taxonID	type	description	language	source
3406810EDD20B20AFDB2FAC9085A362C.taxon	distribution	Original type locality ADRIATIC SEA: Zara (Croatian: Zadar) and Sebenico (Croatian: Šibenik).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD20B20AFDB2FAC9085A362C.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen FRANCE: Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrenées, E. A. Minchin Collection (BMNH 1896.9.15.13, neotype proposed by Klautau & Valentine 2003). Material examined ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Čiovo, 43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E, 5 m, 5 Nov. 2010, collected by B. Pleše and V. Nikolić (PMR- 13739 = UFRJPOR 6870).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD20B20AFDB2FAC9085A362C.taxon	description	Colour White in life and white in ethanol. Description Cormus is composed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes are present (Fig. 2 A). As the specimen was fragmented, it was not possible to observe the pseudoatrium. The skeleton is composed of one category of triactines, one of tetractines and diactines. Diactines are organised in tufts of two to five spicules, perpendicularly disposed in the tubes (Fig. 2 B). Triactines are the most abundant spicules. Spicules (Table 2) TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical to cylindrical, with sharp tips (Fig. 2 C). Size: 88.2 / 9.5 µm. TETRACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical to cylindrical, with sharp tips (Fig. 2 D). The apical actine is very thin and shorter than the basal ones. It is cylindrical and blunt, covered by abundant tiny spines (Fig. 2 E). Size: 79.1 / 8.8 µm (basal actine); 41.9 / 3.2 µm (apical actine). DIACTINES. Slightly curved. The tip that protrudes through the surface is lanceolated (Fig. 2 F). Trichoxeas are also present on the surface of the tubes. Size: 106.3 / 4.9 µm. Ecology Specimens were collected on a vertical, shaded hard limestone bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD20B20AFDB2FAC9085A362C.taxon	discussion	Remarks Klautau et al. (2013) proposed to transfer this species to the genus Ascaltis based mainly on morphological, but also on molecular data. Although the type species of this genus (A. lamarcki Haeckel, 1870) was not included in the molecular dataset, A. reticulum did not group with any of the included genera (Fig. 16). Besides, morphologically it is more similar to Ascaltis than to any other genus. Therefore, although the classification of A. reticulum in the genus Ascaltis must still be verified regarding the type species of the genus, it was morphologically and molecularly proved that it cannot be included in the genus Clathrina. Hence, we keep the proposition of Klautau et al. (2013) and name this species A. reticulum. This is the first time that spines were observed on the apical actine of the tetractines of A. reticulum. For that reason, we examined the neotype of this species and detected spines as well. They are abundant and very small. We also observed a great variation in the size of the diactines, which are much larger in the neotype (102.0 – 212.2 (± 54.1) – 306.0 / 14.3 (± 5.1) µm).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	description	Fig. 3; Table 3	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the type locality. Spalato is an Italian name for Split, the largest city of the Dalmatian region.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: near Zadar, 44 ° 08 ' 14.8 " N, 15 ° 12 ' 38.2 " E, 1 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 13 Feb. 2011 (PMR- 17806 = UFRJPOR 7540, in ethanol). Colour White in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	description	Description The sponge is small, only a fragment, but it is possible to recognise large and loosely anastomosed tubes, typical of Ascandra (Fig. 3 A). The skeleton is composed of triactines and a few tetractines (Fig. 3 B). Spicules (Table 3) TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate), but there are also subregular (sagittal) spicules. Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig. 3 C). Size: 90.5 / 8.0 µm. TETRACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or subregular. Actines are strongly conical with sharp tips (Fig. 3 D). The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones, thick, conical, sharp and smooth (Fig. 3 E). Size (basal actine): 99.4 / 12.0 µm; 74.3 / 10.8 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology The specimen was collected on a shaded, vertical hard bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2FB208FD52FD4808093675.taxon	discussion	Remarks The genus Ascandra is so far composed of 13 species: A. falcata Haeckel, 1872; A. ascandroides (Borojević, 1971); A. atlantica (Thacker, 1908); A. biscayae (Borojević & Boury-Esnault, 1987); A. brandtae (Rapp et al., 2013); A. contorta (Bowerbank, 1866); A. corallicola (Rapp, 2006); A. crewsi Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015; A. densa Haeckel, 1872; A. kakaban Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015; A. loculosa (Dendy, 1891); A. minchini Borojević, 1966; and A. sertularia Haeckel, 1872. In 2013, Klautau et al. proposed the following diagnosis for Ascandra: “ Calcinea with loosely anastomosed tubes. Tubes are free, at least in the apical region. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal triactines and tetractines. Tetractines are the main spicules, occurring at least in the same proportion as the triactines. They have very thin (needle-like) apical actines. Diactines may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system. ” After the discovery of A. spalatensis sp. nov., we propose here an emendation to this diagnosis: “ Calcinea with loosely anastomosed tubes. Tubes are free, at least in the apical region. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal triactines and tetractines. The apical actine is very thin (” needle-like) or very thick at the base. Diactines may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system. Our new species is a very typical Ascandra, with apically free, loosely anastomosed tubes. Its skeleton is very similar to that of A. ascandroides, i. e., composed of triactines and tetractines, the former being more abundant than the latter and the apical actine of the tetractines being very thick at the base. Both species, however, can be differentiated by the size of the spicules (A. ascandroides - triactines: 90 – 130 (± 20) – 163 / 13 (± 2); small tetractines: 107.5 – 164.5 (± 35) – 260 / 16.5 (± 2.8); large tetractines: 193.8 – 313.1 (± 63.2) – 418.2 / 39.8 (± 8.2 )). Moreover, A. ascandroides has two categories of tetractines and A. spalatensis sp. nov. only one. In our ITS tree (Fig. 16) this species is well nested within the Ascandra clade, with high support values in both, Bayesian and ML analyses.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2DB20EFDB9FD6009533183.taxon	description	Fig. 4; Table 4	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2DB20EFDB9FD6009533183.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen ADRIATIC SEA: Lesina (Croatian: Island of Hvar), Haeckel collection (PMJ-Inv. Nr. Porif. 156, syntype / ethanol). Material examined ADRIATIC SEA: Vrulja Cove, 43 ° 24 ' 01.3 " N, 16 ° 53 ' 10.9 " E, 10 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 24 Aug. 2011 (PMR- 17808; IRB-CLB 33 = UFRJPOR 7539). Colour Light yellow in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2DB20EFDB9FD6009533183.taxon	description	Description Cormus is composed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 4 A). Large water-collecting tubes are present. The skeleton consists of triactines, a few tetractines and tripods, which in fact are large triactines. It has no special organisation (Fig. 4 B). Spicules (Table 4) TRIPODS. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). The tripods of analysed specimens are more similar to large triactines than to true tripods with an elevated centre. Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig. 4 C). Size: 91.8 / 11.2 µm. TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical to conical, straight, with sharp tips. Sometimes they are slightly undulated near the tips (Fig. 4 D). Size: 84.6 / 8.9 µm. TETRACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical to conical, straight, with sharp tips. Sometimes they are slightly undulated near the tips. It is possible to recognise two types of tetractines: small (Fig. 4 E) and large (Fig. 4 F). Large tetractines are the same size as tripods. The apical actine of the tetractines is shorter than the basal ones, slightly conical, sharp and frequently curved only at the tip. It is ornamented with few (ca. six) spines, which are large, conical and cover only the actine). last third of the apical actine. (Fig. 4 G). Size: 81.9 / 8.5 µm (basal actine); 46.8 / 5.4 µm (apical	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2DB20EFDB9FD6009533183.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology The specimen was collected on a semi-vertical hard limestone bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2DB20EFDB9FD6009533183.taxon	discussion	Remarks Similar to other species of Borojevia, B. cerebrum has thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes forming the cormus. The oscula are present at the end of water-collecting tubes. The skeleton is composed of tripods (with the characteristic elevated centre or similar to large triactines), triactines and tetractines. Individuals of B. cerebrum always have spines on the apical actine of their tetractines; however, in the same individual some tetractines may be smooth. In B. cerebrum, the spines are not very abundant; they are large and scattered, only near the tip of the apical actine. The Adriatic and Mediterranean specimens of B. cerebrum formed a well supported clade in the ITS tree (Fig. 16), separated from the clade comprising B. brasiliensis (Solé-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojević & Thorpe, 1991). Borojevia cerebrum is the type species of the genus. Its type locality is Lesina (Island of Hvar) and it commonly occurs in the Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea. The type specimen of B. cerebrum (PMJ-Inv. Nr. Porif. 156) is not very well preserved (Klautau & Valentine 2003); thus, we got a great opportunity to redescribe this species from near its type locality. Analyses of other individuals of B. cerebrum from several sites in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas verify that the shape of the tripods is very variable. It varies from the characteristic shape of tripods, with stout actines and elevated centre, to only large triactines. This kind of variability may be assigned to polymorphism or plasticity. Indeed, Haeckel (1872) proposed two varieties of B. cerebrum (as Ascaltis cerebrum), based on the presence of either characteristic tripods or large triactines. The first variety he called B. cerebrum var. gyrosa, while the other one he considered B. cerebrum var. decipiens. Dendy & Row (1913) elevated B. cerebrum var. decipiens to species level (as Leucosolenia decipiens) and kept B. cerebrum (as L. cerebrum) as a valid species. The variety gyrosa had not been oficially elevated to the status of species; however, it was mentioned as Ascaltis gyrosa in a synonym list of B. cerebrum made by Burton (1963: 186). Considering that both varieties were proposed only to differentiate specimens with characteristic tripods from those with only large triactines and that we found this morphological variation inside individuals and among specimens placed within the same species, we propose here the synonymisation of B. decipiens with B. cerebrum.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	description	Fig. 5; Table 5	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the type locality.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Čiovo, 43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E, 5 m, collected by B. Pleše and V. Nikolić, 5 Nov. 2010 (PMR- 13740 = UFRJPOR 6864, in ethanol). Paratype ADRIATIC SEA: same data as holotype (PMR- 13741 = UFRJPOR 6865, in ethanol). Colour White in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	description	Description Cormus composed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 5 A). Water-collecting tubes are present and form a single apical osculum. The skeleton is composed of tripods, triactines and rare tetractines. It has no special organisation (Fig. 5 B). Spicules (Table 5) TRIPODS. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal. Some of them have an elevated centre, but most appear like large regular triactines. Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig. 5 C). Size: 102.6 / 11.9 µm. TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig. 5 D). Size: 66.6 / 7.5 µm. with spines. TETRACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips (Fig. 5 E). The apical actine has very short and abundant spines organised in parallel rows. These spines cover the first 2 / 3 of the apical actine (Fig. 5 F). Size: 70.0 / 8.3 µm (basal actine); 20.0 / 5.0 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Specimens were collected on a shaded, vertical, hard limestone bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD2BB20CFD42FA10090D320C.taxon	discussion	Remarks The genus Borojevia is currently composed of five species: B. aspina (Klautau, Solé-Cava & Borojević, 1994), B. brasiliensis, B. cerebrum, B. paracerebrum (Austin, 1996) and B. tetrapodifera (Klautau & Valentine, 2003). All of them show a very well defined cormus, with regular and tightly anastomosed tubes and water-collecting tubes. The skeleton is always composed of tripods, triactines and tetractines with spines on the apical actines. Tetrapods may also be present (B. tetrapodifera). The sixth species of the genus, B. croatica sp. nov., is closer to B. cf. aspina in our ITS tree (Fig. 16). Both species have short spines; however, B. croatica sp. nov. has numerous spines, while in B. cf. aspina there are few. Given that B. cerebrum is also present in the Adriatic Sea, the best way to differentiate it from B. croatica sp. nov. is by the shape and location of spines. They are shorter, more abundant and distributed along most of the actine length in B. croatica sp. nov., and larger, fewer and scattered only near the tip of the apical actine in B. cerebrum.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD29B212FDF6F9680A993196.taxon	description	Fig. 6; Table 6	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD29B212FDF6F9680A993196.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype BRAZIL: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro (BMNH 1999.9. 16.19, in ethanol). Other material ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Lokrum, 42 ° 37 ’ 55.6 ” N, 18 ° 06 ’ 49.4 ” E; 1 – 3 m deep, collected by V. Nikolić, 8 Oct. 2010 (PMR- 13738 = UFRJPOR 6869); near Dubrovnik, 42 ° 38 ' 26.5 " N, 18 ° 06 ' 14.2 " E; 1 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 24 Sep. 2011 (PMR- 17807, IRB-S 2 = UFRJPOR 7541, IRB-S 3 = UFRJPOR 7542). Colour White in life and white or brown in ethanol. section. C. Triactines with variable sizes and shapes.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD29B212FDF6F9680A993196.taxon	description	Description Cormus composed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Fig. 6 A). Water-collecting tubes are not present. The skeleton consists of triactines without organisation (Fig. 6 B). Spicules (Table 6) TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Their size is very variable. Actines are slightly conical to conical, straight, with blunt tips. Sometimes they are slightly undulated near the tips (Fig. 6 C). Size: 88.5 / 10.2 µm.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD29B212FDF6F9680A993196.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Specimens were collected on a semi-shaded, vertical hard limestone bottom under overhangs. They were often found in association with the macroalga Ellisolandia elongata (J. Ellis & Solander, 1786).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD29B212FDF6F9680A993196.taxon	discussion	Remarks Until now, this species was considered endemic to Brazil (Borojević 1971; Mothes de Moraes 1985; Klautau et al. 1994; Monteiro & Muricy 2004; Muricy & Hajdu 2006; Lanna et al. 2007). Originally, it was identified as C. primordialis (Haeckel, 1872) (Borojević 1971; Mothes de Moraes 1985; Klautau et al. 1994). However, considering differences in the size of the actines (holotype of C. conifera: 62.5 – 77.3 (± 9.3) – 97.5 / 9 (± 1.0) µm; Haeckel measurements of C. primordialis: 100 – 150 / 8 – 12 µm), it was described as a new species: C. conifera. In the present work, we confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses (Fig. 16) that C. conifera is really distinct from C. primordialis and that it occurs in the Adriatic Sea.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD37B217FD88FA030F3C36F2.taxon	description	Fig. 7; Table 7	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD37B217FD88FA030F3C36F2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Syntype ADRIATIC SEA: Lesina (Croatian: Island of Hvar), E. Haeckel collection (PMJ-Inv. Nr. Porif. 154, in ethanol). Other material ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Čiovo, Croatia, 43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E; 5 m, collected by B. Pleše and V. Nikolić, 5 Nov. 2010 (IRB-CLB 3 = UFRJPOR 6863). Colour White in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD37B217FD88FA030F3C36F2.taxon	description	Description Cormus is formed by large and loosely anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes are absent (Fig. 7 A). The skeleton is composed of one category of triactines (Fig. 7 B). The size of the spicules is very variable and it is therefore not possible to categorize them. Spicules (Table 7) TRIACTINES. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical to slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig. 7 C). Their size is very variable. Size: 121.5 / 12.2 µm.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD37B217FD88FA030F3C36F2.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology The specimen was collected on a shaded, vertical hard limestone bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD37B217FD88FA030F3C36F2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Haeckel (1872) assigned the name Ascetta primordialis to a group of different species, and even genera, whose skeleton comprised only triactines, but, unfortunately, did not select a holotype. In 2003, Klautau & Valentine revised the genus Clathrina and analysed two specimens of C. primordialis, one from the Adriatic Sea (PMJ 154) and another one from Naples (ZMB 1306). Both specimens clearly represented different species and the authors suggested the specimen ZMB 1306 was the true C. primordialis, because C. primordialis (originally Prosycum primordiale Haeckel, 1870) was first described from Naples. However, analysing the present specimen and re-analysing the slides of the specimens PMJ 154 and ZMB 1306 and the catalogue from the ZMB, we now have a different opinion. On the specimen’s label and in the catalogue of the ZMB it is not noted that ZMB 1306 is a syntype of C. primordialis. Consequently, Klautau & Valentine (2003) should not have designated the specimen ZMB 1306 as a lectotype of C. primordialis. On the other hand, the label of the specimen PMJ 154 mentions it is a syntype of C. primordialis. Therefore, in our opinion, the specimen PMJ 154 is more reliably a true representative of this species and should be considered the lectotype of C. primordialis. Considering the morphology of PMJ 154, the specimen IRB-CLB 3 = UFRJPOR 6863 represents C. primordialis, as well as the specimen PMR 14305, recently published as C. cf. hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003 (Imešek et al. 2014). The similarities between C. primordialis and C. hondurensis made us ponder on the possibility of synonymy between these two species. However, as we could not obtain DNA sequences of C. hondurensis from the type locality (Honduras) to verify this, we prefer to keep C. hondurensis as a valid species restricted to the Caribbean Sea, until further analyses are done. Subclass Calcaronea Bidder, 1898 Genus Leucandra Haeckel, 1872	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	description	Figs 8 – 9; Table 8	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the Greek falákra (φαλάκρα), meaning bald, for the absence of diactines.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Blitvenica, 43 ° 37 ' 31.96 " N, 15 ° 34 ' 25.94 " E; 5 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 10 Oct. 2012 (PMR- 13748 = UFRJPOR 8349, in ethanol). Colour White in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	description	Description The sponge is massive and vase-shaped, with one apical osculum without crown. The atrium is central and large. The aquiferous system is leuconoid (Fig. 8 A). The sponge surface is smooth, but harsh. The cortical skeleton is composed of small, tangentially arranged triactines. The choanosomal skeleton has no organisation (Fig. 8 B). It is composed of two categories of triactines (giant triactines and triactines larger than those of the cortex) (Fig. 8 C). There are also tetractines and some triactines surrounding the canals (Fig. 8 D). The atrial skeleton is smooth, composed mainly of triactines, with a few tetractines also present (Fig. 8 E). Spicules (Table 8) CORTICAL TRIACTINES. Subregular to sagittal, equiradiate and small. Actines are cylindrical, blunt and curved (Fig. 9 A – B). Size: 136.4 / 11.1 µm (paired actine); 106.0 / 11.4 µm. (unpaired actine). CHOANOSOMAL SMALL TRIACTINES. Subregular to sagittal. Actines are conical and sharp (Fig. 9 C – D). Size: 214.2 / 18.3 µm (paired actine); 189.7 / 19.8 µm. (unpaired actine). CHOANOSOMAL GIANT TRIACTINES. Subregular to sagittal, equiradiate. Actines are conical and sharp (Fig. 9 E – F). Size: 624.5 / 81.5 µm. CHOANOSOMAL TETRACTINES. Sagittal. These spicules are present only surrounding the canals. Actines are cylindrical, sharp and curved. The unpaired actine is a little shorter than the paired ones. The apical actine is straight, short, conical and sharp (Fig. 9 G – H). Size: 154.0 / 12.4 µm (paired actine); 143.0 / 12.4 µm (unpaired actine); 80.6 / 9.6 µm (apical actine). ATRIAL TRIACTINES AND TETRACTINES. Strongly sagittal. Triactines are the most abundant spicules (Fig. 9 I). Actines are cylindrical and blunt. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones. The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, straight, sharp and short. Frequently they are longer and thicker than the apical actine of the choanosomal tetractines (Fig. 9 J). Size (triactines): 222.7 / 15.1 µm (paired actine); 111.2 / 12.3 µm (unpaired actine). Size (tetractines): 191.4 / 14.9 µm (paired actine); 92.0 / 13.1 µm (unpaired actine); 110.3 / 11.9 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology The specimen was collected on a shaded, semi-vertical, hard limestone bottom.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD32B21BFD40FD200FE33C27.taxon	discussion	Remarks To our knowledge, there are only three described species of Leucandra without diactines and with triactines being the main atrial spicules: L. consolida Tanita, 1943, L. glabra Hôzawa, 1940 and I. Atrial triactine. J. Atrial tetractine. Scale bar A – J = 100 µm. L. okinoseana Hôzawa, 1929, all three from Japan. Leucandra falakra sp. nov. can be differentiated from L. consolida by the presence of an oscular crown in the latter (although “ feebly developed ”), by the absence of tetractines in the choanosome, and by the absence of the large triactines in the cortex. Moreover, the size of some spicules is different (cortical triactines: 240 – 350 / 20 – 25 µm; choanosomal triactines - paired actines: 590 – 740 / 60 – 86 µm, unpaired actine: 550 – 720 / 60 – 86 µm; atrial triactines - paired actines: 220 – 270 / 15 – 18 µm, unpaired actine: 250 – 300 / 15 – 18 µm; atrial tetractines: same size of the atrial triactines but with an apical actine of 80 / 14 µm). Leucandra glabra has a different external morphology, with several oscula in a single individual. Besides, the size of some spicules is different (cortical triactines: 120 – 240 / 14 – 28 µm; small choanosomal triactines: 100 – 200 / 10 – 20 µm; large choanosomal triactines: 400 – 950 / 42 – 110 µm; choanosomal tetractines: similar to the small choanosomal triactines but with an apical actine of 80 / 10 µm; atrial triactines: 90 – 200 / 12 – 20 µm). Leucandra okinoseana can be differentiated from L. falakra sp. nov. by the presence of “ small protuberances for attachment ” in L. okinoseana and by the size of some spicules, which are larger in the Japanese species (cortical triactines - paired actines: 120 – 250 / 16 – 24 µm, unpaired actine: 150 – 350 / 14 – 16 µm; cortical and choanosomal large triactines: 400 – 1400 / 32 – 120 µm; tetractines of the canals - paired actines: 150 – 200 / 16 – 20 µm, unpaired actine: 120 – 570 / 12 – 16 µm, apical actine: 70 – 200 / 8 – 12 µm; atrial triactines - paired actines: 190 – 370 / 20 – 32 µm, unpaired actine: 70 – 270 / 16 – 24 µm; atrial tetractines - same size as the atrial triactines but with an apical actine of 50 – 110 / 8 – 16 µm). the cortex. E. Choanosome. F. Atrial skeleton. Abbreviations: at = atrium; cx = cortex.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11; Table 9	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the Latin spinifer, meaning prickly, for the presence of numerous diactines.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: Vrulja Cove, 43 ° 24 ' 01.3 " N, 16 ° 53 ' 10.9 " E, 10 m, collected by Vedran Nikolić, 24 Aug. 2011 (IRB-SG 3 = UFRJPOR 8348, in ethanol). Paratype ADRIATIC SEA: Island of Čiovo, 43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E, 5 m, collected by B. Pleše and V. Nikolić, 6 Nov. 2010 (PMR- 13742 = UFRJPOR 6861, in ethanol). Colour White in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	description	Description The body has the shape of a vase (0.8 × 0.4 cm), with a single apical osculum surrounded by a membrane and a crown of a few, or even no trichoxeas (Fig. 10 A). The osculum is supported by sagittal tetractines, but a few triactines are also present. They are organised in parallel and point their apical actines to the osculum. They become disorganized, smaller, thinner and less sagittal farther from the osculum. They are also substituted by triactines. Numerous diactines on the surface make it very hispid. The aquiferous system is leuconoid and the atrium is large (Fig. 10 A). The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines, perpendicular giant diactines, microdiactines and rare trichoxeas (Fig. 10 B – E). The giant diactines frequently cross the entire choanosome (Fig. 10 B). The choanosomal skeleton has no organisation. It is composed mainly of subregular triactines, with curved paired actines. Tetractines are also present, but only surrounding canals. The atrial skeleton has triactines and a few tetractines that project their apical actines into the atrium (Fig. 10 F). Microdiactines are also present in the atrium. Spicules (Table 9) OSCULAR TRIACTINES (very few) AND TETRACTINES (abundant). Sagittal. Actines are cylindrical and blunt to sharp. The unpaired actine is thinner than the paired ones. The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, sharp, smooth and strongly curved towards the osculum aperture. TRICHOXEAS. Very thin, long and straight. They are frequently broken. These spicules are rare, but can be found in the cortex and atrium. DIACTINES. Almost fusiform. The tip that penetrates the choanosome is a little larger and more rounded (Fig. 11 A – B). Size: 866.5 / 54.4 µm. MICRODIACTINES. Fusiform (Fig. 11 C). They are present in the cortex and atrium. They frequently have microspines (Fig. 11 D), but smooth spicules are also present. Size: 100.4 / 4.2 µm. CORTICAL TRIACTINES. Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical, with blunt tips. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones, which are curved. One of the paired actines is frequently shorter than the other (Fig. 11 E – F). Size: 189.5 / 12.9 µm (paired actine); 150.8 / 13.5 µm (unpaired actine). CHOANOSOMAL TRIACTINES. Subregular to sagittal. The paired actines are curved, consequently the unpaired angle is smaller than the paired angles. Actines are slightly conical with blunt tips. They are almost the same length (Fig. 11 G). These spicules are spread in the choanosome and surrounding the canals. Size: 192.8 / 12.8 µm (paired actine); 188.8 / 14.4 µm (unpaired actine). CHOANOSOMAL TETRACTINES. Sagittal. The paired actines are curved, consequently the unpaired angle is smaller than the paired angles. Actines are slightly conical with blunt tips. The apical actine is straight or curved, conical, smooth and sharp (Fig. 11 H – I). These spicules are present only surrounding the canals. ATRIAL TRIACTINES AND TETRACTINES. Triactines are much more abundant. These spicules are strongly sagittal. The paired actines are curved and much longer than the unpaired one. Actines are slightly conical and blunt (Fig. 11 J – L). The apical actine of the tetractines is straight or slightly curved near the end, conical, smooth and sharp (Fig. 11 M). These tetractines are very similar to those of the choanosome. Size (triactine): 305.3 / 7.9 µm (paired actine); 211.4 / 9.8 µm (unpaired actine). Size (tetractine): 276.8 / 8.4 µm (paired actine); 222.0 / 9.7 µm (unpaired actine); 42.5 / 6.9 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Specimens were collected on a cliff in a shaded area.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3FB21FFD4EFEFA098A3C26.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species differs from all other species of Leucandra mainly by the composition of the skeleton, particularly by the presence of mainly triactines in the atrial skeleton, with very long and slender paired actines and few spiny microdiactines in the cortex. The most similar species is the Californian L. heathi Urban, 1906. However, this species has no tetractines, while L. spinifera sp. nov. has a few tetractines. Besides, microdiactines are not abundant in L. spinifera sp. nov., while in L. heathi they form a continuous palisade in the cortex. We found 10 species of Leucandra recorded from the Mediterranean until now, and L. spinifera sp. nov. can be differentiated from all of them: L. aspera (Schmidt, 1862) has no microdiactines; L. balearica (Lackschewitz, 1886) has only tetractines in the atrium and its microdiactines are much smaller (12 - 24 / 1 µm); L. globosa (Sarà, 1951) has different microdiactines; L. bolivari Ferrer-Hernandez, 1916 has no diactines; L. crambessa Haeckel, 1872 has no microdiactines and has tetractines only in the atrium; L. nausicaae (Schuffner, 1877) has no diactines and the atrial skeleton comprises only tetractines; L. riojai Ferrez-Hernandez, 1918 has only tetractines in the atrium; L. rodriguezii (Lackschewitz, 1886) has shorter microdiactines (12 - 14 / 1 µm) which occur only in the atrium and the atrium is also composed of only tetractines; L. sulcata Ferrer-Hernandez, 1918 has microdiactines of a different shape, which are present abundantly only in the cortex, while the atrium is composed mainly of tetractines. Abbreviations: at = atrium; cx = cortex.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	description	Figs 12 – 13; Table 10	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the type locality. Dalmatia is one of the four historical regions of Croatia.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: near the Island of Čiovo, 43 ° 29 ' 02.0 " N, 16 ° 22 ' 10.9 " E, 5 m, collected by B. Pleše and V. Nikolić, 5 Nov. 2010 (IRB-SD 5 = UFRJPOR 8346, in ethanol). Paratype ADRIATIC SEA: same data as holotype (PMR- 13747, in ethanol). Colour Beige or light brown in life and white in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	description	Description The body has the shape of a vase with a single apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 12 A). Surface is very hispid. The aquiferous system is leuconoid (Fig. 12 B). The cortical skeleton is composed of the basal system of large tangential tetractines and few triactines (Fig. 12 C). Giant diactines cross the surface, penetrating deeply into the choanosome. They are present from the osculum to the base of the sponge. Among these giant diactines there are also very thin and long trichoxeas, organised in tufts, and very few microdiactines (Fig. 12 D). The choanosomal skeleton is characteristic of Paraleucilla, with an inarticulate region (outer region) and a zone without organisation (inner region) (Fig. 12 E). The outer region is formed by the apical actine of the cortical tetractines, the unpaired actine of subatrial tetractines and very few triactines. The paired actines of these subatrial spicules are frequently curved, resembling a hook. The inner region is formed by scattered subatrial tetractines and very few triactines. The atrial skeleton is composed of tetractines only (Fig. 12 F). In some parts of the sponge the inarticulate skeleton seems not to exist and it becomes more similar to Leucandrilla. Spicules (Table 10) OSCULAR TRIACTINES. Strongly sagittal. Actines are conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer and thinner than the paired ones and basipetally directed. DIACTINES. Giant. They are present in the oscular crown and cortex. They are almost fusiform but slightly curved, with a thicker tip outside the sponge (Fig. 13 A). The size is very variable. Many diatoms are attached to the diactines surrounding the osculum. Size: 1000.0 / 25.0 – 50.0 µm. TRICHOXEAS. Present in the oscular crown and cortex. They are thin, straight and most of them are broken. Size:> 330.0 / 2.5 – 5.0 µm. MICRODIACTINES. Very rare, fusiform or arrow-headed. Sometimes one of the tips has small spines while the other one is thicker (Fig. 13 B). They are present in the cortex. Size: 95.0 / 2.5 µm. CORTICAL TETRACTINES. Sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The apical actine is longer than the basal ones, conical, straight and sharp (Fig. 13 C – D). Size: 159.1 / 13.4 µm (paired actine); 133.1 / 13.4 µm (apical actine). CORTICAL TRIACTINES. There are very few, subregular to regular. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig. 13 E). Size: 142.8 / 12.4 µm (paired actine); 149.3 / 12.9 µm (unpaired actine). SUBATRIAL TRIACTINES AND TETRACTINES. The triactines are rare. Actines are conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones. The paired actines are frequently strongly curved. One of them is often shorter than the other. The apical actine of the tetractines is very short, thin, smooth and strongly curved (Fig. 13 F – K). Size: 180.0 / 13.2 µm (paired actine); 205.8 / 12.7 µm (unpaired actine); 37.8 / 8.8 µm (apical actine). ATRIAL TETRACTINES. Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical and sharp. The apical actine is slightly conical, smooth, thinner than the basal ones and straight or only slightly curved (Fig. 13 L – M). Size: 157.9 / 10.5 µm (paired actine); 157.0 / 11.4 µm (unpaired actine); 115.7 / 7.3 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Specimens were collected on a cliff in a shaded area.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD3BB21CFD58FEB9099E31B0.taxon	discussion	Remarks Currently there are 11 known species of Paraleucilla, and P. magna Klautau et al., 2004 is the only one that has been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea up to now. Both the external morphology and spicule composition differ in these two species. The most similar species to P. dalmatica sp. nov. are P. perlucida Azevedo & Klautau, 2007, from Brazil, and P. princeps (Row & Hôzawa, 1931), from Australia. Nonetheless, P. dalmatica sp. nov. can be differentiated from P. perlucida mainly by the absence of diactine I and trichoxea in the latter. Paraleucilla princeps also differs by the absence of diactine I and microdiactines. Therefore, P. dalmatica sp. nov. is the second species of Paraleucilla recorded from the Mediterranean Sea.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	description	Figs 14 – 15; Table 11	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the Latin ancora, meaning anchor, for the presence of anchor-like spicules for attachment.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype ADRIATIC SEA: Island of Pag, 44 ° 28 ' 34.96 " N, 15 ° 02 ' 39.74 " E, 1 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 14 Feb. 2011 (PMR 17809 = UFRJPOR 8345, in ethanol). Paratype ADRIATIC SEA: near Split, 43 ° 30 ' 27.57 " N, 16 ° 23 ' 20.55 " E, 5 – 10 m, collected by V. Nikolić, 15 Aug. 2011 (IRB-SD 12 = UFRJPOR 8347, in ethanol). arrows atrium. = subatrial triactines). F. Tangential section of the atrial skeleton. Abbreviation: at = Colour White in life and in ethanol.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	description	Description The body is vase-shaped (1.1 × 0.8 cm), with a single apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 14 A) and diactines supported by sagittal tetractines. These tetractines are arranged parallel to each other and their unpaired actines are basipetally directed. The unpaired actine is longer and thinner than the paired ones and the apical actine is curved towards the osculum aperture. The paired actines are slightly curved. There is no suboscular region. The aquiferous system is syconoid and the atrium is central. The radial tubes are coalescent (Fig. 14 B). Diactines and trichoxeas protrude through the distal cones; consequently, the surface is very hispid. These diactines (ca 10 to 15) penetrate only a little into the sponge surface (Fig. 14 C). The unpaired actine of some triactines also protrudes through the cones. The tubar skeleton is articulated, but not so well organised as in most sycons (Fig. 14 D). It is composed of rows of sagittal triactines that point their unpaired actines to the surface. These tubar triactines are larger than those of the distal cones and the paired actines are frequently curved. The subatrial skeleton is composed of sagittal triactines and tetractines (Fig. 14 E) with very thin actines. The unpaired actine is much longer than the paired ones and the longest ones are frequently localized among the choanocyte chambers. They point their unpaired actines towards the distal cones. Some of the subatrial triactines are similar to pseudosagittal spicules. The atrial skeleton is composed of two categories of tetractines tangentially organized (Fig. 14 E). They frequently have long, unpaired and short, paired actines. One of the paired actines is commonly shorter than the other; however, the three basal actines can have the same size (Fig. 14 F). When one of the paired actines is shorter than the other, it frequently penetrates an exhalant canal. The main difference between the two categories of atrial tetractines is in the apical actine. Tetractines with thinner apical actines project these actines mainly into the canals, while thicker and curved apical actines penetrate into the atrium (Fig. 14 E). Few anchor-like tetractines are present at the sponge base and project their basal actines into the substrate. Spicules (Table 11) DIACTINES. Almost fusiform, but the tip outside the sponge is a little thicker (Fig. 15 A). Size: 537.8 / 16.1 µm. TRICHOXEAS. Very thin, long and straight. They were always broken. ANCHOR- LIKE TETRACTINES. The basal actines are very short and curved, while the apical one is very long. Frequently there are spines on the apical actine, but near the basal ones. They vary from four to seven, but seven spines are more common (Fig. 15 B). Size:> 1000.0 / 25.0 µm. TRIACTINES OF THE CONES. They are smaller than the tubar triactines. The unpaired actine protrudes through the cones and it is shorter than the paired ones, which are curved. Actines are slightly conical and sharp (Fig. 15 C – D). Size: 112.3 / 6.9 µm (paired actine); 78.6 / 7.0 µm (unpaired actine). TRIACTINES OF THE TUBES. Subregular to sagittal. The unpaired actine is a little longer or has the same length of the paired ones. The paired actines are straight or slightly curved. Actines are slightly conical and sharp (Fig. 15 E – G). Size: 168.2 / 13.0 µm (paired actine); 188.1 / 12.4 µm (unpaired actine). SUBATRIAL TRIACTINES AND TETRACTINES. The subatrial spicules are very thin. They are sagittal or, sometimes, similar to pseudosagittal spicules. Actines are slightly conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones (Fig. 15 H). The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, sharp, smooth, shorter than the basal ones and curved in the direction of the atrium. Size: 97.9 / 5.4 µm (paired actine); 212.4 / 6.0 µm (unpaired actine). ATRIAL TETRACTINES I AND II AND TRIACTINES. There are two categories of atrial tetractines and the triactines are very rare. They are sagittal or subregular. The unpaired actine is frequently longer than the paired ones (Fig. 15 I). It is also common to find one of the paired actines shorter than the other (63.5 – 109.3 (± 64.7) – 155.0 / 10 – 11.3 (± 1.8) – 12.5 µm (n = 2); Fig. 15 J). This shorter, paired actine is frequently projected inside the exhalant canal. Actines are cylindrical and sharp. Sometimes, the tip of the unpaired actine is thicker (Fig. 15 I). The main difference between the two categories of tetractines is in the shape and size of the apical actines, which are straight and thinner in one and curved and thicker in the other. Size (tetractine I): 153.5 / 10.8 µm (paired actine); 219.4 / 10.7 µm (unpaired actine); 123.8 / 11.4 µm (apical actine). Size (tetractine II): 162.5 / 6.3 µm (paired actine); 137.5 / 6.3 µm (unpaired actine); 77.1 / 5.6 µm (apical actine).	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Specimens were collected on a semi-vertical hard limestone bottom. They were found among Cystoseira macroalgae.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
3406810EDD39B225FD61FA3B0968379C.taxon	discussion	Remarks Currently there are 12 accepted species of Sycon in the Mediterranean Sea, 10 of which have already been reported for the Adriatic. We compared our specimens to all known species of Sycon and even more carefully to the Mediterranean ones, yet we could not find a perfect match. The main characteristic discerning Sycon ancora sp. nov. from other species is the shape of the atrial triactines and the presence of anchor-like tetractines at the base. If we exclude these characteristics, this species would be mostly comparable to S. raphanus; however, there are several important differences between them. Sycon raphanus was originally described from the Adriatic Sea by Schmidt (1862). Unfortunately, his description was not detailed enough. According to him, S. raphanus has a bulb shape and a peduncle. He even considered these characteristics to distinguish S. raphanus from S. ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780), a species from the English Channel which he believed to be present in the Adriatic Sea. Haeckel (1872) disagreed with the possibility of S. ciliatum occurring in the Mediterranean Sea and considered that all specimens called S. ciliatum were, in fact, S. raphanus. He also mentioned that he analysed all the specimens from Schmidt’s collection identified as S. raphanus and found a potpourri of species, including Leucandra aspera, Sycon humboldti, Sycon setosum and “ the real S. raphanus ”. Therefore, he made a detailed description of this species, which has since then been considered as the official description of S. raphanus. According to his description, S. raphanus is morphologically very variable, solitary or not, with or without peduncle. The skeleton is composed of tufts of 5 – 10 cylindrical diactines (var. tergestina) to 20 – 50 diactines (var. procumbens) and the size of the diactines varies from 400 – 800 / 20 – 30 µm up to 1000 – 2000 / 20 – 40 µm, rarely attaining 3000 µm. Analyzed specimens of S. ancora sp. nov. have tufts of 10 – 15 diactines measuring 378 + 1500 / 10.8 – 18.9 µm. Sycon raphanus has triactines with curved paired actines in the distal cones and in the tubar skeleton. The tubar triactines are 100 – 180 / 10 – 12 µm (paired) and 150 – 250 / 10 – 12 µm (unpaired), which are thinner than in S. ancora sp. nov. The subatrial skeleton of S. raphanus has triactines (paired: 100 – 180 / 5 – 8 µm; unpaired: 150 – 250 / 5 – 8 µm), while S. ancora sp. nov. has triactines and tetractines. The atrial skeleton of S. raphanus shows subregular to regular (rarely sagittal) triactines and tetractines (basal: 150 – 250 / 8 – 10 µm; apical: 60 – 120 µm), while our species has tetractines with two types of apical actines (there is a variation in the thickness and position), a long unpaired actine and paired actines with different sizes. Haeckel (1872) also mentioned the presence of only triactines supporting the oscular crown, while S. ancora sp. nov. has only tetractines. Although we believe the entire genus Sycon is in urgent need of revision, the characteristics we found in our specimens strongly indicate the presence of a new species. Other calcarean species from the Adriatic Sea Apart from the species described here, we also recorded and molecularly analyzed specimens of Clathrina blanca (Miklucho-Maclay, 1868), C. clathrus (Schmidt, 1864), C. rubra Sarà, 1958 and Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro & Borojević, 2004. These species are not redescribed here, since specimens from the Adriatic Sea have already been recorded and described in earlier works (Cvitković et al. 2013; Imešek et al. 2014). In the present study, C. blanca was recorded near Selce (45 ° 09 ' 07.8 " N, 14 ° 43 ' 15.0 " E), about 1 m deep and C. rubra was recorded near the Island of Čiovo (43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E), about 5 m deep on a shaded hard bottom. In August and November 2010 they were quite abundant, always only a few millimeters in size and often found on bryozoans. C. clathrus was found in numerous locations along the coast (e. g., Prapratno Cove, 42 ° 48 ' 36.8 " N, 17 ° 40 ' 38.4 " E; near the Island of Čiovo, 43 ° 28 ' 58.5 " N, 16 ° 21 ' 25.6 " E) and the cryptogenic species P. magna was found in large numbers in on aquaculture installations in Grška Cove on the Island of Brač and in the Port of Ploče. Molecular analysis The number of sites used for the final alignments (gaps included) was as follows: 513 for ITS Calcinea, 1434 for 28 S Calcinea, 734 for ITS Calcaronea and 846 for 28 S Calcaronea. Both markers revealed the same tree topology in both analyses (but see Fig. 19), yet the Bayesian analysis rendered much better support values than ML in all cases. However, the Adriatic species nested within the respective genera with high bootstrap (BS) and posterior probability (PP) values, thereby confirming the results of morphological analysis (Figs 16 – 19). Once more the presence of diactines did not show any phylogenetic signal (Rossi et al. 2011; Klautau et al. 2013). Furthermore, we found former guanchas with only triactines reunited in a monophyletic clade in the ITS analysis, with high support values inside the Clathrina group (0.99 PP and 0.84 BS; Fig. 16). In the 28 S calcinean tree (Fig. 17) we recovered a clade where Levinella represents a sister group to Ascandra with high support values (1.00 PP and 0.99 BS), which confirms the results of Voigt et al. (2012). We also recovered a clade comprising the genera Murrayona and Ascaltis in both analyses; however, the support values were less good (0.71 PP and 0.54 BS). The molecular analyses also confirmed the presence of P. magna in the Adriatic Sea (Figs 18 – 19). Besides, we recovered a calcaronean clade with high support (1.00 PP and 0.99 BS in ITS analysis; 0.95 PP and 0.64 BS in 28 S analysis) formed only by Paraleucilla species. The genus Paraleucilla formed a highly supported clade with Leucandra nicolae, while Leucandra spinifera sp. nov. is a sister species of L. aspera (Fig. 19). Sycon ancora sp. nov. represents a sister species of S. raphanus (Fig. 19). We confirmed the paraphyly of the genera Sycon and Leucandra (Voigt et al. 2012). Species richness Considering previous data, together with our present results based on morphological and molecular analyses, we found a total of 13 species of Calcinea (Table 12) and 26 of Calcaronea in the Adriatic Sea (Table 13). Taking into account the species richness by sectors (Fig. 20), the richest sector is the Central Adriatic, where 34 species were found, followed by the Northern Adriatic with 18, and the Southern Adriatic with only 5 species. Most of the species present in the Adriatic Sea are also present in other Mediterranean areas, yet, altogether we recorded six species provisionally endemic for the Adriatic, two calcinean and four calcaronean.	en	Klautau, Michelle, Imešek, Mirna, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pleše, Bruna, Nikolić, Vedran, Ćetković, Helena (2016): Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy 178: 1-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.178
