taxonID	type	description	language	source
3E19857FFFD2FF808AA25F8DB794FF5E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Leptoplana panamensis Plehn, 1896, fixed by original designation. Redefinition. Stylochoplanidae with cerebral and tentacular eyespots. Pharynx located in anterior or center of body. Male copulatory apparatus with true seminal vesicle and penis stylet housed in tubular atrium. Female apparatus with thick muscularized vagina externa or true vagina bulbosa; presence of Lang’s vesicle; absence of bursa copulatrix (modified from Faubel (1983) and Bolaños et al. (2006 )).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD2FF808AA25F8DB794FF5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Before the present study, Armatoplana Faubel, 1983 was invalid because it was a junior subjective synonym of Phylloplana Laidlaw, 1903 and Candimboides Prudhoe, 1982 (see the Introduction section). Herein, we validate Armatoplana by modifying its genus definition so that it excludes Phylloplana lactea and Candimba rabita, the type species of Phylloplana and Candimboides, respectively (see the Discussion section).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 and 3)	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new specific name albomaculata (- us, - a, - um) is a compound adjective derived from the Latin words albus and maculatus, which mean “ white-spotted. ” The species was named after small white spots scattered on the dorsal surface of the worms.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Armatoplana without nuchal tentacles and with white spots on dorsal surface, common sperm duct, elongated oval prostatic vesicle directing posteriorly but curving dorsally in distal part, largely curved penis stylet, and small, oval Lang’s vesicle without accessory vesicles (Figs. 2 and 3).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Two specimens (one holotype and one paratype) (Table 1).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	description	Description. Live specimens 12 – 16 mm in length (16 mm in holotype), 5.9 – 6.6 mm in maximum width (6.6 mm in holotype). Body elongate oval, narrow toward posterior end (Fig. 2 A, B). Dorsal body tinged with light brown. Dorsal surface of body around pharynx pale yellow. Body margin translucent. General appearance of body yellowish translucent (Fig. 2 A). Small white spots scattered on dorsal surface (Fig. 2 A, C). Nuchal tentacles lacking. Pair of cerebro-tentacular eye clusters, each containing 44 – 57 eyespots (46 in right cluster, 44 in left cluster in holotype), arranged near median line (Fig. 2 C). Eyespots located anterior to brain widely spreading but forming clear aggregation; those located posterior to brain forming irregular aggregation with small number of eyespots. Length of anterior part of cluster clearly longer than that of posterior one. Pharynx whitish, ruffled in shape, occupying about one-fourth of body length (3.4 – 3.9 mm in length, 3.9 mm in holotype), located at center of body (Fig. 2 B). Mouth opening at slightly posterior to center of pharyngeal cavity. Intestine not anastomosed, spreading throughout body except margin. Pair of whitish sperm ducts and oviducts visible through ventral body wall (Fig. 2 B). Male and female gonopores separate; male gonopore opening at about two-sevenths of body length (3.3 – 5.2 mm, 5.2 mm in holotype) from posterior end; female gonopore situated 1.2 mm posterior to male gonopore (not observed in paratype). Male copulatory apparatus located posterior to pharynx, consisting of seminal vesicle, interpolated prostatic vesicle, and penis stylet (Fig. 3 A, B). Pair of sperm ducts running anteriorly, turning medially at point about onethird to one-half length of pharynx from posterior end (one-half in holotype), subsequently running posteriorly along both sides of pharynx and extending further posteriorly for short distance beyond level of posterior end of pharynx, then turning anteriorly (Fig. 2 B). Distal part of sperm duct forming spermiducal vesicle and fusing to short common sperm duct. Common sperm duct also forming spermiducal vesicle in holotype, entering proximal end of seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle elongated bean-shaped, directing antero-dorsally and having strong muscular wall (Fig. 3 C). Distal end of seminal vesicle connecting to prostatic vesicle. Prostatic vesicle directing posteriorly, elongated oval-shaped, and almost same size as seminal vesicle (slightly smaller than seminal vesicle in holotype), having thin muscular wall lined with smooth, thick epithelium and located dorsally above seminal vesicle (Fig. 3 B, D). Distal end of prostatic vesicle directing dorsally and forming penis papilla. Penis papilla armed with penis stylet directing anteriorly (Fig. 3 D, E). Penis stylet turning posteriorly, then curving ventrally in penis pocket (Fig. 3 A, B, D). About two-thirds of proximal part of penis pocket not ciliated. Distal part of penis pocket lined with ciliated epithelium and opening to male atrium (Fig. 3 B). Male atrium cone-shaped and lined with ciliated epithelium. Pair of oviducts forming common oviduct, latter running postero-dorsally to enter vagina. From this point, short Lang’s-vesicle duct (about one-fifth of the length of vagina), lined with folded ciliated epithelium, running posteroventrally to connect to Lang’s vesicle (Fig. 3 F). Lang’s vesicle small, oval, and lined with columnar cells, lacking accessory vesicles (Fig. 3 F). Vagina running anteriorly, then turning posteriorly to exit at female gonopore; inner lining of about two-thirds of distal part of vagina folded. Vagina surrounded by circular muscle fibers and lined with ciliated epithelium.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Tsujishima Island (32 ° 33 ′ 09 ″ N, 130 ° 06 ′ 32 ″ E), Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan. Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal zones, undersurface of stones (Kumamoto) and among kelp holdfasts (Kanagawa). Sequences of COI. The uncorrected P - distance of the partial COI sequences (712 bp) between the two specimens (LC 672054 – LC 672055) was 0.008.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD5FF838AA25809B1D0FE26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Armatoplana albomaculata sp. nov. resembles A. affinis (Palombi, 1940), A. lactoalba (Verrill, 1900), A. leptalea (Marcus, 1947), A. panamensis (Plehn, 1896), and A. snadda (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus & Marcus, 1968) in that they share the following characteristics: i) nuchal tentacle absent and ii) long penis stylet present (Table 3). The present species is distinguished from A. affinis by the presence or absence of the accessory vesicles in the Lang’s vesicle (absent in A. albomaculata sp. nov.; present in A. affinis); from A. lactoalba, A. leptalea, and A. panamensis by the shape of the Lang’s vesicle (small, oval in A. albomaculata sp. nov.; large, elongated in A. lactoalba, A. leptalea, and A. panamensis); and from A. snadda by the position of the pharynx relative to the body (located at the center in A. albomaculata sp. nov.; located anteriorly in A. snadda) as well as the length of the pharynx relative to the body length (about one-fourth in A. albomaculata sp. nov.; about one-sixth in A. snadda). The white spots in A. albomaculata are remarkable. In other congeners, white spots on the dorsal surface were only described in A. taurica (Jacubowa, 1909); however, the spots differ from those in A. albomaculata in that the former were represented by two different types in shape (irregular and oblong) (Jacubowa 1909: 9). Apart from A. taurica, the presence or absence of white spots has not been explicitly mentioned in previous descriptions of other Armatoplana species; therefore, the possibility cannot be ruled out that the presence of white spots like in A. albomaculata could have simply been overlooked. If not, however, this character is useful because it allows the species to be distinguished from other congeners by external appearance alone. This is the first report of Armatoplana from the West Pacific. Five species, namely, A. colombiana Bolaños et al., 2006, A. divae (Marcus, 1947), A. lactoalba, A. leptalea, and A. snadda, were recorded from the Atlantic coast of Central and South America (Verrill 1900; Marcus 1947; Du Bois-Reymond Marcus & Marcus 1968; Quiroga et al. 2004; Bahia et al. 2015). Two species, namely, A. panamensis and A. reishi (Hyman, 1959), were recorded from the Pacific coast of North and Central America (Plehn 1896; Hyman 1953, 1959). Four species were described from Africa: A. affinis and A. vesiculata (Palombi, 1940) from the Atlantic coast (Palombi 1940) and A. tenuis (Palombi, 1936) and A. robusta (Palombi, 1928) from the coast along the Indian Ocean (Palombi 1928, 1936). Armatoplana taurica was found in the Black Sea (Jacubowa 1909).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	description	(Figs. 4 and 5)	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a noun in the genitive case honoring Tokio Kaburaki, who studied Japanese polyclads.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Armatoplana without nuchal tentacles and common sperm duct and with prostatic vesicle located above seminal vesicle, elongated Lang’s vesicle without accessory vesicles, and male and female gonopores opening closely to each other (Figs. 4 and 5).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Five specimens (one holotype and four paratypes) (Table 1).	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	description	Description. Live specimens 9.0 – 14 mm in length (13 mm in holotype), 2.5 – 4.2 mm in maximum width (3.8 mm in holotype). Body elongate oval, narrow toward posterior end (Fig. 4 A, B). Dorsal body tinged with light brown. Dorsal surface of body around pharynx pale yellow. Body margin translucent. General appearance of body yellowish translucent (Fig. 4 A). Nuchal tentacles lacking. Pair of cerebro-tentacular eye clusters, each containing 26 – 43 eyespots (30 in right cluster, 31 in left cluster in holotype), arranged near median line (Fig. 4 C). Eyespots located anterior to brain widely spreading but forming clear aggregation; those located posterior to brain forming almost linear aggregation. Length of anterior part of cluster almost same or longer than that of posterior one. Pharynx whitish, ruffled in shape, occupying about one-fourth to one-fifth of body length (2.0 – 3.7 mm in length, 3.3 mm in holotype), located at center of body (Fig. 4 B). Mouth opening at slightly posterior to center of pharyngeal cavity. Intestine not anastomosed, spreading throughout body except margin. Pair of whitish sperm ducts and oviducts visible through ventral body wall (Fig. 4 B). Male and female gonopores close but separated; male gonopore opening at about one-fourth to one-sevenths of body length (2.3 – 3.7 mm, 3.6 mm in holotype) from posterior end; female gonopore situated 0.07 – 0.17 mm (0.07 mm in holotype) posterior to male gonopore. Male copulatory apparatus located posterior to pharynx, consisting of seminal vesicle, interpolated prostatic vesicle, and penis stylet (Fig. 5 A). Pair of sperm ducts running anteriorly, turning medially at point about one-fifth length of pharynx from posterior end, subsequently running posteriorly along both sides of pharynx and extending further posteriorly for short distance beyond level of posterior end of pharynx, then turning anteriorly (Fig. 4 B) and entering separately proximal end of elongated ovate seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle directing anteriorly and having strong muscular wall (Fig. 5 B). Distal end of seminal vesicle slender, running dorsally before connecting to prostatic vesicle. Prostatic vesicle oval-shaped, larger than seminal vesicle, having thick muscular wall lined with smooth, thick epithelium and located dorsally above seminal vesicle (Fig. 5 A, B). Distal end of prostatic vesicle forming penis papilla armed with stylet (Fig. 5 C). Penis stylet straight or curved (straight in ICHUM 6091 [holotype] and ICHUM 6090 [paratype]; curved in ICHUM 6283 – 6285 [paratypes]; Fig. 5 A, D), projecting into penis pocket. Penis pocket lined with ciliated epithelium opening to male atrium (Fig. 5 A). Male atrium small, cone-shaped, and lined with ciliated epithelium. Pair of oviducts forming common oviduct, latter running postero-dorsally to enter vagina. From this point, elongated Lang’s-vesicle duct (almost same length of vagina), lined with folded ciliated epithelium, running posteroventrally to connect to Lang’s vesicle (Fig. 5 E). Lang’s vesicle elongated, sac-shaped, and lined with columnar cells, lacking accessory vesicles (Fig. 5 E). Vagina curving antero-ventrally, then running postero-ventrally to exit at female gonopore. Lang’s-vesicle duct and vagina surrounded by circular muscle fibers and lined with ciliated and smooth epithelium.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Arai-hama Beach (35 ° 09 ′ 34 ″ N, 139 ° 36 ′ 42 ″ E), Misaki, Kanagawa, Japan. Habitat. Intertidal to subtidal, on the surfaces of coralline algae (Kanagawa), undersurface of stones (Shizuoka), and among oyster beds on a mooring rope hung in the sea (Kochi) (Table 1). Sequences of COI. The uncorrected P - distances of the partial COI sequences (712 bp) of the five specimens (LC 582945 – LC 582946 and LC 672056 – LC 672058) were 0.001 – 0.013.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
3E19857FFFD6FF8C8AA258DCB734FE5B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Armatoplana kaburakii sp. nov. resembles A. reishi (Hyman, 1959) and A. tenuis (Palombi, 1936) in that they share the following two characteristics: i) nuchal tentacles absent and ii) male and female gonopores opening closely to each other (Table 3). Armatoplana kaburakii sp. nov. is distinguished from these two species by the shape of the Lang’s vesicle (elongated sac-shaped in A. kaburakii sp. nov.; laterally broadened in A. reishi; spherical in A. tenuis). This is the first report of Armatoplana from the West Pacific along with A. albomaculata sp. nov. The uncorrected P - distances of COI (712 bp) from A. albomaculata sp. nov. were 0.180 – 0.188.	en	Oya, Yuki, Tsuyuki, Aoi, Kajihara, Hiroshi (2022): Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea. Zootaxa 5178 (5): 433-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.2
