. 91c), surface bumpy, with several small oscules. Color yellow-brown (alcohol). Consistency softly compressible. Ectosomal skeleton a tangential layer of megascleres, carried by ascending choanosomal megasclere tracts forming brushes near the surface. Spicules: mycalostyles 900 x 18 µm, anisochelae I 88 µm, anisochelae II 40 µm, anisochelae III 20 µm, sigma I 60–80 µm, trichodragmas 60 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Oman, deep water.</p><p>Comment. We re-examined Burton’s holotype and found his description accurate. Compared to the closely related Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov. (reported by Burton as Mycale (Mycale) massa var. oceanica from the same station), the shape of the specimen (cf. Fig. 91c) is more spreaded, less compact, the mycalostyles occur in a single category and with more distinct heads, and there is only a single category of sigmas, clearly larger than those of M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. (see also above).</p><p>Key to the Indo-West Pacific species of Mycale (Mycale)</p><p>Remark. The present key is state of the art, but suffers from several species not well known. Not all species treated below are certain members of Mycale (Mycale), and possibly some species may turn out to be synonyms.</p><p>1 Megascleres are variously shaped styles, subtylostyles and strongyles..................... Mycale ( Mycale ?) multisclera</p><p>- Megascleres exclusively stylote.......................................................................... 2</p><p>2 Megascleres in two distinct size categories................................ Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov.</p><p>- No megasclere categories............................................................................... 3</p><p>3 Largest anisochelae&gt; 100 µm ........................................................................... 4</p><p>- Largest anisochelae ± 100 µm ........................................................................... 6</p><p>4 Largest anisochelae&gt; 200 µm ..................................................... Mycale (Mycale) anisochela</p><p>- Largest anisochelae &lt;200 µm ........................................................................... 5</p><p>5 Live color white.......................................................... Mycale (Mycale) aff. grandis ‘white’</p><p>- Live color shades of red and orange................................................ Mycale (Mycale) grandis ‘red’</p><p>6 Toxas present...................................................... Mycale (Mycale) ernsthentscheli comb.nov.</p><p>- No toxas............................................................................................ 7</p><p>7 Sigmas absent........................................................................................ 8</p><p>- Sigmas present...................................................................................... 10</p><p>8 Trichodragmas present................................................................................. 9</p><p>- No trichodragmas................................................................ Mycale (Mycale) incurvata</p><p>9 Anisochelae III present, three categories of trichodragmas.......................... Mycale (Mycale) asigmata sp.nov.</p><p>- Anisochelae III absent, a single category of trichodragmas.............................. Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera</p><p>10 Raphides&gt; 140 m present, but no trichodragmas......................................... Mycale (Mycale) digitata</p><p>- Trichodragmas present, but no single raphides of&gt; 140 µm ................................................... 11</p><p>11 Longest mycalostyles &lt;350 µm ................................................... Mycale (Mycale) meridionalis</p><p>- Longest mycalostyles&gt; 400 µm ......................................................................... 12</p><p>12 No anisochelae III, no sigmas II..................................................... Mycale (Mycale) gelatinosa</p><p>- Both anisochelae III and sigmas II present................................................................. 13</p><p>13 Distinct circular rosettes present........................................................................ 14</p><p>- Rosettes absent; groupings of anisochelae may be present but these are not circular............................... 15</p><p>14 Anisochelae I strongly curved, with short alae............................................ Mycale (Mycale) dendyi</p><p>- Anisochelae I ‘normal’ shaped............................................... Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov.</p><p>15 Mycalostyles up to at least 900 µm .................................................... Mycale (Mycale) topsenti</p><p>- Mycalostyles less than 700 µm .................................................... Mycale (Mycale) crassissima</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Mycale)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Mycale) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 63. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 92. The subgenus is widespread, with polar-, temperate- and warm water species. The highest species densities occur in Indonesia, the Western Indian Ocean and some Antarctic regions. This is likely a combined effect of collecting efforts and the non-monophyletic nature of the subgenus. Also, many cold water species are not well known. More revisions of species groups are necessary to arrive at meaningful distribution patterns.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF4AFF3155ABFF32526CCCE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF54FF3255ABFAD7541FCC9C.text	361087A7FF54FF3255ABFAD7541FCC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) Gray 1867	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Naviculina) Gray, 1867</p><p>Naviculina Gray, 1867: 538 .</p><p>Mycale (Naviculina); Hajdu 1999: 225; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 681.</p><p>Type species. Naviculina cliftoni Gray, 1867: 538 (= Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni).</p><p>Remarks. Hajdu (1999) re-erected and reviewed the subgenus, confirmed by Van Soest &amp; Hajdu (2002). The subgenus is easily recognized by possession of the peculiar naviculichelae, defined by Hajdu as having ‘complete or near fusion of both frontal alae, falx markedly expanded along the shaft, lateral alae of the head projecting backward and upward’. To this definition may be added that in most cases the two sides of naviculichelae are slightly or distinctly different from each other, they are not mirrored. The type species is Naviculina cliftoni Gray, 1867 (see below). Currently (Van Soest et al. 2020), 14 species been have assigned to this subgenus, distributed over all three oceans. However, several species are suspect: the distinctness of Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s (1971) M. (N.) cleistochela and flagellifera, and Pulitzer-Finali’s (1996) M. (N.) peculiaris is here contested (see below), while membership of Mycale thaumatochela Lundbeck, 1905 of the subgenus M. ( Naviculina) is doubtful. This latter species is not likely a member of Naviculina, the naviculichela is different, e.g. the lower frontal ala is not fused with the upper ala, and the species does not have an aegogropila-type ectosomal skeleton. It is likely a Carmia with peculiar chelae. Moreover, Koltun (1959: 15) declares Mycale varpachovskii (Swartschewsky, 1906) (p. 361) a junior synonym of M. thaumatochela and this likewise lacks an aegogropila-type ectosomal skeleton.</p><p>Two species described below possess flagelliform sigmas, M. (N.) cleistochela and a new species. These sigmas are uncommon, but not restricted to those presented here. They are found in Caribbean M. (N.) diversisigmata Van Soest, 1984, but also in non- Mycale species, such as Japanese Esperiopsis variussigma Hoshino, 1981, and the cosmopolitan subgenus Haliclona (Flagellia) Van Soest, 2017 .</p><p>Surprisingly, Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994: 293) assigned Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) to Naviculina, without explanation. This is not a member of the present subgenus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF54FF3255ABFAD7541FCC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF57FF3655ABFE7F5510CA5F.text	361087A7FF57FF3655ABFE7F5510CA5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela Vacelet & Vasseur 1971	<div><p>Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela (Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971</p><p>Figs 93 a–c, 94a–j, 95a–g, 96</p><p>Mycale cleistochela Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971: 87, fig. 36.</p><p>Mycale cleistochela var. flagellifera Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1971: 87, fig. 37</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) peculiaris Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 116, fig. 14.</p><p>Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela; Hajdu 1999: 228.</p><p>Mycale (Naviculina) peculiaris; Hajdu 1998: 228.</p><p>Material examined. MSNG 48704, slide of holotype of Mycale peculiaris Pulitzer-Finali, 1996, MSNG 48704, Papua New Guinea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.8667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.8667/lat -4.15)">Laing Island</a>, 4.15°S 144.8667°E, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. G. Pulitzer-Finali, field nr. P54, 12 August 1986 .</p><p>ZMA Por. 08512, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N coast of Sumbawa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.24/lat -8.32)">Bay of Sanggar</a>, 8.32°S 118.24°E, depth 5–7 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 114, field nr. 114/ III/15, 21 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por. 08896, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/15, 25 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 08897, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/15, 25 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 08917a, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/36, 25 September 1984; ZMA Por. 13069, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.3419&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8747" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.3419/lat -4.8747)">Samalona</a>, 4.8747°S 119.3419°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SA/ NV/280497/02, 28 April 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 15126, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Samalona, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 220608, 22 June 1997 (orange); ZMA Por. 15185, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Samalona E, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 060502, 6 May 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 15246, South Africa, Port Elizabeth, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.8333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.8333/lat -33.1)">Cove Rock</a>, 33.1°S 27.8333°E, depth 0–2 m , snorkeling, coll. A. van Schie, field nr. UPES–96–158, 19 March 1996; ZMA Por. 17503, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, SCUBA, coll. D. Erpenbeck &amp; N.J. de Voogd, field nr. 2–21, 12 May 2001; RMNH Por. 1904, Indonesia, Bali, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.603&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.2847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.603/lat -8.2847)">Tulamben area</a>, bay S of Emeral Hotel, 8.2847°S 115.603°E, depth 4 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, field nr. BAL.23/140401/190, 5 April 2001 (orange); RMNH Por. 4260, Indonesia, East Kalimantan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.1791&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3312" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.1791/lat 2.3312)">Berau region</a>, W Panjang, 2.3312°N 118.1791°E, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BER.106/140808/059, 14 August 2008 .</p><p>Description (Figs 93 a–c). Massively lobate orange sponges (Fig. 93a) with characteristic reticulated surface. The lobes are crowned by large oscules, up to 1 cm in diameter, with membranous transparent upper parts. Size may be considerable, often 12 cm or more in lateral expansion and 3–5 cm high, but incipient specimens may be thin crusts of only a few cm in size. Below the surface membrane many rounded lacunae are visible, producing a coarsely punctate aspect. In preservation, colors become light beige or reddish brown (Figs 93 b–c), and the surface membrane is easily detachable. Consistency softly compressible, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 94 a–b). The choanosome has large lacunae, but between these the skeleton has very thick spicule tracts up to 1 mm in diameter with numerous megascleres in cross section. Towards the surface these subdivide into thinner tracts which are 60–100 µm in diameter, carrying the surface skeleton. This tangential ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 94a) is of the aegogropila-type, with intercrossing spicule tracts of about 50 µm diameter (6–10 spicules in cross section) forming triangular meshes. Rosettes of anisochelae (Figs 94 a–b) are found in the ectosomal region, concentrated on the intersections of the ectosomal tracts.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 94 c–j, 95a–g). Mycalostyles, normal shaped anisochelae, two categories of naviculichelae, two categories of sigmas one of which may be flagellated, toxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 94c,c 1, 95a,a 1), comparatively long, slim, or thicker, with barely developed subapical constriction, sharply pointed or mucronate ending, size possibly regionally determined, 360– 497.1 –588 x 8– 10.6 – 15 µm (Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 480–640 x 5–18 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 94d, 95b), normal-shaped, elongate, with free part of the shaft 30–40% of spicule length, with upper and lower alae well-developed, upper median alae comparatively narrow, 42– 50.9 – 63 µm (V&amp;V: 42–50 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 94e, 95c), naviculichela-shape, tending to be rectangular in shape, having distinctly different asymmetrical sides (Figs 94e), one side with alae smoothly merging with central plate, the other provided with sharp ridges, upper rim of central plate provided with one or more spines, size 23– 29.1 – 35 µm (V&amp;V: 20–30 µm).</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 94f, 95d), naviculichela-shape, similar to anisochelae II, but with oval outline, 12– 17.4 – 22 µm (V&amp;V: 12–18 µm).</p><p>Sigmas Ia (Figs 94h, 95e), normal-shaped, about 1.5 µm in diameter, almost symmetrical, with incurved endings, 37– 54.7 – 66 µm (V&amp;V: 70–90 µm); always present.</p><p>Flagellated sigmas (sigmas Ib) (Fig. 94g), asymmetrical, at least as wide as high but usually wider, with sharply incurved endings, presence variable, occasionally entirely absent or shape merged with normal-shaped sigmas I, width x height 39– 73.3 –96 x 34– 54.8 – 78 µm (V&amp; V: 65–75 µm).</p><p>Sigmas II (Figs 94i, 95f), thin, symmetrical, with incurved endings, 11– 14.3 – 32 µm (V&amp;V: 15–45 µm).</p><p>Toxas (Figs 94j, 95g), with wide curve and upturned endings, may occur in small bundles but usually single, 9– 21.4 –33 (V&amp;V: 15–20 and 30–60 µm).</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 96). Indonesia, South Africa, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea. In shallow water down to 15 m depth, frequent on reefs.</p><p>Remarks. The occurrence of specimens with few or even absent flagellated sigmas in combination with sigmas I of about the same size differing from flagellated sigmas only in the amount of curvature has convinced us that the variety flagellifera is not specifically different from M. (N.) cleistochela . Since there is no clear geographic separation between specimens with many (e.g. ZMA Por. 15126) and specimens with few flagellosigmas (e.g. ZMA Por. 08897), the likelihood of separate subspecies is judged to be low. Thus, both varieties are here merged. One detail, provided in the description of Vacelet &amp; Vasseur (1971) did not match our specimens, i.e the toxas reported in Mycale cleistochela by them were up to 60 µm, twice the size of the toxas found by us. Still, toxas are notably variable in length in most toxa-bearing Mycale species, so not much value can be attached to the length difference.</p><p>Below we describe a set of specimens as a new species from Rodrigues Island in the Mascarenes, which possess flagellosigmas and naviculichelae, but lack proper sigmas and toxas.</p><p>Pulitzer-Finali’s Mycale peculiaris was re-examined and flagellated sigmas were found in his material. It conforms closely in spicule shapes and sizes with the present species. Remarkably, Lerner &amp; Hajdu (2002: p. 112), did not accept M. peculiaris as a member of subgenus Mycale (Naviculina), as it would have a separate type of anisochelae proposed to be named ‘peculichelae’. We do not agree after examination of a slide of the holotype. M. peculiaris has the naviculichelae in the shape and the size of M. (N.) cleistochela and is a clear junior synonym.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF57FF3655ABFE7F5510CA5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF52FF3955ABFF325148CE94.text	361087A7FF52FF3955ABFF325148CE94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray 1867)	<div><p>Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray, 1867)</p><p>Figs 97 a–c, 98a–d</p><p>Naviculina cliftoni Gray, 1867: 538; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 293; Hajdu 1999: 227, figs 1–2.</p><p>Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 681, fig. 8; Lerner &amp; Hajdu 2002 (keyed out).</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por.P. 12186 (slide only), Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3383°S 118.2733°E, sea grass field and corals, depth 8–11 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 122, field nr. 122 / IV, 22 September 1984 (separated from ZMA. Por. 08540, Cliona spec.) ; ZMA Por. 11188, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.1667°S 55.7333°E, depth 55 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.1667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.7333/lat -4.1667)">Agassiz</a> trawl, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 714, field nr. IOP-E 714/03, 19 December 1992 (slide only, specimen could not be found in 2019) (live color orange); ZMA Por. 12655, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.8167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3667/lat -5.8167)">N of Platte Island Atoll</a>, 5.8167°S 55.3667°E, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.796, field nr. IOP-E 796/45, 7 January 1993 (orange); ZMA Por. 12659, Seychelles, Amirantes, S of D’Arros Island, 5.4667°S 53.3°E, depth 50–55 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.3/lat -5.4667)">Agassiz</a> trawl, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.764, field nr IOP-E 764/11a, 28 December 1992 ; ZMA Por. 12660, Mahé, W coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.3833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.6333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.3833/lat -4.6333)">Port Launaye National Park</a>, 4.6333°S 55.3833°E, on oyster Lopha cristata, depth 1–7 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 605, field nr. IOP-E 605/05, 9 December 1992 .</p><p>Description (Figs 97 a–b). The material identified as this species comprise predominantly thin crusts (Fig. 97a), but one sample, ZMA Por. 11188 (unfortunately it could not be found in the collection in 2019) consists of larger branches of 1.5 cm thick and 10 cm high (Fig. 97b). The surface of the branched specimen is optically smooth, although bumpy in places, with easily detachable ‘skin, overlaying a fibrous interior. Color of all reported specimens is orange in life, becoming whitish in preservation. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 97c). The choanosomal skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts, 150–250 µm in diameter (up to 30 spicules in cross section), arranged in a plumoreticulate fashion in the elaborate specimen, but largely plumose in thin crusts. The tracts fan out near the surface into thinner tracts 20–40 µm in diameter. The ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 97c) is of the aegogropila-type with intercrossing thicker (40 µm thick, 5–8 spicules across) and thinner (20 µm thick, 2–3 spicules across) forming a neat reticulation with meshes of 150–200 µm in widest extent. Microscleres are scattered between the ectosomal tracts and in the interior. No rosettes.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 98 a–d). Mycalostyles, two overlapping categories of naviculichelae, sigmas. It is likely that the two sizes of naviculichelae conform to anisochelae II and III of other members of the subgenus.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 98a,a 1), robust, straight, with prominent heads and pointed opposite ends, 324– 407.6 –478 x 5– 8.9 – 15 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (= II) (Figs 98b), usually rare, occasionally absent, naviculichela-shape, robustly rounded in outline, two sides shaped slightly different, lateral alae well-developed, 22– 29.8 – 36 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (= III) (Figs 98c), dominant, naviculichela-shape, oval in shape, with inner plate and median alae in various stages of closure, 13– 14.8 – 18 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 98d), thin, symmetrical, with slightly incurved endings, not obviously divisible in size categories, 11– 18.9 – 33 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Seychelles, West Australia. In deeper parts of reefs and on sandy bottoms, 8–55 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Along with M. (N.) microxea Vacelet et al., 1976 (cf. below), this species stands out among Mycale (Naviculina) members by the absence of ‘normal’ anisochelae I. The chelae comprise only naviculichelae in a wide size range, divisible into two overlapping size categories, which are also slightly different in shape. There are no previous descriptions of the habitus of this species, as the only extant type material is a slide in the Natural History Museum, mentioned for the first time in Bowerbank (1864) (p. 252), and redescribed by Hajdu (1999). All specimens listed above under Material examined are proposed to belong to M. (N.) cliftoni, and these include next to thin crusts also elaborate upright branches.</p><p>There is some variability among the specimens in the abundance and sizes of the microscleres. The range in sizes and overlap of larger naviculichelae and the smaller ones in some specimens, with the larger naviculichelae rare and/or barely different in size make distinction between two categories not obvious. Sigmas may be abundant or more rare, and extremely small or large ones are often rare or absent. The limits of variation of the present species remain to be further established.</p><p>In view of the lack of normal-shaped chelae, it could be argued, that this species only has anisochelae II and III, and lacks anisochelae I, because the normal-shaped anisochelae in the remaining species are always the largest anisochelae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF52FF3955ABFF325148CE94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF5CFF3B55ABFC7755F9CAE4.text	361087A7FF5CFF3B55ABFC7755F9CAE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 99 a–c, 100a–d, 101a–e</p><p>Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 11689, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=63.4626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.7648" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 63.4626/lat -19.7648)">Castel Rock</a>, 19.7648°S S 63.4626E, 18 m depth, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG 103, 19 October 2016 (orange-brown).</p><p>Paratype RMNH Por. 11723, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=63.4842&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 63.4842/lat -19.675)">Rodrigues</a>, Passe Grenade, 19.675S 63.4842E, 8 m depth , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG 140, 21 October 2016 (orange-brown) .</p><p>Description (Figs 99 a–c, 100a–b). Massively encrusting on dead corals and rocks (Figs 99 a–c), also consolidating coral rubble (Figs 100 a–b). Color orange-brown, faintly punctate (Fig. 99c), surface not clearly reticulate. On deck, color turns more reddish orange. In preserved condition the specimens are collapsed and fragmented, and beige colored. The detachable skin is transparent and becomes largely loose from the pulpy choanosomal tisse. Size up to 5 x 3 x 2 cm (preserved holotype). Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 100 c-d). Choanosomal skeleton cavernous, with a basal spongin-rich spicule mass enveloping coral debris, from which issue comparatively thin spicule tracts, 50–150 µm in diameter, further thinning out near the surface to carry the ectosomal skeleton. The detachable tangential skeleton is parchment-like and consists of the usual aegogropila-type reticulation of intercrossing spicule tracts (Fig. 100c). These are comparatively thin, 15–35 µm, consisting of up to 4 spicules in cross section, meshes up to 300 µm in widest dimension. Rosettes of anisochelae, 70–100 µm in diameter (Figs 100 c–d), as well as single anisochelae II and less frequent flagellated sigmas (Fig. 99d) are scattered between the sutface tracts.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 101 a–e). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, flagellated sigmas (no ‘normal’ sigmas, no toxas).</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 101a,a 1), straight, slim, with elongated, barely developed heads and pointed opposite ends, 318– 355.8 –399 x 3– 5.2 – 7 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 101b), ‘normal’ shaped, with well-developed alae, upper median alae extended outward, free part of the shaft about 40% of spicule length, 33– 36.3 – 39 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 101c), naviculichelae, squarish in outline, central plate leaving only small open spaces between the upper and lower alae, rims smooth or with slight upper bump, but not provided with spines, both sides slightly different, 24– 27.3 – 30 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 101d), naviculichelae, oval in outline, 15– 17.1 – 19 µm.</p><p>Flagellated sigmas (Figs 101e), strongly curved, asymmetrical endings (reminding strongly of Mycale (Naviculina) diversisigmata Van Soest, 1984) (cf. Van Soest 2017: fig. 2), 47– 122.3 –201 x 36– 101.2 – 156 µm. No ‘normal’ sigmas I and II.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands (dependency of Mauritius), on reefs, 8–18 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the island group of the Mascarenes to which the type locality Rodrigues belongs.</p><p>Remarks. So far, the new species appears to be endemic to the island of Rodrigues. It is obviously closely related to M. (N.) cleistochela, which shares the possession of flagellated sigmas as well as the ‘normal’ anisochelae I and naviculichelae II and III. The two specimens described here differ clearly from M. (N.) cleistochela in lacking toxas and ‘normal’ sigmas. Also the in situ shapes and surface characters are clearly different (cf. Figs 93 and 99).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF5CFF3B55ABFC7755F9CAE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF59FF0055ABF966532ECCB9.text	361087A7FF59FF0055ABF966532ECCB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) obscura (Carter 1882)	<div><p>Mycale (Naviculina) obscura (Carter, 1882)</p><p>Figs 102 a–f, 103a–i</p><p>Esperia obscura Carter, 1882: 299, pl. XI fig. 18.</p><p>Mycale obscura; Hentschel 1911: 302, fig. 9.</p><p>Mycale (Aegogropila) obscura; Shaw, 1927: 424 (no description).</p><p>Mycale (Naviculina) obscura; Hajdu 1999: 228.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 01602, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.125/lat -8.5)">Komodo</a> and Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E , dead corals and sand, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga expedition stat. 310, field nr. SE110 VI, 12 February 1900; ZMA Por. 02888, Timor Leste, anchorage between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.3066&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.3066/lat -8.42)">Nusa Besi</a> and NE point of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.3066&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.3066/lat -8.42)">Timor</a>, 8.42°S 127.3066°E, sand and coral, depth 27–54 m, dredge and trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 282, field nr. SE675 II, 15 January 1900; ZMA Por. 02902, Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4333/lat 6.125)">North Ubian</a>, 6.125°N 120.4333°E, lithothamnion bottom, depth 16–23 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 099, field nr. SE 1474XI, 28 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 02903, Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.4333/lat 6.125)">North Ubian</a>, 6.125°N 120.4333°E, lithothamnion bottom, depth 16–23 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 099, field nr. SE 1474VIII, 28 June 1899 ; ZMA Por. 08912, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, North East Take Bone Rate, south of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/31, 25 September 1984 (live color pink); ZMA Por. 11067, Palau Islands, coll. M.K. Harper, field nr. 95–049, no further data (orange) ; ZMA Por. 11068, Palau Islands, coll. M.K. Harper, field nr. NCI2096, no further data (orange) ; ZMA Por. 12040, Seychelles, Amirantes, northern slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.0167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.0167/lat -6.2167)">Île Desnoeufs Platform</a>, 6.2167°S 53.0167°E, depth 12–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.764, field nr IOP-E 783/05, 2 January 1993 (orange-yellow); ZMA Por. 13274, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Kudingareng Keke, depth 15 m , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. KK/NV/070497/01, 7 April 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 13705, Seychelles, Mahé, NW coast, Beauvallon Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.4333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.4333/lat -4.5667)">Vista do Mar</a>, 4.5667°S 55.4333°E, depth 0.5–9 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.609, field nr. IOP-E 609/04, 11 December 1992; ZMA Por. 13894, Oman, Masirah Island, Ras Hilf, depth 13 m , SCUBA, coll. R.G. Moolenbeek, 15 November 1998 (brownish bordeaux-red).</p><p>Description (Figs 102 a–d). Thinly to massively encrusting on dead coral rubble, with an irregularly outlined, folded-lobate shape in larger individuals (Fig. 102a), more compact in smaller specimens (Figs 102 b–d) (no in situ images were available to us). Surface predominantly smooth, semi-transparent, with detachable surface skeleton, distinctly reticulated in life. Size of individual specimens and fragments variable, up to 8 x 3 x cm. Color in life ranging from bright orange to pinkish red-brown, in preservation transparent dirty white to reddish and brownish. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 102 e–f). The choanosome (Fig. 102f) is traversed by strongly developed spicule tracts, up to 150 µm in thickness (up to 25 spicules in cross section), which divide into thinner tracts and fan out just below the surface to carry the tangential ectosomal skeleton. The surface reticulation (Fig. 102e) consists of intercrossing tracts of 15–35 µm diameter making meshes of 120–250 µm in widest size. Rosettes of anisochelae I, 90–110 µm in diameter, are scattered in the surface region (Fig. 102e), often near or on the crossings of the spicule tracts. Other microscleres are found throughout the ectosome and choanosome.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 103 a–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 103a,a 1), robust, usually straight, with well-developed heads and subterminal constriction, 312– 419.5 –481 x 6– 7.9 – 11 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 103b,g), ‘normal’ shaped, with well-developed alae, upper median alae extended outwards, lower median alae often with small upward projection, free part of shaft 25–35% of spicule length, quite variable over the wide range of occurrence, 27– 40.9 – 54 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Figs 103b,h), naviculichelae, robust, with rounded outline, both sides slightly different in shape (Figs 103h), variable with regard of closure of the central plate and merger of the median upper and lower alae, variable in length over the range of occurrence, 18– 24.3 – 32 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Figs 103d,i), naviculichelae, oval in outline, usually the central plate is entirely closing off the space between the upper and lower alae, variable in length over the range of occurrence, 9– 17.8 – 21 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 103e), occasionally rarely present, robust, up to 3.5 µm in thickness, asymmetrical, comparatively shallow-curved, 39– 59.8 – 82 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 103f), thin, 9– 12.3 – 22 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Timor Leste, Philippines, Palau, Seychelles, Oman, Western Australia, Tasmania, from shallow-water reef flat down to sandy bottoms at 73 m.</p><p>Remarks. The species is set off against closely related M (N.) cleistochela by its lack of flagellated sigmas Ib and toxas. M. (N.) cliftoni and M. (N.) microxea differ in the absence of ‘normal’ anisochelae.</p><p>Spicule size data show an unusually large range in this species and also presence and abundance of various microscleres show comparatively large fluctuation among the specimens. Possibly there are regional trends in these features.</p><p>The present species is close to lobate Korean Mycale (Naviculina) chungae Lerner &amp; Hajdu, 2002 (originally as Mycale (Aegogropila) hentscheli Sim &amp; Lee, 2001: 27, figs 2A–M, figs 3A–F). The only significant difference is the apparent absence of sigmas II. Brazilian M. (N.) arcuiris Lerner &amp; Hajdu, 2002 is also quite similar to the present species, and they even have the two sigma sizes. Geographic separation is the major factor separating this species from the present one.</p><p>Outside our study area, two additional Mycale (Naviculina) species similar to M. (N.) obscura have been described from Korea by Sim &amp; Kang 2004. M. (N.) ulleungensis has two size categories of normal anisochelae and only a single category of naviculichelae and sigmas, whereas M. (N.) neunggulensis has one size category of normal anisochelae, a single category of naviculichelae and two size categories of sigmas. Both are thus clearly different from M. (N.) obscura .</p><p>Additional Mycale (Naviculina) species from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF59FF0055ABF966532ECCB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF65FF0255ABFE7F5378CCC4.text	361087A7FF65FF0255ABFE7F5378CCC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi 1976	<div><p>Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur &amp; Lévi, 1976</p><p>Figs 104 a–j</p><p>Mycale microxea Vacelet et al., 1976: 50, fig. 30.</p><p>Material examined. Fragment of MNHN DVVL 43, holotype of Mycale microxea, Madagascar, Tuléar, Grand Récif, Corne Nord, under coral rubble, depth 34 m.</p><p>Summary description. Thinly encrusting (Fig. 104a), several cm 2, orange in life, with smooth surface, provided with subdermal veins and oscules with raised rims. Ectosomal skeleton aegogropila-like (Fig. 104b,c) with meshes of 250 µm diameter formed by intercrossing tracts with up to 10 spicules in cross section. Choanosomal skeleton with spicule tracts of 30–150 µm diameter ending below the surface with bouquets carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Mycalostyles (Figs 104e,e 1) 325–400 x 5–8 µm (our measurements: up to 432 x 8 µm), a single category of small naviculichelae (Figs 104b) 12.5–14 µm (our measurements: 11–23 µm), sigma I 30–35 µm, sigma II 15– 17.5 µm, sigma III 7.5–10 µm (our measurements: two sigma size categories (Figs 104g) 20–24 µm and 10–19 µm, only a single larger sigma of 38 µm was observed, cf. Fig. 103c), and thin isolated microxeas (Figs 104d,h) 35–100 x 0.5–1 µm (our measurements: 36–102 x 0.5–1 µm).</p><p>Distribution. Madagascar, deep reef.</p><p>Comments. There is compelling similarity with Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray, 1867), because the specimen lacks ‘normal’ chelae and its spiculation is largely similar in shape and size. According to Vacelet et al. ’s description it differs from M. (N.) cliftoni in the possession of only small naviculichelae, and microxeas and three size categories of sigmas. Our observations do not confirm the size categories of the sigmas, as we found predominantly sigmas in the 15–24 µm range, extreme values around 10 and 35 were very rare. We also found a few naviculichelae of 18–20 µm, clearly larger than the main size of 12.4–14 µm. The presence of microxeas is the only character definitely separating our M. (N) cliftoni and the present species.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Naviculina) species from the region</p><p>Remark. The key partly overlaps with the ‘world-wide’ key of Lerner &amp; Hajdu (2002), as it concentrates on the species listed above.</p><p>1 Anisochelae are all naviculichelae, no ‘normal’ anisochelae present............................................. 2</p><p>- Anisochelae include both ‘normal’ and naviculichelae........................................................ 3</p><p>2 Microxeas present.............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) microxea</p><p>- No microxeas.................................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni</p><p>3 Microscleres include (small) toxas............................................... Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela</p><p>- No toxas............................................................................................ 4</p><p>4 Sigmas include flagellate forms........................................ Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis sp.nov.</p><p>- Sigmas only normal............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) obscura</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Naviculina)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Naviculina) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 13. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 105 (question marks in the map concern the dubious status as a member the subgenus of the Arctic species Mycale thaumatochela Lundbeck, 1905). The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical warm-temperate waters, but is so far lacking from the tropical East Pacific. The Indo-West Pacific appears a focal region for Mycale (Naviculina) diversity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF65FF0255ABFE7F5378CCC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF67FF0255ABFAD75395CB3E.text	361087A7FF67FF0255ABFAD75395CB3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Oxymycale) Hentschel 1929	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Oxymycale) Hentschel, 1929</p><p>Oxymycale Hentschel, 1929: 932 .</p><p>Mycale (Oxymycale); Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 682; Van Soest 2018: 50.</p><p>Type species. Esperia intermedia Schmidt, 1874 (= Mycale (Oxymycale) intermedia).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF67FF0255ABFAD75395CB3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF67FF0455ABF9D952A8CA10.text	361087A7FF67FF0455ABF9D952A8CA10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Oxymycale) klausjanusorum Van Soest 2018	<div><p>Mycale (Oxymycale) klausjanusorum Van Soest, 2018</p><p>Figs 106 a–j</p><p>Mycale (Oxymycale) klausjanusorum Van Soest, 2018: 50, figs 1–3.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 09452, Indonesia, Flores <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.45/lat -6.485)">Sea</a>, SW Salayar, E of Bahuluang, 6.485°S 120.45°E, depth 295–300 m, rectangular dredge, coll. J. van der Land, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 217, 12 October 1984.</p><p>Paratypes (detached fragments) ZMA Por. 09459, same data as holotype .</p><p>Summary description. The species has been recently erected in a separate paper (Van Soest 2018), but for completeness sake its properties are here summarized, including a summary illustration. For more extensive illustrations see Van Soest 2018. Shape (Fig. 106a) semiglobular, white (preserved), markedly hispid encrustations of up to 2 x 1 x 1 cm on calcareous rubble. Consistency firm. Choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 106b) strongly plumose, with thick tracts (500–600 µm diameter) fanning out close to the surface into thinner tracts carrying the tangential ectosomal skeleton. This tangential surface skeleton is penetrated by strongly developed bouquets of long megascleres crowning the subectosomal tracts. Spicules include longer substylostyle megascleres (Figs 106c,c 1), 992– 1175 x 19–22 µm, making up the surface bouquets, but also occurring in the choanosomal tracts, shorter oxeote megascleres (Figs 106d,d 1), 522–732 x 14–20 µm, concentrated in the tangential ectosomal skeleton, but also occurring in the choanosomal tracts, microscleres consisting of three categories of anisochelae, I (Fig. 106e) 152–189 µm, II (Fig. 106f) 33–57 µm, III (Fig. 106g) spurred, 21–29 µm, the largest occurring in subectosomal rosettes, two categories of sigmas, I (Fig. 106h) 33–54 µm, II (Fig. 106i) 16–27 µm) and trichodragmata (Fig. 106j) 24–107 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia (Flores Sea), 300 m depth. For differences with the northern Pacific Mycale (Oxymycale) koreana (Sim, 1982) and M. (O.) rhoi (Sim &amp; Lee, 1998), and with Western South African M. (O.) stephensae Samaai &amp; Gibbons, 2005, see Van Soest (2018).</p><p>Additional species of Mycale (Oxymycale) reported from the region</p><p>There are no definite additional Mycale (Oxymycale) species present, as neither Oxymycale stecarmia De Laubenfels, 1954: 93, nor Oxymycale strongylophora De Laubenfels, 1954: 94 were found to be members of the subgenus after re-examination of fragments of the types.</p><p>Oxymycale stecarmia (type USNM 22890) from SW Ponapé (approx. 6.94°N 158.28°E) is a semi-encrusting sponge specimen of 2 x 4 x 1 cm, of which the skeleton is a haplosclerid reticulation of mucronate oxeas 150–185 x 4 µm in size. The skeleton is largely unispicular, but there are primary tracts of up to 3 spicules in diameter, with little binding spongin, without microscleres. Overall it is Haliclona -like, but on the surface there are small clumps of Mycale spicules, including ‘normal’ anisochelae of 47–51 µm, two size classes of cleistochelae 16–23 µm and 12– 15 µm, sigmas of 22–30 µm, and a few toxodragmas of 50–52 µm. We conclude that this ‘species’ is predominantly a Haliclona spec. with just some contamination from a nearby growing Mycale (Naviculina) aff. cleistochela .</p><p>Oxymycale strongylophora (type USNM 22937, cf. also Fig. 78f above) from Ailing-lap-lap Atoll (7.3817°N 168.7667 E) is in all described aspects a typical Mycale (Mycale) grandis ‘red’: a red-orange massive sponge, with a dense layer of ectosomal mycalostyles and thick choanosomal megasclere tracts, mycalostyles with both blunt and more sharply pointed endings, 468–576 x 11–17 µm, typical grandis anisochelae I 121–141 µm (see above Fig. 81d), a few anisochelae Ib 71–89 µm, anisochelae II 25–29 µm, spurred anisochelae III 15–19 µm, sigmas I 45–59 µm (NOT: 120 µm, we did not find such sigmas in our fragment), sigmas II 17–19 µm, and abundant fusiform trichodragmas 25–52 x 7–9 µm. There is little doubt that this is a typical specimen of the wide-spread Mycale (Mycale) grandis ‘red’.</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Oxymycale)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Oxymycale) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 10. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 107. One species, M. (O.) renieroides (Schmidt, 1870), is dubious (cf. question mark in Fig. 107). The subgenus is circumglobal, but its distribution is erratic, due no doubt to its likely non-monophyly (cf. Van Soest 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF67FF0455ABF9D952A8CA10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF60FF0555ABFB9B5428C9E2.text	361087A7FF60FF0555ABFB9B5428C9E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) Dendy 1905	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Paresperella) Dendy, 1905</p><p>Paresperella Dendy, 1905: 162; Whitelegge 1907: 487; Burton, 1937: 26; Lévi 1963: 13; Bergquist &amp; Fromont 1988: 24. Mycale (Paresperella); Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 684.</p><p>Type species. Esperia serratohamata Carter, 1880 (= Mycale (Paresperella) serratohamata)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF60FF0555ABFB9B5428C9E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF60FF0855ABFAED541DC968.text	361087A7FF60FF0855ABFAED541DC968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis Thiele 1903	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis Thiele, 1903</p><p>Figs 108 a–c, 109a–c</p><p>Mycale moluccensis Thiele, 1903: 950, pl. II fig. 17.</p><p>Paresperella bidentata Dendy, 1905: 163, pl. XL fig. 1; Burton 1937: 26, pl. II fig. 7.</p><p>Mycale (Paresperella) bidentata; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 684.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMB 3151, Indonesia, Ternate, coll. W. K̹kenthal, 3 December 1902.</p><p>ZMA Por. 08958, Indonesia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.43/lat -6.45)">South East</a> Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m , SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169 / IV/29, 30 September 1984 (live color yellow); ZMA Por. 12447, Seychelles, Amirantes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.0833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.7333/lat -7.0833)">St. François Atoll</a>, west rim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=52.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.0833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 52.7333/lat -7.0833)">Île Bijoutier</a>, 7.0833°S 52.7333°E, depth 0–10 m , snorkeling, coll. J.C. den Hartog, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 792, field nr. IOP-E 792(bis)/28, 4 January 1993 (beige) .</p><p>Description. The holotype (Fig. 108a) is a spiky mass of 2 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm, dark brown colored in preservation. It appears to have grown upon an unidentified ramose invertebrate, possibly a hydroid or bryozoan. The Seychelles specimen (Fig. 108a 1) is a spiny, globular mass of beige color in life, lighter colored in preservation. Size 3.5 x 3.5 x 2.5 cm. Surface is flaky, irregular, without larger openings. The sponge grows between the branches of a ramose bryozoan and the composite specimen is compressible. The Indonesian specimen is tiny, encrusting on a piece of coral debris, sharing it with several other species, apparently yellowish colored in life. Very little material was retrieved from the sample.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 108 b–c). The main skeleton of the Seychelles specimen is carried by the branches of the ramose bryozoan and also some included masses of sand grains. The choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 108b) consists of anastomosed spongin fibres cored by single or bundles of megascleres, in places the fibres are also filled with sand grains. The surface skeleton (Fig. 108c) is free from foreign materials and also lacks spongin. It is an irregular layer of intercrossing single megascleres (reminding of subgenus Mycale) mixed with numerous rosettes of anisochelae I. The Indonesian specimen, contained in a thick section slide along with other sponge material, consists of thin spicule tracts connecting sand grains, with loose spicules and rosettes of anisochelae superimposed. Rosettes are 50–80 µm in diameter.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 109 a–c). Mycalostyles, one category of anisochelae, one of sigmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 109a,a 1–a 6), ‘cladotylostyle’-like (see Thiele, 1903, p. 950), with one end with elongated head and constricted neck, the opposite end polyaxone (Fig. 109a 1), with one (Fig. 109a 3), two (Fig. 109a 2), three (Fig. 108a 4) or multiple (Fig. 109a 5) bluntly or sharply pointed “teeth’, occasionally without (Fig. 109a 6) ‘teeth’, but two-teethed forms are the most common, 183– 290.6 –378 x 2– 4.3 – 7 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae (Fig. 109b), shaft curved and free part 35–40% of spicule length, with well-developed upper and lower alae, upper median alae comparatively short and curved outward, 22– 29.6 – 34 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 109c,c 1), comparatively narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, thickness 1–1.5 µm, with flattened spines on both endings, 51– 65.8 – 87 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, on reefs, down to 15 m.</p><p>Remarks. The conspecificity of Thiele’s Mycale moluccensis and Dendy’s Paresperella bidentata is obvious from the comparison of the spicule types, shapes and measurements. Thiele mentions spongin-encased megasclere tracts like they occur in our Seychelles specimen, and he mentions 2–3 spines on the ending of the megascleres. The spiculation of the type specimen, Dendy’s and Burton’s bidentata material and ours is basically similar. This synonymy was already proposed by Halmann (1914) (p. 411) in his discussion of the properties of Esperella penicillium Von Lendenfeld, 1888 . This latter species from the SE coast of Australia is close to the present species, but differs in possessing two size categories of anisochelae (I: 34–39 m, II: 18–22.5 µm). Its megascleres measure 325–410 x 8 µm, clearly in excess of measurements of the present species. Junior synonyms, according to Hallmann are West Australian Mycale moluccensis var. dichela Hentschel, 1911 and South East Australian Paresperella repens Whitelegge, 1907 . We believe Hallmann’s conclusion is correct. We attempted to confirm the identity of P. repens, but a fragment (obtained by Eduardo Hajdu and donated to the ZMA collection) studied by us appeared to consist only of Myxilla (Myxilla) fusca (Whitelegge, 1906), the sponge upon which M.(P.) repens was observed to grow (cf. Whitelegge 1907: 487). No Mycale spicules were found in the fragment. It was apparently small and quite localized, and was missed when subsampled.</p><p>The present species appears to be a typical consolidating sponge, making use of rubble and dead coral material to reach an above-substratum mass without building too much skeletal support itself. This would explain the rather large divergence in skeletal properties described in the various specimens known so far.</p><p>The morphological diversity of endings of the mycalostyles was already observed with hesitation by Dendy in the type specimen of Paresperella bidentata . SEM observations show that the diversity is even greater than indicated by Dendy.</p><p>Possibly, there is regional difference in some of the spicule sizes found in the present species. Our Indonesia specimen has megascleres 183–273 x 2–4 µm, the Seychelles specimen 276–378 x 3.5–7 µm, sigmas were respectively 60–84 µm and 56–64 µm. Future comparisons are necessary to confirm this trend.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF60FF0855ABFAED541DC968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF6DFF0955ABFB6B50A0CA80.text	361087A7FF6DFF0955ABFB6B50A0CA80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 110 a–c, 111a–e</p><p>Mycale (Paresperella) spec. Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 684, figs 11B–F.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01739, Indonesia, Jawa, Jawa Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.6083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.925/lat -6.6083)">Northwest of Pulau Sabi</a>, 6.6083°S 114.925°E, depth 83 m, muddy bottom, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 318, field nr. SE483, 22 February 1900.</p><p>Description (Fig. 110a). Elongate growth, collected as a detached object, but presumably attached to an unidentified branching substratum. Color in preservation red-brown. Surface smooth but slightly bumpy and grooved. No visible openings. Size about 6.5 x 3 x 1 cm. Consistency soft, easily damaged.</p><p>Skeleton (Fig. 110b). Choanosomal skeleton consisting of plumose spicule tracts, 120–180 µm in diameter, dividing and fanning out towards the surface into thinner tracts (20–30 µm), which carry the tangential ectosomal skeleton. This is an aegogropila-type skeleton with intercrossing thin tracts of 20–40 µm diameter (3–4 spicules thick) delimiting meshes of 250–400 µm in widest dimension. Rosettes of anisochelae I (90–102 in diameter) are scattered between the tracts (cf. Fig. 110b).</p><p>Spicules (Figs 110c, 111 a–e). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, toxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 110c, 111a,a 1–3), ‘cladotylostylote’ in shape, with elongated heads with barely constricted neck, with slightly swollen opposite ends, polyaxone with four or more rounded or spined projections, 298– 324.3 – 423 x 8– 10.8 – 14 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 111b), well-developed, with curved shaft, free part 30–35 % of spicule length, 37– 44.8 – 57 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 111c), well-developed, free part of the shaft 20–25% of spicule length, upper frontal alae more than 50% of spicule length, lower frontal alae with small projection on upper rim, 22– 26.5 – 30 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Fig. 111d,d 1), narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, about 2 µm thick, with flattened spines on both endings, 63– 68.0 – 87 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 111e), rare, thin (about 1 µm or less), curved gradually and widely, 19– 23.2 – 28 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, deeper water, down to 83 m.</p><p>Etymology. The name was coined by Maurice Burton in an unpublished manuscript on the sponges collected by the Siboga Expedition. The name refers to the polyaxone scepter-like endings of the megascleres.</p><p>Remarks. The new species differs from other toxa-bearing Mycale (Paresperella) from the region by having the toxas very small and thin, and by having ‘cladotylostylote’ megascleres. Both, Indian M. (P.) serratohamata (Carter, 1880) and East South African M. (P.) toxifera (Lévi, 1963) have ‘normal’ mycalostyles, without polyaxone endings, and their toxas, respectively 50 µm and 60–175 µm, are distinctly larger.</p><p>Australian Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium shares the two categories of anisochelae, but lacks toxas.</p><p>The South Atlantic species Mycale (Paresperella) curvisigma (Lévi, 1969) has a similar spiculation as the present species, but shapes and sizes differ: megascleres are smaller (310–325 x 5–8 µm), more distinctly stylote, with the pointed end bifid; the two anisochelae categories are clearly smaller (20–23 and 9–10 µm); the toxas are shaped differently from the present species and measure 35 µm. Together with the distance between localities (Vema Seamount vs Jawa Sea) we conclude that the differences are sufficient to consider both separate closely related species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF6DFF0955ABFB6B50A0CA80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF6EFF0D55ABFF32531FCDA4.text	361087A7FF6EFF0D55ABFF32531FCDA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis sp.nov.</p><p>Figs 112 a–g</p><p>? Paresperella spec. Dendy, 1922: 58.</p><p>? Mycale sp. 2 Vacelet &amp; Vasseur 1971: 89, fig. 39.</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 12658, Seychelles, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.6167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.7167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.6167/lat -5.7167)">Amirantes</a>, Desroches Atoll, SW rim, outer reef slope, 5.7167°S 53.6167°E, depth 5–30 m , SCUBA, coll. M.J. de Kluijver, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 774, field nr. IOP-E 774/04b, 30 December 1992 (yellowish) .</p><p>Description. Tiny specimen encrusting on calcareous sponge ( Borojevia tubulata Van Soest &amp; De Voogd, 2018). Life color noted as yellowish, pale beige in preservation. Size 1–2 mm 3. After two thick sections were made, the left over material was barely enough for further subsampling for SEM and light microscopy.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 112 a–b). Feebly developed due to being a small specimen. Plumose choanosomal tracts of 60–80 µm diameter subdivide into thinner tracts below the surface. The ectosomal skeleton is an irregular aegogropila-type tangential arrangement of intercrossing spicule tracts of about 20 µm diameter (3–4 spicules in cross section) and single megascleres, forming meshes of about 200 µm in widest expansion. Rosettes of anisochelae I of 45–60 µm diameter and spined sigmas are scattered in the ectosomal meshes.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 112 c–g). Megascleres, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, toxas.</p><p>Megascleres (Fig. 112c,c 1) are anisotylote and anisostrongylote forms, with slightly unequal swollen rounded ends on both sides, straight or curved, sometimes slightly sinuous, 401– 418.9 –434 x 5– 5.9 – 7 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Figs 112d), well-developed, with curved shaft, overall shape similar to those of M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov., cf. above, but smaller, 23– 26.8 – 31 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 112e), similar to anisochelae I, but less well-developed and distinctly smaller, 15– 15.5 – 17 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Figs 112f,f 1), approximately symmetrical, thickness about 3 µm, with curvature of both endings provided with a series of flattened spines, clearly larger in size than above treated Mycale (Paresperella) species, 105– 124.8 – 138 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 112g), in dragmas or occasionally single, similar in shape to those of M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov., 15– 29.8 – 36 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, on reefs, down to 30 m.</p><p>Remarks. The present material is close to M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov. but differs clearly in (1) shape of the megascleres which lack the polyaxone ending, (2) the size of the anisochelae I (37–57 µm vs 23–31 µm), and (3) size of the serrated sigmas (63–87 vs 105–138 µm). Less important differences are the more robust choanosomal tracts and the lack of toxodragmas in M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov.</p><p>A further closely related species appears to be M. (P.) serratohamata (Carter, 1880), likewise apparently only known from tiny specimens, which has similar spiculation including toxas. A distinct difference with the new species is that the serratohamata has commonplace mycalostyles with pointed endings and much smaller size (175 x 6 µm); toxas (in dragmas like our specimen) are 50 µm.</p><p>East Pacific Mycale (Paresperella) psila (De Laubenfels, 1930) as redescribed recently by Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza (2010) differs clearly from the new species in having a second smaller category of sigmas, and its sigmas I and toxas are distinctly larger (130–188 µm and 42–63 respectively).</p><p>It is possible that Dendy’s (1922: 58) record of a Paresperella spec. from Salomon Island (Chagos, British Indian Ocean Territory) is a member of the new species, but only a large serrated sigma is known for it. Similarly, Vacelet &amp; Vasseur’s (1971) record of Mycale sp. 2 appears a potential member of the new species, with the main difference being bundled raphides of 280–320 µm, lacking in our tiny specimen.</p><p>Additional species of Mycale (Paresperella) from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF6EFF0D55ABFF32531FCDA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFF7A520DCF8B.text	361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFF7A520DCF8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) macrosigma Lindgren 1897	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) macrosigma Lindgren, 1897</p><p>Esperella macrosigma Lindgren, 1897: 482; Lindgren 1898: 301, pl. 19 figs 12a–d.</p><p>Paresperella macrosigma; Dendy 1905: 162, pl. XL fig. 3.</p><p>Summary description. The specimen was damaged and macerated, so the description of the skeleton was not complete.The ectosome is an aegogropila-like reticulation of thin tracts, 2–3 spicules thick, and inbetween there are rosettes of anisochelae I. The choanosome has anastomosing spicule tracts which subdivide and form thin brushes near the surface. Spicules ‘normal’ mycalostyles curved sinuously, 480 x 14 µm, anisochelae I 48 µm, anisochelae II 24 µm, sigmas I, spined, 480 x 24 µm, sigmas II, spined, 140 x 6 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Korea Strait, depth 116 m, and possibly Sri Lanka.</p><p>Comment. Dendy (1905) believed that a single large serrated sigma (394 µm) found in ‘deep water off Galle, Sri Lanka’ belongs to Lindgren’s species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFF7A520DCF8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFD555327C935.text	361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFD555327C935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) serratohamata (Carter 1880)	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) serratohamata (Carter, 1880)</p><p>Esperella serratohamata Carter, 1880 b: 49, pl. V figs 20a–d.</p><p>Paresperella serratohamata; Dendy 1905: 162, pl. XL fig. 2.</p><p>Summary description. Tiny fragment encrusting a calcareous alga, 4 mm in lateral expansion. No details of the skeleton were provided. Spicules mycalostyles with ‘oval inflation at the blunt end’ (Carter), with ‘mucronate apices’ (Dendy, 1905), anisochelae I in rosettes, 17 µm, sigmas (serrated) 100 µm, toxas hair-like 50 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Sri Lanka (Gulf of Manaar), shallow water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF68FF0D55ABFD555327C935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF68FF0F55ABFBD4531CCDA4.text	361087A7FF68FF0F55ABFBD4531CCDA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium (Von Lendenfeld 1888)	<div><p>Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium (Von Lendenfeld, 1888)</p><p>Esperella penicillium Von Lendenfeld, 1888: 213; Hallmann 1914: 408, pl XXIV fig. 1, text-fig. 15.</p><p>Paresperella repens Whitelegge, 1907: 487, pl. XIV fig. 22.</p><p>Mycale moluccensis var. dichela Hentschel, 1911: 305, fig 10.</p><p>Summary description (mostly from Hallmann 1914: 408–411 and Hentschel 1911: 305–306). The type specimen consists of ‘a few ill-preserved scraps attached to pieces of shells and other débris’, presumably encrusting, which is confirmed by the specimens from Whitelegge and Hentschel. The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential aegogropilalike paucispicular reticulation. The choanosomal skeleton is a loose reticulation of spicule tracts up to 150 µm in thickness, which subdivide near the surface supporting the ectosomal skeleton. Spicules mycalostyles with bidentate ending, occasionally with bluntly rounded ending, 192–410 x up to 8 µm, anisochelae I 29–39 µm, anisochelae II 9–22.5 µm, sigmas I, serrated, 44–52 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Port Jackson, SE Australia; Shark Bay, West Australia, shallow water.</p><p>Comment. See for further remarks above in the discussion of M. (P.) moluccensis, which differs from M. (P.) penicillium in possessing only one size category of anisochelae as well as toxas, while M.(P.) moluccensis has two sizes of anisochelae and lacks toxas.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Paresperella) species from the region</p><p>1 Serrated sigmas&gt; 200 µm ................................................... Mycale (Paresperella) macrosigma</p><p>- Serrated sigmas only &lt;200 µm .......................................................................... 2</p><p>2 Megascleres include tylote, strongylote, bidentate or polydentate mycalostyles (a minority of ‘normal mycalostyles with pointed ends may occur).................................................................................... 3</p><p>- Megascleres exclusively pointed or at most mucronate........................... Mycale (Paresperella) serratohamata 3 Megascleres exclusively tylote-like with symmetrical swollen endings; serrated sigmas large (&gt; 100 µm).................................................................................. Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis sp.nov.</p><p>- Megascleres include bidentate, tridentate or polydentate mycalostyles............................................ 4</p><p>4 Toxas present....................................................... Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides sp.nov.</p><p>- No toxas............................................................................................ 5</p><p>5 One size category of anisochelae.............................................. Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis</p><p>- Two size categories of anisochelae.............................................. Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Paresperella)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Paresperella) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 17. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 113. The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate waters, with a few penetrating into colder temperate waters.</p><p>Subgenus Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) Kent, 1870</p><p>Rhaphidotheca Kent, 1870: 219 .</p><p>Gomphostegia Topsent, 1896: 149 .</p><p>Sceptrospongia Dendy, 1926: 6 .</p><p>Mycale (Rhaphidotheca); Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 684.</p><p>Type species. Rhaphidotheca marshallhalli Kent, 1870 (= Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) marshallhalli).</p><p>Remark. No species were found in the material we studied.</p><p>Additional Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) species from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF68FF0F55ABFBD4531CCDA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF6AFF1055ABFF7A53C2CC70.text	361087A7FF6AFF1055ABFF7A53C2CC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) coronata (Dendy 1926)	<div><p>Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) coronata (Dendy, 1926)</p><p>Fig. 114a</p><p>Sceptrospongia coronata Dendy, 1926: 6, pl. I figs 1–8; Burton 1928: 121, text-figs 4–5.</p><p>Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) coronata; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 684, fig. 14.</p><p>Summary description (after Dendy 1926; Burton 1928; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002). The sponge is subspherical, attached to deep-water corals. The larger of the two specimens (the holotype cf. Burton (1928), which is however not further identified by Dendy, so in fact is a lectotype) measuring 1.5 cm in diameter. Surface hispid. Oscules slit-like. Color (in alcohol) yellowish grey. For the skeleton and the spicules we reproduced the illustrations of Burton (1928), text-figure 4 and 5, cf. our Fig. 114. The ectosomal skeleton is a confused tangential layer of normal mycalostyles upon which are single erect exotyles arranged perpendicularly, heads embedded in the ectosomal layer, giving the sponge the hispid surface. The choanosomal skeleton has thick megasclere tracts radiating from a confused interior spicule mass towards the surface. In between the radial tracts are numeorous microscleres and loose megascleres. Spicules normal mycalostyles, variable in shape, averaging 360 x 13 µm, exotyles (dubbed ‘stephanotyles’ by Dendy), same size as the mycalostyles, anisochelae I 75 µm, anisochelae II 27 µm, anisochelae III 15 µm, sigmas I 45 µm, sigmas II 18 µm, trichodragmas 15–45 x 9 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Arabian Sea, 16.6667°N 71.8883°E, also Andaman Islands, approx. 12.88°N 92.62°E, depth of lectotype 1134 m, paralectotype 81– 486 m.</p><p>Comments. The exotyles are peculiar in having a spined polyaxone ending, neatly inbetween the globular exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) marshallhalli (Kent, 1870) and the flattened cup-like exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) loricata (Topsent, 1896) . The polyaxone ending of the exotyles is similar to the endings found in non-exotyle megascleres of Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis and M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov. (cf. above, Figs 109a, 111a).</p><p>The type material consisting of two specimens from quite distant localities ( Arabian Sea and Andaman Islands) is very casually treated by both Dendy and Burton. Dendy did not indicate in his publication which of the two specimens was the holotype, and Burton subsequently described the ‘holotype’ (which is thus in fact a lectotype), which presumably is the specimen from the Arabian Sea as this is the first specimen mentioned (Indian Museum P. 308) .</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Rhaphidotheca)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 5. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 115. The subgenus is common in northern colder waters, with a few penetrating into the tropics.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF6AFF1055ABFF7A53C2CC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF75FF1055ABFB47544CC88E.text	361087A7FF75FF1055ABFB47544CC88E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) Topsent 1930	<div><p>Subgenus Mycale (Zygomycale) Topsent, 1930</p><p>Zygomycale Topsent, 1930: 431 .</p><p>Mycale (Zygomycale); Lévi et al. 1998; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 687.</p><p>Type species. Raphiodesma parishii Bowerbank, 1875 (= Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF75FF1055ABFB47544CC88E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF75FF1755ABFA485204CFE4.text	361087A7FF75FF1755ABFA485204CFE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii (Bowerbank 1875)	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii (Bowerbank, 1875)</p><p>Figs 116 a–f, 117a–d, 118a–i</p><p>Raphiodesma parishii Bowerbank, 1875: 283 .</p><p>Amphilectus parishii; Vosmaer 1880: 119.</p><p>? Esperia tunicata; sensu Carter 1880: 49 (Not: Schmidt 1862)</p><p>Esperia plumosa Carter, 1882: 299, pl. XI figs 19a–b; Carter 1887: 62.</p><p>Esperia parishi; Ridley 1884: 436.</p><p>Esperella parishii; Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887: 65; Dendy 1905: 159.</p><p>Esperella ridleyi Von Lendenfeld, 1888: 211 (including varieties intermedia and robusta); Hallmann 1914: 402, fig. 13.</p><p>Esperella plumosa; Dendy 1905: 159; Dendy 1916: 121, Pl. I figs 4a–g, Pl. III fig. 19; Dendy &amp; Frederick 1924: 503.</p><p>Mycale parishii; Burton &amp; Rao 1932: 328.</p><p>Zygomycale parishii; De Laubenfels 1950: 25, fig. 16; Lévi 1956: 14; Lévi 1963: 14, pl. IIA, text-fig. 10; Thomas 1973: 38, pl. II fig. 10; Thomas 1979: 58, pl. III fig. 11; Thomas 1986: 6, fig. 1p.</p><p>Zygomycale parishi; Bergquist 1968: 58.</p><p>Zygomycale plumosa; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 291.</p><p>(Not: Mycale plumosa; Tanita 1958: 133, pl. II figs 10–11, text-fig. 5; Kim et al. 1968: 41; Hoshino 1981: 171; Tanita &amp; Hoshino 1989: 118, text-fig. 72 (identity currently not established).</p><p>Mycale parishi; Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer 1994: 290.</p><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi; Lévi et al. 1998: 115; Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002: 687, fig. 15; Azzini et al. 2007: Table 1 (listed only).</p><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii; Eldredge &amp; Smith 2001: B7–8; Putchakarn 2007: 1637, Fig. 13; Minh-Quang Thai 2013: 114 (listed only); Calcinai et al. 2013: 46, figs 30A–M; Nuñez-Pons et al. 2017: 16 (not: Lakwal et al. 2018: unnumbered fig. p. 212).</p><p>Material examined. ZMA Por. 01605, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.3233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.825/lat -7.3233)">Banda Sea</a>, 7.3233°S 116.825°E, depth 538 m (?) , bottom dark brown sandy mud, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 316, field nr. SE1261, 19 February 1900; ZMA Por. 01606, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, Pearl Banks, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, bottom sand and shells, depth 13 m , coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr SE 1599 III, 23 December 1899; ZMA Por. 01607, Indonesia, Kalimantan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.7333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.7333/lat -2.7167)">Borneo Bank</a>, 2.7167°S 117.7333°E, bottom coral sand, depth 41–54 m , trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 079, field nr SE1554, 12 June 1899; ZMA Por. 01608, Indonesia, Papua, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.7916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.7083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.7916/lat -1.7083)">Raja Ampat</a>, 1.7083°S 130.7916°E, bottom sand, small stones and shells, depth 32 m , coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 164, field nr SE337, 20 August 1899; ZMA Por. 01609, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Rotti Island, Cyprus <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.0183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.8733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.0183/lat -10.8733)">Bay</a>, 10.8733°S 123.0183°E, bottom corals and coralline algae, depth 34 m , coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 299, field nr SE1893, 27 January 1900; ZMA Por. 01610, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, Pearl Banks, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, bottom sand and shells, depth 13 m , coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr SE95, 23 December 1899; ZMA Por. 09590, Singapore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2359" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8395/lat 1.2359)">Pulau Hantu</a>, 1.2359°N 103.8395°E, littoral, depth 0–2 m , snorkeling, coll. H. Moll, 21 January 1978 (live color grey-brown); ZMA Por. 17073, China, Zhan Jiang, South China Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.6/lat 20.84)">NaoZhou Island</a>, 20.84°N 110.6°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. Xu Shi Hai, Yang Kai &amp; He Huan Hua, field nr. 2002–05, 8 May 2002 (violet) ; ZMA Por. 17160, India, Muttom, SW coast, depth 21 m, SCUBA, coll. Anita George, field nr. 35, 2002, no further data (brick red, dried); ZMA Por. 17214, India, Muttom, SW coast, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. Anita George, field nr 68, 2002, no further data (red, dried); ZMA Por. 17216, India, Kanuakumari, SE coast, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. Anita George, field nr. 70, 2002, no further data (red, dried); ZMA Por. 17524, Thailand, Talokapo, obtained from local fishery, coll . R. G. Moolenbeek &amp; H. Dekker, field nr. Moo 03/06 no. 3, 16 April 2003 ; ZMA Por. 17537, Thailand, Maruat village, on shells dumped at local fishery, coll . R. G. Moolenbeek &amp; H. Dekker, field nr. Moo 03/06 no. 21, 16 April 2003 ; ZMA Por. 18604, Thailand, Chon Buri, Ko Khang Khao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.8148&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.1068" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.8148/lat 13.1068)">S of Ko Sichang</a>, 13.1068°N 100.8148°E, fringing reef, on bivalve shell, depth 5 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. SICC–03, 19 September 2001 (greyish purple); ZMA Por. 18665, Thailand, Chon Buri, Pattaya, Lan Islands, W side of Ko Lan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.7721&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.9162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.7721/lat 12.9162)">Hat Thain</a>, 12.9162°N 100.7721°E, fringing reef on rocky bottom, depth 5 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. LANT–12, 25 September 2001; ZMA Por. 18691, Thailand, Ao Pagarung, Samet Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5539" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4696/lat 12.5539)">S of Ko Samet</a>, Rayong, 12.5539°N 101.4696°E, fringing reef on sandy bottom, on bivalve shell, depth 3 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. LANT–12, 27 October 2001 (pale orange red) ; ZMA Por. 18694, Thailand, Ao Pagarung, Samet Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5539" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4696/lat 12.5539)">S of Ko Samet</a>, Rayong, 12.5539°N 101.4696°E, fringing reef on sandy bottom, on rock, depth 5 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. SAMB–05, 27 October 2001 (orange) ; ZMA Por. 18700, Thailand, Ao Pagarung, Samet Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4696&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5539" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4696/lat 12.5539)">S of Ko Samet</a>, Rayong, 12.5539°N 101.4696°E, fringing reef on sandy bottom, on bivalve shell, depth 5 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. SAMB–11, 27 October 2001 ; ZMA Por. 18758, Thailand, Trad, Chang Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4548&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.7883" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4548/lat 11.7883)">Ko Ra-yong</a>, 11.7883°N 102.4548°E, coral community on rock, on dead sea whip, depth 9 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. CHAE–02–12, 20 November 2001 (red brown); ZMA Por. 18853, Thailand, Trad, Ao Yai, S of Ko Kood, coral reef on sandy bottom, depth 6 m , SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. KOGA–01, 4 May 2002 (pale red); ZMA Por. 18879, Thailand, Ban-Pae fishing pier, Rayong, sand, on crag gill net, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–11, 26 January 2003; ZMA Por. 18885, Thailand, Ban-Pae fishing pier, Rayong, sand, on crag gill net, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–17, 26 January 2003; ZMA Por. 18904, Thailand, Ban-Pae fishing pier, Rayong, sand, on crag gill net, depth 15 m depth, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–37, 26 January 2003; ZMA Por. 18911, Thailand, Ban-Pae fishing pier, Rayong, sand, on crag gill net, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. RU–POR–44, 26 January 2003; ZMA Por. 19189, India, SW India, Goa, depth 19 m , SCUBA, coll. Anita George, IERSE, field nr. 25, 18 October 2005; ZMA Por. 19232, India, Kerala, Vizhinjam, SW coast, depth 13 m, SCUBA, coll. Anita George, IERSE, field nr. 72, 1 December 2005; ZMA Por. 19256, India, Lakshadweep Islands, Minicoy, depth 5 m , SCUBA, coll. Anita George, IERSE, field nr. 96, 10 December 2005; ZMA Por. 20681, Madagascar, Nosy Bé, Lokobé, depth 10 m , SCUBA, coll. J.H. Stock, field nr. MD12, 18 December 1963 (orange-red); ZMA Por. 20723, Madagascar, Nosy Bé, Crater Bay, depth 4–10 m , SCUBA, coll. J.H. Stock, 21 December 1963 (red); ZMA. Por. P.12195, specimen not retrieved, slide only, Taiwan, SW coast, depth 40 m, on ‘pectinid’ shell, coll. H.H. Dijkstra, no further data; RMNH Por. 2472, Singapore, Pulau Semakau, NW side, 1.2162°N 103.7556°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.05/2700306/034, 27 March 2006 (orange); RMNH Por. 2473, Singapore, Pulau Semakau, NW side, 1.2162°N 103.7556°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.05/2700306/035, 27 March 2006; RMNH Por. 2533, Singapore, Pulau Tekukor (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8402&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2301" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8402/lat 1.2301)">Monkey Island</a>), SE side, 1.2301°N 103.8402°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.12/300306/095, 30 March 2006 (orange); RMNH Por. 2534, Singapore, Pulau Tekukor (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.8402&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2301" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.8402/lat 1.2301)">Monkey Island</a>), SE side, 1.2301°N 103.8402°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.12/300306/096, 30 March 2006 (orange); RMNH Por. 5465, Indonesia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.3851&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.7433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.3851/lat 0.7433)">Halmahera</a>, Tidore, N of Desa Rum, 0.7433°N 127.3851°E , SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition stat. TER:18, field nr. TER:18/041109/216, 4 November 2009; RMNH Por. 7288b, Taiwan, Penghu <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.5524&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.7127" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.5524/lat 23.7127)">Islands</a>, GoPoYu, 23.7127°N 119.5524°E, depth 12 m , SCUBA, coll. Y. Huang, field nr. TW0020, 19 August 2010 (greyish brown); RMNH Por. 7324, Taiwan, Penghu Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.6116&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.5191" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.6116/lat 23.5191)">Suogang</a>, 23.5191°N 119.6116°E, depth 17.2 m , SCUBA, coll. Y. Huang, field nr. TW0059, 4 July 2012; RMNH Por. 7808, Vietnam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.0158&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.969" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.0158/lat 9.969)">Phu Quoc</a>, 9.969°N 104.0158°E, depth 18.9 m , SCUBA, coll. Nguyen Khac Bat, field nr. MC5, 13 May 2013; RMNH Por. 7883, Vietnam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.8356&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.2311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.8356/lat 12.2311)">Hon Cau</a>, 12.2311°N 108.8356°E, depth 11 m , SCUBA, coll. Nguyen Khac Bat, field nr. MC15–30, 9 June 2013; RMNH Por. 7891, Vietnam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.8356&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.2311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.8356/lat 12.2311)">Hon Cau</a>, 12.2311°N 108.8356°E, depth 11 m , SCUBA, coll. Nguyen Khac Bat, field nr. MC15-90, 9 June 2013; RMNH Por. 8707, Madagascar, 4 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.4875&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.9943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.4875/lat -12.9943)">Frères</a>, 12.9943°S 48.4875°E, depth 24 m , SCUBA, coll. Anna Bialecki, field nr. MAD12 – IM132, 1 December 2012 (orange) .</p><p>Description (Figs 116 a–f, 117a–b). Polymorphic habitus, starting out as a thin micronulose crust (Fig. 116c), often growing on other marine invertebrates as molluscs, dead gorgonians, bryozoans, etc. The crusts grow out to thick masses (Fig. 116 d–e) with conulose surface. The conules in more developed specimens extend into shorter or longer spikes. The largest specimens have a massive base with long ramose projections (‘plumose’) covered in spinous processes (Figs 116 a–b, f, 117a–b). Colors in life (Figs 116 a–f) vary between pinkish red, brownish orange, greyish brown or red-brown (e.g. on deck photo of Fig. 117b), in preservation this changes to shades of dirty white or beige (Fig. 117a). Sizes of smaller encrusting specimens are in the 1–3 cm range, with thickness up to 0.5 cm or less. Larger elaborate specimens have bases of 5–8 cm high and wide, with upright branches up to 15 cm high 3–4 cm thick, with spiny projections of 1–2 cm long and 3 mm thick. The surface of thinly encrusting specimens shows faint venal patterns and finely punctate skin in life, and often the surface reticulation is visible in larger magnification. Most specimens have conules, which tend to grow out sharply, but blunt lobate specimens also occur. Oscules are usually moderately large, around 1 cm in diameter, and occur irregularly between the conules and spiny projections. Consistency of the thin specimens firm, compressible, of the larger spiny specimens hard, difficult to cut.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 117 c–d). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate (Fig. 117c), with spicule tracts in more elaborate specimens reaching large dimensions in the lower and central parts of the skeleton, up to 500–600 µm in diameter, dividing and anastomosing in the direction of the surface, with thinner tracts of about 100 µm in diameter interconnecting the thicker upward running tracts. Near the surface, tracts peter out to about 50 µm, fanning out just below the surface membrane to carry the usually strongly developed tangential surface skeleton. This is of the aegogropila-type (Fig. 117d), with strong intercrossing tracts, in various specimens varying 20–110 µm in diameter, enclosing triangular meshes 200–350 µm in widest dimension. Thin encrustations usually have their skeleton less robustly developed and tracts significantly thinner than more elaborate specimens. All types of microscleres are found in the ectosomal meshes, including rosettes of anisochelae of 100–180 µm in diameter. In many specimens the isochelae are crowded around the outlines of the ostia and along the walls of the larger channels.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 118 a–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, isochelae, two categories of sigmas, toxas, trichodragmas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 118a,a 1), robust, straight or sometimes slightly wavy, heads elongate, with barely visible ‘neck’, opposite ending sharply pointed, 232– 279.9 –358 x 3– 7.2 – 12 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 118b), well-developed, robust, free part of the shaft 40–45% of spicule length, with comparatively narrow upper median alae, which extends slightly outward, with comparatively less well developed lower median alae, 34– 46.4 – 61 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 118c), well-developed, similar in shape to anisochelae I but with free part of the shaft less than 30% of spicule length, 19– 23.5 – 31 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 118d), well-developed, in profile with upper median alae more narrow, and with free part of the shaft even shorter than in anisochelae II, 13– 17.4 – 21 µm.</p><p>Isochelae (Fig. 118e), usually comparatively narrow and lateral alae under-developed, although this varies over the region, 8.5– 9.9 – 12.5 µm.</p><p>Sigmas I (Fig. 118f), robust, thickness 3–5 µm, comparatively narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, 58– 78.4 – 126 µm.</p><p>Sigmas II (Fig. 118g), thin, often more or less symmetrical, variable in size, 14– 22.1 – 32 µm.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 118h), usually thin, often in dragmas of 4 or 5 spicules, curved widely and with small upturned endings, in a wide length range, 18– 57.9 –111 x up to 10 µm.</p><p>Trichodragmas (Figs 118i), consisting of moderately thick raphides of about 1 µm in thickness, 18– 28.4 –39 x 5–6 µm</p><p>Distribution and ecology (Fig. 119). Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, India, Madagascar; literature records from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, North and West Australia, Seychelles and Hawaii. Shallow water down to 40 m (except one likely eroneous record from 538 m)</p><p>Remarks. The polymorphic habitus has given rise to the distinction of two species names, M. (Z.) parishii and M. (Z.) plumosa, which have persistently been in use for respectively thinly or more massively encrusting specimens and upright ramose specimens. After having studied many specimens of both types and intermediate forms, we cannot confirm that these names represent two species, in stead we recognize only a single polymorphic species.</p><p>Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994) suggested to follow Burton &amp; Rao’s (1932) proposed synonymies of this species. The latter authors decided to ignore reported differences between Indo-West Pacific specimens possessing tiny isochelae because such differences would be subject to variability. They recognized only a single species. We admit that there is considerable variability in frequency of occurrence of the various microsclere categories, but cannot confirm that entire absence is also occurring within specimens assigned to the present species. Studying a large number of samples over a larger region has convinced us that searching intensively for each of the microsclere types and categories almost always is succesfull. Thus we reject Burton &amp; Rao’s conclusions that Mycale (Zygomycale) isochela Hentschel, 1911, and Mycale (Zygomycale) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911, are junior synonyms of the present species. For the latter species, Calcinai et al. (2013) reported the presence of an additional spicule type, micracanthoxeas, which we can confirm (cf. below).</p><p>Carter’s (1880) record of the Mediterranean-Atlantic species Esperia tunicata Schmidt, 1862 from the Gulf of Manaar was suggested to belong to the present species by Dendy (1905) (p. 159), followed by Topsent (1924) (p. 99). The descriptive remarks by Carter are so meagre, that no identity can be derived from it, so we must assume Dendy had access to the specimen.</p><p>Ridley’s (1884) record of the species from Darwin, North Australia, failed to mention the presence of toxas, but we assume they were overlooked. We follow Hallman (1914: 402) in his conclusion that West Australian Esperella ridleyi Von Lendenfeld, 1888 and its varieties are junior synonyms of the present species. The variety intermedia is a junior secondary homonym of Mycale (Oxymycale) intermedia (Schmidt, 1874) . Of the two varieties of M. ridleyi, robusta and intermedia, one must be the typical variety (ICZN Art. 47). Since this is not yet assigned, we assign here Esperella ridleyi var. intermedia Von Lendenfeld, 1888 as the typical variety, to be named Esperella ridleyi var. ridleyi, which removes the secondary homonymy with Mycale (Oxymycale) intermedia (Schmidt, 1874) . Both varieties are synonyms of the present species. Hooper &amp; Wiedenmayer (1994) based on Hooper et al. (1992) claimed occurrence of the present species (listed as Mycale ridleyi) along the N, NE and SE coasts of Australia but so far the detailed records remain unpublished.</p><p>The junior synonym Mycale plumosa Carter, 1882 was employed by Japanese (e.g. Tanita 1956: 133; Hoshino 1981: 171; Tanita &amp; Hoshino 1989: 118) and Korean (e.g. Kim et al. 1968: 41) authors to describe a Mycale species lacking isochelae, despite Carter’s explicit description and drawing of these spicules. Re-examination of these specimens will be necessary to determine to which species they belong, but they do not conform to the present species. So far, no Mycale (Zygomycale) are known from these Northwest Pacific regions.</p><p>One record from India (Lakwal et al. 2018) is a blackish mass of lobed tubes, which is definitely not the present species. Lacking a description this specimen from the Ratnagiri coast of Northwest India remains unidentified.</p><p>The Hawaii records are considered invasive by Eldredge &amp; Smith (2001), but the species was already reported as locally common from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii in 1947 by De Laubenfels (1950 b). Like with M. (M.) grandis (cf. above) the case for an alien invasion is not very strong. The authors suggest the origin of the invasive species is Caribbean because De Laubenfels (1936) used that name for the Florida records of what later became to be recognized as Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864), a closely related but different species. De Laubenfels’ hypothesis of a global distribution of M. (Z.) parishii was followed by Hechtel (1965), but later Caribbean authors, e.g. Van Soest (1984: 16), restricted the name to Indo-West Pacific records. The species is widely distributed over that region, occurring from East Africa to Hawaii. The absence of records from localities between New Caledonia and Hawaii is in our opinion more likely to be caused by lack of research of the many South and Mid Pacific islands, rather than to invasive events. There are similar species in West African ( M. (Z.) sierraleonensis Van Soest et al. 2014) and East Pacific waters ( M. (Z.) ramulosa Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barrazo, 2010), indicating the likely global tropical distribution of a Tethyan ancestor, differentiated into local species.</p><p>We compared spicule sizes of West Pacific and Indian Ocean specimens (cf. Table 8) and concluded that there is hardly any regional difference; perhaps the length range of the toxas in West Pacific specimens (18–111 µm) exceeds that of the Indian Ocean specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF75FF1755ABFA485204CFE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF72FF1A55ABFB1D53D6CE94.text	361087A7FF72FF1A55ABFB1D53D6CE94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) pectinicola Hentschel 1911	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) pectinicola Hentschel, 1911</p><p>Figs 120 a–b, 121a–l</p><p>Mycale pectinicola Hentschel, 1911: 299, fig. 8.</p><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) pectinicola; Calcinai et al. 2013: 47, fig. 31, table 14.</p><p>Material examined. ZMB 4404, syntype (2 specimens, Figs 120 a–b), West Australia, Shark Bay, 3.5–16 m depth, coll . R. Hartmeyer &amp; W. Michaelsen, 1905, stats. 9, 14 and 15, 30 September 1905 .</p><p>ZMA Por. 07634, Indonesia, Sumatera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.92/lat -2.83)">Biliton</a> (Belitung), approx. 2.83°S 107.92°E, depth 20–40 m, bottom muddy sand, on Mimachlamys shell (ex ZMA Moll. 143 701), coll. H.H. Dijkstra, from local fishermen, 1986 .</p><p>Description. The syntype (Figs 120 a–b) is massively encrusting the upper (Fig. 120a) and lower valves (Figs 120b) of shells identified as Mimachlamys spinicostata Dijkstra &amp; Beu, 2018 (Henk Dijkstra in litteris). The greatest thickness of the sponge is up to 6 cm. The thicker parts have a papillate surface. Color (in alcohol) mixture of reddish, greyish and yellowish tinges. The ZMA specimen (Fig. 121a) from Indonesia has been cut off from the shell of Mimachlamys sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1758) . It largely lost its shape and is fragmentary. No ‘skin’ is left, because it was kept in a dry condition before having been put in alocohol. Color on deck ‘polychromatic reddish’.</p><p>Skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton (Fig. 121b) of spongin-enforced megasclere tracts of 10–15 spicules thick (type), 80–200 µm in diameter (ZMA specimen), fanning out below the surface into thinner tracts with little spongin (type). Ectosomal skeleton of the type is aegogropila-like with triangular-polyangular meshes formed by megasclere tracts with thickness of 5–10 spicules. Inbetween the tracts occur rosettes of anisochelae I (type).</p><p>Spicules. Mycalostyles (Figs 121 c–l), three categories of anisochelae, isochelae, two categories of sigmas, toxas, raphides arranged in trichodragmas, micracanthoxeas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 121c,c 1), robust with faintly developed heads, 286– 303.2 –318 x 5– 8.6 – 11 µm (ZMA specimen), 200–286 x 4–8 µm (type).</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 121d), slim, with outward-curved upper median alae and comparatively feebly developed lower alae, free part of the shaft 50% of spicule length, 42– 46.3 – 50 µm (ZMA specimen), 40–45 µm (type) .</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 121e), compact, with robustly developed upper and lower alae, with free part of the shaft 15–20% of spicule length, not recognized separately in the type by Hentschel and by Calcinai et al. (obviously included in the size of the anisochelae III), rare in the ZMA specimen, 20–24 µm (n = 5).</p><p>Anisochelae III (Fig. 121f), with well developed upper alae, but reduced lower alae, 16– 17.1 – 19 µm (ZMA specimen), 15–28 µm (unrecognized anisochelae II included) (type).</p><p>Isochelae (Fig. 121g), well developed, 10– 10.8 – 12 µm (ZMA specimen), 9–10 µm (type).</p><p>Sigma I (Fig. 121h), robust, relatively narrow, 76– 81.3 –84 x 4– 4.7 – 6 µm (ZMA specimen), 80–85 µm (type) .</p><p>Sigma II (Fig. 121i), smaller and thinner 17– 21.2 – 24 µm x 1 µm (ZMA specimen), but not specified in the type description (Calcinai et al. measured them to be 15–35 µm).</p><p>Toxas (Fig. 121j), shallow-curved with slightly upturned apices, 57– 70.6 – 98 µm (ZMA specimen), approximately 40 µm (‘4x the length of the isochelae’) described for the type (15–60 µm according to redescription in Calcinai et al.).</p><p>Raphides (Fig. 121k), fusiform, in trichodragmas, rare, 30– 32.2 –36 x 7–8.0– 10 µm (ZMA specimen); presumably these are mentioned in Hentschel’s description as ‘microxe, spindelf̂rmig, selten’ (measured by Calcinai et al. as 15–20 µm),.</p><p>Micracanthoxeas (Fig. 121l), fusiform, strongly spined, 3–4 µm (ZMA specimen); presumably not mentioned in the type description, but present nevertheless (Calcinai et al. discovered and measured them to be about 4 µm long, sparingly spined),.</p><p>Distribution. Western Indonesia; also Shark Bay, West Australia, 3.5–16 m depth.</p><p>Remarks. Calcinai et al. (2013: 47, fig. 31, table 14) studied the type material and published SEM images and measurements of the spicules. We complement this here by providing a photo of the habitus. For further details see Calcinai et al. Our Indonesian specimen conforms closely to the type material, although the original description of the type and its redescription in Calcinai et al. lack details about anisochelae II and III. We also provide the identity of the shells on which the type was encrusted, thanks to Pectinidae expert Henk Dijkstra.Apparently, the sponge has a preference for shells of the genus Mimachlamys Iredale, 1929 .</p><p>The spicule complement of M. (Z.) pectinicola is largely similar to that of M. (Z.) parishii (cf. above) and virtually indistinguishable from M. (Z.) ramulosa Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2010 . These species both have ramose habitus, which appears to be a clear difference from the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF72FF1A55ABFB1D53D6CE94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF7FFF1D55ABFC685333CC6B.text	361087A7FF7FFF1D55ABFC685333CC6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) sibogae Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) sibogae sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 122 a–d, 123a–g</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 02901, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, Pearl Banks, anchorage off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.6677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4134" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.6677/lat -5.4134)">Pulau Jedan</a>, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m, bottom sand and shells, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr. SE1599 IIA, 23 December 1899.</p><p>Description (Fig. 122a). Bumpy, lobate mass of 2.5 x 2 x 2 cm. Surface optically smooth, but microhispid. No visible openings in preserved state, color beige-brown in alcohol. Consistency firm, compressible.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 122 b–d). Compact, with main choanosomal spicule tracts of 60–80 µm diameter running at right angles to the surface (Fig. 122b) at distances of 300–550 µm, frequently interconnected by thinner tracts of about 30 µm diameter. The reticulation is dense but irregular (Fig. 122c). Just below the surface the main tracts form brushes of single megascleres carrying the tangential surface skeleton (Figs 122 b–c), but also penetrating the surface membrane causing a short microhispidation. The ectosomal skeleton is of the aegogropila-type, intercrossing tracts of 20–30 µm diameter, tight-meshed, but rather irregular, also with some loose single spicules (Fig. 122d), with meshes of 100–150 µm in widest expansion. Rosettes of anisochelae I, 70–100 µm in diameter, occur on the intersections of the skeletal tracts, and in places clusters of toxodragmas (Fig. 122d arrow) are found.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 123 a–g). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, isochelae, a single category of sigmas, toxas.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Fig. 123a,a 1), often slightly curved, comparatively short and fat, with elongated heads and barely visible subterminal constriction, with opposite end sharply pointed, 186– 213.4 –233 x 4.5– 5.4 – 6.5 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae I (Fig. 123b), well-developed, with free part of the shaft 35–40% of spicule length, with upper median alae extended outwards, lower alae comparatively small, 29– 34.1 – 37 µm.</p><p>Anisochelae II (Fig. 123c), well-developed, narrow-shaped, free part of the shaft 25–30 % of spicule length, with upper median alae only slightly extended, almost parallel to the shaft, lower median alae with upward directed protrusion, 17– 19.2 – 22 µm.</p><p>Isochelae (Figs 123d), well-developed, comparatively robust, with median alae slightly extended outwards, usually slightly asymmetrical, 10– 11.8 – 13 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 123 e–f), thin (1 µm or less thick), mostly asymmetrical, but the smaller ones almost symmetrical, with sharply pointed endings, comparatively variable in size, 13– 22.0 – 28 µm, but not clearly distinguishable in size categories.</p><p>Toxas (Figs 123g), thin, shallow-, evenly curved, occasionally single, but predominantly in dragmata, and very often in ‘double’ dragmata resembling those of Mycale (Kerasemna) humilis (cf. above.), 27– 32.4 –39 x 2– 3.4 – 7 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, reef and sand bottom in shallow-water.</p><p>Etymology. Named after H.M.S. ‘Siboga’ to commemorate the 1899–1900 expedition carried out from the ship.</p><p>Remarks. The new species is close to Mycale (Zygomycale) isochela Hentschel, 1911 in several aspects, e.g. it shares the absence of robust sigmas with that species. A difference is the apparent absence of anisochela I in M. (Z.) isochela, as it possesses only a single anisochela of 17–20 µm, which has the size of anisochelae II of our new species, and the presence of trichodragmata of 20 µm, absent in our new species. Further more detailed differences with our new species are the shape of the anisochelae, with upper median alae almost overlapping with the lower alae, no mention is made of rosettes, and the toxas are 45–50 µm, clearly in excess of those of our new species.</p><p>The new species differs from M. (Z.) parishii in the absence of anisochelae III, absence of robust sigmas (sigma I) next to small thin sigmas (sigma II), and the absence of trichodragmata. From M. (Z.) pectinicola it differs in lacking micracanthoxeas, robust sigmas I, and possessing most toxas in dragmata. The anisochelae I of that species are 40–45 µm, clearly in excess of those of our new species.</p><p>Addittional Mycale (Zygomycale) species from the region</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF7FFF1D55ABFC685333CC6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF78FF1E55ABFE0E51FACCB9.text	361087A7FF78FF1E55ABFE0E51FACCB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) isochela Hentschel 1911	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) isochela Hentschel, 1911</p><p>Mycale isochela Hentschel, 1911: 297, fig. 7.</p><p>Summary description. Encrusting algae, foraminifera and mollusk shells, size up to 11 cm in lateral expansion. Color (in alcohol) mixed purple and yellow. Consistency soft. Ectosomal skeleton aegogropila-like, with triangular meshes formed by tracts containing 1–5 megascleres in cross section. Hentschel did not mention the presence of rosettes of anisochelae. Choanosomal skeleton with branching tracts with thickness of 6 spicules, spongin not apparent. Below the surface the tracts fan out carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Spicules: mycalostyles 216–255 x 4–5 µm, anisochelae I 17–20 µm, isochelae 10–20, sigmas I 17–22 µm, toxas 45–50 µm, trichodragmas 20 µm.</p><p>Distribution. Shark Bay and Freemantle region, West Australia, depth 7– 11 m.</p><p>Comment. The species stands out among Mycale (Zygomycale) of the region by having only a single category of small anisochelae.</p><p>Key to the Mycale (Zygomycale) species from the region</p><p>1 A single category of small anisochelae............................................. Mycale (Zygomycale) isochela</p><p>- Two or more categories of anisochelae.................................................................... 2</p><p>2 A single category of small sigmas (&lt;30 µm); toxodragmas frequently ‘double’ (diamond-like)............................................................................................... Mycale (Zygomycale) sibogae sp.nov.</p><p>- Two distinct categories of sigmas, the larger one 80 µm or more................................................ 3</p><p>3 Two categories of anisochelae, micracanthoxeas present, no trichodragmas.............. Mycale (Zygomycale) pectinicola</p><p>- Three categories of anisochelae, no micracanthoxeas, trichodragmas present............... Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii</p><p>Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Zygomycale)</p><p>We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Zygomycale) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 7. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 124. The subgenus is typically circumtropical, with no species known from colder water.</p><p>Subgenus uncertain</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF78FF1E55ABFE0E51FACCB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
361087A7FF7BFF6055ABFE7F51E9C819.text	361087A7FF7BFF6055ABFE7F51E9C819.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale lampra (De Laubenfels 1954) Van & Aryasari & De 2021	<div><p>Mycale lampra (De Laubenfels, 1954) comb.nov.</p><p>Figs 125 a–e, 126a–e</p><p>Desmacella lampra De Laubenfels, 1954: 150, fig. 98. Material examined. Holotype USNM 23088, Lemotol Bay, W Part Chuuk Lagoon, East Caroline Islands, depth 4 m, coll. M.W. De Laubenfels, ‘by diver’.</p><p>ZMA Por. 07930a, Indonesia, SE Sulawesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.93333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.8/lat -5.93333)">Tukang Besi Islands</a>, southern reef of Karang Kaledupa, 5.93333S 123.8°E, depth 2–6 m, snorkeling, coll . R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 16, field nr. 016 / II/22, 6 September 1984 (dark-brown) .</p><p>Description (Fig. 125a, 126a). Dark-brown sponge (ZMA specimen, cf. Fig. 125a), thinly encrusting on dead Acropora coral, with smooth surface. Preserved the color is warm beige, much lighter than in life. The holotype (Fig. 126a) was described as ‘fiery orange red’, it is yellow in preserved condition. No apparent oscules. Size of ZMA specimen 4 x 1 x 0.5 cm, but the holotype was 10–20 cm. Consistency soft.</p><p>Skeleton (Figs 125 b–c, 126b,b1). The condition of the skeleton is indefinite, between the arrangement found in subgenera Aegogropila (ectosomal reticulation), Mycale (tangential ectosomal skeleton of single spicules) and Carmia (choanosomal spicule bundles thin, not interconnected, skeleton lax). Bundles of megascleres consist of 2–3 spicules and near the surface these diverge to carry the tangential reticulation. The holotype skeleton is slightly more organized, with spicule tracts thicker. Microscleres only sigmas.</p><p>Spicules (Figs 125 d–e, 126c–e). Mycalostyles, sigmas, no anisochelae.</p><p>Mycalostyles (Figs 125d,d 1,126d,d1), straight or slightly curved, thin, with elongate head and barely narrowed neck, 249– 272.8 –289 x 2– 3.1 – 5 µm.</p><p>Sigmas (Figs 125e, 126c,e), thin, symmetrically curved, with slightly incurved apices, not clearly divisible into two sizes (Fig. 126c), 15– 18.8 – 30 µm, those of the holotype were more elongate but had similarly incurved endings (Fig. 126e).</p><p>Distribution and ecology. Banda Sea, Indonesia, Chuuk Lagoon (East Caroline Islands, Micronesia), shallowwater lagoons.</p><p>Remarks. There are several ‘ Desmacella ’ species described with a skeleton and spicule shapes and sizes similar to Mycale, but lacking anisochelae. Examples are Central West Atlantic Desmacella jania Verrill, 1907 and D. meliorata Wiedenmayer, 1977 . Van Soest (1984: 27) suspected such sponges could belong to Mycale species, which lost their anisochelae or possessed these quite rarely. It is here suggested that Desmacella lampra is a Pacific representative of such deficient Mycale species. Independent support for this hypothesis is the fact that Redmond et al. ’s (2013) (p. 409, fig. 15) molecular phylogeny of the Poecilosclerida found Desmacella lampra positioned right in the middle of a clade of approximately 25 Mycale sequences belonging to at least five different subgenera, away from proper Desmacella species.</p><p>De Laubenfels’ description is slightly different from our specimen, so it is possible the two are close but not conspecific. De Laubenfels’ specimen was much larger, had a ‘fiery red-orange’ color in life. The sigmas, although in the same size range as our specimen, were suggested to be divisible into a smaller (13 µm) and a larger (30–33 µm) size. However, our fragment of the holotype did not contain these two size categories, as they were variable in size but we could not find many small sigmas. The skeleton described by De Laubenfels had only vague megasclere tracts, apparently lacking a reticulate ectosomal arrangement. We believe our specimen is likely a thinner and smaller specimen of the same species, but some doubt remains.</p><p>The subgenus affiliation is not clear. Redmond et al. ’s (2013) Desmacella lampra sequence suggested membership of subgenus Mycale (Carmia), but only few sequences were used in the tree. Our specimen is technically a Mycale (Mycale), but the tangential ectosomal skeleton is not typical for the subgenus as it is unispicular. The other ‘ Desmacella ’ specimens described by De Laubenfels and Wiedenmayer do not specify the ectosomal skeleton to the extent that we can classify them to a subgenus. It seems prudent to leave subgenus affiliation undecided for the time being, but subgenus Mycale (Carmia) would seem to fit best, both morphologically and molecularly.</p><p>General discussion</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/361087A7FF7BFF6055ABFE7F51E9C819	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Van, Rob W. M.;Aryasari, Ratih;De, Nicole J.	Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih, De, Nicole J. (2021): Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Zootaxa 4912 (1): 1-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1
