taxonID	type	description	language	source
3421E53EFC7AD7002997225BFC45FEBD.taxon	description	* The term “ internal genitalia ” refers to the sclerotised tissue of the oviduct and related structures which can still be seen after treatment with KOH. These tend to be particularly obvious on many species of Rhizoecidae and are somewhat variable between species (see figs 8 & 153 in Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2007).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC75D702299725FEFE78FCF1.taxon	materials_examined	Subfamily diagnosis based on adult male morphology. Mounted material: macropterous, brachypterous or apterous. All morphs: small, total body length about 600 – 1025 µm; antennae fairly close together on anterior margin of head; body setae generally few but occasionally abundant, all hs (i. e. fleshy setae absent on body; all setae capitate on Capitisetella migrans); loculate pores (lp) generally present and large, with 3 – 9 loculi; small simple pores (ssp) and minute sclerotised pores (msp) present or absent. Legs well developed. Head: rounded or approximately triangular in shape, apparently extending further posteriorly on dorsal surface than ventrally; without a neck. Dorsal epicranium at most lightly sclerotised throughout; median crest, midcranial ridge and postoccipital ridge absent; dorsal head setae (dhs) present between dorsal simple eyes (dse); lp present or absent dorsally. Ventral epicranium at most lightly sclerotised; a short ventral midcranial (vmcr) and lateral midcranial ridges (lmcr) present or absent; ventral head setae (vhs) present between antennae and anteriorly to preocular ridge (procr); lp present or absent ventrally; setae absent laterad to ventral simple eyes, but occasionally present posterior to ventral simple eyes (e. g. Ri. hibisci) when here referred to as genal setae (gs). Genae (g) not differentiated from rest of head. Simple eyes (se) present or absent: generally with 2 pairs, ventral eyes (vse) fairly close together mid-ventrally, dorsal simple eyes (dse) approximately level with vse but generally much more lateral near margin; only 1 pair of simple eyes present in a few species, but simple eyes absent on others. Ocelli (o) absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not generally differentiated from rest of epicranium (possibly differentiated on Rh. dianthi and Rh. kazachstanus )); without reticulations around simple eyes. Preocular ridge (procr) present or absent; when present, restricted dorsally to a small sclerotisation laterad to each scape; ventrally, procr present as narrow ridges anterior to vse — occasionally appearing to fuse medially. Postocular, interocular and preoral ridges all absent. Cranial apophysis absent. Antennae: highly variable, usually 10 - segmented (range 3 – 10) but reduced on some species (e. g., Ri. kondonis, C. migrans and Ps. proximus); length very variable. Scape (scp) generally with 4 hair-like setae (hs). Pedicel (pdc) occasionally with a few concentric ridges on distal end and a variable number of fleshy setae (fs) and hs, possibly mainly on ventral surface, + 1 campaniform sensillum on dorsal surface (scape and pedicel barely differentiated on C. migrans and Ps. proximus). Flagellar segments all highly variable in shape between species, some long and thin, others as wide as or wider than long; each generally with fs and hs; two subapical flagellar segments generally with an antennal bristle (ab). Apical segment often longest segment; not constricted apically; with fs (when recognisable), hs + ab; also with 1 or 2 sensilla basiconica (sb) on apex; with or without long flagellate setae which could be capitate setae but lacking capitate apices. Thorax. Prothorax: as wide as or wider than mesothorax and unusually long, sometimes showing slight signs of a constriction between pro- and mesothorax; pronotal ridge, pronotal sclerite and post-tergite absent; pronotum (prn) occasionally visible as a small, narrow transverse sclerotisation medially (e. g., on Rh. falcifer); propleural setae (pl 1 s), median pronotal setae (mpns) and post-tergital setae (pts) generally present, often with lp and sometimes with ssp or msp; setal distribution much more random on apterous species. Antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) and anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) present or absent. Propleural ridge (plr 1) strongly sclerotised but short, not nearly reaching head. Sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised and without ridges or sternal apophyses on apterous species but transverse ridge of stn 1 and sternal apophyses generally present on brachypterous and macropterous species; median ridge absent; prosternal setae (stn 1 s) and lp present or absent. Mesothorax: macropterous and brachypterous species: sclerites present but tending to be less well sclerotised on brachypterous species. Prescutum (prsc) oval to rather rectangular; sclerotised but not reticulated or nodulated; prescutal ridge (pscr) moderately well developed; prescutal suture (pscs) poorly defined or absent; with hs prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct): median area sclerotised, without any membranous areas; scutal setae (scts) present; lateral margins not reticulated; sclerotised apodeme on anterior margin of scutum near prealare (pra) generally distinct (particularly obvious on Rh. falcifer); prealar ridge (prar) well developed; triangular plate (tp) present although sometimes obscure. Scutellum (scl) rectangular, with a distinct scutellar ridge (sclr) on macropterous species, but ridge absent on brachypterous species; foramen absent; scutellar setae (scls) present; postnotal wing process (pnp) thin and extending laterally. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) and postnotal apophysis (pna) well developed; area bounded anteriorly by scutellum and laterally and posteriorly by mesopostnotum unsclerotised. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not reticulated; subepisternal ridge (ser) generally poorly defined. Postalare (pa) without reticulations; without postalare setae. Basisternum (stn 2) without a median ridge; bounded anteriorly by a narrow marginal ridge (mr) (particularly weak on Rh. dianthi), and posteriorly by fairly strong precoxal ridges (pcr 2); with hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) quite broad and usually distinct, with or without an extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) with poorly developed muscle plate; often with associated loculate pores (lp). Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) generally present. Tegula (teg) large, with or without tegular setae (tegs).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC75D702299725FEFE78FCF1.taxon	description	Mesothorax: apterous species: all sclerites absent. Generally with 2 rows of hs (and often lp) across dorsal surface; ventrally with postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) and loculate pores. Furca (f) moderately well developed, with divergent arms. Mesopleural ridge (pl 2 r) well developed but short. Spiracles as on winged morphs. Metathorax: macropterous and brachypterous species: with distinct groups of hs metatergal setae (mts); metapostnotum (pn 3) present or absent. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge absent; ventral part of metapleural ridge well developed (less so on apterous species); metepisternum (eps 3) not sclerotised and without postmetaspiracular setae; precoxal ridge absent; metapleural ridge (plr 3) with or without an additional narrow sclerotised ridge or fold extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron (epm 3) present or absent, without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3) as for mesothoracic spiracle; often with associated loculate pores. Dorsospiracular setae (dss) generally present. Metasternum (stn 3) lightly sclerotised, with hs anterior metasternal (amss) and posterior metasternal setae (pmss). Metathorax: apterous species: basically rather similar but dorsal setae (metatergal (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss )) generally forming a complete row or band of setae; ventrally, postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s) sometimes present. Metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Wings: when present, hyaline; macropterous species with wings about as long or longer than body; brachypterous species with much shorter wings; with distinct microtrichia; alar lobe (al) very small or absent; each wing with hs alar setae (als) + circular sensoria (sens) close to base of wing. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: metathoracic legs often longest. Trochanter (tr) with 2 or 3 roundly oval sensoria, and with or without a strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridge for articulation with femur; long trochanter seta undifferentiated. Tibia (ti) with hs setae, becoming spur-like distally; number of tibial spurs (tibs) on protibia sometimes less than on other tibia. Tarsi (ta) 1 or 2 segmented; when 2 segmented, proximal segment very short and ring-like; tarsi with tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present (possibly absent on K. hungaricus); tarsal digitules (tdgt) long and generally setose, but sometimes with minutely capitate apices. Claws (c) very long and thin, almost straight, generally without a denticle (Ri. puhiensis with a hint of one); claw digitules (cdt) setose and finely pointed, sometimes very short. Abdomen: segments I – VII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) often lightly sclerotised, particularly on alate species; pleurites (apl) on VI and (particularly) VII occasionally lightly sclerotised; without obvious oval membranous areas in inter-segmental membranes (as present on some less " primitive " neococcoids). Caudal extension (ce) on segment VII generally absent but occasionally present (Ri. hibisci). Loculate pores (lp), simple pores (ssp) and minute sclerotised pores (msp) present or absent; dorsal setae (ads) often in lines across each segment, even apparently forming a complete ring. Ostioles absent. Segment VIII generally with tergite (at) and sternite (as) distinctly sclerotised; tergite generally with hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) and loculate pores (lp) medially; sternite often without setae but sometimes with 1 pair of shorter setae but no lp; caudal extension (ce) on segment VIII rounded, with 1 short hs ventral pleural seta (vps) on each side plus 1 – 3 long robust setae in position of glandular pouches (absent on Ri. malchae, C. migrans and Ps. proximus). Glandular pouches absent. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) rather large and triangular; broad, almost as wide as abdominal segment VIII ventrally; rather variable in shape but narrowing posteriorly to a pointed upturned apex. Dorsal surface with a large anus (a) anteriorly. Dorsal penial sheath setae variable, often with 2 or 3 pairs of longish setae posterior to anus but Ri. malchae and Ps. proximus with many more. Ventrally, with a median slit-like opening through which aedeagus (aed) emerges; borders of slit may be well or lightly sclerotised; margins of ps with 1 or 2 pairs of setae, generally short. Aedeagus C-shaped, with a strong basal rod (bra); apex possibly variable. Apex of penial sheath with small sensilla (psp). Descriptions of adult males of Rhizoecinae: the generic placement of these 15 species is that in Kozár and Konczné Benedicty (2007).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC77D7022997275AFD48FC2D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pseudorhizoecus migrans Green (1933).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC77D70429972022FEA3FAF3.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC77D70429972022FEA3FAF3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype: Surinam, on the roots of coffee (Rubiaceae), no date, G. Bünzli (BMNH): 1 / 1 ♂ lectotype plus paralectotype nymph (+ parasitoid), in good condition but mounted sideways. Mounted material: total body length about 700 µm, greatest depth 475 µm; probably somewhat laterally flattened in life. Body and appendages sparsely covered in large capitate setae (cs), each 20 – 35 µm long, arranged in segmental bands; each seta generally with a fairly broad area of sclerotisation surrounding basal socket. Antennae 3 segmented, short, about 1 / 4 th total body length, each segment rather broad; apical segment with many cs, a few setose setae or antennal bristles (ab), and an apical spine-like seta. Loculate pores (lp) each 6 – 7 µm wide, with mainly 3 or 4 loculi, frequent, mainly in segmental bands intermingling with cs; simple pores not detected. Head: apparently very short. Dorsally covered in cs, plus a few lp. Epicranium unsclerotised; ventrally without setae between antennae but with a few lp. Antennae: 3 segmented; length about 190 – 210 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.29). Scape (scp): 44 – 47 µm long, 58 – 60 µm wide, with 4 cs. Pedicel (pdc): length 30 – 35 µm, width 50 – 52 µm; with 5 cs + 1 campaniform pore; segment III long, length 130 – 135 µm; narrowing to a blunt apex; with about 50 cs (each 20 – 45 µm long), a few setose setae, each 23 – 33 µm long, plus about 14 – 16 ab, each 25 – 43 µm long, those near apex longest. Apex with a spine-like seta about 30 µm long. Thorax. Prothorax: setae all cs, similar to those elsewhere, in a sparse band dorsally, but with only 1 or 2 ventrally; lp sparse throughout. With a squarish sclerotisation in position of tentorium anterior to procoxae, 53 µm long and about 70 µm wide. Sternum (stn 1) with about 3 lp. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with a broad bands of cs and lp; ventrally with a few setae medially between mesocoxae. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2) rather large, with a large U-shaped sclerotised ridge along ventral margin: width across U-shaped ridge about 33 µm, width of peritreme about 14 µm, length of spiracle plus muscle plate about 56 µm. Furca (f) well developed. Metathorax: dorsally with a single broad band of cs plus lp. Metathoracic spiracles (sp 3) similar to those on mesothorax; width across U-shaped ridge about 31 – 33 µm, width of peritreme about 13 – 17 µm, length of spiracle plus muscle plate transversely about 46 µm. Metasternum (stn 3) with a few cs and lp medially just anterior to metacoxae. Furca (f) well developed. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: prothoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 107; II 89; III 95 µm long; each coxa III with about 5 cs; long seta on each coxa not differentiated, but seta in this position about 15 – 18 µm long. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 160 – 165; II 158; III 153 – 158 µm long; trochanter III with about 6 cs; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 23 – 25 µm long; femur III with about 19 or 20 cs. Tibia (ti): I 85; II 83; III 83 µm long; tibia III with about 16 cs, none spur-like; tibial spurs (tibs) absent. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 66; II 60; III 60 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.72); tarsus III with about 13 cs, none spur-like. Claws (c) quite long, slightly curved; length: III 33 µm. Abdomen: setae all cs, similar to those elsewhere; more or less in a transverse line across each segment; ventrally with similar setae but sparser, possibly absent from segment VIII; loculate pores (lp) more or less in a line with cs, becoming less frequent posteriorly and absent from segments VII and VIII. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) on available specimen pointing ventrally and probably forming a pointed cone; length 140 µm, width uncertain; ps dorsally elongate, with about 6 cs similar to those elsewhere; ventrally possibly more membranous, with perhaps 5 cs. Anus (a) oval, situated at anterior end of ps, widest transversely, possibly about 25 µm wide. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved ventrally, about 130 µm long, with a sharp apex and rather parallel margins; anteriorly and internally, aedeagus fused to a basal rod which articulates with a strongly sclerotised, U-shaped structure whose homologies uncertain; U-shaped structure about 155 µm long from anterior margin to anus. Penial sheath with a few sensilla (psp) along margin near apex. Comment. The adult male of C. migrans is clearly structurally similar to that of Pseudorhizoecus proximus (described below), only really differing in: (i) the type of dermal setae (capitate on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus), (ii) the presence / absence of tibial spurs (absent on C. migrans, present on Ps. proximus), (iii) the distribution of the loculate pores (segmental amongst the setae on C. migrans and intersegmental on Ps. proximus), and (iv) the number of antennal segments (3 on C. migrans and 5 or 6 on Ps. proximus). The adult females of these two species are rather similar: capitate setae on C. migrans, small setose on Ps. proximus; 3 antennal segments on C. migrans and 5 on Ps. proximus; differently structured trilocular pores; and an anal ring with 6 setae and a few obscure pores on C. migrans but that of Ps. proximus with 2 – 5 short seta and with> 20 small protuberances. Whether these differences are sufficient to justify keeping the two species in separate genera is unclear. Both Capitisetella and Pseudorhizoecus are monotypic and the discovery of further species in either genus might make their status clear.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC71D704299721BCFB61F9C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2005) by original designation.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC71D70729972260FDE5FEA2.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC71D70729972260FDE5FEA2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Hungary, Kádárta, no host, 12. vii. 2005, B. Kiss (BMNH): 2 / 2 ♂♂ in fair to good condition. Mounted material: apterous; extremely small, total body length about 440 µm, greatest width 166 µm; antennae 8 or 9 segmented, short, much less than half total body length; most flagellar segments approximately eggshaped; hair-like setae (hs) extremely similar to fleshy setae (fs); body with few setae, all hs and short, 6 – 15 µm long (longest posteriorly on abdomen); loculate and simple pores absent. Legs short, tarsi obscurely 2 segmented; trochanter with 2 pairs of campaniform pores and without Y-shaped sclerotisation. Head: greatest width perhaps 100 µm; with about 9 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; without genal setae (gs); dorsal simple eyes (dse) distinctly larger than ventral simple eyes (vse) (dse about 10 µm; vse about 8 µm); ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated; with 2 pairs of ventral head setae (vhs) posteriorly and 2 setae along mid-line anteriorly, each about 7 – 8 µm long; preocular ridge (procr) absent dorsally; ventrally, procr fairly well developed and extending almost to vse. Antennae: 8 or 9 segmented; length about 180 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.41). Scape (scp): 18 – 22 µm long, 22 – 24 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 25 µm, width 21 – 23 µm; with 3 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VII (VIII) all about 13 – 20 µm wide; all slightly longer than wide, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm) III – VII (VIII) 17 – 24, and apical segment 35 – 42; fs rather similar to hs but fs apparently thicker and restricted to more apical segments; hs shorter than fs, longest fs up to 20 µm; approximate number of setae per segment: III 2 or 3 hs; IV 2 or 3 hs + 0 or 1 fs; V 0 – 3 hs + 2 or 3 fs; 3 rd segment from apex with 3 or 4 fs + 1 antennal bristle (ab); preapical segment 2 – 4 fs + 0 or 1 hs + 1 larger ab; apical segment with 5 or 6 fs, 0 or 1 hs + 3 long ab + 1 placodeum basiconica. Thorax. Prothorax: without any constriction between pro- and mesothoracic segment; setae extremely few both dorsally and ventrally; sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised but possibly with 1 pair of prosternal setae (stn 1 s); anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) absent; antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) with 2 or 3 setae in this position. Mesothorax: unsclerotised; dorsum with 2 very sparse transverse bands of hs; ventrally with a few setae laterad to spiracle and a few setae (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )) between mesothoracic spiracle and mesocoxae. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2) small: width of peritreme about 7 – 8 µm. Furca (f) small but normally developed. Metathorax: dorsally with a very sparse line of hs, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss); ventral part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) short but well-sclerotised; metapleural ridge (plr 3) without either a metepisternum or an additional short ridge or fold extending ventrally from near coxal articulation; metepimeron (epm 3) possibly represented by a short sclerotised ridge which extend posteriorly dorsad to each metacoxae; metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 8 – 9 µm; metasternum (stn 3) unsclerotised, with few setae. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: subequal in length. Coxae (cx): I 36 – 42; II 34 – 38; III 37 µm long; coxa III with about 5 or 6 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 63 – 72; II 60 – 63; III 63 – 68 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter with 2 pairs of roundly oval sensoria, but apparently lacking Y-shaped ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 10 – 12 µm long; femur III with about 6 hs. Tibia (ti): I 46 – 50; II 43 – 48; III 48 – 51 µm; tibia III with 5 or 6 setae, mainly short and hs, becoming spur-like ventrally towards distal end; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs) but those on protibia more setose; length of longest 10 – 12 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented but this much less clear on anterior legs; ta 1 narrow and ring-like; length of both segments (µm): I 26 – 30 II 27 – 29; III 27 – 31 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.59); tarsus III with 5 or 6 setae, all finely spur-like ventrally; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore apparently absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) with blunt or slightly capitate apices and longer than length of claw. Claws (c) fairly short, slightly curved, without a denticle; length: III 12 – 13 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose and slightly longer than claw. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) slightly sclerotised on segments VIII and VII; sternites possibly unsclerotised; caudal extension (ce) of segment VII absent; ce on VIII rounded; setae present in a single sparse line around each segment, all short, each about 8 – 15 µm long; with perhaps 4 dorsal abdominal setae (ads), 1 or 2 dorsal pleural setae (dps), 1 ventral pleural seta (vps) and 6 ventral abdominal setae (avs) per segment. Segment VIII with 2 or 3 rather longer pleural setae, each about 16 – 22 µm long; tergite VIII with 1 pair of hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) large and approximately triangular, almost as wide as segment VIII and extending slightly anteriorly ventrally; with an elongate, rounded ridge dorsally that narrows to a sharp point posteriorly; anus not detected; dorsally with 2 setae on each side (each 8 – 10 µm long) plus another 2 laterally, each about 3 – 8 µm long. With a broad slit-like opening ventrally through which ps emerges; ps about 72 µm long from anterior margin to apex, 60 µm at widest point; extension about 28 µm wide. Ventrally, aedeagus (aed) emerges through ventral opening; borders of opening distinct, with 2 pairs of setae, each about 10 – 12 µm long + another pair of very short setae anteriorly, each about 3 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 55 µm long, with a sharp apex; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short basal rod (bra). Penial sheath with a very few sensilla (psp) on apex. Comment. The adult male of K. hungaricus appears to be a typical apterous rhizoecine male but differs from the other apterous species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) few setae on each antennal segment, with fs and hs hard to separate; (ii) body setae short and very sparse; (iii) absence of loculate and simple pores; (iv) possible absence of tarsal campaniform pores; (v) tarsal segmentation rather unclear, particularly on anterior legs; (vi) tarsal digitules with either blunt or small capitate apices, and (vii) claws short, with claw digitules equal to or longer than claw.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC72D70729972582FD3DFDF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green (1933).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC72D719299726B1FCB3FAD7.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC72D719299726B1FCB3FAD7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype and paratypes: Surinam, on the roots of coffee (Rubiaceae), no date, G. Bünzli (BMNH): 3 / 3 ♂♂, mostly in good condition but all mounted sideways. Mounted material: apterous. Small, total body length about 615 – 640 µm, greatest depth 430 – 470 ìm; probably laterally flattened in life. Antennae 5 or 6 segmented, short, about 1 / 5 th total body length, each segment rather broad and ring-like; flagellar segments with mainly hair-like setae (hs), fleshy setae (fs) very few; with a short apical spinose seta. Body densely covered in short, fine setose setae, each 8 – 10 µm long arranged in segmental bands; loculate pores (lp) each 3.5 – 4 µm wide, with mainly 4 loculi, frequent, mainly in rows along intersegmental membranes; simple pores not detected. Legs stout; tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; tarsal digitules (tdgt) absent; trochanter (tr) with 2 pairs of campaniform pores. Head: apparently very short, with no obvious sclerotised ridges. Dorsally covered in numerous short, setose setae, plus a few loculate pores along posterior and ventral margins. Genae (g) and ocular sclerite (ocs) not differentiated and all eyes absent. Ventral epicranium unsclerotised; with about 4 setae between antennae, each about 15 – 17 µm long, plus 2 or 3 lp. Cranial apophysis absent; with an area of folded membranous derm just anterior to procoxae, which might represent mouthparts. Antennae: 5 or 6 segmented (sometimes 5 on one side and a partial 6 on other); length about 130 – 155 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.23). Scape (scp): 25 – 33 µm long, 50 µm wide, with many hs; positioned rather close together on anterior margin of head. Pedicel (pdc): length 13 – 17 µm, width 40 – 45 µm; with many hs + 1 or 2 campaniform pores. Segments III – V (VI) narrowing towards antennal apex and all wider than long; lengths of segments (µm) III 20, IV 12 – 17, (V 12 – 15) and apical segment 43 – 45; each segment with many hs but segments II – IV (V) each with 2 fs and apical segment with 5 – 7 fs or antennal bristles (ab), latter up to 33 – 40 µm long. Hair-like setae (hs) all rather variable in length, longest up to perhaps 40 µm; apex with a short spine-like seta 6 – 8 µm long. Thorax. Prothorax: without a neck; not obviously swollen laterally; all ridges, etc absent; setae all finely setose, abundant dorsally, but few or absent ventrally. Propleural ridge (plr 1) well developed but rather short, not nearly reaching head. Sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised but possibly with a few prosternal setae (stn 1 s) and probably 1 – 3 lp; other ventral setae apparently randomly arranged. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with 2 broad, dense bands of fine setose hs; ventrally with a few setae medially between mesocoxae (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )); loculate pores in intersegmental membranes dorsally, bands combining ventrally to form a single transverse band. Mesopleural ridge (plr 2) well developed but short. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2) rather large, with a large U-shaped sclerotised ridge along ventral margin: width across U-shaped ridge about 33 µm, width of peritreme about 20 µm, length of spiracle plus muscle plate transversely about 53 – 55 µm. Furca not detected. Metathorax: dorsally with a single broad band of fine setose setae, and with a line of loculate pores (lp) along intersegmental membrane, becoming a sparse transverse band ventrally. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge absent; ventral part short but well-sclerotised; metepisternum absent; metapleural ridge (plr 3) without either a metaprecoxal ridge or an additional short ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3) similar in size and shape to those on mesothorax. Metasternum (stn 3) unsclerotised and with a few setae more or less between metacoxae. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: stout and well developed; metathoracic legs slightly longest. Coxae (cx): I 82 – 90; II 85 – 90; III 80 – 90 µm long; each coxa III with about 12 hs; long setae on each coxa not differentiated, but about 20 µm long. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 118 – 140; II 120 – 145; III 132 – 158 µm long; trochanter III with about 10 hs; each trochanter with 2 pairs of roundly oval sensoria, and with strong sclerotised ridges for articulation with femur; Yshaped ridges absent; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 25 µm long; femur III with 25 – 30 hs. Tibia (ti): I 78 – 94; II 70 – 90; III 95 – 108 µm long; tibia III with many setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like ventrally towards distal end; tibial spurs (tibs): with 4 on each metatibia, only slightly stouter than more proximal spurs, about 20 – 25 µm long. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 37 – 44; II 37 – 40; III 44 – 45 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.45); tarsus III with 15 or 16 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdgt) absent. Claws (c) quite long, slightly curved, without a denticle; length: III 30 – 31 µm; claw digitules (cdt) short and setose. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) becoming sclerotised on more posterior segments. Caudal extensions (ce) of segments VII and VIII absent. Loculate pores (lp) in transverse rows along intersegmental membranes, becoming less frequent posteriorly and absent on segment VIII; setae all short and finely setose in broad bands as on thorax and head, all about 8 – 10 µm long; similar setae present ventrally in sparse transverse bands, least abundant posteriorly. Segment VIII without long setae. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) on available material pointing ventrally and probably forming a pointed cone; dorsally ps with a triangular sclerite with about 30 short, setose setae similar to those on dorsum of abdomen; ventrally possibly more membranous, with a few setae and with a slit through which aedeagus emerges. Length of ps about 140 – 170 µm, greatest width uncertain but perhaps 150 µm. Anus (a) present at anterior end, oval, widest transversely, about 35 µm wide. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved ventrally, about 95 – 100 µm long, with a sharp apex and rather parallel margins; anteriorly and internally, aedeagus articulates with base of a strongly sclerotised, probably U-shaped, structure whose homologies uncertain. Penial sheath possibly without sensilla on apex. Comment. The adult male of Ps. proximus is clearly structurally similar to that of Capitisetella migrans (Green). For further discussion see under that species above.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC6CD71929972150FCB4FA26.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Rhizoecus falcifer Künckel d'Herculais by monotypy.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC6CD71C29972238FB94FD61.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC6CD71C29972238FB94FD61.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. U. S. A., Maryland, Prince Georges Co., Bowie, no date, Ferocactus latispinus (Cactaceae), no collector (USNM): 2 / 4 ♂♂ in fair condition but several rather distorted. Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 840 µm, greatest width about 250 µm; antennae 10 segmented, rather long, much more than half total body length; most antennal flagellar segments " bottleshaped ", with both hair-like setae (hs) and fleshy setae (fs), but these difficult to separate; antennal setae mainly in whorls; body with few setae, all hs, fine and mainly 10 – 12 µm long; loculate pores (lp) with mainly 5 loculi, each about 6 – 7 µm wide. Legs well developed; trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores and a strongly developed Y-shaped sclerotisation; tarsal digitules (tdgt) possibly slightly capitate. Aedeagus (aed) with a broad apex. Head: greatest width about 120 µm; with 8 or 9 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; loculate pores absent but with a pair of simple pores present anteriorly; genal setae (gs) absent; with 2 pairs of simple eyes, subequal in size, each 23 – 25 µm wide; ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated; without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with 4 or 5 pairs of ventral head setae (vhs), longest about 15 – 17 µm long; preocular ridge (procr) restricted dorsally to a short ridge extending medially over dorsal simple eye; ventrally, procr as per diagnosis. Antennae: 10 segmented; length about 570 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.68). Scape (scp): 36 µm long, 33 – 35 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): 50 – 53 µm long, 28 – 30 µm wide; with 0 or 1 fs, 6 – 8 hs + a campaniform pore. Segments III – X all about 20 – 22 µm wide at widest point; segments III & IV broadest distally but segments V – IX all " bottle-shaped " narrowing abruptly about 2 / 3 rds along length to form a narrow " neck " about 8 µm wide; lengths of segments (µm): III 53 – 57; IV 44 – 46; V 63 – 65; VI 63 – 67; VII 59 – 63; VIII 60 – 68; IX 63 – 68, and X 66 – 70; longest setae about 38 – 40 µm long; approximate number of setae per segment: III 5 – 8 fs + 5 hs; IV 5 – 10 fs + 4 or 5 hs; V – VII 11 – 16 fs + 1 – 5 hs; VIII & IX 15 – 18 fs, 0 or 1 hs + 1 short antennal bristle (ab), and X 17 – 20 setae + 3 ab; long hs not clearly differentiated from fs; setae on segments II – IX mainly in whorls. Thorax. Prothorax: with a slight narrowing between head and prothorax; segment not noticeably swollen laterally; hs and a few lp distributed in a narrow band across segment, probably representing anterior propleural (apl 1 s) and median pronotal (mpns) setae; also with a pair of setae, 1 lp and a simple pore in position of pronotal ridge setae (prn 1 s) and another pair of setae possibly representing post-tergital setae (pts). Sternum (stn 1) with 2 pairs of lp in position of prosternal setae (stn 1 s) and a pair of lp + simple pores in position of anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s); antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) represented by a group of 3 or 4 pairs of hs which extend laterally and fuse with posterior propleural setae (ppl 1 s) and lp. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with 2 narrow bands of hs; ventrally with a small group of setae (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )) anterior to furca, plus a few setae, lp and simple pores associated with each mesothoracic spiracle. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 12 µm. Furca (f) small but normally developed. Metathorax: dorsally with a narrow band of hs + a few lp and simple pores extending across full width of segment, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss); ventral part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) short but well-sclerotised; metepisternum and metepimeron absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 12 – 13 µm, with 1 associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with a small group of setae + an lp anterior to each metacoxa. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 76 – 78; II 76 – 79; III 68 – 70 µm long; coxa III with about 8 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 150 – 160; II 135 – 140; III 150 – 152 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 pairs of roundly oval sensoria and with strong, sclerotised Y-shaped ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 11 µm long; femur III with about 5 – 8 hs. Tibia (ti): I 135 – 144; II 125 – 138; III 155 – 165 µm; tibia III with a total of 16 – 19 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 22 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, proximal segment very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined: I 73 – 75; II 66 – 68; III 70 – 72 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.44); tarsus III with 15 or 16 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdgt) represented by a pair of long, possibly capitate, setae, subequal to length of claw. Claws (c) long and narrow, almost straight, with a hint of a small denticle; length: III 23 – 25 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose, each about 12 – 13 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) only detectable on segments VI – VIII; pleurites on VIII present, otherwise absent. Caudal extension (ce) of segment VII absent, that on VIII rounded. Loculate pores (lp) absent ventrally but 1 or 2 present on each side pleurally and with 1 medio-laterally on dorsum of all segments apart from segments VII & VIII, which have a group of 2 – 4 on each side; setae present in a single line around segments I – VII, not apparently divided into dorsal pleural and ventral setae, with about 24 hs around each segment. Segment VIII without a pair of glandular pouches, but each caudal extension with a rather longer pleural seta about 30 µm long; tergite VIII with 1 pair of hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially (+ 2 or 3 lp on each side); sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) large and bulbous, almost as broad as abdominal segment VIII ventrally; dorsally with a well-developed finger-like ridge; proximal half rather quadrate, narrowing to a finger-like distal half; ventrally, penial sheath is divided and appears to extend internally as far as segment VII; length from anterior margin to apex about 155 – 165 µm, width at widest point 105 – 110 µm; finger-like extension about 40 µm wide, with a sharp upturned apex; with a wide anus dorsally (width about 16 – 18 µm) at anterior end and with 3 or 4 longish setae on each side, each about 11 – 14 µm long. Laterally with 2 or 3 setae, each about 12 µm long. Ventrally, ps with a broad slit-like opening ventrally through which aedeagus emerges; borders of opening quite heavily sclerotised, without setae. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 100 µm long, with parallel sides when viewed dorsally, widening at both ends, distal end rather shovel-like; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Apex of penial sheath possibly without sensilla. Comment. The adult males of Rh. cacticans are typical rhizoecine males, differing from those of other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) tarsal digitules probably capitate, (ii) antennae long, with some segments bottle-shaped and most setae appearing to be in whorls, (iii) trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; (iv) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (v) aedeagus broadening at apex, and (vi) shape and structure of the penial sheath, particularly the ventral internal extension.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC69D71F299726C9FDC3FF31.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC69D71F299726C9FDC3FF31.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Surinam (Dutch Guinea), no other locality, on roots of coffee (Rubiaceae), no date, G. Bünzli (BMNH): 2 / 4 ad ♂♂ in moderate to poor condition, not stained, all wings absent. Mounted material: probably brachypterous (but most of wings missing); very small, total body length about 750 – 770 µm; antennae much less than half total body length, most segments barrel-shaped (but number of segments highly variable), with both hair-like setae (hs) and fleshy setae (fs), but these difficult to separate; body highly hirsute, all hs, robust and mainly 20 – 24 µm long; fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent; loculate pores (lp) with 4 – 6 loculi, each about 6 – 7 µm wide. Head: greatest width about 125 – 135 µm. Dorsal epicranium lightly sclerotised throughout; with many robust hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; loculate pores absent. Genae not differentiated from rest of head and without genal setae. Eyes: 2 pairs of round, simple eyes (se), subequal in size, each 20 – 25 µm wide. Ventral epicranium also lightly sclerotised, with a small area of sclerotisation anteriorly representing lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with 4 or 5 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs), longest about 40 µm long. Preocular ridge (procr) short, restricted dorsally to just posterior to each scape; ventrally, procr present as thin ridges anterior to ventral simple eyes. Antennae: number of segments very variable, from 5 – 7 (when 5 segmented, considered that segments IV and V fused, and VI and VII fused); data here refer to 7 - segmented antenna: 265 – 275 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.36). Scape (scp): 20 – 30 µm long, 40 – 42 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 35 – 38 µm, width 33 – 33 µm; with concentric ridges on distal end; with 0 or 1 fs, 5 – 7 hs + a campaniform pore. Segments III – X all rather barrel-shaped, with narrow intersegmental membranes; greatest width 21 – 27 µm; lengths of segments (µm): III 41 – 47; IV 38 – 42; V 34 – 38; VI 46 – 48, and VII 58 – 60; fs about 30 – 34 µm long; longest hs about 48 – 52 µm; approximate number of setae per segment: III – V 8 or 9 fs + 1 – 3 hs; VI 9 fs, 2 hs + 2 large bristles (ab); VII 19 fs, 2 or 3 hs + 3 ab (all fs-like); long setae not apparently differentiated from fs. Thorax. Prothorax: swollen somewhat laterally and rather long; setae abundant over most of dorsal and pleural areas. Ventrally, setae hard to discern but possibly with no prosternal setae but maybe with a few anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s); antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) present as a group just posterior to each procoxa, fusing with pleural setae laterally; lp absent. A nipple-like structure present between procoxae, with 5 or 6 long setae, each about 15 – 18 µm long (labium?). Mesothorax: apparently only lightly sclerotised. Prescutum (prsc) rectangular and unusually short, 26 – 28 µm long, 100 – 120 µm wide; prescutal ridge (pscr) moderately well developed; prescutal suture absent; with perhaps 2 or 3 pairs of hs prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct): distance between prescutum and scutellum uncertain but perhaps about 50 µm; scutal setae (scts) abundant, in a broad band across segment. Prealare (pra) well developed, each bent posteriorly at apex; with a small sclerotisation just laterad to each prescutal ridge representing apodeme on anterior margin near prealare (pra); triangular plate (tp) probably represented by a narrow sclerite. Scutellum (scl) unusually wide, 100 – 110 µm wide, 36 µm long; without a distinct scutellar ridge and no foramen; with many scutellar setae (scls). Mesopostnotum (pn 2) and postnotal apophysis (pna) narrow. Basisternum (stn 2) rather wide, 130 – 140 µm wide, about 70 – 90 µm long; bounded anteriorly by a weak marginal ridge (mr) (absent medially), and posteriorly by a fairly strong precoxal ridge (pcr 2); with few basisternal setae (stn 2 s), perhaps 5 pairs; lateropleurite (lpl) moderately broad, unreticulated, and with a strong extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed, narrow-waisted, arms very divergent but short. Mesoprecoxal ridge (plr 2) with a short additional ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 18 µm. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) 7 – 10 hs + 1 or 2 lp on each side posterior to each spiracle, plus 1 pair of hs medially. Tegula (teg) large, with 6 – 8 hs tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax: with a broad band of hs extending across full width of segment, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss); metapostnotal sclerite (pn 3) possibly absent. With a small group of postmetaspiracular seta (eps 3 s) + 0 or 1 lp on each side. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised, but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s): 1 hs. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 18 µm, with 0 or 1 associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with abundant hs anterior (amss) and posterior metasternal setae (pmss) but no lp. Wings: both missing bar a few basal sclerites but these resemble those of Rh. dianthi and therefore probably brachypterous; only 1 alar seta visible; presence of alar sensoria uncertain. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 66 – 68; II 66; III 70 – 75 µm long; coxa III with about 8 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 126 – 130; II 124 – 126; III 130 – 140 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially; with strong Y-shaped ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 16 µm long; femur III with about 7 – 10 hs. Tibia (ti): I 75 – 78; II 73 – 75; III 85 – 90 µm; tibia III with a total of about 7 – 13 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 25 – 28 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, proximal segment very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined: I 58 – 65; II 58 – 60; III 56 – 66 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.7); tarsus III with 7 – 9 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal digitules (tdgt) represented by a pair of very short setae on either side of distal end of tarsus. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length: III 30 – 33 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose, each about 16 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VII: all tergites (at) and sternites (as) lightly sclerotised; pleurites present on VIII but otherwise absent. Caudal extension of segment VII absent. Loculate pores (lp) absent ventrally and perhaps pleurally, but with a single pair of pores on dorsum of all or most segments and up to 2 or 3 on posterior two segments; dorsal setae (ads) abundant in broad segmental bands which fuse with pleural setae laterally; pleural setae (dps) dense but separated from ventral abdominal setae (avs) by a gap on segments II – VI; avs otherwise also in broad, dense bands. Segment VIII: tergite (at) and sternite (as) lightly sclerotised; tergite with 2 pairs of hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially and 1 – 3 lp; sternite with 0 or 1 seta but no pores; caudal extension absent, with a few short ventral pleural setae on each side plus 2 long setae (length 46 – 60 µm) in position of glandular pouches, each 50 – 55 µm long. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) triangular, narrowing to a sharp point; length from anterior margin to apex 104 – 108 µm, width at widest point 80 – 86 µm. Dorsally with a wide anus (width perhaps 23 µm) at anterior end; dorsally with 4 – 6 longish setae on each side, each about 25 µm long. Ventrally with a wide slit through which aedeagus (aed) emerges; borders of opening with a line of 2 or 3 hs, each about 25 – 28 µm long, plus a pair of rather shorter setae near anterior margin. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 90 µm long, with parallel margins when viewed dorsally and sharply pointed, with apex emerging under pointed extension of penial sheath; anteriorly bending ventrally and fusing with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Apex of penial sheath with a few small sensilla (psp). Comment. Although both wings are missing, it is here considered that the males of Rh. coffeae are probably brachypterous (rather than macropterous) because: (a) the body shape and structure are very similar to the brachypterous Rh. dianthi Green, described below; (b) the mesothorax appears to be poorly sclerotised, suggesting weak or absent wing muscles, and (c) the structure of metathorax dorsally is very similar to abdominal segments. The homology of the " nipple-like " structure present ventrally between the procoxae is uncertain; it might represent the position of the labium but it seems unlikely that this would have a group of such robust setae; or perhaps it is related to the " mammillate organ " present at the anterior end of the prosternum of some Phenacoleachia species (Theron, 1962; Hodgson & Foldi, 2006). The male of Rh. coffeae differs from those of the other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) body highly hirsute; (ii) presence of the " nipple-like " structure on the venter of the prothorax, and (iii) 5 - to 7 - segmented antennae.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC6AD71129972579FBF5FB21.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC6AD71129972579FBF5FB21.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. U. S. A., Wyoming, Albany Co., Laramie, in soil of African violet (Saintpaulia sp., Gesneriaceae), 14. v. 1980, E. W. Speckman (USNM): 2 / 2 ad ♂♂ (in moderate to good condition). Mounted material: brachypterous, very small, total body length about 740 – 750 µm; wings short and narrow, only about 1 / 2 total body length and about 1 / 4 th as wide as long. Antennae a little more than half total body length, most segments barrel-shaped, with hair-like (hs) and fleshy setae (fs), these sometimes difficult to separate; body with few setae, all hs, robust and mainly 20 – 30 µm long; fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent; loculate pores (lp) with 5 loculi, each about 5 µm wide. Head: greatest width about 125 µm. Dorsal epicranium lightly sclerotised throughout; with (on each side) about 7 or 8 robust hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; loculate pores absent. With 2 pairs of simple eyes (se), each 25 – 30 µm wide. Genae (g) without genal setae. Ventral epicranium also lightly sclerotised, with a short ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) and small lateral arms (lmcr); with 4 or 5 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs), longest about 30 µm long. Preocular ridge (procr) short, dorsally extending along dorsal margin of ocular sclerite; ventrally, procr present as a thin ridge over each ventral simple eye. Antennae: 10 - segmented; 370 – 445 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.55). Scape (scp) squarish: 35 – 37 µm long, 35 – 40 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 45 – 50 µm, width 30 – 32 µm; with concentric ridges on distal end; with 7 fs (mostly ventral), 6 or 7 hs + a campaniform pore. Segments III – X all rather barrel-shaped, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm): III: 50; IV: 36 – 42; V: 36 – 40; VI: 40 – 42; VII: 40 – 44; VIII: 42 – 44 and IX: 50 – 52; fs about 26 – 30 µm long, hs longer, each slightly slimmer than fs and 36 – 42 µm long, longest on distal segments, setae more or less in two whorls; approximate number of setae per segment: III 3 – 6 fs + 2 or 3 shortish hs; IV – VI 6 – 9 fs + 2 long hs; VII 9 – 12 fs + 2 or 3 long hs; VIII & IX 10 – 12 fs + 2 or 3 long hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab), and X 16 or 17 fs, 3 or 4 hs + 3 narrow bristles (similar to fs). Thorax. Prothorax: swollen somewhat laterally; with 6 – 10 hs propleural setae (pl 1 s) + 1 or 2 lp on each side. Median pronotal (mpns) setae: total of 4 hs + 2 or 3 lp; post-tergite (pt) possibly present, with 3 hs post-tergital seta (pts) in this position. Ventrally, with 2 hs antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) but no lp. Sternum (stn 1) with 0 or 1 prosternal seta or 0 or 1 lp on each side. Anteprosternal setae and lp absent. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) oval to rather rectangular, 36 – 38 µm long, 68 – 72 µm wide; prescutal suture absent; with 0 – 2 pairs of hs prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) with some transverse ridges; distance between prescutum and scutellum (scl) 36 µm; scutal setae (scts): 6 – 8 hs in total. Prealare (pra) well developed; apodeme either unclear or absent from anterior margin near pra; triangular plate (tp) distinct. Scutellum (scl) 60 – 65 µm wide, 30 µm long; without a distinct scutellar ridge and no foramen; scutellar setae (scls): 6 – 8 hs in total. Basisternum (stn 2) 110 – 120 µm wide, about 78 µm long; bounded anteriorly by a weak marginal ridge (mr) (absent medially), and posteriorly by a fairly strong precoxal ridge (pcr 2); with a total of about 7 hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) moderately broad, with a strong extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed, narrow-waisted, arms very divergent but short. Mesoprecoxal ridge (plr 2) with a short additional ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 13 µm. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s): 4 or 5 hs + 1 or 2 lp on each side posterior to each spiracle, plus 1 hs medially. Tegula (teg) large, with 2 hs tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax: with 2 – 5 robust hs metatergal setae (mts) + 0 – 2 lp; metapostnotal sclerite (pn 3) possibly absent. Dorsospiracular setae (dss): 3 or 4 hs on each side. Metepisternum (eps 3) with 1 postmetaspiracular seta (eps 3 s) on each side but these in line with posterior metasternal setae (pmss); metapleural ridge (plr 3) with a short additional ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised, but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 13 – 14 µm, with 2 associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with a total of 4 hs anterior metasternal setae (amss) and 2 pairs of posterior metasternal setae (pmss) but no lp. Wings: clearly brachypterous; hyaline, each 370 – 445 µm long, 100 – 105 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1: 0.25; ratio of total body length to wing length 1: 0.55); with distinct microtrichia; alar lobe (al) very small or absent; each wing with 2 hs alar setae (als) + 2 circular sensoria (sens) close to base of wing. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I: 74 – 76; II: 74; III: 74 – 75 µm long; coxa III with about 11 – 13 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I: 153 – 162; II: 140 – 145; III: 165 – 168 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 or 6 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially and with strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 16 µm long; femur III with about 14 – 16 hs. Tibia (ti): I: 125 – 127; II: 117 – 120; III: 145 – 160 µm; tibia III with a total of about 20 – 23 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 18 – 22 µm. Tarsi (ta) two segmented, proximal segment very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined: I: 66 – 68; II: 62 – 70; III: 75 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.61); tarsus III with 16 – 19 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal digitules (tdgt) considered to be absent. Claws (c) very long and thin, without a small denticle; length: III: 30 µm; claw digitules (cdt) finely pointed, each about 16 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VII: all tergites (at) and sternites (as) lightly sclerotised. Loculate pores (lp) absent dorsally and ventrally, but 0 – 3 present laterally on each segment; dorsal setae (ads) in lines of 2 – 4 hs on each side; plus 2 or 3 dorsopleural setae (dps) on each side + 0 – 3 lp and perhaps 1 ventropleural seta (vps) on each side of segments II – VII. Ventral abdominal setae (avs): a total of 4 across each segment. Segment VIII: tergite (at) lightly sclerotised; sternite (as) with a narrow band of sclerotisation around anterior margin of penial sheath; tergite with 2 pairs of hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially; sternite without setae or pores; caudal extension (ce) rounded, each with 1 hs ventral pleural seta + 2 long setae (length 46 – 60 µm) in position of glandular pouches + 1 or 2 lp. Genital segment: broad anteriorly, narrowing to a blunt apex; length from anterior margin to apex about 130 µm, width at widest point 85 – 96 µm. Dorsally with a lightly sclerotised bulbous ridge; anus about 18 µm wide; with 4 longish setae on each side, each 25 – 35 µm long. Ventrally, with a median slit-like opening through which aedeagus emerges; borders of slit lightly sclerotised, with a band of 5 short hs laterally, each 11 – 20 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved with a blunt apex; perhaps 100 µm long, with parallel margins when viewed dorsally and sharply pointed, with apex emerging under pointed extension of penial sheath, but anteriorly bending ventrally and fusing with a short, sclerotised basal rod (bra). Apex of penial sheath with a few small sensilla (psp). Comment. Of the adult males seen during this study, only Rh. dianthi and probably Rh. coffeae are brachypterous. They are easily separated because the latter species is extremely hirsute and has 5 - to 7 - segmented antennae, whereas the present species only has sparse setae and 10 - segmented antennae.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC64D71429972109FCC7FA5A.taxon	description	(Fig. 7)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC64D71429972109FCC7FA5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. New Zealand, Glen Eden, on roots of Helenium sp. (Asteraceae), 25. ii. 1991, N. A. Martin (NZAC): 1 / 1 ad ♂, in good condition. Mounted material: macropterous, wings about equal to total body length and about a third as wide as long. Body size small, total body length about 1025 µm; antennae long, almost equal to total body length; flagellar segments of antennae either binodal or “ bottle shaped ”, each with long, thin fleshy setae (fs) and a few short hair-like setae (hs); body with few setae, all of moderate length, hs and robust; loculate pores (lp) large, each 10 – 12 µm wide, with 6 – 9 loculi; small simple pores apparently absent but minute sclerotised pores (msp) frequent on thorax and abdomen. Legs well developed; each trochanter with a strong Y-shaped sclerotisation and 3 pairs of campaniform pores. Head: about 100 µm long; apparently extending further posteriorly on dorsal surface than ventrally; greatest width about 150 µm. Dorsal epicranium lightly sclerotised throughout; with (on each side) 8 or 9 hs dorsal head setae (dhs), each about 33 – 50 µm long, distributed along full length of head medially; lp absent dorsally. Ventral epicranium also lightly sclerotised; with a short ventral midcranial (vmcr) and lateral midcranial ridges (lmcr) anteriorly; with 6 ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs) on each side, similar to those dorsally, + a pair of lp (each about 9 µm wide, with possibly 6 loculi); no setae present laterad or posterior to ventral eyes. Eyes: ventral eyes (vse) larger (each about 38 µm wide) than dorsal eyes (dse) (each about 29 – 32 µm wide). Ocular sclerite not differentiated from rest of epicranium but lightly sclerotised. Preocular ridge (procr) restricted dorsally to a small sclerotisation laterad to each scape; ventrally, procr represented by narrow ridges which appear to fuse medially. Antennae: 10 - segmented; about 935 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.91). Scape (scp) squarish, each about 48 µm long, 53 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc) each about 50 µm long, 35 µm wide; with about 9 fs (each about 55 – 60 µm long), 3 hs (about 33 µm long), mainly on ventral surface, + 1 campaniform pore on dorsal surface. Segments III – VI elongate and binodal, each node with a ring of fs; segments VII – IX bottleshaped, with neck at distal end; also with 2 (less clear) rings of fs; approximate lengths of segments (µm): III: 108; IV: 113; V: 108; VI: 108; VII: 93; VIII: 98 and IX: 84; fs each about 50 – 70 µm long; approximate number of setae per segment: III – VI: 7 – 9 fs in each ring on each node + 1 or 2 hs at distal end; segment VII – IX also with 7 – 9 fs in each ring but also with 2 – 4 hs medially + 0 or 1 hs distally; segment VIII with an antennal bristle (ab) but ab absent on IX. Segment X not constricted apically: length about 130 µm; with perhaps 32 fs, 1 hs + 3 ab; also 1 sensilla basiconica (sb) on apex. Thorax. Prothorax: slightly swollen laterally, prothorax about as broad as mesothorax; pronotum (prn) possibly represented by a small, narrow, transverse sclerotisation medially; propleural setae (pl 1 s) probably represented on each side by about 8 robust hs, 2 – 4 lp and a few msp; median pronotal setae (mpns): 2 pairs of hs, 2 lp + a few msp; post-tergite (pt) absent but with 1 hs post-tergital seta (pts) in this position. With 2 antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) on each side but no lp. Sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised, with 2 distinct sternal apophyses (st 1 a); without prosternal setae and lp. Anteprosternal setae and lp absent. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) oval to rather rectangular, about 70 µm long, 100 µm wide; prescutal suture absent; with 3 pairs of hs prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct): distance from prescutum to scutellum 65 µm; scutal setae (scts): 3 – 8 on each side; with a distinct sclerotised apodeme on anterior margin near prealare (pra); prealar ridge (prar) and triangular plate (tp) well developed. Scutellum (scl) about 90 µm wide, 42 µm long; with a distinct scutellar ridge (sclr) but no foramen; with 5 or 6 scutellar setae (scls) on each side. Postnotal apophysis (pna) unusually long. Basisternum (stn 2) about 168 µm wide, 115 µm long; bounded anteriorly by a complete, narrow marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by fairly strong precoxal ridges (pcr 2); with a total of 16 hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) only apparently lightly sclerotised, without an extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed and narrow-waisted but arms no very divergent; arms extending about 3 / 4 way to marginal ridge anteriorly; mesoprecoxal ridge (pcr 2) with an additional narrow sclerotised ridge or fold extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme 16 – 17 µm. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s) 3 or 4 hs + 1 lp on each side posterior to each spiracle. Tegula (teg) large, without tegular setae. Metathorax: with 2 or 3 pairs of hs metatergal setae (mts); metapostnotum (pn 3) represented by a pair of small sclerotisations. Dorsospiracular setae (dss): 2 or 3 hs + 2 lp on each side. Metepisternum (eps 3) without postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s); metapleural ridge (plr 3) without an additional narrow sclerotised ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised, but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme 16 – 18 µm; each with 2 or 3 associated loculate pores. Metasternum (stn 3) lightly sclerotised, with 4 hs anterior metasternal setae (amss) and a pair of posterior metasternal setae (pmss) on each side; lp absent. Wings: hyaline, about 1025 µm long and 365 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1: 0.35; ratio of total body length to wing length 1: 1); each wing with 2 hs alar setae (als) + 2 circular sensoria (sens) close to base of wing. Hamulohalteres absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx), approximate lengths: I: 99; II: 95; III: 87 µm; with about 12 hs on coxa III; long setae on each coxa not differentiated, but seta in this position about 21 µm long. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) length (µm): I: 210; II: 198; III: 220; trochanter III with 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially and with strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta undifferentiated but seta in this position 26 µm long; femur III with 15 hs. Tibia (ti): I: 190; II: 173; III: 220 µm long; tibia III with a total of about 24 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; protibia with 1 apical spur (tibs) + a long fine seta, meso- and metatibia with 2 tibs + a 3 rd along ventral margin; length of longest 28 – 30 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented; length of both segments combined: I: 95; II: 93; III: 104 µm (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.47); tarsus III with about 15 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal digitules (tdgt) long and setose, without capitate apices. Claws (c) very long and thin, without a denticle; length: III: 42 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose, finely pointed, each 25 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VII: all tergites (at) and sternites (as) lightly sclerotised; pleurites on VI and VII lightly sclerotised. Loculate pores (lp) absent dorsally except on segment VIII, when 1 present on each side; 1 or 2 present pleurally on segments I and VIII; dorsal setae (ads) in lines of 4 – 6 robust hs on each side, each about 20 – 25 µm long; msp absent. Pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (dps): 1 – 3 hs + 1 or 2 msp on each side; ventropleural setae (vps): 2 hs + 1 or 2 msp on each side. Ventral abdominal setae (avs) (totals): II: 6; III – VII 6 – 9, each with 1 msp laterally on each side. Segment VIII: tergite (at) and sternite (as) distinctly sclerotised along anterior margin of penial sheath; tergite with 3 pairs of robust hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially, each about 42 µm long, + 1 pair of lp; sternite with 1 pair of shorter setae but no lp; caudal extension (ce) rounded, with 1 short hs ventral pleural seta on each side plus 1 long robust seta (length 40 – 45 µm) in position of glandular pouches. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) 126 µm long, 100 µm wide at base; posteriorly narrowing rapidly to what is probably an upturned pointed apex. Anus (a) quite wide (about 25 µm); with 3 pairs of longish setae more posteriorly, each about 40 µm long. Ventrally, with a median slit-like opening through which aedeagus emerges; borders of slit lightly sclerotised; margins of ps with 2 pairs of longish setae, each 38 – 40 µm long, plus a pair of short setae, each about 12 µm. Aedeagus (aed) with a strong basal rod about 33 µm long; aedeagus about 105 µm long and 12 µm wide, with a sharply pointed apex, which might be membranous. Dorsally, penial sheath with a small sclerotised spine medially towards apex. Apex of penial sheath with a few small sensilla (psp). Comment. This is the only species of Rhizoecus for which the male has been described previously (Beardsley, 1962). Beardsley's description was quite detailed and the above description agrees reasonably closely with it. The main differences might be (character-state on present specimen in brackets): Beardsley states that (i) antennal segment II is binodose but this is clearly an error; (ii) antennal bristle present on segment IX (on segment VIII but not IX — but the distribution on the present specimen is unusual and so may be an aberration); (iii) propleural areas mildly sclerotised (appear to be entirely membranous), and (iv) prosternum weakly sclerotised (apparently membranous). Beardsley (1962) also stated that the apex of the aedeagus was bifurcated, but this was not visible on the present specimen. Rh. falcifer and Ripersiella hibisci were the only macropterous species seen during this study. However, in many other respects Rh. falcifer and Rh. hibisci differ markedly (character-states on Rh. hibisci in brackets): (i) antennae almost as long as body (about half as long); (ii) antennal segments of several distinct shapes (antennal segments mainly barrel-shaped); (iii) head behind scapes without a constriction (constricted); (iv) head with a pair of loculate pores (lp absent on head); (v) without an obvious constriction between pro- and mesothorax (constriction distinct); (vi) prosternum possibly absent (present as a thin transverse line with 2 apophyses); (vii) lateral arms of mesofurca almost parallel (diverging strongly); (viii) loculate pores on abdomen present on segments I and VIII and mainly in pleural region (present dorsally on all segments); (ix) penial sheath more or less narrowing gradually (ps with a strong constriction about half-way along length).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC61D717299721DAFD8BFE6A.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC61D717299721DAFD8BFE6A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Hungary, Csobánc, collected by DVAC, 6. v. 2003, B. Kiss (BMNH): 1 / 4 ♂♂ in fair to good condition. Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 488 – 615 µm, greatest width 215 – 245 µm; antennae 10 segmented, about half total body length; most flagellar segments broadening distally, with hair-like (hs) and fleshy setae (fs); fs reasonably easily separable from hs but apparently restricted to apical 6 segments; body with rather few setae, all hs and short, mainly 7 – 10 µm long; loculate pores (lp) each 5 – 7 µm wide with 3 – 5 loculi, absent from head but present ventrally on thorax and on both surfaces of abdomen; simple pores absent. Trochanter + femur with a Y-shaped articulation; trochanter (tr) with 2 pairs of campaniform pores; tarsi (ta) clearly 2 segmented. Head: greatest width perhaps 100 µm. Dorsal epicranium only lightly sclerotised; with about 8 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head, each about 8 – 10 µm long. With about 3 genal setae (gs) posterior to each dorsal simple eye (dse). Simple eyes (se) subequal in size, each about 17 – 22 µm wide. Ocular sclerite (ocs) slightly differentiated. Ventral epicranium also barely sclerotised, without any sign of a ventral midcranial ridge or lateral arms of midcranial ridge; with 4 or 5 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs), each about 10 – 14 µm long. Preocular ridge (procr) absent dorsally but represented ventrally by thin ridges which extend medially past vse. Antennae: 10 segmented; length about 310 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.56). Scape (scp): 33 – 35 µm long, 28 – 33 µm wide, with 3 or 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 34 – 36 µm, width 26 – 33 µm; with 4 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VIII all about 21 – 28 µm wide (greatest distally); all distinctly longer than wide, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm) III 33; IV 21 – 23; V – VIII 26 – 33; IX 33 – 35, and X 46 – 48; fs each about 18 – 22 µm long; hs rather variable but longest up to 33 µm; approximate number of setae per segment: III & IV 4 or 5 hs; V – VII 4 or 5 fs + 4 or 5 hs; VIII 7 fs + 3 or 4 hs; IX 5 fs, 3 or 4 hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab), and X 6 or 7 fs, 2 or 3 hs + 3 ab. Thorax. Prothorax: not obviously swollen laterally; setae rather few both dorsally and ventrally and apparently randomly distributed. Sternum (stn 1) with a loculate pore (lp) medially and with 1 pair of prosternal setae (stn 1 s); anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) absent but with a lp in this position; antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s): with 1 or 2 setae in this position, plus a lp laterally. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with 2 sparse transverse bands of hs; ventrally with a few setae and an lp between each spiracle and mesocoxa (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )). Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2) small: width of peritreme about 12 – 14 µm. Furca small but normally developed. Metathorax: dorsally with a sparse line of hs, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss). Ventral part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) short but well-sclerotised; metepisternum (eps 3) absent; metapleural ridge without either a metaprecoxal ridge or an additional short ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron (epm 3) possibly represented by a pair of short sclerotised ridges that extend posteriorly above metacoxae. Ventrally with 1 pair hs anterior sternal setae (amss) and 2 pairs hs posterior metasternal setae (pmss) + 1 lp on each side. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 10 – 12 µm, with an associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) unsclerotised. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: subequal in length. Coxae (cx): I 58 – 63; II 58 – 62; III 54 – 56 µm long; coxa III with about 8 or 9 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 108; II 96 – 98; III 100 – 103 µm long; trochanter III with 5 hs; each trochanter with 2 pairs of roundly oval sensoria, and with strong Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 14 – 16 µm long; femur III with about 6 hs. Tibia (ti): I 81 – 85; II 75 – 80; III 88 – 93 µm; tibia III with 6 – 8 setae, mainly short and hs, becoming spur-like ventrally towards distal end; all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 12 – 14 µm. Tarsi (ta) clearly 2 segmented; ta 1 narrow and ring-like; length of both segments (µm): I 45 – 48 II 45 – 47; III 47 – 50 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.52); tarsus III with 6 or 7 setae, all finely spur-like ventrally; tarsal digitules (tdgt) with blunt or slightly capitate apices and slightly shorter than length of claw. Claws (c) quite long, without a denticle; length: III 17 – 19 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose and short. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) slightly sclerotised on more posterior segments. Loculate pores (lp) present dorsally on all abdominal segments and ventrally on segment VI (smaller, with 3 loculi); also with an lp laterally on segments I, VI, VII & VIII. Setae present in a single sparse line around each segment, all short, each about 8 – 10 µm long; with perhaps 8 dorsal abdominal setae (ads), 1 or 2 dorsal pleural setae (dpls), 1 ventral pleural seta (vpls) and 6 ventral abdominal setae (avs) per segment. Each caudal extension / tergite on segment VIII with 3 longer setae, each about 26 – 44 µm long; tergite VIII with 2 hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially, each about 30 µm long, + 1 or 2 lp; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) broad and approximately triangular; with a finger-like dorsal ridge that narrows to a sharp point; length from anterior margin to apex about 78 – 83 µm, width at widest point 75 – 77 µm; finger-like ridge about 33 – 35 µm wide. Dorsal ridge with a transverse, “ new-moon ” shaped anal opening (a) dorsally (width about 20 µm), with 3 setae on each side (longest 16 µm) plus 1 pair short setae laterally, each about 7 µm long. Ventrally, aedeagus (aed) emerges through ventral opening; borders of opening quite heavily sclerotised, with 2 pairs of setae, each about 8 µm long, plus another pair of very short setae anteriorly, each about 3 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 75 µm long, with a sharp apex; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). With several sensilla (psp) along each ps margin near apex. Comment. The adult male of Rh. kazachstanus appears to be a typical apterous rhizoecine male but differs from the other apterous species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) few setae on body; (ii) only hs setae on basal 4 antennal segments; (iii) absence of loculate pores dorsally on thorax; (iv) trochanter with 2 campaniform pores; (v) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (vi) tarsal digitules with blunt or slightly capitate apices, (vii) 10 - segmented antennae, each flagellate segment broadest at distal end, and (viii) a transverse new-moon-shaped anal opening.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC62D717299725CAFBB6FDBD.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ripersia ruminis Maskell, by subsequent designation by Cockerell, 1901: 165.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC62D729299726F9FAAAFB9C.taxon	description	(Fig. 9)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC62D729299726F9FAAAFB9C.taxon	description	Ripersiella cryphla (Williams); Kozár and Konczné Beneditcty, 2007: 434 (misspelling).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC62D729299726F9FAAAFB9C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratype: Thailand, Kanchanchuri, Ereven National Park Waterfall, no host, 14. ii. 1994, Mahunka Papp (BMNH): 1 / 1 ad ♂ (fair but more or less unstained). Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 550 µm; greatest width 178 µm; antennae 9 segmented, short, clearly less than half total body length; most antennal segments narrow basally, broadening medially, with both hair-like setae (hs) and fleshy setae (fs); body with few setae, all hs, fine and mainly 12 – 20 µm long; loculate pores (lp) with mainly 6 – 8 loculi, each about 6 – 8 µm wide, present on both dorsum and venter. With only 1 pair of simple eyes. Legs each with 2 - segmented tarsi (ta); trochanters (tr) with 3 campaniform pores. Head: greatest width about 75 µm. Dorsal epicranium unsclerotised; with about 10 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; loculate pores and simple pores absent. Simple eyes (se): 1 pair, each about 13 µm wide apparently placed on side of head. Ocular sclerite (ocs) unsclerotised. Ventral epicranium unsclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with 3 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs). Preocular ridge (procr) restricted to short ridges both dorsally and ventrally; procr ventrally not meeting medially. Antennae: 9 segmented; length about 220 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.40). Scape (scp): 25 µm long, 20 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 30 µm, width about 18 µm; with 6 hs + 1 campaniform pore. Segments III – X all about 13 – 17 µm wide at widest point; all flagellar segments broadest medially or towards distal end; lengths of segments (µm): III 27; IV 17; V 25; VI – VIII 22, and IX 33; hs setae 13 – 18 µm long, longest on more apical segments; setae not obviously arranged in whorls; approximate number of setae per segment (hs and fs hard to separate): III 7 hs; IV 1 fs + 4 hs; V 4 fs + 7 hs; VI 5 hs + 6 hs; VII 5 fs + 4 hs; VIII 1 fs, 7 hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab), and IX 5 fs, 5 hs + 4 ab. + 3 ab. Thorax. Segmentation obscure but all membranous. Dorsum with sparse lines of short setae across each segment. Loculate pores present, with a marginal group of about 6 pores on prothorax, a line of about 6 pores across metathorax and a few pores elsewhere. Ventrally with very sparse setae and a few loculate pores, these most abundant near spiracles. Mesofurca distinct. With a line present from mesofurca extending anterolaterally, perhaps homologous with metaprecoxal ridge (pcr 3). Spiracles (sp 2): width of peritreme about 10 – 11 µm, each with 2 or 3 associated lp. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx), lengths (µm): I 50; II 50; III 56; coxa III with about 4 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm), lengths (µm): I 93; II 94; III 100; trochanter III with about 3 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially; with strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 10 – 12 µm long; femur III with about 7 or 8 hs. Tibia (ti), lengths (µm): I 65; II 63; III 88; tibia III with 14 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibiae with 2 or 3 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 17 – 19 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, ta 1 very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined (µm): I 43; II 58; III 48 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.55); tarsus III with 16 or 17 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal digitules (tdgt) represented by a perhaps a single fine hair-like seta. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length of III 20 – 21 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose, each about 8 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at), sternites (as) and pleurites (pl) membranous. Loculate pores (lp) present along margins, with 1 on dorsum and 1 on venter of each segment. Setae present in a single line across each segment, each 12 – 20 long, with 4 – 6 dorsal abdominal setae (ads) and 4 – 6 ventral abdominal setae (avs) in each segment; with probably 2 pairs of dorsal pleural setae (dps) and 1 pair of ventral pleural seta (vps) per segment but these more or less undifferentiated from ads. Segment VIII with 3 longer setae on each side in position of glandular pouches, each about 55 µm long; tergite VIII with a pair of longer hs ads medially (each 20 µm long) + 2 pairs of lp; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) broad, with a broad dorsal ridge that narrows posteriorly and then broadens into a triangular-shaped apex; length of ps from anterior margin to apex about 93 µm, width at base 65 µm. Dorsal ridge with anus anteriorly (width about 12 µm) plus 2 pairs of setae, each about 17 µm long, posteriorly. With 1 pair of short setae laterally near triangular apex, each about 7 µm long. Ventrally, with an indistinct slit-like opening through which aedeagus emerges; aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 75 µm long, distal end pointed; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Triangular apex of penial sheath with a series of shallow concentric ridges; presence of sensilla (psp) unknown. Comment. The adult male of Ri. cryphia is basically similar to the males of other apterous species seen here, but differs in having the following combination of character states: (i) 9 - segmented antennae, each flagellar segment broadest medially or distally; (ii) loculate pores present dorsally on thorax and abdomen, with 2 pairs laterally in each abdominal segment; (iii) 1 pair of simple eyes present laterally on head; (iv) each trochanter with 3 campaniform pores on each side; (v) body setae few; (vi) Y-shaped sclerotisations present on trochanter, and (vii) penial sheath with a broad triangular apex, with shallow concentric ridges. The only other adult male known with only 1 pair of simple eyes is Ripersiella sp. B from Ethiopia. These two species are otherwise very different.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC5CD72C2997209BFC23FD29.taxon	description	(Fig. 10)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC5CD72C2997209BFC23FD29.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holland, Wageningen, bred out in laboratory, 10. ii. 2001, M. Jansen (BMNH): 8 / 16 ad ♂♂, mostly rather distorted and many without wings; data taken from several specimens but most measurement restricted to 2 or 3 specimens. Original collection details: imported into Netherlands at De Kwake (No. PD 20011249), leg. P. Dijkema / P. D. Aalsmeer, 9. xi. 2000, ex Serissa [penjing?] (Rubiaceae), China. Mounted material: macropterous, wings about 1.15 total body length and about 0.38 as wide as long. Very small, total body length about 720 – 750 µm; antennae a little more than half total body length, most segments barrel-shaped, with short and long fine hair-like setae (hs) and fleshy setae (fs), latter easily separable; body with few setae, all hs and robust; loculate pores (lp) each large, with 5 – 9 loculi, each pore 8 – 10 µm wide. Legs well developed, with 2 tarsal segments. Penial sheath (ps) constricted about half way along length. Head: approximately triangular; dorsally apparently extending further posteriorly (100 – 105 µm) than ventrally (70 – 75 µm); greatest width about 100 µm. Dorsal epicranium lightly sclerotised throughout; with (on each side) about 7 robust hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head; loculate pores absent. Ventral epicranium also lightly sclerotised; without a ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) but with small but distinct lateral arms (lmcr) between scapes; with 4 or 5 ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs) on each side between scapes, each 28 – 35 µm long; no other setae present on head ventrally. With 2 or 3 hs genal setae (gs) on each side just posterior to each dorsal eye, each 21 – 24 µm long. Simple eyes (se) round, subequal in size, each 23 – 27 µm wide. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not differentiated from rest of head but lightly sclerotised. Preocular ridge (procr) restricted dorsally to a small sclerotisation laterad to each scape; ventrally, procr possibly represented by narrow ridges which meet medially. Antennae: 10 - segmented; 390 – 400 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.54). Scape (scp) slightly elongate; each 35 – 40 µm long, 27 – 30 µm wide, with 3 – 5 hs. Pedicel (pdc) each 43 – 50 µm long, 28 – 30 µm wide; with 6 – 11 fs, 6 – 10 hs + a campaniform pore. Segments III – X all rather barrel-shaped, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm): III: 35 – 37; IV: 30 – 34; V: 32 – 35; VI: 38 – 40; VII: 39 – 44; VIII: 42 and IX: 40 – 44; fs each about 20 – 30 µm long; approximate number of setae per segment: III – IX: 4 – 6 fs + 6 – 9 hs (of which 3 – 5 are long and flagellate (length 40 – 55 µm); segments VIII & IX with 1 antennal bristle (ab). Segment X not constricted apically: length 53 – 55 µm; with 8 fs, 3 large bristles on apical third + 2 sensilla basiconica (sb); also with 4 long flagellate setae which are probably capitate setae (caps) without capitate ends (probably also true for longest setae on segments III – IX). Thorax. Prothorax: distinctly swollen laterally (mounted material with prothorax broader than most of mesothorax), and unusually long; propleural setae (pl 1 s) probably represented by 2 or 3 robust hs + 1 or 2 lp on each side; median pronotal setae (mpns): 1 or 2 hs + 1 lp on each side; post-tergites (pt) absent but with 1 hs post-tergital seta (pts) in this position. With 2 hs antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) but no lp. Sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised apart from a thin, short transverse ridge; median ridge absent; with 1 hs prosternal seta (stn 1 s) + 1 lp on each side. Anteprosternal setae absent but with 0 or 1 lp in this position. Mesothorax: prescutum (prsc) oval to rather rectangular, 38 – 45 µm long, 68 – 72 µm wide; with 2 pairs of hs prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct): distance from prescutum to scutellum (scl) 50 – 57 µm; scutal setae (scts): 4 hs on each side laterally; with a distinct sclerotised apodeme on anterior margin near prealare (pra); prealar ridge (prar) quite well developed, triangular plate (tp) present. Scutellum (scl) 66 – 70 µm wide, 28 – 33 µm long; with a distinct scutellar ridge (sclr) but no foramen; with 2 pairs of scutellar setae (scls). Basisternum (stn 2) 115 – 125 µm wide, about 73 – 80 µm long; bounded anteriorly by a narrow marginal ridge (mr) and posteriorly by fairly strong precoxal ridges (pcr 2); with perhaps 3 or 4 pairs of hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s); lateropleurite (lpl) moderately broad, possibly showing some reticulation, and with a strong extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed, narrow-waisted, arms very divergent and extending about 1 / 2 way to marginal ridge anteriorly. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme 11 – 15 µm, without associated loculate pores. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s): 2 – 4 hs + 1 lp on each side posterior to each spiracle. Tegula (teg) large, with 2 hs tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax: with 1 pair of robust hs metatergal setae (mts); dorsospiracular setae (dss): 3 or 4 robust hs on each side; metapostnotal sclerite (pn 3) lightly sclerotised. Metepisternum (eps 3) without postmetaspiracular setae (eps 3 s). Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised, but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae (am 3 s) absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme 14 – 16 µm, without associated loculate pores. Metasternum (stn 3) lightly sclerotised, with a 1 pair of hs anterior metasternal setae (amss) and 2 pairs of posterior metasternal setae (pmss) + 1 pair of lp. Wings: hyaline, each 830 – 840 µm long, 310 – 320 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1: 0.38; ratio of total body length to wing length 1: 1.13); each wing with 2 hs alar setae (als) + 3 circular sensoria (sens) just distal to where medial vein branches from radial vein. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I: 58 – 65; II: 58 – 65; III: 60 – 69 µm long; with about 9 or 10 hs on coxa III; long setae on each coxa not differentiated, but seta in this position about 13 – 17 µm long. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I: 120 – 133; II: 120 – 133; III: 135 – 153 µm long; trochanter III with 4 or 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially and with strong Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta undifferentiated but seta in this position 23 – 27 µm long; femur III with 8 – 10 hs. Tibia (ti): I: 66 – 85 (102); II: 90 – 104; III: 124 – 140 µm; tibia III with a total of about 13 or 14 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibia with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 25 – 30 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, ta 1 very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined: I: 60 – 67; II: 60 – 67; III: 70 – 75 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.54); tarsus III with 13 – 16 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal digitules (tdgt) long, setose and without capitate apices, originating rather a long way from claw. Claws (c) very long and thin, without a denticle; length: III: 30 – 35 µm; claw digitules (cdt) robust, finely pointed, each 23 – 25 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VII: tergites (at) perhaps lightly sclerotised; sternites (as) more obviously sclerotised. Caudal extension (ce) of segment VII small but distinct. Loculate pores (lp) present dorsally in lines across all abdominal segments, with 2 – 4 on each side; dorsal setae (ads) also in lines of 3 or 4 robust hs on each side with lp. Pleural setae: dorsopleural setae (dps) and lp probably included in total numbers of dorsal setae above; ventropleural setae (vps): IV – VII: 1 hs on each side. Ventral abdominal setae (avs) (totals): II: 2; III – VI: 5 or 6 hs; VII 2. Segment VIII: tergite (at) membranous, with 1 pair of hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially + 1 or 2 lp; sternite (as) with a narrow sclerotisation along anterior margin of penial sheath; sternite without setae or pores; caudal extension (ce) small but distinct, with 1 hs ventral pleural seta on each side and 3 longish setae (length 35 – 50 µm) in position of glandular pouches (gp). Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) rather large and bulbous; length 121 – 130 µm, 85 – 95 µm wide at widest point. Bulbous part mainly lightly sclerotised, but open ventrally; posteriorly narrows rapidly and then drawn out into a narrow, pointed extension, about 35 µm long. Dorsally with a quite wide anus (a) (width 16 – 20 µm) and with 4 longish setae, each 25 – 40 µm long. Ventrally, with a median slit-like opening through which aedeagus emerges; borders of slit lightly sclerotised, with 1 or 2 longish setae near posterior margin, each about 35 – 40 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) about 70 µm long, with parallel margins when viewed dorsally and apex sharply pointed, with apex emerging under pointed extension of penial sheath, but anteriorly bending ventrally and fusing with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Also with two sharp, blade-like structures laterad to where aedeagus emerges from penial sheath, each heavily sclerotised but with unknown homology. Apex of penial sheath apparently without small sensilla (psp). Comment. The males of Ri. hibisci and Rh. falcifer were the only fully macropterous species seen during this study. For differences, see under Rh. falcifer above. Ripersiella sp. B, described below, is rather similar to Ri. hibisci but is apterous. For comments, see under Ripersiella sp. B. below.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC59D72E29972709FD40F998.taxon	description	(Fig. 11)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC59D72E29972709FD40F998.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan, Wakayama, -. xi. 1922, on roots of orange (Citrus, Rutaceae) K (uwana) (BMNH): 1 / 1 ♂ in good condition. Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 780 µm, greatest width 295 µm; antennae 7 segmented, short, much less than half total body length; most flagellar segments almost round, with both hair-like (hs) and fleshy setae (fs), latter distinct, quite long, with a blunt apex; body fairly hirsute, all hs, very variable in length, some short (21 + µm long), others quite stout, and up to 80 + µm long; loculate pores (lp) with mainly 4 or 5 loculi, each lp about 6 – 7 µm wide; simple pores absent. Without either ocelli or simple eyes; tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; trochanter with 2 pairs of campaniform pores. Head: greatest width about 125 µm. Dorsal epicranium apparently unsclerotised; with about 18 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) and 3 or 4 pairs of loculate pores (lp) distributed along full length of head; simple pores absent. Simple eyes and ocelli both absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated. Ventral epicranium also apparently unsclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with 5 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs), longest about 15 – 17 µm long. Preocular ridge (procr) absent dorsally; ventrally, procr represented by thin ridges that extend medially and possibly fuse; also apparently with an additional pair of ridges which extend posteriorly a short distance from procr mediolaterally. Antennae: 7 segmented; length about 260 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.34). Scape (scp): 42 µm long, 36 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 41 – 43 µm, width 36 µm; with 4 or 5 fs + 11 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VI all about 23 – 28 µm wide, all slightly wider than long, with narrow intersegmental membranes; apical segment wide, about 33 µm; lengths of segments (µm): III – VI 16 – 20, and VII 45; fs each 21 – 26 µm long; hs rather variable but longest up to 80 µm and shortest about 20 µm long; approximate number of setae per segment: III 3 fs + 6 hs (2 long); IV 3 – 5 fs + 6 hs (2 long); V & VI 5 or 6 fs, 5 or 6 hs (5 long) + 1 rather plump antennal bristle (ab), and VII 12 fs, 15 hs (several long) + 3 rather plump ab; hs on segments II – VI mainly in whorls. Thorax. Prothorax: slightly swollen laterally; hs and a few lp distributed in a narrow band across segment. Sternum (stn 1) with 2 pairs of lp in position of prosternal setae (stn 1 s); anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s) and antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) probably absent. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with two narrow bands of hs, anterior band with a few lp; ventrally with a small group of setae and lp between furca (f) and mesothoracic spiracle (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )). Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 14 µm. Metathorax: dorsally with a narrow band of hs + 1 pair of lp extending across full width of segment, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss). Metapleural ridge (plr 3) without either a metaprecoxal ridge or an additional short ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron (epm 3) represented by a pair of short sclerotised ridges which extend posteriorly above metacoxae. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 14 – 15 µm, with 2 associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with a pair of setae + 1 lp anterior to each metacoxa. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 70 – 72; II 66 – 68; III 68 – 70 µm long; coxa III with about 7 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 103; II 98; III 115 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter with 2 roundly oval sensoria in a line parallel to trochanterofemur articulation, but without strong Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 25 µm long; femur III with about 8 hs. Tibia (ti): I 60; II 63; III 78 µm long; tibia III each with 11 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like ventrally towards distal end; all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 27 µm. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 50; II 43; III 53 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.68); tarsus III with 5 setae, all spur-like ventrally, with more proximal ventral spur very long, about 30 µm long; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal digitules (tdgt) setose, much shorter than length of claw. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length: III 33 µm; claw digitules (cdt) very short and setose. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) unsclerotised; sternites (as) present on segments VII and VIII; pleural areas unsclerotised. Caudal extension (ce VIII) on VIII rounded. Loculate pores (lp) absent ventrally but with 0 or 1 lp present on each side laterally; setae present in a single line around each segment, ventral setae (avs) more setose and much shorter (each 16 – 20 µm long) than dorsal abdominal setae (ads) (each 20 – 40 µm long); with a total of about 8 or 9 ads and 4 – 6 avs across each segment; division into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps) not clear, but probably with 2 very long dps and 1 shorter avs plus 1 lp per segment. Each caudal extension (ce VIII) with 1 rather long seta, about 75 – 80 µm long; tergite VIII with 7 hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) medially and a pair of lp laterally on each side; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) extending some way anteriorly under segments VIII and VII, but posterior margin rounded, not divided; with a dorsal finger-like ridge, pointed posteriorly, but apex broken; length from anterior margin to broken apex about 125 µm, width 78 µm at widest point; finger-like dorsal ridge about 33 µm wide. Dorsal ridge with a wide anus (a) anteriorly (width about 18 µm) and also with 3 longish setae on each side, each about 28 µm long, plus another pair of shorter setae near apex laterally. Ventrally with a broad slit-like opening through which aedeagus (aed) emerges; borders of opening quite heavily sclerotised, with 3 pairs of long setae, each about 30 µm long. Aedeagus strongly curved, perhaps 75 µm long, with apex apparently bifid; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Presence of sensilla (psp) on apex unknown as apex broken. Comment. Along with those of Ri. malschae (Williams) and Ripersiella sp. A, both described below, the adult male of Ri. kondonis differs significantly from other apterous rhizoecine males seen during this study. In particular, they differ in having: (i) no eyes; (ii) only a single tarsal segment; and (iii) trochanter with only 2 pairs of campaniform pores. In addition, Ri. kondonis has: (i) an aedeagus with a bifid apex; (ii) metatarsi with a particularly large ventral spur, and (iii) head with an additional pair of ridges extending posteriorly from preocular ridge. Ri. kondonis is, none-the-less, otherwise a typical rhizoecine male (see diagnosis). For comparisons with Ri. malschae and Ripersiella sp. A, see under those species below.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC5BD72F2997229CFEC4F819.taxon	description	(Fig. 12)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC5BD72F2997229CFEC4F819.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratype: Sabah, Kinabalu National Park, Poring Hot Springs, 700 m, with (the ant) Pseudolasius sp., 28. vii. 1998, A. Malsch (BMNH): 1 / 1 ad ♂ (good). Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 600 µm, greatest width 250 µm; antennae 6 segmented, short, much less than half total body length; flagellar segments square to oblong, third segment unusually long; antennae with only hair-like (hs); fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent or undifferentiated throughout body; hs on body mostly rather short, about 7 – 8 µm long, present in dense, mainly segmental, bands over dorsum; loculate pores (lp) each about 6 – 7 µm wide with 3 – 5 loculi (mainly 4), present intersegmentally on dorsum and perhaps venter; simple pores absent. Without either ocelli or simple eyes; tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; trochanter with 2 pairs of campaniform pores. Head: small, greatest width about 93 µm. Unsclerotised; with an area of dense hs dorsal head setae (dhs) on dorsum and a similar smaller area between antennae on venter (vmcrs); loculate pores (lp) and simple pores absent. Simple eyes and ocelli both absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated. Ventrally without any sign of a ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr). Preocular ridge (procr) absent. Antennae: 6 segmented; length about 150 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.25). Scape (scp): 30 µm long, 26 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 15 µm, width 19 µm; with 4 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VI all about 18 – 22 µm wide and parallel-sided, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm): III 43, IV 15, V 15, and VI 42; fs absent; hs short on scape, becoming longer towards apex; approximate number of hs per segment: III 15; IV 7; V 7 + 1 antennal bristle (ab) and VI 15 + 3 ab. Thorax. Each segment with a dense covering of short setae, each about 8 µm long. Loculate pores few, all apparently intersegmental. Venter with a very few, slightly longer setae medially. Loculate pores few, most abundant near spiracles and along margin of prothorax. Mesothoracic furca clear. Pleural ridges well developed. Spiracles: width of peritremes 22 – 25 µm. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 60; II 66; III 70 µm long; coxa III with about 8 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 108; II 116; III 133 µm long; trochanter III with about 4 hs; each trochanter with 2 roundly oval sensoria in a line parallel to trochanterofemur articulation, but without strong Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position 7 – 8 µm long; femur III with about 20 hs. Tibia (ti): I 66; II 70; III 83 µm long; tibia III each with about 28 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like ventrally towards distal end; all tibiae with 3 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 17 µm. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 36; II 36; III 38 µm long (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.46); tarsus III with 5 setae, all spur-like ventrally, with more proximal ventral spur about 18 µm long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) setose, much shorter than length of claw. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length: III 27 µm; claw digitules (cdt) extremely short, perhaps 1 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) unsclerotised. Loculate pores (lp) absent dorsally but with 1 lp on each side of each segment on venter + a group laterally on each side of segment II. Dorsal setae (ads) short (7 – 8 µm long), present in dense bands across all segments, including segment VIII; ventral setae (avs) of similar length; with a total of about 8 – 10 avs in a line across each segment; pleural setae not differentiated from other setae. Each caudal extension on segment VIII (ce VIII) barely differentiated, without long pleural setae; tergite VIII with a pair of ads medially and a pair of lp laterally on each side; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) extending some way anteriorly under segments VIII with rounded posterior margin. Length of ps about 182 µm, width 66 µm at widest point; with a finger-like dorsal ridge, about 27 µm wide, pointing posteriorly; ridge with a large anus, about 25 µm wide, near anterior end; also with about 25 setae between anus and apex of ps; ventrally, ps with a broad slit-like opening ventrally, with about 3 pairs of setae near anterior end and 3 more pairs posteriorly; aedeagus (aed) quite short and strongly curved, perhaps 75 µm long, apex not bifid; anteriorly, aed fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Apex of ps slightly upturned, with a series of fine concentric ridges; presence of sensilla (psp) on apex unknown. Comment. Along with those of Ripersiella sp. A, and Ri. kondonis, the adult male of Ri. malschae differs significantly from other apterous rhizoecine males seen during this study. In particular, they differ in having: (i) no eyes; (ii) only a single tarsal segment; (iii) trochanter with only 2 pairs of campaniform pores and (iv) no Y-shaped sclerotisation on the trochanter. In addition, Ri. malschae has: (i) abundant short dorsal setae in dense bands across each segment; (ii) loculate pores that appear to be intersegmentally arranged, at least on dorsum; (iii) antennae with an unusually long segment III, and (iv) penial sheath relatively large, with many setae on dorsal ridge. Many of the features found on Ri. kondonis, Ri. malschae and Ripersiella sp. A are extremely similar to those on Pseudorhizoecus proximus, described above. It seems likely that these four species are closely related. This is discussed below.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC54D723299724A2FC1EFC62.taxon	description	(Fig. 13)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC54D723299724A2FC1EFC62.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. New Zealand, Karamea, Heaphy Track, 16. iv. 2005, Rata 4, ground litter, K. Affield (NZAC): 2 / 2 ♂♂ in fair condition but both mounted slightly sideways. Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 670 – 680 µm; antennae 9 or 10 segmented, short, clearly less than half total body length; most antennal segments narrow basally, broadening distally, possibly with both hair-like setae (hs) and fleshy setae (fs) but these difficult to separate; body with few setae, all hs, fine and mainly 13 – 25 µm long; loculate pores (lp) with mainly 4 or 5 loculi, each about 6 – 8 µm wide. Legs each with 2 - segmented tarsi (ta); each trochanter (tr) with 3 campaniform pores. Head: greatest width about 120 µm. Dorsal epicranium barely sclerotised; with 12 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head, longest up to 42 µm long; with 1 pair of loculate pores but simple pores absent. With 3 genal setae (gs) posterior to each dorsal simple eyes. Simple eyes (se) round, subequal in size, each about 16 µm wide. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated. Ventral epicranium also barely sclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with 6 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs), longest about 38 µm long. Preocular ridge (procr) restricted dorsally to a short ridge extending medially over dorsal simple eye; ventrally, procr present as distinct ridges which do not appear to fuse medially but extend posteriorly around each ventral simple eye. Antennae: 9 segmented on 1 specimen, 10 segmented on other; length about 310 – 325 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.47). Scape (scp): 30 – 33 µm long, 39 – 42 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): length 36 – 42 µm, width about 28 µm; with 0 fs, 8 or 9 hs but no campaniform pore detected. Segments III – X all about 20 – 25 µm wide at widest point; all flagellar segments broadest towards distal end; lengths of segments (µm): III 38 – 40; IV 23 – 40; V 26 – 28; VI 31 – 37; VII 30 – 37; VIII 31 – 40; non-apical segment IX 31, and apical segment 48 – 50; hs setae about 25 – 40 µm long; approximate number of setae per segment (hs and fs hard to separate): III 7 or 8 setae; IV 6 or 7 setae; V 10 setae; VI – VIII 14 – 16 setae + 1 antennal bristle (ab); IX (non-apical) 9 – 13 setae + 1 long ab, and apical segment X with about 18 setae + 3 ab; setae on segments III – VIII mainly in whorls, possibly with hs distally and fs proximally. Thorax. Prothorax: without a constriction between either head and prothorax or between prothorax and mesothorax; with a few hs and lp + a few simple pores distributed in a narrow band across segment, representing propleural (pl 1 s) and median pronotal (mpns) setae. Sternum (stn 1) with 1 pair of hs prosternal setae (stn 1 s); also with a pair of lp + simple pores in position of anteprosternal setae (astn 1 s); antemesospiracular setae (am 2 s) possibly absent or fused to group of posterior propleural setae and lp (ppl 1 s) laterally. Mesothorax: membranous. Dorsum with 2 narrow bands of hs + 1 lp; ventrally with a small group of setae (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )), lp and simple pores between furca and anterior spiracle (sp 2). Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 11 – 13 µm, each with 2 or 3 associated lp. Furca small but normally developed. Metathorax: dorsally with a narrow band of hs + a few lp extending across full width of segment, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss). Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 11 – 13 µm, with 1 associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with a pair of hs + a pair of lp anteriorly. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx), lengths (µm): I 62 – 70; II 66 – 70; III 62 – 70; coxa III with about 10 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm), lengths (µm): I 109 – 125; II 103 – 115; III 115 – 130; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter with 3 roundly oval sensoria arranged in a triangle medially; with strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 16 – 17 µm long; femur III with about 7 or 8 hs. Tibia (ti), lengths (µm): I 80 – 88; II 75 – 88; III 98 – 108; tibia III with 17 – 19 setae, mainly hs, becoming spur-like distally; all tibiae with 2 – 4 apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 25 – 27 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented, ta 1 very short and ring-like; length of both segments combined (µm): I 57 – 59; II 50 – 54; III 62 – 64 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.61); tarsus III with 16 or 17 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal digitules (tdgt) represented by a pair of long setae, only slightly shorter than length of claw. Claws (c) long and narrow, with a hint of a small denticle about 3 / 4 along length; length of III 17 – 20 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose, each about 10 – 12 µm long. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at), sternites (as) and pleurites (pl) distinct on segment VIII, and also with some sclerotisation on tergite VII, otherwise absent. Loculate pores (lp) absent ventrally but with 1 or 2 pores present on each side pleurally and also mediolaterally on dorsum of all segments; setae present in a single line around each segment, not obviously divided into dorsal, pleural and ventral setae, with a total of about 16 – 20 hs around each segment; ventral abdominal setae (avs) distinctly shorter (each about 16 µm long) than dorsal abdominal setae (ads) (each about 25 µm long). Segment VIII with a rather longer seta on each side in position of glandular pouches, each about 58 – 85 µm long; tergite VIII with 2 pairs of equally long hs dorsal abdominal setae (ads) mediolaterally + 1 or 2 pairs of lp; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) with a broad dorsal ridge which narrows posteriorly to a short finger-like apex; with an indistinct slit-like opening ventrally; length from anterior margin to apex about 68 – 75 µm, width at base 73 – 75 µm; apex probably upturned when viewed from side. Dorsal ridge with a wide anus anteriorly (width about 18 – 20 µm); also with 3 or 4 longish setae on each side, each about 10 – 18 µm long. Laterally with 1 pair of short setae, each about 8 µm long, and antero-ventrally with perhaps 3 pairs of setae, each 11 – 13 µm long. Ventrally, aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 63 – 70 µm long, distal end pointed and perhaps slightly fleshy; anteriorly, aedeagus bends ventrally and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). Apex of penial sheath with a few sensilla (psp). Comment. The adult male of Ri. puhiensis is basically similar to the males of most of the other apterous species seen here, but differs in having the following combination of character states: (i) 9 - or 10 - segmented antennae, each flagellar segment broadest distally; (ii) loculate pores present dorsally on head, thorax and abdomen; (iii) simple pores present on head and thorax; (iv) each trochanter with 3 campaniform pores on each side; (v) body setae few; (vi) long setae on abdominal segment VIII subequal in length to length of penial sheath, and (vii) penial sheath without an obvious sclerotisation extending anteriorly into abdomen.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC56D725299727C2FEB6F9F7.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC56D725299727C2FEB6F9F7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. India, Calcutta, 5. i. 1980, grass (Poaceae), Gy. Topá (PPIHH): 1 / 1 ♂ (fair-good condition). Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 492 µm, greatest width 224 µm; antennae 6 or 7 segmented, short, much less than half total body length; most flagellar segments slightly shorter than wide, possibly with only hair-like setae (hs); body fairly hirsute, all hs, variable in length but longer on dorsum (about 16 – 24 µm) than on venter (13 – 17 µm); loculate pores (lp) frequent, most abundant on dorsum, each about 5 µm wide with 4 or 5 loculi; simple pores absent. Without either ocelli or simple eyes; tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; trochanter (tr) with probably 2 pairs of campaniform pores. Head: dorsal epicranium apparently unsclerotised; with about 13 – 15 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) + 2 or 3 pairs of loculate pores (lp) distributed along full length of head; simple pores absent. Simple eyes and ocelli both absent. Ocular sclerite not apparently differentiated. Ventral epicranium also apparently unsclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge or lateral arms of midcranial ridge; with 1 pair of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs). Preocular ridge (procr) absent dorsally but procr represented ventrally by a thin ridge which extends medially from each antenna and possibly fuses medially. Antennae: 6 or 7 segmented (when 6 segmented, segments III and IV clearly fused, see Figure); length about 107 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.22). Scape (scp): 31 – 33 µm long, 39 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc): 26 µm long, 25 µm wide; with 2 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VII all about 25 µm wide; mostly slightly wider than long, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm) III – VI 18 – 23, VII 39 – 40; hs each 26 – 32 µm long, mainly in whorls; approximate number of hs per segment: III 3; IV 5 hs; V & VI 5 – 7 + 1 antennal bristle (ab), and VII 7 hs + 3 longer and 2 shorter ab. Thorax. Prothorax: not swollen laterally; dorsally with a few hs and lp distributed in a narrow band across segment, pores also in a group near margin. Sternum (stn 1) with 1 pair hs + 1 pair lp in position of prosternal setae (st 1 s); anteprosternal setae and antemesospiracular setae probably absent. Mesothorax: unsclerotised. Dorsum with two narrow bands of hs, anterior band with a few lp medially, posterior band with a small group of lp near margin; ventrally with a few setae and an lp near each mesothoracic spiracle. Mesothoracic spiracle (sp 2): width of peritreme about 18 µm, with a single lp laterally. Metathorax: dorsally with a narrow band of hs extending across full width of segment, representing metatergal setae (mts) and dorsospiracular setae (dss) and with a group of lp near margin. Metapleural ridge without either a metaprecoxal ridge or an additional short ridge extending ventrally from near coxal articulation. Metepimeron absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3): width of peritreme about 20 µm; each with 1 lp. Metasternum (stn 3) with a pair of setae + an lp anterior to each metacoxa. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 73; II 71; III 72 µm long; coxa III with about 6 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 116; II 116; III 126 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter probably with 2 roundly oval sensoria in a line parallel to trochanterofemur articulation, but without strong Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated but seta in this position about 15 – 17 µm long; femur III with about 7 hs. Tibia (ti): I 75; II 75; III 95 µm long; tibia III each with 6 setae, all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of III 18 – 20 µm. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; lengths: I 50; II 50; III 58 µm (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.61); tarsus III with 4 setae, most distal ventral seta spur-like, about 15 µm long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) setose, very short, each 3 – 4 µm long. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length: III 28 – 30 µm; claw digitules (cdt) exceptionally short, setose. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) unsclerotised, except tergite on VIII which mildly sclerotised; pleural areas unsclerotised. Loculate pores (lp) few ventrally, restricted to 1 medially on II and 1 – 3 near margin on II – VI; dorsally, lp present mainly in a line with dorsal setae (ads) on all abdominal segments. Setae on I – VII: dorsal setae (ads) each 17 – 24 µm long, present in a single line of about 8 – 12 across each segment, ventral setae (avs) more setose and shorter than ads (each 13 – 17 µm long), with 4 – 6 avs across each segment; division into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps) not clear, but probably with 2 long dps and 1 shorter avs. Each caudal extension on segment VIII rounded, with 3 much longer and more robust setae, each about 66 – 85 µm long; tergite VIII with 3 pairs of large hs ads medially + a pair of lp laterally on each side; sternite without setae or pores. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) not extending anteriorly into segment VIII; with a dorsal, finger-like ridge which narrows posteriorly to a point, and with a broad slit-like opening ventrally; length from anterior margin to apex 96 µm, width 93 µm at widest point; finger-like dorsal ridge about 40 µm wide. Dorsal ridge with a wide triangular anus anteriorly (width about 30 µm) + with 3 longish setae on each side, each about 18 µm long. Ventrally, aedeagus (aed) emerges through ventral opening; borders of opening not apparently sclerotised, each border with 4 rather short setae, each about 3 – 7 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) strongly curved, perhaps 66 µm long, apex not bifid; anteriorly, aedeagus bends and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). A few sensory sensilla present on apex of penial sheath. Comment. The adult male of Ripersiella species A is somewhat similar to that of Ri. kondonis and Ri. malschae in lacking: (i) simple eyes and ocelli, and in having (ii) 7 - segmented antennae, (iii) loculate pores present more or less throughout, and (iv) only a single tarsal segment. However, it differs in having (character states on Ri. kondonis in brackets when appropriate): (i) much shorter setae on the antennae and body; (ii) fleshy setae not differentiated from hair-like setae (differentiated); (iii) more loculate pores, particularly medially on dorsum of abdomen and near margin; (iv) aedeagus not bifid at apex (bifid), (v) the shape of the flagellar antennal segments, each more or less parallel-side and broadly connected (almost round and narrowly connected), and (vi) absence of fleshy setae on most flagellar segments (present). Nonetheless, it is here considered that these two species are probably closely related.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC50D738299722B0FAAAFE32.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC50D738299722B0FAAAFE32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ethiopia, 3. xii. 1980, host unknown, Demeter (PPIHH): 1 / 1 ♂, poor condition, body twisted, much of it sideways on and head crumpled. Note: although this specimen was poor, several significant or unique characteristics were clearly visible and it was considered worthwhile to describe and illustrate this male. Mounted material: apterous; very small, total body length about 490 µm, greatest width about 185 µm; antennae 10 segmented, moderately long, slightly longer than half body length; most flagellar segments almost binodal and slightly longer than wide, more apical 7 segments with short, stout fleshy setae (fs); hair-like setae (hs) on antennae rather variable in length; body with rather few setae, all hs, variable in length but longer on dorsum (about 15 – 20 µm) than on venter (8 – 10 µm); loculate pores (lp) infrequent, each about 8 µm wide with 4 or 5 loculi, distribution uncertain but perhaps mainly near margins; simple pores absent. With 1 pair of simple eyes but no ocelli. Tarsi (ta) two segmented; trochanter (tr) with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; penial sheath (ps) narrowing abruptly to a narrow process with a triangular apex; also ps with a pair of short processes extending posteriorly, each with 2 small points. Head: dorsum badly distorted and few characters detectable with certainty. Epicranium apparently unsclerotised; with at least 7 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) + perhaps 1 loculate pore (lp) on each side posteriorly; simple pores absent. Simple eyes: only 2 detected, considered to be only 1 pair; ocelli both absent. Ocular sclerite not apparently differentiated. Ventral epicranium also apparently unsclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge or lateral arms of midcranial ridge; with perhaps 2 pairs of ventral midcranial ridge setae (vmcrs). Preocular ridge possibly not detected. Antennae: 10 segmented; length about 270 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.55). Scape (scp): 35 µm long, 35 µm wide, with 3 hs. Pedicel (pdc): 41 – 43 µm long, 28 – 30 µm wide; with 6 – 8 hs + a small campaniform pore. Segments III – VII all about 21 – 24 µm wide; each almost binodal; longer wider than wide, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm) III 39 – 42; IV – VI 30 – 38, VII 39 – 40; VIII 43 – 45; IX 46 – 48; X 68; hs each 16 – 27 µm long, mainly in whorls; approximate number of setae per segment: III 7 hs, IV – VI 7 hs + 2 fs; VII 9 hs + 2 – 7 fs; VIII & IX 8 or 9 hs, 4 – 8 fs, + 1 antennal bristle (ab) on IX; X a few hs, many fs + 3 ab. Thorax. Membranous, without any sclerites. Structure very unclear possibly each segment with a pair of loculate pores dorsally near margin. Dorsal setae apparently few. Ventrally with 1 lp just posterior to each procoxa, and laterad to each spiracle. Spiracular peritremes each 10 – 12 µm wide. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs longest. Coxae (cx): I 75; II 71; III 71 µm long; coxa III with about 6 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 158; II 141; III 155 µm long; trochanter III with about 5 hs; each trochanter probably with 3 roundly oval sensoria in a triangle; Y-shaped sclerotised ridges present associated with trochanterofemur articulation; long trochanter seta not differentiated; femur III with about 8 hs. Tibia (ti): I 139; II 139; III 168 µm long; tibia III each with about 18 setae, all tibiae with 2 apical spurs (tibs); length of III 16 µm. Tarsi (ta) 2 segmented; length of both segments: I 75; II 75; III 85 µm (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.5); tarsus III with 12 setae, most distal ventral seta not significantly spur-like; tarsal digitules (tdgt) setose, none detected but basal sockets present. Claws (c) long and narrow, without a denticle; length: III 25 – 27 µm; claw digitules (cdt): only basal sockets detected. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: tergites (at), sternites (as) and pleural areas apparently unsclerotised. Loculate pores (lp): single pores perhaps only present near margins on segments II, IV, VI and possibly VIII. Setae on I – VII: dorsal setae (ads) each 15 – 20 µm long, present in a single line of perhaps 7 across each segment, ventral setae (avs) more setose and shorter than ads (each 8 – 10 µm long), with maybe 1 or 2 avs across each segment; division into dorsal (dps) and ventral pleural setae (vps) not clear, but probably with 2 longer dps and 1 shorter avs. Caudal extensions (ce) unclear; segment VIII with 3 much longer and more robust setae, each about 60 µm long along margin; tergite VIII perhaps with 2 large hs ads medially; sternite without setae or pores? Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) extending slightly anteriorly into segment VIII along ventral margin; ps with a dorsal, finger-like ridge which narrows posteriorly to a point; apex of ps with a small triangular structure; length from anterior dorsal margin to apex 96 µm, ventrally 118 µm; width 86 µm at widest point; finger-like dorsal ridge about 40 µm wide; narrow apical extension 20 µm; triangular tip 7 µm wide and long. Posterior margin of broad part of ps with a pair of short extensions, each with a pair of pointed structures each 3 – 4 µm long, which look as though they might articulate with the base part. Anus not definitely detected, perhaps 10 µm wide. Dorsal ridge with 2 longish setae on each side, each about 25 µm long. Ventrally, penial sheath with a broad slit-like opening through which aedeagus (aed) emerges; borders of opening not apparently sclerotised, each border with possibly 2 short setae, each about 3 – 7 µm long. Aedeagus (aed) perhaps 70 µm long, 5 µm wide, apex not bifid; anteriorly, aedeagus bends and fuses with a short sclerotised basal rod (bra). A few sensilla (psp) on triangular apex to ps. Comment. The adult male of Ripersiella species B is unique in having: (i) the two short extensions each with a pair of pointed structures posteriorly on the penial sheath, the homologies of which are unknown; and (ii) a short triangular apex to the penial sheath. Ri. hibisci has some ridges or bumps along the posterior margin of the penial sheath in about the same position, but can hardly be said to be similar! However, Ri. hibisci, although macropterous, does resemble Ripersiella sp. B in having: (i) 10 - segmented antennae; (ii) antennal segments of a rather similar shape; (iii) fleshy setae on most antennal segments; (iv) 3 campaniform pores on each side of each trochanter; (v) penial sheath of basically similar shape (broad, narrowing abruptly to a narrow apex); (vi) legs with many setae, and (vii) 2 - segmented tarsi. Ripersiella sp. B differs most obviously in being apterous whereas Ri. hibisci is macropterous. Ripersiella sp. B also resembles the adult male of Ri. cryphia in having only a single pair of simple eyes.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC4FD73B299724A2FCA6FD99.taxon	description	In their cladistic study of the tribe Xenococcini based on adult female morphology, Schneider and LaPolla (2011) obtained a polytomy with four clades and one ungrouped species, one clade equating to Neochavesia, one to Xenococcus and three to Eumyrmococcus, which therefore may not be monophyletic. These clades were found to be related to their geographical distributions, with Neochavesia restricted to the Neotropics, Xenococcus to the Indo- Australian Region, the scorpioides- clade (three species, including the ungrouped E. williams Kozár & Konczné Benedicty) of Eumyrmococcus to Africa and the Palaearctic, and the smithii - clade to Asia, the Pacific and Australia. However, Schneider and LaPolla (2011) only used three representative species of pseudococcine and rhizoecine genera (Geococcus, Rhizoecus and Phenacoccus) as their outgroups but there was support for three of the clades with posterior probability scores of 100, although Bootstrap values were all low (≤ 76) and there was no support for E. williamsi grouping with the other two species of the E. scorpioides - group.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC4FD73B299724A2FCA6FD99.taxon	materials_examined	Subfamily diagnosis based on adult male morphology. Unmounted material: all trophobionts of ants of the genus Acropyga. Mounted material: apterous; minute to small, total body length about 100 – 1350 µm; body more or less round in cross-section; either broadest in head region, generally either narrowing gradually posteriorly or narrowing abruptly in abdominal segment II or III (Eumyrmococcus and Neochavesia), or broadest in thoracic region and narrowing gradually posterior to about segment V (X. acropygae); antennae each long or short, on anterior margin of head; body setae generally abundant (sparse on E. sarawakensis, E. smithii and minute on X. acropygae), all hs; loculate pores (lp) mainly absent (trilocular pores present on Neochavesia caldasiae); other pores absent. Legs mainly well developed, trochanter and femur fused on E. sarawakensis and X. acropygae, and extremely short on X. acropygae. Head: rounded, unsclerotised, without any sign of a constriction between head and prothorax. Setal distribution highly variable, either possibly absent (X. acropygae), very sparse (E. sarawakensis) or frequent to dense (other species). All head ridges absent; lp absent (apart from on N. caldasiae). Simple eyes and ocelli absent. Cranial apophysis absent. Antennae: 1 segmented on X. acropygae with some long apical setae; otherwise mainly well developed and 2 – 5 segmented (poorly developed on E. sarawakensis and E. smithii); scapes quite wide apart, but well differentiated. Pedicel possibly never differentiated. Flagellar segments either fused into 1 large apical segment (E. taylori and Neochavesia nr. trinidadensis), ring-like (E. sarawakensis and E. smithii) or each segment reasonably elongate; with hs setae; apex with hs setae, and antennal bristles. Thoracic segments: barely differentiated from head and rest of body, each segment rather similar; without sclerites (well sclerotised laterally and dorsally on X. acropygae). Setal distribution and setal size variable. Loculate pores only present on prothorax of N. caldasiae. Pleural ridges well developed (short on X. acropygae). Prosternum (stn 1) unsclerotised; sternal apophyses absent. Spiracles (sp 2, sp 3) generally quite large and well developed. Wings: entirely apterous. Legs: subequal in length. Trochanter + femur fused on E. sarawakensis and X. acropygae; each trochanter with a pair of campaniform pores on each side; without a strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridge between trochanter and femur; long trochanter seta undifferentiated. Setae all hs (and minute on X. acropygae). Tibia (ti) with tibial spurs differentiated only on N. nr. trinidadensis. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal digitules (tdgt) probably present and setose. Claws (c) generally long and slightly curved but stouter on some Neochavesia species; without a denticle; claw digitules (cdt) either short and setose or absent but spinose on X. acropygae. Abdomen: posteriormost segments narrowing to a blunt apex on X. acropygae; segments variously modified, probably for transport by ants; segments II – VIII narrow or narrowing posteriorly; without sclerites. Caudal extensions on segments VII and VIII absent, represented by large lobes on Neochavesia species and small lobes on X. acropygae. Loculate pores absent. Setae sparse on E. sarawakensis, E. smithii and X. acropygae, otherwise frequent to abundant, particularly on segment VIII. Ostioles absent. Segment VIII with some long setae on all but E. sarawakensis and E. smithii; glandular pouches absent. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) quite long, extending anteriorly into abdomen on all but E. taylori (uncertain on E. smithii), forming a deep U-shaped structure, to which basal rod and aedeagus are attached ventrally; apex of various shapes but narrow; with few or no setae. Anus (a) located dorsally above anterior end of penial sheath. Ventrally, with a median slit-like opening through which aedeagus emerges. Aedeagus (aed) quite long and narrow, often longer than penial sheath, generally with a pointed apex (blunt on E. sarawakensis), with a strong basal rod (bra).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC4ED73B29972042FC02F9C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Eumyrmococcus smithii Silvestri, by original designation. Introduction. At present, 20 species of Eumyrmococcus are known (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011), divided into two species-groups, the E. scorpioides species-group with three species and the E. smithii species-group with 17 species. Adult males are only known for the latter species-group: E. sarawakensis Williams (Fig. 16) and E. taylori Williams (Fig. 18) (Williams, 1998), and E. smithii Silvestri (Kishimoto-Yamada et al., 2005) (Fig. 17). These can be separated using the key below. A generic diagnosis and key to the identification of the adult females of all 20 species can be found in Schnieder and LaPolla (2011). For a morphological diagnosis of the males of this genus, see key above.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC44D731299724A2FB94FDF3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Chavesia caldasiae Balachowsky, 1957, by original designation. Introduction: Eight species of Neochavesia are now known (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011) and adult males have been described for two of them (N. caldasiae (Balachowsky) (Fig. 19) and N. lapollai Williams (Fig. 20) (Williams, 2004 a )). The adult male of a third species is described below. The adult females of all the known species possess well-developed protruding anal lobes, and an anal ring without cells and placed well forward of the apex of the abdomen. A generic diagnosis and a key based on the adult females are given in Schneider and LaPolla (2011). For a morphological diagnosis of the males of this genus, see key to genera above.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC44D733299726BCFB5CFBC9.taxon	description	(Fig. 21).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC44D733299726BCFB5CFBC9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Trinidad [as British West Indies], San Rafael, 31. v. 1935, in clay under cocoa tree (Theobroma sp., Sterculiaceae), N. A. Weber (USNM): 1 / 1 ♂ in good condition (labelled Neochavesia? trinidadensis Beardsley). Mounted material: apterous. Very small, total body length about 0.84 mm, greatest width 425 µm; antennae 2 segmented, short, with a few minute setose setae except on apex which has longer setae and antennal bristles; setae on head, thorax and 1 st abdominal segment all minute (about 1 µm long); fleshy setae (fs) absent; loculate (lp) and simple pores absent. Without either ocelli or simple eyes; legs with mainly minute setae; tarsi 1 segmented, with minute tarsal digitules; trochanter with 2 pairs of campaniform pores; claw short and stout. Head: rounded anteriorly; posterior margin not determined. Dorsal epicranium apparently unsclerotised and without a median crest (mc), midcranial ridge (dmcr), preocular ridges or postoccipital ridge (por); with a few minute dorsal head setae (dhs), each perhaps 1 – 2 µm long. Genae (g), simple eyes and ocelli absent. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not differentiated. Ventral epicranium unsclerotised, without any sign of ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) or lateral arms of midcranial ridge (lmcr); with a few minute ventral head setae (vhs). Postocular (pocr), interocular (ior) and preoral ridges (pror) all absent. Cranial apophysis (ca) absent. Mouthparts absent. Antennae: 2 segmented; length about 190 µm long (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.23). Scape (scp): 43 µm long, 60 µm wide, with 3 or 4 minute hs; quite wide apart near anterior margin of head. Segment II: length 153 µm, width 50 µm, tapering slightly towards apex; with perhaps 16 minute setae mainly towards distal end; no campaniform pore found. Antennal apex with 3 antennal bristles (each perhaps 34 – 46 µm long), about 5 stiff setae (each about 25 – 33 µm long) and 2 very short (fleshy?) setae on apex (each 5 µm long). Thorax. Division into pro-, meso- and metathorax unclear, apart from position of legs. Dorsal derm with a few minute setae, exact distribution uncertain; ventrally with a very few similar setae. Mesothoracic (sp 2) and metathoracic (sp 3) spiracles: width of peritremes about 21 – 26 µm. No basisternal furca detected. Pleural ridges all developed but short. Metasternum (stn 3) unsclerotised; presence of metasternal setae unknown. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: metathoracic legs possibly longest. Coxae (cx): I 88; II 85 – 87; III 79 – 85 µm long; coxa III with 5 or 6 hs, all minute; long setae on each coxa not differentiated. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 115 – 120; II 122 – 125; III 123 – 130 µm long; trochanter III with about 4 hs, all minute; each trochanter with 2 roundly oval sensoria in a line parallel to trochanterofemur articulation; without strong, Y-shaped sclerotised ridges; long trochanter seta not differentiated; femur III with 7 or 8 minute hs. Tibia (ti): I 64 – 66; II 68 – 70; III 78 – 80 µm long; tibia III with a total of 10 minute setae; all tibiae with 2 setose apical spurs (tibs); length of longest 8 – 10 µm. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 43 – 45; II 43 – 45; III 45 – 48 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.68); tarsus III with 2 minute setae + 3 larger setae, those ventrally more spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdgt) very short and setose. Claws (c) short and rather broad, without a denticle; length: III 21 µm; claw digitules (cdt) very short and setose, arising from centre of claw. Abdomen: segment I not apparently differentiated dorsally; segment II wide, but narrowing so that segments III – VIII are all much narrower, perhaps 1 / 2 – 1 / 4 width of thorax: tergites (at), sternites (as) and pleurites (apl) unsclerotised. Caudal extensions (ce) of segment VII absent; ce on VIII large and appearing similar to anal lobes. Loculate pores (lp) absent; setae in a single band around each segment, not apparently separated into dorsal, pleural and ventral abdominal setae; fewest and shortest on segment III, becoming longer and more abundant posteriorly; approximate number of setae per segment: III 26, IV 31; V 33, VI 42 and VII 36 (length about 33 – 37 µm) and VIII abundant, each up to 75 µm long. Ostioles absent. Segment VIII without a pair of glandular pouches, but lobe with numerous long setose setae. Genital segment: anus not detected. Penial sheath (ps) represented by a large oval sclerotised structure about 130 µm long, 40 – 45 µm wide, extending under segment VIII and protruding slightly between posterior lobes; posteriorly drawn out into a sclerotised finger-like structure which appears to have a ring of spines near apex. Penial sheath apparently without setae and no sensilla detected on posterior apex. Ventrally, aedeagus long and spine-like, about 140 µm long; on only available specimen, this extends antero-ventrally but this may be due to mounting; basally aedeagus with a strongly sclerotised area (probably internal genital aperture (iga) or basal rod (bra). Comment. This specimen, although labelled N.? trinidadensis, is unlikely to belong to this species. Williams (2004 a) found that both the males and females of N. caldasiae and N. lapollai had 5 - segmented antennae. He also pointed out that the adult female of N. trinidadensis had 5 - segmented antennae — but the male described above has only 2 - segmented antennae. Although the large lobes on abdominal segment VIII are very similar to those on N. caldasiae and N. lapollai, the reduction in the number of antennal segments is more suggestive of Eumyrmococcus and the very long aedeagus (apparently longer than the penial sheath) is also seen in E. smithii Silvestri. Although it is considered here that this male probably does belong to an undescribed species of Neochavesia, it is clear that it falls somewhere between the known males of these two genera. The adult males of Eumyrmococcus and Neochavesia are rather similar. All are neotenic, apterous and have a swollen head and thorax, which then narrows more or less abruptly to form a long narrow abdomen. Williams (1998) speculated that the narrow abdomen is to assist transport by the host ants. For separation of the adult males of these 3 species, see key.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC46D733299721E8FD51F85F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Xenococcus annandalei Silvestri, by monotypy. Introduction. At present, five species of Xenococcus are known (Schneider & LaPolla, 2011), but only the male of X. acropygae Williams has been described (Williams, 1998) (Fig. 22). If this is typical of the males of this genus, it appears to be significantly different from other rhizoecine males and is easily separated from the other species in Xenococcini by the presence of: (i) spine-like claw digitules; (ii) very short 1 - segmented antennae; (iii) presence of a lobe (caudal extension?) on abdominal segment VIII with 3 spine-like setae, and (iv) sclerotised thoracic segments. This suggests that the Xenococcinae might be divisable into two tribes, one to include Eumyrmococcus and Neochavesia and the other for just Xenococcus. However, because the male of only one species is currently known, no action is being taken here.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC40D735299724A2FDACFAB0.taxon	description	Several adult males of both subfamilies have been described in some detail in the last 50 years, starting with Beardsley (1960; 1962; 1964) and Afifi (1968). More recent studies are mainly by Miller and colleagues (Miller: 1975; 1999; Miller & McKenzie, 1970; Miller & Appleby, 1971; Miller & Denno, 1977; Miller & Polavarapu, 1997; Miller & Miller, 2002) but there are also descriptions of adult males in Williams (1985) and Williams and Miller (1999). Almost all these males are macropterous and of rather uniform structure. In order to compare the rhizoecine males described above with those of the Pseudococcidae (as here restricted), a fairly typical macropterous male belonging to the Phenacoccinae, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, is illustrated (Fig. 23). Representing the Pseudococcinae, the macropterous male of Paracoccus glaucus (Maskell) is described and illustrated below and that of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) is illustrated (Fig. 25). Few apterous adult male mealybugs have been described in detail previously. That of Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) was described by both Beardsley (1960) and Afifi (1968) but this is very obviously a pseudococcid, even though it has: (i) lost both pairs of simple eyes, (ii) has a reduced number of antennal segments compared with the macropterous form, and (iii) has no neck constriction. In addition the apterous males of Dysmicoccus vaccinii Miller & Polavarapu is also clearly a pseudococcine and still has all the mesothoracic sclerites typical of macropterous forms, and that of D. jenniferae Williams is also clearly a mealybug as it has ostioles, glandular pouches, a strong postoccular ridge and ocelli. To supplement this lack of descriptions of apterous species, two further apterous male Pseudococcinae are described below, Asaphococcus agninus Cox and the myrmecophilous Promymococcus dilli Williams. These are far more female-like and much more similar to apterous male Rhizoecidae. As stated above, the morphology of macropterous males of Pseudococcidae (as here restricted) is remarkably uniform and is diagnosed in the key above (p. 8) and also in Afifi (1968, p. 196). On the basis of our present knowledge, the species and genera within these two subfamilies differ due to relatively small variations in such features as presence or absence of fleshy setae on the body, length of setae on antennae, presence of absence of an interocular ridge, presence or absence of a small membranous area medially on the scutum, etc. (Hardy et al., 2008). Perhaps the most striking variation is the presence of two pairs of glandular pouches on most Phenacoccinae, with one pair on abdominal segment VII and the other on segment VIII (see Fig. 23), whereas there is only one pair on the Pseudococcinae (on segment VIII (see Fig. 24).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC42D73729972798FCA3FBEE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pseudococcus burnerae Brain, by original designation.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC42D74A29972060FEA6FB2C.taxon	description	(Fig. 24)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC42D74A29972060FEA6FB2C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. New Zealand, Auckland area, Waitakere Ra., Fletcher track, on Anarthropteris lanceolata (Polipodiaceae), 11. xi. 2000, N. A. Martin (NZAC: 01 - 020 b): 1 / 1 ad ♂ (good, except head slightly misshapen). Mounted material. Quite small, total body length about 1.33 mm; antennae long, more than half total body length, with long setae; body with few setae, all hair-like (hs); fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent on body; fs on antennae 3 or 4 times longer than width of antennal segments. Wings about 1.13 total body length and about 0.35 as wide as long. Head. Misshapen; probably with a distinct postero-ventral bulge; width across genae about 285 µm. Median crest (mc) poorly demarcated and not reticulated; preoccipital ridge (por) indistinct or absent; with (on each side) about 12 hs dorsal head setae (dhs), mainly between antennae, + 2 loculate pores dorsad to each scape. Midcranial ridge: dorsal ridge (dmcr) well developed and quite broad, extending posteriorly to dorsal simple eyes (dse); ventral ridge (vmcr) narrow, extending from lateral arms (lmcr) posteriorly to just anterior to ventral simple eyes (vse); probably without any reticulations laterally. Genae (g) not reticulated; each with 2 or 3 genal setae (gs) just laterad to preoccipital ridge (procr). Eyes: with 2 pairs of round simple eyes; dorsal eyes (dse) placed well forward, each approximately dorsad to ventral simple eyes (vse), dse slight smaller than vse, dorsal eyes each 35 µm wide, ventral eyes 45 µm wide. Ocelli (o) pronounced, situated laterally; each 21 – 23 µm wide, lying between preoccular and post-ocular ridges (pocr). Ocular sclerite (ocs) sclerotised; only reticulated around each simple eye. Preocular ridge (procr) well developed, long, extending from inner margin of dorsal simple eyes antero-laterally to base of each scape and the postero-laterally to join post-occular ridge just ventral to each ocellus. Post-ocular ridge (pocr) strongly developed, extending from posterior to each dorsal simple eye antero-laterally past each ocellus and then fusing with the preoccular ridge before extending postero-laterally to near mouth. Interoccular ridge (ior) hinted at as a slightly more sclerotised bar dorsad to each ocellus. Dorsal ocular setae absent. Ventral head setae (vhs): 12 – 17 on each side, in an elongate group between each ocellus and ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr). Preoral ridge (pror) poorly developed. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. Antennae. Ten segmented and filiform; 745 µm long (ratio to total body length 1: 0.56). Scape (scp) approximately square, 51 – 54 µm long, 54 µm wide, with 4 hs ventrally and 1 dorsally. Pedicel (pdc) 78 – 81 µm long, 44 µm wide, with concentric ridges on distal half; with 17 – 19 fs, 9 – 14 hs + a campaniform pore. Segments III – X all rather irregular in width, each about 19 – 30 µm wide; each fs 83 – 93 µm long; lengths of segments (µm): III 161 – 166; IV 153 – 158; V 153 – 158; VI 140 – 145; VII 125; VIII 116 – 121 and IX 95. Approximate number of setae on each segment: III 16 or 17 fs + 6 – 11 hs; IV 21 fs + 1 or 2 hs; V 20 – 23 fs + 1 or 2 hs; VI 17 – 19 fs + 0 hs; VII 17 – 19 fs + 0 hs; VIII 18 – 21 fs, 0 hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab) about halfway along segment; IX 16 or 17 fs, 0 hs + 1 ab (about halfway along segment). Segment X not constricted apically; length 115 – 120 µm, with 20 – 25 fs, 0 hs, 2 capitate setae (caps) + 3 large ab on apical third and 1 small ab on proximal third; sensilla basiconica not detected. Thorax. Prothorax. Pronotal ridge (prnr) well developed but not fused dorsally; pronotal sclerite (prn) represented by a small triangular sclerotisation dorsolaterally; without lateral pronotal setae. Medial pronotal setae: 3 hs + 2 or 3 loculate pores (lp) on each side; post-tergite (pt) present, probably with 1 or 2 post-tergital setae (pts). With a single lateral pronotal lp on each side; with 2 or 3 antero-spiracular dorsal setae (asds), without lp; and with 1 or 2 hs antero-spiracular ventral setae (asvs), without lp; plus a small group of 1 or 2 hs just anterior to each triangular plate. Sternum (stn 1) lightly sclerotised, without a median ridge and with transverse ridge only weakly sclerotised; with 2 hs prosternal setae (stn 1 s) + a lp on each side. Anteprosternal setae absent. Mesothorax. Prescutum (prsc) oval, 83 µm long, 145 µm wide; sclerotised but not nodulated; prescutal ridge (pscr) well developed anteriorly but quickly fading posteriorly; prescutal suture (pscs) poorly developed; with 4 or 5 prescutal setae (prscs) on each side; with a distinct sclerotised apodeme on anterior margin of each prealare (pra). Scutum (sct) sclerotised medially, not nodulated, 83 µm long, with about 6 or 7 scutal setae (scts) on each side; each area of scutum laterad to scutellum (scl) rather square and sclerotised but not nodulated; prealar ridge (prar) quite well developed. Scutellum (scl) 99 µm wide and 79 µm long; without a scutellar ridge or foramen; with 2 hs scutellar setae (scls) on each side; pronotal wing process (pnp) thin and extending laterally. Basisternum (stn 2) 227 µm wide and 150 µm long; without a median ridge; bounded anteriorly by a weak marginal ridge (mr) medially, becoming strong laterally; posteriorly with strong procoxal ridges (pcr 2); with perhaps 20 – 30 hs basisternal setae (stn 2 s), mainly in a broad median band; lateropleurite (lpl) narrow, without an extension from marginal ridge along anterior margin; furca (f) well developed, narrow waisted, arms divergent and extending about halfway to marginal ridge anteriorly. Mesopostnotum (pn 2) well developed; pronotal apophyses (pna) well developed. Area bounded anteriorly by scutellum and posteriorly by mesopostnotum membranous. Mesepisternum (eps 2) not nodulated; subepisternal ridge (ser) long and well developed. Postalare (pa) without nodulations; without postalare setae. Mesothoracic spiracle with peritreme 23 – 25 µm wide, without associated loculate pores. Postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s): 3 or 4 hs posterior to each spiracle. Tegular (teg) present, without tegular setae (tegs). Metathorax. With 3 or 4 metatergal setae (mts), well spaced; metapostnotal sclerite (pn 3) distinct. Dorsal part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) present, but presence of suspensorial sclerites uncertain. Posterior part of metapleural ridge well developed; metepisternum (eps 3) not sclerotised and without postmetaspiracular setae; precoxal ridge (pcr 3) well developed, extending medially; metasternal apophyses distinct. Metepimeron (epm 3) sclerotised but without setae. Antemetaspiracular setae absent. Metathoracic spiracle (sp 3) with peritreme 25 µm wide, with a single loculate pore just posterior to each spiracle. Dorsospiracular setae absent. Metasternum (stn 3) membranous, with 2 pairs of hs anterior metasternal setae (amss) and 2 pairs of posterior metasternal setae (pmss). Wings. Hyaline, 1500 µm long, 540 µm wide (ratio of length to width 1: 0.34; ratio of total body length to wing length 1: 1.15); alar lobe (al) well developed; each wing with 3 hs alar setae (als) + 3 circular sensoria (sens). Hamulohalteres (h) each 96 – 100 µm long, 20 µm wide, with a single apical hamulus 53 – 60 µm long. Legs. Metathoracic legs longest. Lengths (µm): coxae (cx): I 103 – 110; II 100; III 116; setae on III about 11 fs + 7 – 10 hs; long setae on each coxa not differentiated. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 302; II 294 – 300; III 303; trochanter III with about 8 – 11 fs + 3 hs; each trochanter with 3 campaniform pores arranged in a triangle medially, and with strong, sclerotised Y-shaped ridges for articulation with femur; long trochanter seta not differentiated; femur III with about 35 – 39 fs + 2 – 6 hs. Tibia (ti): I 306; II 311; III 356 – 360; tibia III with about 55 – 57 setae, mainly fs, a few becoming spur-like at distal end of leg; with 3 apical spurs (tibs) on each protibia; 5 + on each mesotibia and 7 or 8 on each metatibia; length of longest about 23 – 25 µm. Tarsi (ta) all 2 segmented; length of both segments combined: I 107 – 114; II 103 – 108; III 115 – 121 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.33); tarsus III with 30 – 39 setae, mainly spur-like; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdgt) capitate and shorter than claw; tibio-tarsal articulation distinct. Claws (c) each long and thin, nearly twice width of tarsus, almost straight, without a denticle; length (III) 41 – 43 µm; claw digitules (cdt) short and finely setose. Abdomen. Segments I – VII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) unsclerotised and without obvious oval membranous areas in inter-segmental areas. Caudal extension on segment VII absent. Dorsum without loculate pores. Each segment with a total of 4 – 7 dorsal setae (ads); dorsopleural setae (dps) on each side: I 3 hs + 3 – 6 loculate pores (lp) + 0 – 2 small simple pores; II 3 hs + 1 or 2 lp; III & IV 3 hs + 1 lp; V & VI 3 hs + 0 lp; VII 4 or 5 hs + 0 lp; ventral pleural setae (vps) on each side: I 1 hs; II – VII 2 hs. Ventral setae (avs) (totals): II – VII 3 – 7 hs. With a pair of indistinct ostioles laterally between segments VI and VII. Segment VIII: tergite (at) lightly sclerotised medially; sternite (as) with a small sclerotisation anterolaterally; tergite with 1 pair of hs ante-anal setae; sternite with 1 pair of avs; caudal extension (ce VIII) very rounded with 7 – 9 hs pleural setae. Glandular pouches (gp) shallow, each with numerous loculate pores spreading out around pouch; each pouch with 2 long glandular pouch setae (gls), each about 300 µm long, plus a shorter third seta about 56 µm long. Genital segments. Penial sheath (ps) possibly slightly distorted: short, triangular and blunt; anal opening not detected but probably present just posterior to tergite IX on dorsal surface; no other structures noted on dorsal surface. Ventrally, apex of ps (style) bluntly pointed, about 10 µm long. Length of ps from anterior border to apex 100 µm, width across basal ridge 89 µm. Basal ridge (brps) well developed; lateral processes of penial sheath distinct, each with 4 or 5 short setae; also with 4 short hs anterior to each lateral process (pro) and 3 pairs of longer setae near posterior border. Basal rod (bra) distinct, about 25 µm long to top of aedeagus (aed), extending anteriorly to about halfway to basal ridge. Aedeagus (aed) parallel sided at base but broadening slightly towards apex, extending almost to end of penial sheath; aed 56 µm long, about 17 µm wide at apex. Comment. The adult male of another Paracoccus species (P. marginatus) has been described previously (Miller & Miller, 2002). The adult males of these two species are very similar but differ as follows (character states of P. marginatus in brackets): (i) all fleshy setae on antennae long and rather setose (short and blunt); (ii) tegular setae absent (present); and (iii) loculate pores absent near anterior spiracles (present). As can be seen, these differences are small. Although the anus could not be detected on P. glaucus, it is in the normal pseudococcoid position on P. marginatus, at the posterior end of tergite IX (see Fig. 24 N). Tribe: uncertain.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3FD74A2997212FFCB2FA50.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Phenacoccus hirsutus Green, by original designation.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3FD74C299721F7FEA6FF69.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3FD74C299721F7FEA6FF69.taxon	description	Tribe: uncertain.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC39D74C299724EAFCC8FE9D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Trionymus montanus Brittin, by original designation.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC39D74E29972599FE60F806.taxon	description	(Fig. 26) Asaphococcus agninus Cox: Cox, 1987: 17.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC39D74E29972599FE60F806.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied: New Zealand, Hauraki Gulf, Matuora Is., on Pittosporum crassifolium (Pittosporaceae), 19. i. 2006, R. E. Gardner-Gee (NZAC): 1 / 1 ad ♂ (in fair to good condition but some legs missing) + some nymphs. Mounted material. Apterous; very small, 559 µm long, 228 µm wide; rather pointed at both ends. Antennae short, 8 segmented, bases close together on anterior margin of head. Head with 2 pairs of simple eyes plus a pair of ocelli; sclerotised ridges on head much reduced. Mesothorax membranous. Body with few hair-like setae, each 10 – 15 µm long. Loculate pores, each 4 – 6 µm wide with 3 – 5 loculi, restricted to thorax. Small simple pores (ssp) present only on abdominal segment VIII; minute sclerotised pores absent. Legs short, apparently without campaniform pores on trochanter; each leg probably with 1 tibial spur; tarsal digitules (tdgt) capitate. Glandular pouch area without a pouch but with loculate pores associated with a group of setae. Head. Approximately triangular, with no indications of a neck. Dorsal. Length about 65 µm, greatest width 75 µm. Midcranial ridge, median crest and postoccipital ridge absent; with 6 pairs of hs dorsal head setae (dhs) distributed along full length of head. Genae (g) not differentiated from rest of head but perhaps with 2 short hs genal setae (gs) just behind each dorsal simple eye. Dorsal simple eyes (dse) distinctly larger than ventral simple eyes (vse) (dse oval, widest about 21 µm, on margin slightly anterior to vse; vse apparently round, about 15 – 17 µm wide, about 45 µm apart). Ocelli present, each 10 µm wide. Dorsal preocular ridge (procr) absent. Ventral. Ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr) strong, extending about 35 µm posteriorly, and with a further area of lighter sclerotisation posteriorly; with distinct lateral arms (lmcr) anteriorly. Ocular sclerite (ocs) not apparently differentiated but with very faint reticulations around each simple eye; with 1 pair of ventral head setae (vhs) on anterior margin of head, 2 pairs along vmcr and a small pair laterally. Preocular ridge (procr) absent ventrally. Postocular ridge extending for a short distance along lateral margin of head to ocelli, which it partially surrounds; interocular ridge absent. Cranial apophysis and preoral ridge absent. Antennae: 8 segmented; length about 165 µm (ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.3). Scape (scp) 18 – 22 µm long, 26 µm wide, with 4 hs. Pedicel (pdc) with a few concentric ridges on distal end; 25 µm long, 19 – 20 µm wide; with 4 hs + 1 or 2 fs, but no campaniform pore detected. Segment III very narrow proximally; segments III – VIII all about 15 – 20 µm wide; all slightly longer than wide, with narrow intersegmental membranes; lengths of segments (µm): III & IV 15 – 18; V – VII 21 – 24, apical segment 25; fs distinct, each 11 – 15 µm long; hs only slightly longer than fs, longest hs up to 20 µm; approximate number of setae per segment: III 2 or 3 hs + 0 or 1 hs; IV 1 or 2 + 1 or 2 fs; V 4 fs + 5 hs; VI & VII 4 fs + 5 hs + 1 antennal bristle (ab), and VIII 5 ab + 6 hs; not constricted apically; without capitate setae. Thorax. Prothorax. Without any constriction between pro- and mesothorax; pronotal ridge, pronotal sclerite and post-tergite absent. Propleural ridge (plr 1) strongly sclerotised and extending to head near postocular ridge (pocr). Setae few both dorsally and ventrally but with 1 or 2 lp laterally. Sternum (stn 1) unsclerotised but with sternal apophyses; with 1 lp in position of prosternal setae (st 1 s); anteprosternal setae and antemesospiracular setae absent. Mesothorax: unsclerotised; dorsum with two very sparse transverse bands of hs; ventrally with a few setae laterad to each spiracle and a few setae (possibly postmesospiracular setae (pm 2 s )) between mesothoracic spiracle and mesocoxae. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 2) small, width of peritreme about 12 µm; each with 1 lp. Furca small but normally developed. Metathorax: dorsally with 2 pairs of short setae as on each abdominal segment. Ventral part of metapleural ridge (plr 3) short but well-sclerotised; without either a metepisternum (eps 3) or a precoxal ridge (pcr 3); metepimeron (epm 3) absent. Metathoracic spiracles (sp 3) small, width of peritreme about 13 µm, each with an associated lp. Metasternum (stn 3) unsclerotised, with few setae; metasternal apophyses well developed. Wings and hamulohalteres (h) absent. Legs: Metathoracic legs probably longest. Coxae (cx): I 40; II -; III 42 µm long; coxa III with 6 hs. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 65; II 66; III 76 µm long; trochanter III with 4 hs; no campaniform pores detected on any trochanter, apparently absent; lacking Y-shaped ridges distally; long trochanter seta differentiated, each about 36 µm long; femur III with 2 hs. Tibia (ti): I 31; II -; III 51 µm long; tibia III with 4 short setae; all tibia probably with 1 apical spur (tibs) but those on protibia more setose; length about 10 µm. Tarsi (ta) 1 segmented; length (µm): I 23; II -; III 33 (ratio of length of tibia III to length of tarsus III 1: 0.65); tarsus III with 6 setae, all setose; tarsal spurs not differentiated; tarsal campaniform pore very small; tarsal digitules (tdgt) with small capitate apices and longer than length of claw. Claws (c) fairly short, rather broad basally, slightly curved, without a denticle; length: III 14 µm; claw digitules (cdt) setose and slightly longer than claw. Abdomen: segments I – VIII: unsclerotised; caudal extension (ce) of segment VII absent; ce on VIII rounded. Setae present in a single sparse line around each segment, all short, each about 10 – 15 µm long; each segment with 4 dorsal abdominal setae (ads), 1 or 2 dorsal pleural setae (dpls), 1 or 2 ventral pleural seta (vpls) and 4 ventral abdominal setae (avs). Segment VIII with a pair of flat glandular pouches — or areas with 10 – 15 loculate pores — each with 4 long associated setae but these not actually amongst loculate pores; longest setae 75 – 85 µm long, shorter setae about 40 µm long; without ante-anal setae but with small simple pores near each glandular pouch. Sternite VIII without setae or pores; pleurite VIII with 1 short setae + 1 or 2 longer setae, each about 30 – 35 µm long. Genital segment: penial sheath (ps) much narrower than width of abdominal segment VIII; longer than wide (55 µm long; 43 µm wide at base); exact structure hard to see but ps narrowing towards apex with a short fingerlike apical extension with sensoria (psp); with a broad slit-like opening ventrally through which aedeagus (aed) emerges. Anus not detected; dorsolaterally with 3 pairs of setae (each 8 – 12 µm long); ventrally with 2 pairs of shorter setae on margin of slit-like opening. Aedeagus hard to discern but perhaps broad, maybe 33 µm long; basal rod not located. Comments. The adult male of Asaphococcus agninus is superficially very like the apterous adult males of Rhizoecidae, no doubt due to convergence. Nonetheless, the males of A. agninus still have: (i) ocelli; (ii) a distinctly sclerotised postocular ridge; (iii) a strong ventral midcranial ridge; (iv) a small group of loculate pores in the area of the glandular pouches, and (v) a basally narrow penial sheath — all character states not found in Rhizoecidae but characteristic of Pseudococcidae. Unfortunately, the position of the anus could not be seen. In addition to the above character states, the apterous male Saccharicoccus sacchari has (after Afifi, 1968): (i) a distinct postoccipital ridge; (ii) a small cranial apophysis; (iii) a slender tentorial bridge; (iv) pronotal sclerites often present; (v) post-tergites well developed; (vi) transverse ridge of prosternum distinct; (vii) proepisternum + cervical sclerite quite long, clearly reaching base of postocular ridge; (viii) most other segments with some weakly sclerotised tergites and sternites; (ix) ostioles; (x) a reasonably distinct pair of glandular pouches, each with 2 long setae and a shorter seta; (xi) ventral slit of penial sheath with a pair of penial sheath processes, each with a set of fine setae; and (xii) penial sheath only about half width of abdominal segment VIII. Similarly, the apterous male of Dysmicoccus jenniferae (Williams, 1985) has most of these features and clearly keys out within the Pseudococcidae. Most of these features are unknown on apterous rhizoecine mealybugs. Miller and Polavarapu (1997) also described an apterous form of D. vaccinii but this form still retains the major box-like sclerites of the mesothorax and all the main head structures and actually keys out in the macropterous and brachypterous key for mealybugs above. The possible absence of campaniform pores on the trochanter of A. agninus is intriguing — but none were shown by Afifi (1968) on the trochanter of the eriococcid Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenburg). This latter species also has ocelli but no simple eyes. Cox (1987) indicated that some specimens of A. agninus were collected from under the bark of its host plant (Pittosporum sp.), which might account for why the males are apterous. Hardy et al. (2008) placed Asaphococcus in the Pseudococcinae.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3AD74F29972687FC92FCE8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Promyrmococcus dilli Williams, by original designation.	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3AD7422997276FFAF6FEDA.taxon	description	(Fig. 27).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
3421E53EFC3AD7422997276FFAF6FEDA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratypes: Sabah, Kinabalu, Poring, in nest of Dolichodorus marchwitzi (Formicidae), 18. vii. 1991, M. Dill (BMNH): 9 / 9 ad ♂♂ (mainly good). Mounted material. Small, total body length about 1.3 – 1.5 mm; apterous. Antennae about half total body length, with long setae (probably fleshy setae (fs), each 1.5 – 2.0 times longer than width of antennal segments); body with many hair-like (hs) setae, some on each segment extremely long, 450 – 770 µm long; fleshy setae (fs) apparently absent on body. Trilocular pores absent; simple pores few. Head more or less without ridges or sclerites. Simple eyes (se) absent; ocelli (o) present. Mouthparts reduced and non-functional but present. Legs well developed, each with a 2 - segmented tarsus (ta) and without tibial or tarsal spurs; tarsal digitules (tdgt) knobbed. Circulus often present between abdominal segments III and IV. Ostioles (os) present, both anteriorly and posteriorly, with strongly sclerotised margins. Glandular pouches (gp) absent but with a group of setae plus a few 5 - locular pores in this position. Anus (an) near apex of penial sheath, under abdominal segment IX. Ventrally, penial sheath (ps) with a pair of lobes medially. Head. Short, total length perhaps 130 µm and about 320 µm wide behind ocelli. All ridges and sclerites missing apart from (i) a very short preocular ridge (procr) ventrally and (ii) a small slerite between it and each ocellus, probably representing a much reduced ocular sclerite (ocs) – both procr and ocs apparently absent on 1 specimen. Head covered both dorsally and ventrally with long, fine hs, each 20 – 60 + µm long. With 1 pair of longer seta on anterior margin and 2 pairs of even larger setae dorsally. Simple eyes absent; ocelli (o) positioned laterally, each 33 – 40 µm wide. Cranial apophysis not detected or perhaps represented by a small sclerotisation near posterior margin on venter. Mouthparts much reduced, without stylets, present between procoxae; clypeolabral shield about 50 – 60 µm long; labium about 35 – 40 µm long with 7 – 9 pairs of setae. Antennae. Eight- or 9 - segmented and filiform; each 700 – 825 µm long (ratio to total body length 1: 0.54). Setae all flagellate but perhaps of 2 sizes, larger each 75 – 100 µm long, possibly representing fs, and shorter setae each 40 µm long and perhaps hs. Scape (scp) approximately square, 57 – 80 µm long, 70 – 83 µm wide, with many setae but these most abundant dorsally. Pedicel (pdc) 62 – 75 µm long, 54 – 58 µm wide, without concentric ridges; with numerous setae + a campaniform pore. Segments III on 8 - segmented antennae usually with some sign of a pseudoarticulation but clearly separate from segment IV on 9 - segmented antennae. Segments III – (VIII) IX all about 50 – 55 µm wide, and each with numerous setae; lengths (9 - segmented) (µm): III 70 – 75; IV 50 – 55; V 85 – 105; VI 100 – 120; VII 100 – 120; VIII 100 – 120 and IX 70 – 83; combined lengths of III and IV on 8 - segmented antennae 125 – 133. Segments VII and VIII each with a large bristle and segment IX with 3 large bristles. Capitate setae (cs) absent; sensilla basiconica (sb) not detected. Thorax. All 3 segments very similar with bands of hs extending around each segment; loculate pores absent but a few simple pores (ssp) present. All segments each with 1 pair of very large setae and a pair of smaller setae near margin and a pair of large setae submedially. Spiracles: width of peritreme: anterior 23 – 26 µm wide, posterior 30 – 32 µm wide. Prothorax with a pair of large ostioles (os), each with sclerotised margins. Wings. Apterous. Legs. Metathoracic legs longest, all segments with many hs. Lengths (µm): coxae (cx): I 140 – 150; II 135 – 150; III 128 – 150. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): I 330 – 370; II 340 – 373; III 360 – 395; all trochanter with 2 campaniform pores on anterior margin and 3 pores arranged in a triangle medially on posterior margin; without strong, sclerotised Y-shaped ridges for articulation with femur; long trochanter seta not differentiated. Tibia (ti): I 245 – 265; II 255 – 275; III 295 – 310; all tibia without spur-like setae (tibs). Tarsi (ta) all 2 segmented; length of both segments combined: I 100 – 105; II 90 – 100; III 112 – 115 (ratio of tibia III length to tarsus III length 1: 0.38); all tarsus III without tarsal spurs (tars); tarsal campaniform pore present; tarsal digitules (tdgt) longer than claw, capitate. Claws (c) each quite broad basally, subequal in length to width of tarsus, without a denticle; length (III) 40 – 43 µm; claw digitules (cdt) short and fine but with a blunt apex. Abdomen. Segments I – VII: tergites (at) and sternites (as) unsclerotised and without obvious oval membranous areas in inter-segmental areas. Caudal extension on segment VII absent. Without loculate pores. Each segment with a band of numerous hs extending round segment, plus a pair of very large setae submedially and another pair submarginally along with a pair of intermediate-sized setae. Segment VI with a pair of large ostioles, with sclerotised margins, and with 2 pairs of larger setae on ventral margin. Segments VIII & IX. Segment VIII clearly sclerotised throughout; most setae much as on anterior segments; caudal extension (ce VIII) very rounded with 5 – 7 hs very large and intermediate-sized pleural setae. Glandular pouches (gp) absent but with a small group of 1 – 7 quinquelocular pores in this position and a rather variable-sized group of setae but usually with 2 very large setae in this position also. Segment IX represented by a squarish area of sclerotisation above penial sheath, with anus at posterior end; width of anus 33 – 40 µm wide. With 2 pairs of setae just posterior to anus. Genital segments. Penial sheath (ps) lying mainly beneath abdominal segment VIII; fairly short, a little longer than broad, narrowing sharply at posterior end into a narrow finger-like extension; total length 230 – 250 µm, greatest width 155 – 165 µm, apical finger (style) about 50 µm long. Basal ridge (brps) indented medially; lateral processes of penial sheath distinct, each with 4 – 7 short setae; also with a group of 5 or 6 short hs laterally. Basal rod (bra) distinct, about 33 µm long, extending anteriorly to about half-way to basal ridge. Aedeagus (aed) parallel sided, broadest at proximal end, extending almost to end of penial sheath; aed 200 – 230 µm long. Apex of ps with a large group of sensory pores (psp); no penial sheath setae detected. Comment. Although apterous and apparently morphologically rather similar to adult males of Xenococcinae, the adult male of P. dilli has the following character states which place it in the Pseudococcidae (character states of males of Rhizoecidae in brackets): (i) both anterior and posterior ostioles present (ostioles absent); (ii) some specimens with what appears to be a sclerotised ocular sclerite ventrally on the head (sclerite absent); (iii) ocelli (absent): (iv) a circulus (absent); (v) glandular pouch absent but loculate pores present in this position (absent); (vi) abdominal tergite IX distinct (absent or not differentiated); (vii) anal opening at posterior end of tergite IX (anus near anterior margin of penial sheath), and (viii) ventral opening on penial sheath with a pair of well-developed lateral processes (absent). Thus, although the adult male of P. dilli appears to be missing many of the features used above to diagnose adult males of Pseudococcidae (postocular ridge distinct; postoccipital ridge present; dorsal and ventral midcranial ridges usually well developed; pronotal ridge and pronotal sclerite present; propleural ridge generally well developed as a proepisternum + cervical sclerite, extending anteriorly to reach head; and glandular pouches usually present on abdominal segment VIII), the presence of the above eight character states immediately places this male in the Pseudococcidae. It is here assumed that the loss of the other features is secondary, due to their trophobiotic relationship with ants, thus making them morphologically convergent with the myrmecophilous Rhizoecidae. This description differs slightly from that of Williams (2002). In this study, the following character states were found: (i) a probable ocular sclerite (not illustrated in Williams); (ii) antennal bristles present only on apical 3 segments (on apical 4 segments in Williams); (iii) circulus not present on all specimens (present); (iv) tarsus 2 segmented (illustrated as 1 segmented); (v) locular pores of glandular pouch present (not mentioned or illustrated), and (vi) lateral processes on ventral surface of penial sheath well developed (less well developed). As indicated above, Williams (2002) placed the Allomyrmococcini in the Pseudococcinae based on adult female characters. The structure of the penial sheath of P. dilli is also very similar to that of Planococcus glaucus described above (Fig. 24), placing it close to the tribe Pseudococcini (see also the penial sheaths of Trionymus newsteadi, Nipaecoccus nipae, Octococcus africanus (Brain), and Planococcus citri in Afifi (1968 )).	en	Hodgson, Chris (2012): Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams 3291. Zootaxa 3291 (1): 1-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3291.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3291.1.1
