identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3A75CD49FFF6FFF9FF0CF893FD4CFB05.text	3A75CD49FFF6FFF9FF0CF893FD4CFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea Mart.	<div><p>Austronea Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; Wetschnig gen. nov.</p> <p>Genus notabilis ad Fusifilum similis, sed singulari characterum combinatione ab eo et ceteris generibus Urgineoideae diversus et facile distinguendus, nempe foliis generaliter coriaceis, incrassatis vel incrassato-coriaceis; inflorescentia saepissime subcorymbosa vel capitata, juniore plerumque nutante; perigoniis in alabastro rubescentibus vel viridi-lutescentibus, tepalis saepissime a basi bene cupulato-connatis lobis patentibus (rarissime lobis usque ad basem liberis); filamentis staminibus linearibus vel lanceolatis (nec manifeste fusiformibus), levibus vel raro inferne papillatis; ovario viridi vel luteo-aurantiaco, haud albido; seminibus plerumque trigonis, subpyramidalibus plicatis et in angulis anguste alatis (nec sublenticulari-ellipticis, complanatis et in agulis late alatis).</p> <p>Type:— Austronea marginata (Thunb.) Mart. -Azorín, M. B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; Wetschnig</p> <p>Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, usually with compact scales but rarely loose, outer scales brownish and membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 to several per bulb, usually dark green, commonly leathery, terete or flat, rarely plicate, linear to ovate or rounded, usually smooth, glabrous to hairy or hispid. Inflorescence a capitate or subcorymbose raceme with long flower pedicels born on an elongated peduncle, rarely short racemose with short pedicels and peduncle, commonly the apex of the peduncle and the inflorescence nodding at early stages of development, but soon erect at anthesis. Pedicels of buds very short forming a dense apical raceme, distinctly elongating at anthesis to form a capitate or subcorymbose inflorescence, rarely also very short in flower. Bracts lanceolate, acute, the lowermost with a spur from a slight curve outgrowth abaxially to a long, wide spur with obtuse and lobate apex; bracteoles absent. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, erect-patent, diurnal, usually opening in the afternoon and withering in the evening. Flower buds usually reddish or brownish-green. Tepals 6, biseriate, usually connate at the base to form a cup and patent free portion of tepals, rarely almost free from the base and spreading; adaxial side of tepals reddish, brownish, greenish or yellowish, rarely almost white; abaxial side of tepals with a distinct reddish, brownish, or greenish darker central band. Stamens 6, erect or spreading, not connivent to the style; filaments filiform to flattened, usually connate to the perigone and arising at the end of the perigone tube, but sometimes almost free when tepals are not distinctly connate, straight or rarely sigmoid, smooth or rarely papillate below; anthers ovate to oblong, dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length; pollen yellow. Ovary ovoid to oblong or subglobose, trigonous, brown, red or green, sometimes with white maculae, differentiated from the style. Style white, narrow, erect, exerted, straight or slightly curved. Stigma small, papillose and indistinctly trigonous. Capsule ovoid-globose, triloculate, loculicide, valves splitting to the base, with the withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds up to 30 per capsule, black, shining, commonly trigonous in outline, tetrahedrally folded and narrowly winged along the angles, with subovoid embryo ending into a long filamentous hilum, testa loose and easily detachable from the endosperm, with colliculate testa cell walls.</p> <p>Etymology:— Austronea (Austro- = south;- nea = referring to the genus Urginea). This name refers to part of the species traditionally named Urginea or more recently Drimia sensu lato in southern Africa, that represent a genus endemic to Southern Hemisphere. Urginea s.str., based on the first typification by Adamson (1942) (see Speta 1998b), is endemic to western Mediterranean Basin and includes only Urginea fugax Steinheil (1834: 328) and U. ollivieri Maire (1938: 453), as confirmed in our phylogenetic analyses.</p> <p>Main diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:—Species of Austronea are easily distinguishable by a syndrome of morphological characters that allow clear recognition such as the usually leathery and thickened leaves; the subcorymbose or congested raceme commonly nodding at early developing stages, the reddish to green-yellowish tepals (see flower buds), which are usually connate at the base to form a distinct cup and patent free lobes, the filaments linear to lanceolate (not distinctly fusiform), smooth or rarely papillate below, the ovary green to yellow-orange, and the seeds commonly trigonous in outline, tetrahedrally folded and narrowly winged along the angles. As commented above, flower and inflorescence general morphology approach Austronea to Fusifilum, a fact supported by our phylogenetic analyses in which both genera form strongly supported sister clades, but both differing in clear morphological characters. Apparently, flower morphology in Austronea is unspecialized, differing from that in Litanthus Harvey (1844: 314), Thuranthos Wright (1916: 233), Rhadamanthus Salisbury (1866: 37), and Rhodocodon Baker (1880: 280), supporting their generic identity within Urgineoideae in the last century. However, species of Austronea were already recognized as a distinct group within Drimia sensu lato by Manning &amp; Goldblatt (2003, 2007), to include the species related to Drimia marginata. The basic trimerous flower pattern in Hyacinthaceae is constant, as in most petaloid monocot families, and variation mainly regards degree of connation of tepals, adnation and/or connation of stamens and morphology of the gynoecium, which were the main basis for generic circumscriptions in the past. However, based on previous phylogenetic studies, it is evident that the latter flower characters, such as degree of connation of tepals and adnation of filaments, appeared several times in the evolution as convergent events related to independent and usually distant clades or genera (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2011). Furthermore, within clades or genera, these convergence events also occurred, rendering some of these single characters as not sufficient for generic circumscription. For instance, some genera in Ornithogaloideae, such as Nicipe Rafinesque (1837: 54), show flowers with free or rarely connate tepals (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2011). Degree of connation of tepals has also been used in the past to segregate genera in Urgineoideae. Among the genera with distinctly connate tepals, Drimia, Litanthus, Rhadamanthopsis (Obermeyer 1980: 137) Speta (1998b: 74), Rhadamanthus, Rhodocodon, or Urgineopsis Compton (1930: 107) are easily recognized. However, many other species described as Urginea or Drimia sensu lato from southern Africa show unspecialized flowers in which tepals vary from free to shortly connate (Adamson 1942, Baker 1897, Hilliard &amp; Burtt 1982, Huber 1969, Jessop 1977, Stedje 1987), and this was the basis for rejection of some genera in the subfamily, such as for instance Urgineopsis, which show shortly connate tepals (Manning et al. 2004). This is also the case in Austronea, in which tepals are usually connate for ca. 1–1.5 mm to form a distinct cup but sometimes are almost free, and therefore, this character alone should not be used for generic circumscription. Both quantitative and qualitative characters of flower morphology must be combined with those of fruits and seeds and also vegetative, as it occurs in other plant families, and then solid groups of taxa can be accepted at genus rank, as shown by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2011). This syndrome of morphological characters allows confident identification of Austronea species and also a multigeneric treatment in Urgineoideae (M. Martínez-Azorín and collaborators, in preparation), being similar to that widely accepted in Hyacinthoideae, where Manning et al. (2004) accept 11 genera only for southern African taxa, plus several more in the Northern Hemisphere.</p> <p>Ecology:—Species of Austronea are usually found on patches of open vegetation, in sandy or loamy soil, on flats or rocky ground on mountain slopes.</p> <p>Distribution:—Western and southern regions of southern Africa, spanning southern Namibia and western and southern South Africa, reaching deeply inland of the southern African subcontinent.</p> <p>Karyology:—Apparently not studied yet (cf. Goldblatt et al. 2012).</p> <p>Number of species:—In the present revision, 18 species are accepted in Austronea. All are difficult to find in the field because of their cryptic appearance. Leaves are usually small and appressed to the ground and might also be wellcamouflaged. Moreover, they present delicate inflorescences with usually small flowers and their leaves are usually dry at flowering time. This fact, in combination with the poor conservation of flower structures in herbarium vouchers, confound the taxonomy of the group and explains why several species of this genus have remained unnoticed until now. Our field work in South Africa and Namibia, combined with the cultivation of numerous Austronea samples in the glasshouse in the last decade, also attest the existence of further undescribed species, still poorly known, that holds promise of further increase of the number of species in this genus.</p> <p>Further observations:— Idothea Kunth (1843: 341) is the only described genus which includes a species of Austronea in its original concept. Ten species were included in the former fitting in general terms the characters of Drimia s.str., including Drimia media Jacquin (1795: 15), D. purpurascens Jacquin (1812: 48), D. ciliaris Jacquin (1795: 15), D. villosa Lindley (1830: pl.1346), D. elata Jacquin (1794: 15), D. pusilla Jacquin (1794: 15), and D. humilis Berg. ex Ecklon (1827: 2). In addition, Kunth (1843) included three more Idothea species, albeit in doubt as suggested by the question mark in their combinations; these include: Anthericum pusillum Jacquin (1795: 18), A. physodes Jacquin (1795: 18) (both currently placed in Fusifilum), and Anthericum marginatum Thunberg (1794: 63). The latter species is here included in Austronea. Idothea has been considered a synonym of Drimia by most recent authors. Stearn (1978) typified Idothea on Idothea elata (Jacquin 1794: 15) Kunth (1843: 343), and therefore fixed the use of that name, avoiding conflicts with Austronea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFF6FFF9FF0CF893FD4CFB05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFFAFFF4FF0CFC68FE66FDD5.text	3A75CD49FFFAFFF4FF0CFC68FE66FDD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea densiflora Mart.	<div><p>1. Austronea densiflora Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo &amp; A.P.Dold sp. nov. (Fig. 5)</p> <p>Ab Austronea ecklonii affinis folio ad marginem incrassato colliculato papillis minutissimis inconspicuis munito, sed hac bene diversa folio solitario (nec 2–4); inflorescentia et pedunculo multo brevioribus quam folio subaequantibus vel brevioribus (nec valde longioribus), et floribus breviter penduculatis (usque ad 3 mm per anthesin) in racemo densissimo dispositis (nec subcorymbosis et longipedunculatis).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Oudtshoorn (3322): Oudtshoorn, Grootkop Nature Reserve, NE of Oudtshoorn (- CA), elev. 415 m, 28 September 2011 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, J. Vlok, A. P.Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA891 (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH59705!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte.Bulb hypogeal, ovoid, large and succulent, 30–50 × 22–35mm, usually forming clumps and some producing two inflorescences per bulb, not extended into a hypogeal neck, with pale brown membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 10–80 × 1 mm. Leaf solitary, suberect, withered or almost withered at flowering time, aerial portion 20–80 × 10–16 mm, lorate-oblong, rounded distally, flat, slightly curved, sometimes cucullate at the apex, dull dark green, leathery, smooth, margins slightly thickened and revolute, covered by minute papillae, with a short white hypogeal leaf portion conecting to the bulb. Inflorescence erect, as long as or usually shorter than leaves, raceme 10–12 mm long, dense, with 12–22 flowers; peduncle 1.8–2.5 cm long, erect, somewhat sinuous, purple, smooth, glabrous; pedicels up to 3 mm long at anthesis, patent to suberect; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm long, clasping the pedicels, shortly spurred, the lowermost with a short curved outgrowth of 0.2 mm long, membranous, purplish. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening about noon and withering in the evening, 1–3 flowers open at a time, flower buds red; tepals 6, entire, white with a reddish tinge on the adaxial side, reddish with a darker longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, slightly glandular at the apex, biseriate, inner and outers overlapping at the base, connate for ca. 1 mm to form a slight cup, free portions spreading; outer tepals narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 4.7–5.1 × 1.7–1.9 mm, flat; inner tepals narrowly ovate, 4.8–5.2 × 1.8–2 mm, flat. Stamens 6, erect, adnate to perigone for ca. 1 mm; filaments white, fleshy, flat, narrowly triangular, 2.8–3.2 × 0.7–0.9 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary pale green, ovoid to subglobose, somewhat truncate to the style, 2.6–2.8 × 2 mm; style white, columnar, 1.9–2.1 mm long, slightly deflexed and sinuous, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small and slightly papillate. Capsule and seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after the dense inflorescence with very short flower pedicels.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea densiflora flowers in September–October in the wild.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species occurs in patches of open succulent vegetation on stony ground where plants are sheltered by rocks. It is restricted to the Little Karoo region and occurs in SKv11 Eastern Little Karoo and AT2 Gamka thicket vegetation types, characterized by indistinct aseasonal rainfall (mean annual precipitation ranging from 100 to 500 mm), with a slight optimum in March and pronounced drought period in summer (December–January), and with a mean annual temperature of 17º C and fairly frequent frost (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea densiflora appears to be mainly restricted to the Little Karoo in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, with a disjunct population near Kareedouw in the Eastern Cape Province (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea densiflora was already recognised as an undescribed species, as “ Drimia sp. nov. ”, on page 83 of “Plants of the Klein Karoo” by Vlok &amp; Schutte-Vlok (2010). Austronea densiflora is easily distinguishable by the combination of large, hypogeal bulbs, forming clumps; the solitary, lorate-oblong, rounded, leathery, smooth leaf with margins slightly thickened and revolute, covered by minute papillae; the very short inflorescence being as long as or usually shorter than leaves; peduncle 1.8–2.5 cm long, smooth and glabrous; raceme dense, 10–12 mm long; pedicels up to 3 mm long at anthesis; flowers stellate, white with a reddish tinge; and tepals 4.7–5.2 mm long, connate for ca. 1 mm. Peduncle in A. densiflora is deviant in the genus in being very short, only shared by A. acarophylla and A. chalumnensis, but the 2 latter species differ in distinct leaf morphology (Brink &amp; Dold 2003, Dold &amp; Brink 2004). Regarding leaf morphology, the wide, flat leaf of A. densiflora resembles in general terms those of A. ecklonii (= D. ligulata), A. pulchromarginata and A. marginata. However, those three latter species clearly differ by distinct leaf shape and indumentum of leaf margin together with allopatric distribution (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2007). Within those species, the closest to A. densiflora seems to be A. ecklonii, based on the thickened leaf margin colliculate or with minute, undifferentiated papillae. However, A. ecklonii clearly differs by the more numerous 2–3(–4) leaves, the much longer peduncle and the subcorymbose raceme with much longer pedicels. This species is restricted to the western mountains of the Cape Fold Belt.</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Montagu (3320): Ladismith, 7 miles from Warmwaterberg along road to Barrydale (- DD), 1 August 1955 (in leaf), ex hort on 12 December 1955 (in flower), G. van Niekerk 567 (BOL!); Ladismith (3321): Calitzdorp District, Farm NE of Town (Besmkop) (- DA), elev. 370 m, 29 September 2006 (in flower), P. M. Burgoyne &amp; M. Warrington 10673 (PRE843055!); Ladismith (3321): ca. 11 km SW of Calitzdorp, Groenefontein Nature Reserve, near top of pass (- DA), elev. 408 m, 29 September 2011 (in leaf), M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA945 (ABH59655!); ibidem, 18 September 2005, A. P. Dold s.n. (GRA); Ladismith (3321): Gamka N. R. Triangle (- DA), 9 September 2013 (in leaf), T. Rebelo s.n. (Photo on iSpot https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/view/observation/373024/mini-gifball); ibidem, 29 September 2006 (in flower), J. Kirkel s.n. (Photo on iSpot https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/view/observation/316707/hyacinthaceae); Oudtshoorn (3322): Oudtshoorn (- CA), October 1923 (in flower), Taylor 11778 (PRE!); Oudtshoorn (3322): ½ mile from Oudtshoorn (- CA), November 1932 (leaves), F. R. Long s.n. (BOL31787!); Oudtshoorn (3322): 6 km SW Dysseldorp (- CB), D. M. Cumming 11266 (Photo!). Eastern Cape. Steytlerville (3324): Joubertskraal River Pass, N of Kareedouw (- CD), D. M. Cumming 11204 (Photo at http://www. massonia.com/gallery?page=12).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFFAFFF4FF0CFC68FE66FDD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFF9FFF2FF0CFDCEFC34FC91.text	3A75CD49FFF9FFF2FF0CFDCEFC34FC91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea grandiflora Mart.	<div><p>2. Austronea grandiflora Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; Wetschnig sp. nov. (Fig. 7)</p> <p>Ab Austronea vermiformi accedens folio unico angustoque, sed hac multo distincta folio parum carnosulo et magis complanato; floribus superne albicantibus vel laeviter roseocoloratis, majoribus, tepalis 7.6–8.6 mm long. (nec 4–5 mm long.) ad margines per anthesin longitudinaliter recurvatis, stylo longiore 3–4 mm long. (nec 1.5–2 mm long.).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Sutherland (3220): NW of Sutherland, 2 km from Sutherland-Calvinia R354 road, on turn off to Bo-Visrivier (- AB), elev. 1264 m, 15 April 2014 in flower ex hort at University of Alicante (Spain), M. Martínez-Azorín, A. Martínez-Soler &amp; R. McKenzie MMA828b (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, subglobose and usually depressed, 13–21 × 18–27 mm, extended into a hypogeal neck 2–3 cm long, with pale brown membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 5–30 × 0.6–1 mm. Leaf solitary, withered or almost withered at flowering time, aerial portion 25–52 × 4–6 mm, lorate-lanceolate, flattened, slightly contracted at ground level, dull dark green, usually showing a dark purplish ring at base, leathery, smooth, margins smooth or with minute papillae, prostrate to suberect, slightly curved, with a white hypogeal leaf portion connecting to the bulb neck. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 2–5 mm long, capitate or subglobose, with 4–11 flowers; peduncle (2–) 6–8 cm long, erect or flexuose, glabrous, smooth; pedicels 10–15(–22) mm long at anthesis, suberect to spreading; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur of 1–2 mm long, membranous, white with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening in the afternoon and withering in the evening, up to 5 flowers open at a time, flower buds red. Tepals 6, entire, pinkish white on the adaxial side with a reddish darker longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inner at the base, connate for ca. 1.5 mm to form a cup, free portions spreading; outer tepals lanceolate-oblong, 7.8–8.5 × 1.8–2.1 mm, with margins distinctly longitudinally revolute at anthesis which touch together to form a narrow atenuate distal half; inner tepals lanceolate, 7.6–8.4 × 1.9–2 mm, with margins somewhat revolute at anthesis although not touching together. Stamens 6, suberect, adnate to perigone for ca. 1.5 mm; filaments white, fleshy, subterete and attenuate to the apex, 6–7 × 0.8 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary reddish, obovoid, somewhat truncate to the style, 2–2.5 × 2 mm; style white, columnar, 3–4 mm long, slightly contracted at the base, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small and slightly papillate. Capsule and seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after its large flowers when compared to most other species in Austronea, only approaching the size of A. fimbrimarginata.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea grandiflora flowers in November-December in the wild. In cultivation at the University of Alicante (Spain) it flowered from March to May.</p> <p>Habitat:—Grows on stony ground on inland plateaus between 1000 and 1500 m elevation with scarce vegetation in the Nama Karoo or Succulent Karoo biomes (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea grandiflora is known from some inland localities in the surroundings of Calvinia and the Roggeveld escarpment in the south western parts of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea grandiflora is easily identified by the single, flat, lorate-lanceolate leaf, with smooth, not thickened, margin only minutely papillate when dry; the subcorymbose inflorescence with large flowers; tepals 7.6–8.5 mm long, pinkish white on the adaxial side with a reddish band on the abaxial side, with margins distinctly revolute longitudinally at anthesis and style 3–4 mm long. Most species of Austronea show smaller tepals, only 3–5 mm long, except in A. fimbrimarginata up to 7 mm long, but the latter species showing very different leaves and flowers (Snijman &amp; Harrower 2009). The single, elongated leaf of Austronea grandiflora is similar to that of A. vermiformis. However, the study of plants of the latter species from the type locality (Martínez-Azorín et al. MMA796, ABH59723!) show more succulent and less flattened leaves, and much smaller flowers, as said before. The original concept of A. vermiformis sensu Manning &amp; Goldblatt (2007) was very broad and included several populations with narrow elongated leaves and variable width, occurring from the Bushmanland in the Northern Cape to the Roggeveld and Nuweberg escarpments, extending to the Doring River and lower Olifants River valleys and as far east as the Little Karoo. Our study shows that this broad concept should be separated into two further species, one A. grandiflora occurring on the Roggeveld escarpment and the other A. linearis (see below) for populations from the Bushmanland to the Little Karoo, therefore restricting A. vermiformis to the lower Olifants River valley. Austronea marginata and A. ecklonii also share the flat, elongated leaf with A. grandiflora. However, A. marginata clearly differs by the shorter and wider leaf, with margins thickened and densely and minutely retrorsely scabridulous, and the pale brown small flowers with tepals only ca. 5 mm long (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2007), among other characters. Austronea ecklonii (= Drimia ligulata) differs by the more numerous (up to 4), usually longer and wider leaves with thickened, papillate or colliculate margins and the small flowers as in A. marginata (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2007).</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Calvinia (3120): 20 miles E of Calvinia on Brandvlei-Williston road (- AC), photos of flowers 8 December 1970, photo of leaf 22 July 1971, M. Thomas s.n. (NBG118025!, PRE!); Sutherland (3220): NW of Sutherland, 2 km from Sutherland-Calvinia R354 road, on turn off to Bo-Visrivier (- AB), elev. 1264 m, 4 September 2011 (in leaf), M. Martínez-Azorín, A. Martínez-Soler &amp; R. McKenzie MMA828a (ABH59543!); Sutherland (3220): ca. 24 km N Sutherland on R354, roadside (- BA), elev. 1486 m, 5 November 2015 in flower, M. Pinter s.n. WW05291 (ABH!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFF9FFF2FF0CFDCEFC34FC91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFFFFFF0FF0CFC0AFBB6FD6A.text	3A75CD49FFFFFFF0FF0CFC0AFBB6FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea hispidoplicata Mart.	<div><p>3. Austronea hispidoplicata Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; M.A.Alonso sp. nov. (Fig. 8)</p> <p>Ab Austronea barkerae affinis foliis lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis conspicue pilosis, sed hac multo distincta folio solitario (nec 3– 9), pilis unaequalibus longis albicantibusque sinuosis vel curvatis vel raro ramosis munito, longitudinaliter plicato, octocostato, quamquam in parte centrali subplano; tepalis albicantibus usque ad basin liberis (nec cupulato-connatis).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Hondeklipbaai (3017): ca. 10 km NE of Kotzesrus on the way to Garies (- DB), elev. 160 m, sandy soil on quartzitic ridge, 20 August 2017 (in leaf), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. A. Alonso &amp; M. Pinter MMA1788 (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH76973!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, ovoid to subglobose, 12–21 × 11–18 mm, extended into a hypogeal neck up to 1 cm long, with pale brown membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 15–25 × 1 mm. Leaf solitary, withered or almost withered at flowering time, aerial portion 12–35 × 4–11 mm, ovate-lanceolate, flat, appressed to the ground, slightly leathery and succulent, green, adaxial side longitudinally plicate on the sides forming 4 longitudinal grooves on each side and flat along the central longitudinal band, covered by long hispid white trichomes (up to 2.5 mm long) of different lengths that are usually curved or sinuous and rarely branched, abaxial side smooth, flat and almost glabrous, except the adjacent areas to the leaf margins showing trichomes facing downwards. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 2–6 mm long, capitate or subcorymbose, with 3–10 flowers; peduncle 8–12 cm long, erect, slightly flexuose, covered by minute papillae along the whole length; pedicels 5–9 mm long at anthesis, smooth, glabrous, spreading; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur up to 1.5 mm long, membranous, white with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening in the afternoon and withered in the evening, only 1–2 flowers open at a time, flower buds reddish-brown; tepals 6, entire, white on the adaxial side with a pale reddish-brown coloured longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inners at the base, almost free from the base; outer tepals oblong, 4.3–4.5 × 1.6–1.7 mm; inner tepals oblong-lanceolate, 4.6–4.7 × 1.4–1.5 mm; both outer and inner with margins slightly revolute at anthesis. Stamens 6, spreading, shortly adnate to perigone for ca. 0.5 mm; filaments white, terete, filiform, 2.9–3.1 × 0.2 mm, recurved and slightly sigmoid, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary pale brown-reddish, ovoid, somewhat truncate to the style, 1.8–1.9 × 0.9–1 mm; style white, columnar, 2.6–2.8 mm long, erect, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small and slightly papillate. Capsule ovoid-globose, loculicide, valves splitting to the base, with the withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after the unique leaf morphology of this species combining long hispid trichomes and longitudinally plicate leaf sides.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea hispidoplicata flowers around September in the wild at the type locality.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species occurs on gentle slopes and small koppies with gravelly or stony ground with quartz in the Succulent Karoo biome. Vegetation is classified as SKn4 Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld, characterised by winter-rainfall climate with irregular rain events occurring mostly from May to August with almost no rain between November and February (MAP: 115 mm) and frequent dew in winter. Mean annual temperature is ca. 17ºC and frost hardly occurs (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea hispidoplicata is only known from the type locality in the surroundings of Kotzesrus in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea hispidoplicata is unique in having a solitary, ovate-lanceolate, flat leaf which is appressed to the ground, longitudinally plicate on the sides forming 4 longitudinal grooves on each side and a flat central longitudinal band adaxially, covered by long, hispid, white trichomes of different lengths that are usually curved or sinuous and rarely branched; and flat and almost glabrous abaxially with scarce trichomes near leaf margins. Other related species with hairy leaves, such as A. barkerae, A. olifanta or A. trichophylla, are never plicate nor striate and show different leaf morphology (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2003, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2016). Flowers of A. hispidoplicata are peculiar in the genus as tepals are almost free and stamens are spreading and somewhat sinuous, although our genetic studies confirm its inclusion in Austronea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFFFFFF0FF0CFC0AFBB6FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFFDFFEDFF0CFD58FB7DFB39.text	3A75CD49FFFDFFEDFF0CFD58FB7DFB39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea linearis Mart.	<div><p>4. Austronea linearis Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo &amp; A.P.Dold, sp. nov. (Fig. 9)</p> <p>Ab Austronea vermiformi affinis foliis coriaceis linearis atroviridisque, sed hac multo diversa nempe foliis usque ad 3 (nec semper solitariis), minute papillosis (nec laevibus), 2–3 mm lat. (nec 3–6 mm lat. et magis carnosis), synanthis vel proteranthis (nec semper proteranthis).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Ladismith (3321): ca. 3 km E of Calitzdorp, on main road to Oudtshoorn (- DA), elev. 350 m, 28 September 2011 in flower and fruit, M. Martínez-Azorín, J. Vlok, A. P.Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA928 (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH59622!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, ovoid to subglobose, 14–28 × 13–27 mm, extended into a very short hypogeal neck, with white membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 8–50 × 0.6–1 mm. Leaves 1–3, synanthous or withered at flowering time, aerial portion 38–90 × 2–3 mm, narrowly linear and elongated, flattened, sometimes slightly canaliculated at the base, leathery, dull dark green, apparently smooth but covered by minute papillae along the whole surface when dry (visible with magnifying glass), prostrate to suberect, straight or slightly curved, with a white hypogeal leaf portion of ca. 1 cm long conecting to the bulb neck. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 2–5 mm long, capitate or subglobose, with 6–25 flowers; peduncle 8–16 cm long, purple, erect or flexuose, glabrous, smooth or rarely minutely papillose at the base; pedicels 10–15 mm long at anthesis, suberect to spreading, smooth; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–1 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur of 1.5–2 mm long, membranous, white with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening about noon and withering in the evening, 1–3 flowers open at a time, flower buds red; tepals 6, entire, reddish, with a darker longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, slightly glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inner at the base, connate at the base for ca. 1.5 mm to form a distinct cup, free portions patent; outer tepals ovate, 4.8–5 × 1.9–2 mm; inner tepals ovate-lanceolate, 4.7–5 × 1.8–2 mm, both inner and outer with margins somewhat revolute longitudinally at anthesis. Stamens 6, suberect or slightly spreading, adnate to perigone for ca. 1.5 mm; filaments white, fleshy, subterete and attenuate to the apex, 1.9–2.1 × 0.3 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 0.8 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary green, ovoid, truncate to the style, 2.4–2.6 × 1.8 mm; style white, columnar, 1.2 mm long, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small, glandulose and slightly papillate. Capsule ovoid-globose, loculicide, 6–9 × 5–6 mm, valves splitting to the base, with the withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds up to 30 per capsule, black, shining, ca. 3 × 2 mm, commonly trigonous in outline, tetrahedrally folded and narrowly winged along the angles, with subovoid embryo ending into a long filamentous hilum, testa loose and easily detachable from the endosperm, with colliculate testa cell walls.</p> <p>Etymology:—Name alluding to the linear leaves characteristic of this species.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea linearis flowers around September–October in the wild; fruits appear in NovemberDecember.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species occurs on open patches of vegetation with stony ground in the Succulent Karoo and Nama Karoo biomes (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea linearis is known from southern Namibia and north western Northern Cape Province of South Africa as far south as the Little Karoo in Western Cape and the north-eastern regions of the Eastern Cape Province (Fig. 10). Large gaps among the cited populations exist and further studies are needed to evaluate the real extension of the distribution of this species.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea linearis was already recognised as an undescribed species, as “ Drimia sp. nov. ”, in a photograph included in the CD attached to the book “Plants of the Klein Karoo” by Vlok &amp; Schutte-Vlok (2010). Austronea linearis shows similar flowers to those of A. ecklonii, A. marginata, A. pulchromaginata and A. vermiformis but it differs in the 1–3, leathery, dull dark green, narrowly linear leaves, only 2–3 mm wide, which are synanthous or withered at flowering time, apparently smooth but covered by minute papillae along the whole surface under magnification when dry. The closest species, as far as the occurrence of the linear leaves is concerned, are A. vermiformis and A. trichophylla. However, these two species always show a solitary leaf, smooth and thicker in A. vermiformis, and lacking papillae and being distinctly hairy in A. trichophylla. Moreover, A. vermiformis is restricted to the western regions of the Western Cape Province and A. trichophylla is only known from the surroundings of Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, whilst A. linearis occurs from the inland western areas on the Eastern Cape Province and the Little Karoo to north-western Northern Cape Province and southern Namibia. As mentioned above, the concept of A. vermiformis by Manning &amp; Goldblatt (2007) is very wide and includes several populations that are here segregated as distinct species. Among them, the populations from the Little Karoo and Bushmanland are included in A. linearis. However, our field work revealed some variability in the studied populations. The populations from southern Namibia and Bushmanland (Northern Cape) constantly show a single leaf which is usually short and withered at flowering time whilst those from the Little Karoo and southern South Africa present 1–3 leaves, commonly 2, which are usually longer and mostly synanthous. However, inflorescence and flower sizes and morphology are almost identical among all those populations. That, together with the constant micropapillate leaves, support the acceptance of a single species. Further studies are required to evaluate the variability of these characters across its whole distribution.</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— NAMIBIA. Warmbad (2818): Warmbad Dist., Witsand (- DB), elev. 950 m, 17 July 2005, P. Bruyns 10093 (NBG277883!); Witputz (2716): koppie east of mine at Rosh Pinah, on Namuskluft (- DD), elev. 454 m, 29 September 2004 (in flower), C. A. Mannheimer, Maggs-Kölling, G. L. et al. CM2661 (NBG!, PRE0865332!, WIND83726!); Oranjemund (2816): Distrikt Lüderitz-Süd, Obibberge (- BA), 20 September 1972 (in flower), H. Merxmüller &amp; W. Giess 28593 (PRE!). SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape: Springbok (2917): S of Steinkopf, ca. 2.5 km S of Spitzkop, ca. 500 m W of N7, quartzitic outcrop (- BD), elev. 842 m, 29 July 2016 (in leaf), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. A. Alonso, J. L. Villar, A. Vicente, J. Moreno &amp; A. Terrones MMA1544 (ABH74326!); Gamoep (2918): Naib se Berg, eastern end, east of farm (- AD), elev. 827 m, 29 September 2015 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1250 (ABH74102!); Gamoep (2918): Naib se Berg, west of farm at eastern end, slopes going to south-facing entrance of main kloof (- AD), elev. 877 m, 29 September 2015 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1253 (ABH74105!); Gamoep (2918): Naib se Berg, central section, on the way to south-facing entrance of main kloof (- AD), elev. 916 m, 29 September 2015 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B.Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1262 (ABH74114!); Pofadder (2918): Pofadder, Bushmanland (- AB), 14 October 1954 (in leaf), ex hort on 13 May 1957 (in flower), E. Esterhuysen 23640a (BOL!); Prieska (2922): Griquastad District, Rudesheim (- DD), elev. 1400 m, 15 April 2003, P. Bruyns 9415 (NBG0212212 -0!). Western Cape: Montagu (3320): Laingsburg C. P., Witteberg, Whitehill, northern slope (- BA), elev. 3500 feet, 24 October 1943 (in flower), R. H. Compton 15252 (NBG73279!); Montagu (3320): 13.5 km east of Bonnievale, near Drew (- CC), P. L. Perry s.n. (NBG123415!); Montagu (3320): near Montagu (- CC), M. R. L. 4600 (BOL!); Ladismith (3321): Matjiesvlei, at bottom of pass, near Elandspad at Gamkaspoort (- BC), elev. 1600 feet, 18 September 1985, J. H. J. Vlok 1148 (NBG140516!); Ladismith (3321): ca. 11 km SW of Calitzdorp, Groenefontein Nature Reserve, at eastern foot of mountain pass (- DA), elev. 326 m, 29 September 2011 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA963 (GRA!, ABH59651!); Ladismith (3321): Farm Droogkraal, 30 km NW of Oudtshoorn (- BD), 1 October 1980 (in flower), A. Bean s.n. (NBG123416!); Ladismith (3321): Road to Rooiberg pass, southwest of Radleight (- DA), elev. 1000 feet, 6 October 1971 (in flower), E. G. H. Oliver 3665 (NBG!); Ladismith (3321): Calitzdorp District, Farm NE of Town (Besemkop) (- DA), elev. 370 m, 29 September 2006, P. M. Burgoyne &amp; M. Warrington 10677 (PRE843054!); Ladismith (3321): Redstone Hills farm (- DB), 18 October 2017 (in flower), N. Crouch s.n. (Photo!); Oudtshoorn (3322): Oudtshoorn Div., 1 m NW of Cango Caves (- AC), 3 November 1928 (in flower and fruit), J. B. Gillett 1961 (BOL!, NBG288146!); Oudtshoorn (3322): Rust en Vrede, E of Cango (- AD), 15 October 2006 (in flower), A. Harrower 3158 (NBG206909!); Oudtshoorn (3322): south of turnoff to Kruisrivier on R62, ca. 20 km west of Oudtshoorn (- CA), elev. 248 m, 29 September 2011 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA961 (ABH!); Oudtshoorn (3322): 1.5 km east of Oudtshoorn, on road to De Rust (- CA), elev. 372 m, 30 September 2011 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA972 (GRA!, ABH59608!); Oudtshoorn (3322): 3 km east of Oudtshoorn, on road to De Rust (- CB), elev. 358 m, 30 September 2011 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA975 (GRA!, ABH59626!); Oudtshoorn (3322): Oudtshoorn, 3 km from Dysseldorp on road to Herold (- CB), elev. 400 m, 1 October 1989, N. P. Barker 683 A (PRE743900!). Eastern Cape: Hanover (3124): 2.2 km NW of Nieu Bethesda (- DC), elev. 1435 m, 14 October 2011 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín &amp; A. Martínez-Soler MMA1008 (GRA!, ABH59359!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFFDFFEDFF0CFD58FB7DFB39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFE0FFEBFF0CFB62FAFAFAA9.text	3A75CD49FFE0FFEBFF0CFB62FAFAFAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea olifanta Mart.	<div><p>5. Austronea olifanta Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; M.A.Alonso sp. nov. (Fig. 11)</p> <p>Ab Austronea barkerae affinis foliorum characteribus, sed hac diversa nempe foliis minus numerosis 1–4 (nec 3–9), a basi nec angustatis nec pseudopetiolatis, in maturitate glabrescentibus vel fere glabris (nec manifeste pilosis); floribus albidis (nec pallide brunneolis), ovario 2.8–3.1 mm long. (nec ca. 1.8 mm long.) et stylo longiore 1.8–2 mm long. (nec ca. 1 mm long.).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Clanwilliam (3218): ca. 6 km south of Clanwilliam, near Clanwilliam-Citrusdal-Cederberg road crossing (- BB), elev. 124 m, 23 September 2015 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. A. Alonso &amp; M. Pinter MMA1170 (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH74854!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, ovoid to subglobose, 11–25 × 10–26 mm, extended into a short hypogeal neck up to 1.5 cm long, with pale brown membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 5–40 × 0.7–1 mm. Leaves 1–4, rosulate, sessile, withered or almost withered at flowering time, aerial portion 15–35 × 2–8 mm, from narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate with acute apex in young leaves to obovate with obtuse apex in older leaves, flattened, slightly canaliculated, green, somewhat leathery, smooth, young leaves distinctly hairy and ciliate, with somewhat retrorse hairs 0.5–1 mm long, older leaves wider and nearly glabrous, although usually sparsely hairy along the lower portions, prostrate to suberect, with a white hypogeal leaf portion connecting to the bulb neck. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 2–4 mm long, capitate or subcorymbose, with 4–21 flowers; peduncle 9–24 cm long, erect, flexuose, distinctly papillose on the lower half; pedicels 2–5 mm long at anthesis, spreading, smooth; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur up to 2.5 mm long, membranous, white with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening about noon and withering in the evening, only 1–2 flowers open at a time, flower buds white-green; tepals 6, entire, white on the adaxial side with a green longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, slightly glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inner at the base, connate for ca. 1.5 mm to form a cup, free portions patent; outer tepals ovate, 3.8–4.6 × 1.8–2 mm, with margins only slightly revolute at anthesis; inner tepals oblong, 3.7–4.4 × 1.7–1.9 mm, more or less flat. Stamens 6, suberect or slightly spreading, adnate to perigone for ca. 1 mm; filaments white, fleshy, subterete and attenuate to the apex, 2.6–2.8 × 0.4 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary yellowish to pale green, ovoid, somewhat truncate to the style, 2.8–3.1 × 1.5 mm; style white, columnar, 1.8–2 mm long, slightly contrated at the middle, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small and slightly papillate. Capsule and seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after the Olifants River valley where the type locality of A. olifanta is located near Clanwilliam in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea olifanta flowers around September in the wild at the type locality and leaves are present in July–August.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species grows on sandy soil derived from Table Mountain sandstone on rocky ground with open vegetation classified as FFs3 Olifants Sandstone Fynbos, with mean annual precipitation ranging from 250–700 mm, peaking May to August, with 3–10 days of frost per year (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea olifanta is only known from the surroundings of Clanwilliam and Pakhuis Pass in the Western Cape Province (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea olifanta is characterized by the 1–4, sessile, lanceolate to obovate, flattened to slightly canaliculate leaves, distinctly hairy in young plants with cilia of 0.5–1 mm long, and almost glabrous in older mature plants but usually shortly hairy along the lower portions; inflorescence subcorymbose on an elongate peduncle; tepals white on the adaxial side with a green central band on the abaxial side, 3.7–4.6 mm long, connate for ca. 1.5 mm to form a cup, and patent free portions. Inflorescence, flower size and morphology of A. olifanta resemble those of several species in the genus, such as A. barkerae, A. ecklonii, A. marginata, A. pulchromarginata, A. trichophylla and A. vermiformis. However, leaf morphology of these species is clearly different (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2003, 2007, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2016). Among them, A. trichophylla and A. barkerae show hairy leaves, however A. trichophylla differs from A. olifanta by the single, narrowly linear, thickened leaf and is restricted to the surroundings of Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape Province. The closest species to A. olifanta is A. barkerae with respect to the leaf and flower morphology, but the latter differs by the more numerous (3–)5–7(–9) leaves, which are narrowed into a pseudopetiole, always distinctly hairy at least on the abaxial surface in mature plants, the pale-brownish flowers, smaller ovary ca. 1.8 mm long and shorter style ca. 1 mm long (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2003). Moreover, A. barkerae is endemic to the Piketberg Quartz Vygieveld (SKk8)—a very restricted vegetation unit characterised by quartz patches with slightly saline soils, as they are the quartz patches of Knersvlakte, within the succulent karoo unit, whilst A. olifanta is found in sandstone fynbos.</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Clanwilliam (3218): Pakhuisberg, Clanwilliam, L. C. Leipoldt (BOL!); Clanwilliam (3218): Karroo hills Pakhuis, also Clanwilliam, common, L. C. Leipoldt (B100167492!); Clanwilliam (3218): In arenosis prope Clanwilliam, 300 feet, 2 October 1897, H. Bolus 9103 (BOL!); Clanwilliam (3218): Clanwilliam division, N of Citrusdal, 16 October 1935, L. E. Taylor 1225 (BOL!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFE0FFEBFF0CFB62FAFAFAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFE6FFE9FF0CFA12FEA6FAA9.text	3A75CD49FFE6FFE9FF0CFA12FEA6FAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea papillosa Mart.	<div><p>6. Austronea papillosa Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; M.A.Alonso sp. nov. (Fig. 12)</p> <p>Ab Austronea virenti accedens foliis subteretis anguste linearibus suberectibusque, sed hac facile distinguenda foliis saepissime brevioribus 8–18 mm long. (nec multo longioribus), minute papillatis (nec laevibus glabrisque), pedunculo inflorescentiae et pedicellis floralibus tamen cum papillis patentibus ca. 0.1 mm long. dense obsitis (nec laevibus glabrisque); et ovario aurantiaco vel cinnamomeo, ellipsoideo, 3.5–4.2 mm long. (nec ovoideo et multo breviore).</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Gamoep (2918): Naib se Berg, central section, on way to south facing entrance of main kloof (- AD), elev. 916 m, lower slopes covered with quartz, 28 September 2015 (in flower), M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1260 (holotype, GRA!; isotype, ABH74112!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, ovoid to subglobose, 14–18 × 13–15 mm, extended into a short hypogeal neck up to 0.5 cm long, with pale brown membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 5–15 × 0.4–0.7 mm. Leaves 3–9, withered or almost withered at flowering time, aerial portion 8–18 × 1 mm, linear, subterete, slightly flattened on the adaxial side, green, somewhat leathery, with scarce minute papillae, flattened and longitudinally striate when dry. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 2–6 mm long, capitate or subcorymbose, with 3–10 flowers; peduncle 9–14 cm long, erect, flexuouse, covered by elongate, patent papillae ca. 0.1 mm long along the whole length; pedicels 2–5 mm long at anthesis, spreading, covered by the same papillae than the peduncle; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 0.8 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur up to 1.5 mm long, membranous, white with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening in the afternoon and withered in the evening, only 1–2 flowers open at a time, flower buds pale orange; tepals 6, entire, white with pinkish-orange tinge on the adaxial side with a pale orange to cinnamom coloured longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inner at the base, connate for 1–1.5 mm to form a cup, free portions spreading; outer tepals oblong, 5–5.2 × 1.6–1.8 mm; inner tepals oblong-lanceolate, 5–5.5 × 1.5–1.6 mm; both outer and inner with margins slightly revolute at anthesis. Stamens 6, spreading, adnate to perigone for ca. 1 mm; filaments white, fleshy, subterete or slightly flattened and attenuate to the apex, 3.1–3.3 × 0.4 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 1 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary orange to cinnamom colour, narrowly ovoid-lanceolate, distinctly elongated, somewhat truncate to the style, 3.5–4.2 × 1.4–1.5 mm; style white, columnar, 1.2–1.3 mm long, slightly curved or sinuous, slightly thickened at the apex, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small, capitate and slightly papillate. Capsule ovoid-globose, loculicide, valves splitting to the base, with the withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after the distinctly papillose peduncle and pedicels together with the scarcely papillose leaves.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea papillosa flowers around September in the wild at the type locality.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species grows on gentle, quartz-covered slopes of the SKr18 Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland and SKr19 Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld the Bushmanland, and on surface shale rubble of the SKn2 Namaqualand Shale Shrubland in the the Skaap River region, west of Springbok. The area is characterised by winter-rainfall regime, with precipitation peaking between May and August precipitation and MAP (for various vegetation units) ranging from 120 to 200 mm and MAT of 16–17ºC, and with variable incidence of frost (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:— Austronea papillosa is only known from the northwestern Northern Cape Province in South Africa, around the Naib se Berge and the Skaap River NW of Nababeep near Springbok (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea papillosa shows a unique combination of morphological characters, such as the 3–9, narrowly linear, subterete leaves with scarce minute papillae; the elongated peduncle and pedicels covered by patent papillae ca. 0.1 mm long along the whole length; flowers white with a pinkish-orange tinge; tepals ca. 5 mm long, connate for 1–1.5 mm to form a cup, and spreading free portions; and ovary orange to cinnamon colour, narrowly ovoid-lanceolate, much longer than wide; and a white, short style. This species is unique in the genus in having distinctly papillate penducle and flower pedicels. Moreover, flower and gynoecium morphology is also unique. The narrowly linear, suberect, almost terete leaves approach A. pygmaea and A. virens, although both those species show smooth pedicels and upper portions of penduncle. Furthermore, the latter species usually shows much longer leaves. Austronea pygmaea and A. virens are restricted to the mountains in the western regions of the Western Cape Province and Cape Peninsula.</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Springbok (2917): Nababeep, Skaap River, NW of Nababeep (-DA), elev. 500 m, 16 November 2001 (in flower), P.V. Bruyns 8914A (NBG195966!).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFE6FFE9FF0CFA12FEA6FAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
3A75CD49FFE4FFE7FF0CFA12FEF6F9AD.text	3A75CD49FFE4FFE7FF0CFA12FEF6F9AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austronea pinguis Mart.	<div><p>7. Austronea pinguis Mart. -Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter &amp; M.A.Alonso, sp. nov. (Fig. 13)</p> <p>Ab Austronea acarophylla et A. vermiformi affinis folia solitaria, incrassata vel succulenta atque inflorescentia subcapitata, sed his bene diversa et facile distinguitur. A priore folia 15–25(40) × 5–9 mm, majora (in illa 6–14 × 1–4 mm) et inflorescentiae pedunculo 7–14 cm, multo longiore differt. A posteriore precipue folia breviora et latiora (in illa 35–70 × 2–5 mm) inter alteros characteres discrepat.</p> <p>Type:— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Montagu (3320): Rooinek Pass, ca. 18 km south of Laingsburg on R323 (- BD), elev. 759 m, ex hort at University of Alicante on 4 May 2018 in flower, M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1342b (holotype: GRA!; isotype: ABH!).</p> <p>Herbaceous deciduous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, ovoid to subglobose, 15–22 × 16–27 mm, slightly depressed in mature plants, extended into a hypogeal neck up to 20 mm long, with white membranous outer tunics and white fleshy tightly packed inner tunics. Roots fleshy, white, branched, 10–20 × 0.6–1 mm. Leaf solitary, withered at flowering time, aerial portion 15–25(40) × 5–9 mm, clavate, succulent, subterete to slightly flattened, leathery, dull dark green, smooth, suberect, with a white hypogeal leaf portion of 10–25 mm long conecting to the bulb neck. Inflorescence nodding in bud, raceme 3–6 mm long, capitate or subglobose, with 10–25 flowers; peduncle 7–14 cm long, reddish-brown, erect or flexuose, glabrous, smooth; pedicels 5–8 mm long at anthesis, suberect to spreading, smooth; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 0.7–0.9 mm long, clasping the pedicels, spurred, the lowermost with a spur of 0.6–0.8 mm long, membranous, purplish with a central darker band. Flowers pentacyclic, trimerous, stellate, opening about noon and withering in the evening, 1–3 flowers open at a time, flower buds red; tepals 6, entire, reddish, with a darker longitudinal central band on the abaxial side, slightly glandulous at the apex, biseriate, outer overlapping inner at the base, connate at the base for 1–1.5 mm to form a distinct cup, free portions patent; outer tepals ovate, 3.5–4.5 × 1.3–1.5 mm; inner tepals ovate-lanceolate, 3.4–4.3 × 1.2–1.4 mm, both inner and outer with margins somewhat revolute longitudinally at anthesis. Stamens 6, suberect, adnate to perigone for ca. 1 mm; filaments white, fleshy, subterete and attenuate to the apex, 1.8–2.3 × 0.3 mm, smooth; anthers yellow, oblong, ca. 0.8 mm long before dehiscence, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, with yellow pollen. Ovary green, ovoid, truncate to the style, 1.8–2 × 1.6 mm; style white, columnar, somewhat curved, 1.2 mm long, trigonous in transversal section; stigma small, glandulose and slightly papillate. Capsule and seeds unknown.</p> <p>Etymology:—Name alluding to the short and succulent single leaf characteristic of this species.</p> <p>Phenology:— Austronea pinguis flowers around December in the wild. In cultivation in the northern hemisphere (University of Alicante, Spain) it flowers around May.</p> <p>Habitat:—This species is found on open patches of vegetation with stony ground mostly in the Succulent Karoo and Nama Karoo biomes (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006). The populations around Laingsburg are located in the SKv6 Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo and the Nkl1 Gamka Karoo vegetation types, characterized by indistinct aseasonal rainfall (mean annual precipitation ranging from 100 to 240 mm), with a slight optimum in winter (March and May- August), with a mean annual temperature of 16º C and relatively high incidence of frost. The disjunct population around Richmond occurs in NKu4 Eastern Upper Karoo vegetation type and rainfall occurs mainly in autumn and summer, peaking in March (Mucina &amp; Rutherford 2006).</p> <p>Distribution:—Most populations of Austronea pinguis are located around Laingsburg, north of the Swartberge mountain range, extending inland to the southern Roggeveld, Beaufort West and Richmond (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships:— Austronea pinguis was first recognised as an undescribed species, as “ Drimia sp nov Rouxpos”, in a photograph included in the CD attached to the book “Plants of the Klein Karoo” by Vlok &amp; Schutte-Vlok (2010). Austronea pinguis is easily distinguished by the single, short and succulent leaf (15–25(40) × 5–9 mm) and the subcapitate inflorescence borned on an elongated peduncle. This species seems to be related to A. acarophylla and A. vermiformis based on the single, thickened or succulent leaf. However, A. acarophylla differs by the smaller leaf (6–14 × 1–4 mm) and much shorter peduncle of inflorescence (Brink &amp; Dold 2003) and A. vermiformis shows a much longer and thinner leaf (35–70 × 2–5 mm), among other characters (Manning &amp; Goldblatt 2007).</p> <p>Additional material studied (paratypes):— SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Sutherland (3220): Laingsburg dist., Wilgerboom (- DB), elev. 1100 m, 30 May 2005 in leaf, flowers end of December, P. V. Bruyns 9998 (NBG0267458 - 0!); Beaufort West (3222): Stolshoek, Karoo National Park, W of Beaufort West (- AD), elev. 1250 m, 13 September 1989 (in flower), P. V. Bruyns 3977 (BOL2546!); Montagu (3320): Rooinek Pass, ca. 18 km south of Laingsburg on R323 (- BD), elev. 759 m, 3 October 2015 in leaf, M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo &amp; M. A. Alonso MMA1342 (ABH74912!); Montagu (3320): Rooinek Pass, south of Laingsburg (- BD), 30 August 2012 in leaf, J. Slade (Photo!); Ladismith (3321): Spitskopvlakte, 20 km E of Laingsburg (- AA), rocky shale flats, 12 May 2011 in leaf, N. Helme (Photo on iSpot at https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/view/observation/366351/drimiae-of-laingsburg); Ladismith (3321): near Rouxpos, on road from Laingsburg to Ladismith (- AC), 13 August 2007 in leaf, J. Vlok s.n. (Photo in Vlok &amp; Schutte-Vlok 2010). Northern Cape. Victoria West (3123): Richmond, slopes ca. 500 m north of town (- BD), D. Human s.n. (Photo!); Hanover (3124): Messfontein, Richmond (- AA), 13 April 2016 (in leaf), Dewidine (Photo on iSpot: https://www.ispotnature.org/communities/southern-africa/view/observation/614489/ drimia-single-leaf!).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A75CD49FFE4FFE7FF0CFA12FEF6F9AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martínez-Azorín, Mario;Crespo, Manuel B.;Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles;Dold, Anthony P.;Pinter, Michael;Wetschnig, Wolfgang	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Dold, Anthony P., Pinter, Michael, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2018): Austronea (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new genus from southern Africa, including the description of seven new species. Phytotaxa 365 (2): 101-129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.365.2.1
