identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3414244A6D0BED04FF13C9071432F903.text	3414244A6D0BED04FF13C9071432F903.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acutaspis perseae (Comstock 1881)	<div><p>Acutaspis perseae (Comstock)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex Persea americana cv. not determined, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Finca Villa del Sol, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°450 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (MECP); El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (MECP); Same data except ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth, 1’ (UVCO); Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (MECP); Same data, except, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad), Venezuela. Palaearctic: Ukraine, United Kingdom (England) (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. This species was found on the underside of leaves of ‘Booth 8’, ‘Lorena’ and an undetermined native cultivar. This is the first record of this species from Colombia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D0BED04FF13C9071432F903	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D0AED05FF13C9FF117DF928.text	3414244A6D0AED05FF13C9FF117DF928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aspidiotus destructor Signoret 1869	<div><p>Aspidiotus destructor Signoret</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca La Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 2 UVCO), 2 (MECP); Toro: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.04528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.673583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.04528/lat 4.673583)">Finca Toluca</a>, 04°40 ′ 24.9 ″ N, 76°02 ′ 43.0 ″ W, 932 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. This species was collected on the underside of leaves of the ‘ Lorena cultivar’. Known as the coconut scale, this species attacks many crops in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been recorded on 76 genera and 46 plant families (Borchsenius 1966). Aspidiotus destructor is commonly found on coconut palm, but is often found on other palms, fruit trees and ornamental plants (Miller Davidson and 2005).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D0AED05FF13C9FF117DF928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D0AED06FF13CB7F13D9FEE3.text	3414244A6D0AED06FF13CB7F13D9FEE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead 1906	<div><p>Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Antioquia: Amagá: found on fruits sold at the “III Congreso Latinoamericano del Aguacate” held in Medellin, 12.xi.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘Hass’, 4 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. It is not a common species on avocado in Colombia. Aulacaspis tubercularis has been previously recorded on avocados (including Persea sp.) from Brazil and Mexico (Evans et al. 2009; Miller and Davidson 2005). See also comments for Hemiberlesia cyanophylli.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D0AED06FF13CB7F13D9FEE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D09ED06FF13CD071422FC60.text	3414244A6D09ED06FF13CD071422FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan 1889) Coccoidea	<div><p>Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.753914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.669389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.753914/lat 4.669389)">Finca La Polonia</a>, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. not determined, 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 7’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data except, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 2 (MECP); Same data except, 4.xi.2008, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); Same data except 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85686/lat 4.2833333)">Finca El Chaquiro</a>, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 2 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); Same data except ex avocado cv. ‘ Hass’, 1 (UVCO); El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca La Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi was found on the twigs of the following cultivars: ‘Booth 7’, ‘Booth 8’, ‘Hass’, ‘Lorena’, and an undetermined cultivar. This species is a serious pest of citrus, avocados and many tropical and subtropical plants (Miller and Davidson 2005).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D09ED06FF13CD071422FC60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D09ED07FF13CF871539FEA3.text	3414244A6D09ED07FF13CF871539FEA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret 1869)	<div><p>Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) (Fig. 1A, B)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Caldas: Belalcazar: Peñitas, 1400 m, coll. A. Ramos, ex avocado cv. ‘ Hass’, 1 (MECP). Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.80762&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.666222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.80762/lat 4.666222)">Finca La Esmeralda</a>, 04°39 ′ 58.4 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 27.4 ″ W, 1223 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado ‘ Booth 8’, 2 (UVCO); 2 (MECP); Same data except coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Same data except 28.x.2008, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO); Same data except 28.x.2008, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); Same data, except no coordinates nor elevation given, 9.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cultivar ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85686/lat 4.2833333)">Finca El Chaquiro</a>, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Hass’, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Trinidad’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Same data except ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1(UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data except, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); Same data except coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 9.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.864136&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.298111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.864136/lat 4.298111)">Finca Linares</a>, 04°17 ′ 53.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 50.9 ″ W, 1490 m, 2.iii.2009, coll. A. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca La Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Same</a> data except, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 4.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Santana’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The species was found on the underside of avocado leaves on the following cultivars: ‘Booth 8’, ‘Choquette’, ‘Hass’, ‘Lorena’ and an undetermined cultivar. The Cyanophyllum scale, H. cyanophylli is highly polyphagous and has been recorded on 75 genera in 18 plant families (Borchsenius 1966). Hemiberlesia cyanophylli, A. tubercularis and C. dictyospermi are frequently found on the fruit of ‘Hass’ avocado, although their damage appears to be only cosmetic. It should be noted that we did not find any other diaspidid species on fruits of other avocado cultivars. This could be due to the rugose texture of the fruit of ‘Hass’ avocados, which provides a perfect place for feeding and settling. These three diaspidid species are here considered of quarantine importance because they can be found on fruit.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D09ED07FF13CF871539FEA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D08ED07FF13CDC712D8FD23.text	3414244A6D08ED07FF13CDC712D8FD23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret 1869) Coccoidea	<div><p>Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Same</a> data except 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO); Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 3 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 9.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The latania scale, H. lataniae is a highly polyphagous cosmopolitan species. It has been recorded on 278 genera in 78 plant families (Borchsenius 1966). In the present study we found this species only on twigs of the ‘Lorena’ cultivar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D08ED07FF13CDC712D8FD23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D08ED07FF13CF4714A9FB60.text	3414244A6D08ED07FF13CF4714A9FB60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell 1892) Coccoidea	<div><p>Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, ex avocado cv. ‘ Lorena’, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Same</a> data except 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO); Same data except, coordinates and altitude not given, 9.xii.2008, ex avocado ‘ Booth’ 8, 1 (UVCO); Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data, except 4.xi.2008, 1 (MECP); El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca La Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. We found H. palmae on the twigs of ‘Lorena’ and ‘Booth 8’ cultivars. Originally described from Jamaica and reported from many tropical countries on numerous host plants (Williams and Watson 1988a). This diaspidid species has been considered a pest of oil palm and banana in Malaysia where it can be found in large numbers on the leaves of these plants (Borchsenius 1966).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D08ED07FF13CF4714A9FB60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D08ED07FF13C8871471FA00.text	3414244A6D08ED07FF13C8871471FA00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock 1881) Coccoidea	<div><p>Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (MECP); Same data except 31.x.2008, 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Hemiberlesia rapax was found on the leaves of the ‘Booth 8’ cultivar. This species has been recorded on 117 species in 60 plant families (Borchsenius 1966) and is considered one of the 43 most damaging diaspidid species to agriculture (Beardsley and González 1975).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D08ED07FF13C8871471FA00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D08ED07FF13CA67159FF900.text	3414244A6D08ED07FF13CA67159FF900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Howardia biclavis (Comstock 1883) Coccoidea	<div><p>Howardia biclavis (Comstock)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia: Valle del Cauca: Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (MECP); Same data except, 31.x.2008, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. This species occurs in tropical areas around the world (Miller and Davidson 2005).</p> <p>Remarks. In the present study, H. biclavis was found on twigs of the ‘Lorena’ cultivar. The mining scale, H. biclavis is highly polyphagous and has been recorded on 41 plant families (Borchsenius 1966).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D08ED07FF13CA67159FF900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D08ED08FF13CB6714AEFD83.text	3414244A6D08ED08FF13CB6714AEFD83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell 1891) Coccoidea	<div><p>Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.805756&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6630836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.805756/lat 4.6630836)">Finca Santacruz</a>, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv.</p> <p>‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Palmira</a>: Rozo, Finca Brasil, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Same</a> data except 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Angola, Cameroon, Guinea, Mauritius, Mozambique, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Zimbabwe. Australasian: Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru. Oriental: India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. Palaearctic: Azores, China, Egypt, Japan, Madeira Islands, Portugal, Sicily, Spain (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). The araucaria black scale, L. rossi was originally described on araucaria in Australia, but since then it has been recorded from many tropical countries and temperate regions (Williams and Watson 1988a).</p> <p>Remarks. Lindingaspis rossi was found on the underside of leaves of the ‘Lorena’ variety. This species has been recorded on a wide range of plants, often causing chlorosis and in some cases defoliation (Williams and Watson 1988a). This is the first record of L. rossi from Colombia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D08ED08FF13CB6714AEFD83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D07ED08FF13CEE71499FC63.text	3414244A6D07ED08FF13CEE71499FC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycetaspis personata (Comstock 1883)	<div><p>Mycetaspis personata (Comstock)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Same data except 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 2 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. We found M. personata on the upper surface of avocado leaves of the ‘Lorena’ cultivar. This species is very small, only measuring about 1 mm in diameter (Evans et al. 2009). The species is fairly polyphagous and has been recorded on 17 plant families (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). In Colombia, M. personata is commonly found on the leaves of mango and Ficus spp., but in small numbers and it is not considered of economic importance in Colombia (T. Kondo, personal observation).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D07ED08FF13CEE71499FC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D07ED08FF13CF87118AFB23.text	3414244A6D07ED08FF13CF87118AFB23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green 1896)	<div><p>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015). Its origin is probably southern Asia where it is common, but it has spread onto Africa, the Malagasian area and tropical America (Williams and Watson 1988a).</p> <p>Remarks. We found P. trilobitiformis on the underside of the main vein of the leaf of the ‘Booth’ cultivar. It has been found in great numbers on plants; however, they seem to cause little damage (Williams and Watson 1988a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D07ED08FF13CF87118AFB23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D07ED09FF13C94715A9FD63.text	3414244A6D07ED09FF13C94715A9FD63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock 1883)	<div><p>Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) (Fig. 1C)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79086&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6407223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79086/lat 4.6407223)">Finca Campoalegre</a>, 04°38 ′ 26.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 27.1 ″ W, 1257 m, 23.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.80762&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.666222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.80762/lat 4.666222)">Finca La Esmeralda</a>, 04°39 ′ 58.4 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 27.4 ″ W, 1223 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.842445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.295611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.842445/lat 4.295611)">Finca La Giralda</a>, 04°17 ′ 44.2 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 32.8 ″ W, 1717 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.805756&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6630836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.805756/lat 4.6630836)">Finca Santacruz</a>, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 7 (MECP); Finca El Edén, 04°39 ′ 38.4 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 33.1 ″ W, 1421 m, 31.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Trinidad’, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75º53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, Coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3051114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85/lat 4.3051114)">Finca El Jardín</a>, 04°18 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1622 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.864136&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.298111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.864136/lat 4.298111)">Finca Linares</a>, 04°17 ′ 53.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 50.9 ″ W, 1490 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Trinidad’, 3 (MECP); Cali: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.55181&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.4544723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.55181/lat 3.4544723)">Portada</a>: 03°27 ′ 16.1 ″ N, 76°33 ′ 06.5 ″ W, 1068 m, 31.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 5 (MECP); El Cerrito: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10408&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.6475277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10408/lat 3.6475277)">Finca La Alvecia</a>, 03°38 ′ 51.1 ″ N, 76°06 ′ 14.7 ″ W, 1925 m, 19.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cultivar not determined, 2 (MECP); Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll. A Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Choquette’, 1 (UVCO); Same data except, ex avocado cv. ‘ Santana’, 2 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Tanzania. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu), New Zealand (North Island). Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Bahamas, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: India, Sri Lanka. Palaearctic: Belgium (in greenhouses.), Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Madeira Islands, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (England) (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides commonly known as the false parlatoria scale is probably native to tropical America (Miller and Davidson 2008). We found it at different altitudes ranging between 967 to 1925 m, on avocados of the following cultivars: ‘Booth 8’, ‘Choquette’, ‘Santana’ and ‘Trinidad’. This species is found on the underside of the leaves and live crowded in large groups up to 600 individuals per leaf, and in this situation it causes chlorosis symptoms (J. Muñoz, personal observation).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D07ED09FF13C94715A9FD63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D06ED09FF13CE8711D6FC23.text	3414244A6D06ED09FF13CE8711D6FC23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris 1941	<div><p>Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Lorena’, 1 (UVCO); same data except ex avocado cv. ‘Trinidad’, 1 (MECP); Same data except 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. We found the species near the main veins on the upper leaf surface of leaves of the ‘Lorena’ and ‘Trinidad’ cultivars.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D06ED09FF13CE8711D6FC23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D06ED09FF13C84715A6FAA3.text	3414244A6D06ED09FF13C84715A6FAA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell 1893)	<div><p>Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.80762&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.666222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.80762/lat 4.666222)">Finca La Esmeralda</a>, 04°39 ′ 58.4 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 27.4 ″ W, 1223 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); Caicedonia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Trinidad’, 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The species was found on the upper surface of leaves of the ‘Lorena’ and ‘Trinidad’ cultivars. It is similar to P. acephala but it has a broader pygidium and a less pointed apex (Evans et al. 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D06ED09FF13C84715A6FAA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D06ED09FF13C9C714F3F9A3.text	3414244A6D06ED09FF13C9C714F3F9A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan 1889)	<div><p>Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.661556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79628/lat 4.661556)">Finca La Pastora</a>, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 4 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Santana’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Selenaspidus articulatus is a tropicopolitan species (Williams and Watson 1988a). This species was found on the upper surface of leaves of the ‘Lorena’ and ‘Santana’ cultivars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D06ED09FF13C9C714F3F9A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D06ED0AFF13CB67110BFC83.text	3414244A6D06ED0AFF13CB67110BFC83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bombacoccus aguacatae Kondo 2010	<div><p>Bombacoccus aguacatae Kondo</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3051114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85/lat 4.3051114)">Finca El Jardín</a>, 04°18 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1622 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv.</p> <p>‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Only known from Colombia (Kondo 2010).</p> <p>Remarks. The Cottony avocado scale, B. aguacatae was originally collected in Anserma, department of Caldas, Colombia, on ‘Booth 8’ and ‘Hass’ cultivars (Kondo 2010). In the present study we additionally collected the species from the ‘Lorena’ cultivar in the department of Valle del Cauca. The insects have been found on tree branches and twigs of three avocado cultivars. Tiny parasitic wasps have been found emerging from the body of old females and the larvae of a species of syrphid fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) have been found feeding on the coccid nymphs (Kondo 2010). The ant Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has been found tending the soft scale, and sooty moulds regularly grow on their produced honeydew covering branches, leaves and fruit (Kondo 2010).</p> <p>Ceroplastes fl oridensis Comstock</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia: Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Ceroplastes floridensis was found on the upper surface of leaves of ‘Booth 8’ and ‘Lorena’ cultivars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D06ED0AFF13CB67110BFC83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D05ED0AFF13CFE715BBF923.text	3414244A6D05ED0AFF13CFE715BBF923.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceroplastes rubens Maskell	<div><p>Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Fig. 1D)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Same data except cv. ‘ Booth 7’, 1 (UVCO); same data except coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°17 ′ 56.0 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO); Same data, except coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2009, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Same data, except avocado cv. ‘ Trinidad’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.661556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79628/lat 4.661556)">Finca La Pastora</a>, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.80762&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.666222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.80762/lat 4.666222)">Finca La Esmeralda</a>, 04°39 ′ 58.4 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 27.4 ″ W, 1223 m, 02.xii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); same data except coll. avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’); Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); Same data except 19.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO); Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll., T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Kenya, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zanzibar. Australasian: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia (Tahiti), Guam, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii), Indonesia (Java), Kiribati; New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. Nearctic: USA. Neotropical: Colombia, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Puerto Rico. Oriental: China, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. Palaearctic: China, Egypt, Hungary, Japan, South Korea (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. We found the red wax scale, C. rubens on the upper surface of leaves of ‘Booth 7’, ‘Booth 8’, ‘Choquette’, ‘Lorena’ and ‘Trinidad’ cultivars. This species was recorded for the first time in Colombia on leaves of the ornamental plants Philodendron sp. and Aglaonema sp. (Araliaceae) (Kondo 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D05ED0AFF13CFE715BBF923	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D05ED0BFF13CB4714C2FE63.text	3414244A6D05ED0BFF13CB4714C2FE63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Coccus hesperidum L. (Fig. 1E)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Porra, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘Booth’, 1 (UVCO), Same data except, ex avocado</p> <p>cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (MECP); 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Caicedonia</a>: Finca Corinto, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. A tropicopolitan species commonly found on leaves and twigs (Hamon and Williams 1984). We found this species on the underside of leaves of ‘Booth’, ‘Hass’ and ‘Lorena’ cultivars.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D05ED0BFF13CB4714C2FE63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CD871401FC63.text	3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CD871401FC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccus longulus (Douglas 1887) Coccoidea	<div><p>Coccus longulus (Douglas)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Caicedonia: Finca Linares, 04°17 ′ 53.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 50.9 ″ W, 1490 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. J. Ramos, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Agalega Islands, Angola, Cape Verde, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Saint Helena, Sao Tome, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe. Australasian: American Samoa, Australia, Bonin Islands, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. Palaearctic: Canary Islands; China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia; United Kingdom (England) (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Of tropicopolitan distribution. Coccus longulus was found on the underside of the leaves of avocado alongside the secondary veins on avocado of the ‘Booth’ cultivar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CD871401FC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CF87148FF8C3.text	3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CF87148FF8C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell 1894) Coccoidea	<div><p>Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Fig. 1F)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74252&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.660667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74252/lat 4.660667)">Finca El Edén</a>, 04°39 ′ 38.4 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 33.1 ″ W, 1421 m, 31.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.753914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.669389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.753914/lat 4.669389)">Finca La Polonia</a>, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias., J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP). Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.883385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.298861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.883385/lat 4.298861)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 55.9 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.2 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3051114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85/lat 4.3051114)">Finca El Jardín</a>, 04°18 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1622 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.842445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.295611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.842445/lat 4.295611)">Finca La Giralda</a>, 04°17 ′ 44.2 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 32.8 ″ W, 1717 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. A. Arias, T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 3 (UVCO), 4 (MECP); Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP). Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, H. Rodríguez, ex avocado cv. ‘ Santana’, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Nearctic: USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Bermuda, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad, U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Taiwan, Vietnam. Palaearctic: Azores, Canary Islands, Crete, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Madeira Islands, Malta, Portugal, Spain (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The species was found on the underside of leaves of ‘Booth 8’, ‘Lorena’, ‘Santana’ and ‘Trinidad’ cultivars. Protopulvinaria pyriformis was one of the most common soft scales on avocado in the studied area. It was found associated with sootymolds in trees with high populations of the insect. In the field, larvae of a species of Syrphidae were observed feeding on the soft scales.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D04ED0BFF13CF87148FF8C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D03ED0CFF13CE2411EBFC03.text	3414244A6D03ED0CFF13CE2411EBFC03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saissetia coffeae (Walker 1852) Coccoidea	<div><p>Saissetia coffeae (Walker)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2988887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88333/lat 4.2988887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°17 ′ 56 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.753914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.669389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.753914/lat 4.669389)">Hacienda La Polonia</a>, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, 26.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), (2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The hemispherical scale, S. coffeae was found on both leaf surfaces of avocados of ‘Booth’ and ‘Lorena’ cultivars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D03ED0CFF13CE2411EBFC03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D03ED0CFF13C8641355F983.text	3414244A6D03ED0CFF13C8641355F983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saissetia neglecta De Lotto 1969	<div><p>Saissetia neglecta De Lotto (Fig. 1H)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.81694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7068887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.81694/lat 4.7068887)">Finca Los Alpes</a>, 04°42 ′ 24.8 ″ N, 75°49 ′ 01.0 ″ W, 1194 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.661556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79628/lat 4.661556)">Finca La Pastora</a>, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85686/lat 4.2833333)">Finca El Chaquiro</a>, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.88833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2936387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.88833/lat 4.2936387)">Finca Las Margaritas</a>, 04°17 ′ 37.1 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 18.0 ″ W, 1352 m, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO). Palmira: Rozo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.41902&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.41902/lat 3.61)">Finca Brasil</a>, 03°36 ′ 36.0 ″ N, 76°25 ′ 08.5 ″ W, 967 m, 10.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (MECP). Ulloa: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75289&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6941113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75289/lat 4.6941113)">Finca La Catalina</a>, 04°41 ′ 38.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 10.4 ″ W, 1301 m, 04.v.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Australasian: Vanuatu. Nearctic: Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Argentina, Belize, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Galapagos Islands, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela. Oriental: Hong Kong (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. In the present study, the Caribbean black scale, S. neglecta was commonly found on twigs of ‘Booth 8’, ‘Lorena’, ‘Santana’ and ‘Trinidad’ cultivars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D03ED0CFF13C8641355F983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D03ED0DFF13CA8412EAFF23.text	3414244A6D03ED0DFF13CA8412EAFF23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell 1893) Coccoidea	<div><p>Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca Santacruz, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP). Caicedonia: Finca El Palmar, 04°17 ′ 55.9 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.2 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Tropicopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The pineapple mealybug, D. brevipes is a polyphagous species. In the present study, it was found on the leaves of the ‘Lorena’ cultivar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D03ED0DFF13CA8412EAFF23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CD441330FE23.text	3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CD441330FE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan and Gullan	<div><p>Ferrisia kondoi Kaydan and Gullan</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Cali: Portada al mar, 03°27 ′ 16.1 ″ N, 76°33 ′ 06.5 ″ W, 1068 m, 31.xii.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex Leaf of avocado cv. ‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. The species occurs in Colombia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico and Peru (Kaydan and Gullan 2012).</p> <p>Remarks. This polyphagous mealybug was recently described by Kaydan and Gullan (2012). Ferrisia kondoi is usually found on the leaves of its host.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CD441330FE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CE44157EFBC3.text	3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CE44157EFBC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan and Gullan	<div><p>Ferrisia williamsi Kaydan and Gullan (Fig. 1I)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.753914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.669389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.753914/lat 4.669389)">Finca La Polonia</a>, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, ex Avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 3 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74286&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6703053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74286/lat 4.6703053)">Finca La Porra</a>, 04°40 ′ 13.1 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 34.3 ″ W, 1395 m, 10.xi.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex Leaves of avocado cv. ‘ Booth 8’, 2 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.83347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7016945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.83347/lat 4.7016945)">Finca Villa del Sol</a>, 04°42 ′ 06.1 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 00.5 ″ W, 1215 m, 02.xii.2008, coll. A. Arias, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 3 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.805756&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6630836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.805756/lat 4.6630836)">Finca Santacruz</a>, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.661556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79628/lat 4.661556)">Finca La Pastora</a>, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex Avocado cv. ‘ Choquette’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.xii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘ Lorena’), 1 (UVCO), 3 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.883385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.298861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.883385/lat 4.298861)">Finca El Palmar</a>, 04°17 ′ 55.9 ″ N, 75°53 ′ 00.2 ″ W, 1376 m, 28.x.2008, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); Varsovia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.753914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.669389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.753914/lat 4.669389)">Hacienda La Polonia</a>, 04°40 ′ 09.8 ″ N, 75°45 ′ 14.1 ″ W, 1369 m, 31.x.2008, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Colombia (Kaydan and Gullan 2012).</p> <p>Remarks. Ferrisia williamsi was recently described by Kaydan and Gullan (2012) and is the most common mealybug found on avocado leaves, branches, twigs and flowers in the present study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D02ED0DFF13CE44157EFBC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C82415B3FAE3.text	3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C82415B3FAE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell 1893) Coccoidea	<div><p>Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85686/lat 4.2833333)">Finca El Chaquiro</a>, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. T. Kondo, J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘ Booth’, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 2 (UVCO), 2 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3051114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85/lat 4.3051114)">Finca El Jardín</a>, 04°18 ′ 18.4 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 00.0 ″ W, 1622 m, 16.ii.2009, coll. A. Arias, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 7 (UVCO), 2 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Nipaecoccus nipae was found on the underside of leaves of ‘Booth’ and ‘Lorena’ cultivars.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C82415B3FAE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C9071438F8C3.text	3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C9071438F8C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller	<div><p>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.74252&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.660667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.74252/lat 4.660667)">Finca El Edén</a>, 04°39 ′ 38.4 ″ N, 75°44 ′ 33.1 ″ W, 1421 m, 31.x.2008, coll. A. Arias, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.79628&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.661556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.79628/lat 4.661556)">Finca La Pastora</a>, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.805756&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6630836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.805756/lat 4.6630836)">Finca Santacruz</a>, 04°39 ′ 47.1 ″ N, 75°48 ′ 20.7 ″ W, 1223 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, 1 (UVCO), 1 (MECP); Caicedonia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85686/lat 4.2833333)">Finca El Chaquiro</a>, 04°17 ′ 00.0 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 24.7 ″ W, 1651 m, 02.iii.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Afrotropical: Ivory Coast, Reunion, Seychelles. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii). Australasian: Indonesia. Australasian: Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu. Nearctic: Canada, Mexico, USA. Neotropical: Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Galapagos Islands, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Trinidad and Tobago; U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela. Oriental: Brunei, India, Cambodia, Malaysia, Maldives, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The species was collected on leaves of the ‘Hass’ cultivar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D02ED0DFF13C9071438F8C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CE4715A3FCC3.text	3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CE4715A3FCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo and Gullan	<div><p>Austrotachardiella colombiana Kondo and Gullan</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia, Valle del Cauca: Alcalá: Finca La Pastora, 04°39 ′ 41.6 ″ N, 75°47 ′ 46.6 ″ W, 1240 m, 27.iv.2009, coll. J. Muñoz, ex avocado cv. ‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 1 (UVCO).</p> <p>Distribution. Colombia (Kondo and Gullan 2005).</p> <p>Remarks. We found a single specimen of A. colombiana on the twig of a tree of the ‘Lorena’ cultivar. Austrotachardiella colombiana was originally described by Kondo and Gullan (2005) based on specimens collected on two cultivars of guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). This is the first record of this species on avocado worldwide. It is not considered a species of economic importance on avocados.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CE4715A3FCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D01ED0EFF13C96713A1FA43.text	3414244A6D01ED0EFF13C96713A1FA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski 1965	<div><p>Eurhizococcus colombianus Jakubski</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Antioquia: Rionegro, Corpoica, Centro de Investigación La Selva, 17.ix.2008, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 3 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Neotropical: Colombia (Jakubski 1965; Kondo and Gómez 2008).</p> <p>Remarks. This is the first record of the species on avocado.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D01ED0EFF13C96713A1FA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CA47125DF883.text	3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CA47125DF883.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laurencella colombiana Foldi and Watson. Many 2001	<div><p>Laurencella colombiana Foldi and Watson</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Caicedonia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86497/lat 4.2845)">Finca Corinto</a>, 04°17 ′ 04.2 ″ N, 75°51 ′ 53.9 ″ W, 1650 m, 20.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. Papelillo (Lorena), 4 (BME); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.844284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.2955" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.844284/lat 4.2955)">Finca La Cabaña</a>, 04°17 ′ 43.8 ″ N, 75°50 ′ 39.4 ″ W, 1705 m, 09.ii.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘ Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 3 (BME).</p> <p>Distribution. Neotropical: Colombia (Foldi and Watson 2001).</p> <p>Remarks. Specimens were kindly identified by Dr. Penny Gullan (The Australian National University, Australia) as Laurencella colombiana based on immature specimens, which were compared to immature specimens of L. colombiana collected from the type locality and collector of the type material (P. Gullan, personal communication).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CA47125DF883	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CFE41441FBA3.text	3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CFE41441FBA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Puto barberi (Cockerell 1895)	<div><p>Puto barberi (Cockerell)</p> <p>Material studied. Colombia. Valle del Cauca: Palmira: 03°32 ′ 18.9 ″ N, 76°18 ′ 04.2 ″ W, 1022 m, 17.iv.2009, coll. T. Kondo, ex avocado cv. ‘Papelillo’ (‘Lorena’), 3 (UVCO), 4 (MECP).</p> <p>Distribution. Neotropical: Antigua, Bahamas, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela (Ben-Dov et al. 2015).</p> <p>Remarks. Puto barberi was found in the city of Palmira, on leaves and twigs of an avocado tree planted along a sidewalk. This is the first report of P. barberi on avocado in Colombia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3414244A6D01ED0EFF13CFE41441FBA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kondo, Takumasa;Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana	Kondo, Takumasa, Muñoz, Jazmín Adriana (2016): Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with avocado crop, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) in Valle del Cauca and neighboring departments of Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2016 (465): 1-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4645809
