taxonID	type	description	language	source
3F748780FF9AFFF038E01C8BFC15FD76.taxon	description	The new species is put into Trachusa Panzer, 1804 based on the combination of characters given in the generic account by Michener (2007), including the following: Pronotal lobe lamellate; upper part of omaulus carinate; posterior part of head well-developed, lateral ocellus nearer to eye (0.74 mm) than to preoccipital margin (0.89 mm) (Table 1); middle tibia nearly as broad as hind tibia (see Table 1); vein cu-v of hind wing oblique, half as long as second abscissa of M + Cu or more; arolia present. The habitus of the new species is similar to Trachusoides Michener & Griswold, 1994 with its two species T. simplex Michener & Griswold, 1994, and T. elsieae Michener, 2015. Among other features (see refined definition of the genus in Griswold 2015), the new species has cleft hind and mid-tarsal claws which places it in Trachusa rather than Trachusoides. The new species is attributed to the subgenus Trachusa (Paraanthidium) Friese, 1898 based on the following combination of characters (see Michener and Griswold 1994; Michener 2007; Kasparek 2017): second recurrent vein distal to second submarginal crossvein; subantennal suture (slightly) outwardly arcuate; scutellum broadly rounded but medially emarginate; inner margins of eyes parallel. Interocellar Distance (IOD) (0.54 mm), less than Ocelloccipital Distance (OCD) (0.89 mm) (Table 1), but not quite half of it as in the subgeneric definition provided by Michener (2007).	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9BFFF738C41ACEFD7AFF11.taxon	description	The female of the Palaearctic Trachusa byssina (Panzer, 1804) is the only other entirely dark Trachusa species. It differs from the species of the ovata species group by a number of structural features (three versus four mandibular teeth, extended maxillary palpus, etc.) and is assigned to the subgenus Trachusa (Trachusa) s. str. With its rich pubescence and a different habitus (megachiliform body form in T. ovata species group; chalicodomiform body form with more slender, almost parallel-sided metasoma in T. byssina) it is at first glance clearly distinct from the species of the ovata group (cf. Kasparek 2017). In the female, the general appearance of the species of the ovata group is similar to the species of the Indomalayan longicornis group (see below for a list of species belonging to that group). However, the longicornis group members are characterised by dull yellow or ochreous markings particularly on apical terga, mostly in the form of somewhat irregular transversal stripes and maculations. As the males of the ovata group and also the males of some members of the longicornis species group are not known, the differences between them in the male gender still needs to be defined. Within the subgenus Trachusa (Paraanthidium), the members of the interrupta group with their typical yellow-black colour pattern are clearly distinct from the members of the ovata species group. The female of T. (Paraanthidium) xylocopiformis is still unknown. As the male is large, structurally different with relatively long, thin legs and relatively long wings, a distinctive colouration of hairs and other parts (e. g., reddish rather than black tegulae) it is evident that the material described here is not the still undescribed female of T. xylocopiformis. The remaining members of Trachusa (Paraanthidium) belong to the Subsaharan African realm and are clearly distinguished by structural and colouration features.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 8)	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	materials_examined	Material Holotype, female. MALAYSIA: Johor: Kluang District: Mount Lambak (Gunung Lambak) (02 ° 01 ʹ N, 103 ° 21 ʹ E), 05. v. 1971, C. G. Roche leg. Fresh specimen with unworn mandibles and intact wing tips. – Labels on type specimen (different labels separated by slashes ” / ”): ‘ Protanthidium sp. aff. ovatum Cam., det. D. B. 1982 compared with type ov. / 9804 / D & M Baker Collection KUNHM 2004 - En- 004 / ROCHE / SEMC 0974792 KUNHM-Ent / MALAYSIA (Johore) G. Lambak 8.5.1971 C. G. Roche / Trachusa rufobalteatum [sic!] ♀ det. T. Griswold ’). – Note: The specimen is deposited in the Donald and Madge Baker collection which is not the usual SEMC material (see Engel and Dathe 2009).	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	description	Description (female) 14 mm. colouration: Ground colouration dark reddish brown to black. Yellow markings entirely absent (Figure 1). – Head: Clypeus slightly convex, apical margin shallowly emarginate (Figure 5); on dorsal margin slightly yet distinctly incurved above anterior tentorial pits; apical emargination weakly crenulate with tufts of short light brown hair; punctation of clypeus dense with much finer punctures in apical area; punctures hexagonal; middle line sparsely punctured, slightly carinate. Mandible strong, broad at apex; big, blunt apical tooth and anterior edentate ridge with four, hardly distinguishable teeth (tooth ridge) (Figures 4 – 5). Subantennal suture inconspicuous, slightly outwardly arcuate; dorsal surface of antenna dark brown, light reddish brown ventrally; entire head with dense punctation excepting supraclypeal area where, in an extension of the clypeal median carina, a sparsely punctured central line is found. Posterior part of head well-developed, lateral ocellus nearer to the eye than to preoccipital margin (distance to eye 0.74 mm, to preoccipital ridge 0.89 mm). Interocellar distance (0.54 mm) less than ocelloccipital distance (0.89 mm) (Table 1). Preoccipital ridge rounded. Head with short erect yellow-brown to red-brown pubescence, slightly longer hair between and around antennal sockets. Maxillary palpus three-segmented with broad basal segment and two equally long distal segments. – Wings: Light brown infuscated, anterior part (mainly radial cell and first cubital cell) somewhat more strongly than the posterior area (Figure 6) (Note: visibility of wing pattern strongly affected by way wing is displayed against various backgrounds with different lighting properties). Vein cu-v of hind wing oblique, approximately 82 % of the length of the second abscissa of M + Cu. – Mesosoma: Scutum, scutellum and axilla densely and deeply punctate (Figure 3) with honeycomb-like hexagonal prismatic punctures; pronotal lobe rectangular and laterally protruding, anterior side with strong lamella; omaulus angular to irregularly carinate. Scutum with short erect yellow-brown to red-brown pubescence; scutellum with deep median emargination; scutoscutellar suture wide and deep, axillar suture much narrower, yet distinctly visible. Punctation of axilla somewhat finer than that of scutellum. – Legs: Mid tibia almost as broad as the hind tibia (Table 1); mid and hind tibia widening apically; fore tibia smaller (shorter and narrower) and parallel-sided; distal tarsomeres of all legs lighter brown than the remainder of legs; claws bifidı relatively large arolia present. – Metasoma: Terga smooth, shining; uniformly black without brown apical bands. Terga T 1 – T 5 with broad impunctate margins, slightly broader in the centre than at sides; disc with fine punctation, interspaces 3 – 4 times a puncture width; punctation of marginal area denser, distance between punctures 1 – 2 times puncture width (Figure 7). Apical visible tergum (T 6) with dense, coarse punctation and fringe of ochreous bristles at apex. Scopa dull white.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	etymology	Derivatio nominis The name is derived from the Latin adjective ‘ tenebrosus ’ (- a, - um) = ‘ dark ’.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology The type specimen has been collected in May. No other information on biology available.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	discussion	Remarks According to the labels attached, the type specimen was examined before by T. Griswold, who determined it as Trachusa rufobalteatum (sic), and by D. M. Baker, who determined it, after comparison with the type of T. ovata, as ‘ Protanthidium sp. aff. ovatum Cam. ’. The mandibular dentition, the punctation pattern of the terga and the colouration of the wings are features which characterise T. tenebrosa sp. n. very well, especially as the holotype is a fresh specimen with unworn mandibles and intact wing tips.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution The type locality is Mount Lambak (Malay: Gunung Lambak) (Figure 9), a small mountain in Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia, where the species was collected in 1971. The summit rises 510 m above sea level, and the area is nowadays protected as a Forest Reserve (Maniam and Singaravelloo 2015). The area has been developed in recent years as a recreational and tourist attraction called ‘ Mount Lambak Recreational Forest ’, and picnic areas, a car parking, a children ’ s playground and other facilities have been established. This transformation together with the fact that much of Malaysia ’ s surface area has been converted to oil palm plantations may be a conservation concern for the newly described species. On the other hand, habitats similar to those at Mount Lambak can still be found in national parks and forest reserves in southern Malaysia and elsewhere (Maniam and Singaravelloo 2015), and the species may persist there. The only known occurrence of the closely related T. ovata is Borneo, in Sarawak, Malaysia (Cameron 1902; Mavromoustakis 1936; Kasparek 2017). It is more than 800 km away and separated by the South China Sea. This is now an important biogeographical barrier, but during glacial maxima, the Sunda Shelf was largely exposed and these areas were connected.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF9CFFF838981931FEB9FCDF.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis (female) The habitus of T. tenebrosa sp. n. is very similar to T. ovata. The ground colour of the integument is dark reddish brown to black in both species and this distinguishes them from the other species of the subgenus. T. tenebrosa sp. n. is distinguished from T. ovata by mandibular dentition (Table 2): it has no clearly distinguishable teeth except the large apical tooth (large apical tooth followed by an edentate ridge), whereas T. ovata has five distinct teeth (one large apical and four smaller subacute teeth). Trachusa tenebrosa sp. n. can be further distinguished from T. ovata by the colouration of the forewing: the outer half of the wing is milky white in T. ovata, contrasting with the strongly infuscate inner part, while in T. tenebrosa sp. n. the wing is infuscated light brown with a less strongly infuscated area confined to the apex beyond the wing cells. The two species can also be distinguished by the punctation of the metasomal terga (best seen on T 2) (Table 2, see Figure 7): The disc is finely punctured in T. tenebrosa sp. n., with the punctures widely separated from each other (mostly 3 – 4 times their diameter), but they are closer together (mostly 1 – 2 times their diameter) in T. ovata. Because of the larger interstices, the disc appears shiny in T. tenebrosa sp. n. and somewhat dull in T. ovata. The marginal area of T 2 is dark brown in T. ovata and black in T. tenebrosa sp. n. The impunctate apical margin of T 2 is at least twice as wide as in T. ovata. The upper omaulus has a continuous carina in T. ovata, whereas there are only discontinuous carinate parts in T. tenebrosa sp. n. The frontal part of the mesepisternum is black in T. tenebrosa sp. n. but reddish brown in T. ovata. Trachusa tenebrosa sp. n. and T. ovata are both characterised by a regular, honeycomb-like punctation of the head. Most other species in the genus (especially those in the longicornis group) having scattered punctation with large, shining interstices and partly confluent punctures.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF93FFFF38BF1B72FB28FB5C.taxon	description	(Figures 4 – 8)	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF93FFFF38BF1B72FB28FB5C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Female holotype in NHMUK: ‘ B. M. type Hym. 17 a 1957 a / selected as type by Pasteels / NHMUK 010265029 / Matang 3600 ʹ June 1900 / Protoanthidium ovatum Cam. Borneo ’. Specimen photographed by D. Notton (NHMUK). – Female apparently from the type series in coll. Mavromoustakis (“ P. Cameron coll. 1914 – 110 / Malavy June 1900 / Paraanthidium ovatum Cam. Borneo ”) (photograph in Kasparek 2017). – Female in SEMC (“ Protanthidium ovatum (Cam.) D. B. Baker det. 1991 / D & M Baker Collection KUNKUNHM 2004 - En- 004 / SEMC 0974791 KUNHM-Ent / Matang 3200 ft. Apl. 1902 / Sarawak Kuching distr. Mt. Matang / OUM ”). – Female in SEMC (‘ Borneo 1909 C. J. Brooks / Trachusa (Protanthidium) ovata Cameron. Det. C. D. Michener / SEMC 1321053 KUNHM-ENT ’).	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF93FFFF38BF1B72FB28FB5C.taxon	description	Description Descriptions of the female are given by Cameron (1902), Mavromoustakis (1936), Pasteels (1972; with line drawings) and Kasparek (2017; with photographs including holotype). The male is known from a single male described by Mavromoustakis (1936), but the specimen could not be located in cMav or NHMUK, where the majority of Mavromoustakis ’ material is deposited.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF93FFFF38BF1B72FB28FB5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Malaysia. Only known from the State of Sarawak on the Island of Borneo (Figure 9). All records for which the specific location is known are from Mount Matang in Kuching district.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
3F748780FF93FFFF38BF1B72FB28FB5C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology Flight season June. No further details known.	en	Kasparek, Max (2019): A new species in the Trachusa ovata species group (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) from Peninsular Malaysia with an overview of the old-world species within the genus Trachusa. Journal of Natural History 53 (17): 1079-1094, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632953
