identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3E390C02CE1AFFD77EC067A67AD22BD6.text	3E390C02CE1AFFD77EC067A67AD22BD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alboglossiphonia pahariensis Nesemann & Sharma 2007	<div><p>Alboglossiphonia pahariensis Nesemann &amp; Sharma, 2007</p><p>= Alboglossiphonia pahariensis Nesemann et al. (2007): 173, pl. 53, fig. 2 [original description; holotype NHMW- EV A. pahariensis; type locality: pond in wetland at Pahari Village, Patna, Bihar, India].</p><p>= Alboglossiphonia weberi Nesemann et al. (2007): 172, pl. 53, fig. 1 [misidentification; non Blanchard, 1897].</p><p>= Alboglossiphonia hyalina Nesemann et al. (2007): 174, pl. 52, figs 5-8 [misidentification; non O. F. Müller, 1773].</p><p>= Alboglossiphonia heteroclita Nesemann et al. (2007): 175, pl. 52, figs 1-4 [misidentification; non Linnaeus, 1761].</p><p>= Alboglossiphonia heteroclita Khan et al. (2024): 25704, image 2A-C [misidentification; non Linnaeus, 1761].</p><p>Figures 1 A-B, 2, 5, Table 1</p><p>Native range: India: Bihar, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur (first state-level record), and Uttarakhand; Nepal; and Myanmar (Nesemann et al. 2007; Bolotov et al. 2022b; Khan et al. 2024) (Figure 5).</p><p>Ecological notes: This species is considered a facultative snail-associated leech that may occur in the mantle cavity of freshwater gastropods.</p><p>Taxonomic comments: Nesemann et al. (2007) described two new Alboglossiphonia species from India and Nepal, that is, A. kashiensis Nesemann, 2007 and A. pahariensis . New data presented in this study reveal that A. pahariensis is characterized by a high level of morphological variability and that A. kashiensis may represent an intraspecific variation of A. pahariensis . The dark-colored specimens from Manipur (Figure 1 A-B), also having some degree of phylogenetic distinctiveness, may belong to a specific ecological or geographic race (see Discussion for detail).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E390C02CE1AFFD77EC067A67AD22BD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bolotov, Ivan N.;Sorokhaibam, Samita D.;Naorem, Mohilal M.;Yambem, Tenjing S.;Loukrakpam, Bina C.;Dvoryankin, Gennady A.;Gofarov, Mikhail Y.;Kondakov, Alexander V.;Eliseeva, Tatyana A.	Bolotov, Ivan N., Sorokhaibam, Samita D., Naorem, Mohilal M., Yambem, Tenjing S., Loukrakpam, Bina C., Dvoryankin, Gennady A., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Kondakov, Alexander V., Eliseeva, Tatyana A. (2025): Mollusc-associated leeches from Manipur with the first records of two invasive Helobdella species from India (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae). Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 192-211, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.8
3E390C02CE18FFD87EC0645B7C3A2C7B.text	3E390C02CE18FFD87EC0645B7C3A2C7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiclepsis myanmariana Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov & Vikhrev 2019	<div><p>Hemiclepsis myanmariana Bolotov, Klass, Bespalaya, Konopleva, Kondakov &amp; Vikhrev, 2019</p><p>= Hemiclepsis myanmariana Bolotov et al. (2019): 14, figs 3J, 4J, 5J [original description; holotype RMBH Hir_0048_1-H; type locality: Salween Basin, Nadi Lake, 20.6858°N, 96.9316°E, Myanmar, from the mantle cavity of Lamellidens savadiensis (Nevill, 1877) ( Bivalvia: Unionidae)].</p><p>Figures 1 C-D, 2, 6, Table 1</p><p>Native range: Myanmar and North-East India: Manipur and Assam (first country-level record) (Figure 6). Probably, this species is endemic to freshwater systems of the Western Indochina Subregion (Chindwin/Irrawaddy to Salween). Conversely, there are 18S rRNA sequences of Hemiclepsis myanmariana from Assam in GenBank (e.g., OP641888 and OP642036) but it is uknown from which locality/basin these samples were collected .</p><p>Ecological notes: This species is an obligate mussel-associated leech that usually occurs in the mantle cavity of freshwater mussels. Known host mussel species, serving as secondary host/shelter, are as follows: Indonaia andersoniana (Nevill, 1877); Lamellidens generosus (Gould, 1847); Lam. savadiensis (Nevill, 1877); Leoparreysia canefrii Vikhrev, Bolotov &amp; Kondakov, 2017; Radiatula cf. chaudhurii (Preston, 1912); R. cf. myitkyinae (Prashad, 1930); Sinanodonta pacifica (Heude, 1878); and Yaukthwa sp. ( Bivalvia: Unionidae) (Bolotov et al. 2019; this study). As primary hosts, this leech uses Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) ( Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and, obviously, other fish species (Bolotov et al. 2019).</p><p>Taxonomic comments: It is a rather morphologically conservative species that can be distinguished from other congeners by a combination of the following characters: dorsum yellowish, brownish or whitish, sometimes with unclear longitudinal narrow light brown stripes and rows of light brown dashes; posterior sucker brownish, with large white spots marginally (Bolotov et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E390C02CE18FFD87EC0645B7C3A2C7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bolotov, Ivan N.;Sorokhaibam, Samita D.;Naorem, Mohilal M.;Yambem, Tenjing S.;Loukrakpam, Bina C.;Dvoryankin, Gennady A.;Gofarov, Mikhail Y.;Kondakov, Alexander V.;Eliseeva, Tatyana A.	Bolotov, Ivan N., Sorokhaibam, Samita D., Naorem, Mohilal M., Yambem, Tenjing S., Loukrakpam, Bina C., Dvoryankin, Gennady A., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Kondakov, Alexander V., Eliseeva, Tatyana A. (2025): Mollusc-associated leeches from Manipur with the first records of two invasive Helobdella species from India (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae). Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 192-211, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.8
3E390C02CE17FFD97EC060887A372F4E.text	3E390C02CE17FFD97EC060887A372F4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helobdella octatestisaca Lai & Chang 2009	<div><p>Helobdella octatestisaca Lai &amp; Chang, 2009</p><p>= Helobdella octatestisaca Lai et al. (2009): 30, figs 1-2 [original description; holotype NTNUB L00077; type locality: Guandu Plain, Taipei, Taiwan, China].</p><p>Figures 1 E-F, 2, 3, 7, Table 1</p><p>Native range: Central America: Mexico and Panama (Salas-Montiel et al. 2014; Tessler et al. 2018; Gerardo 2019; Jiménez-Armenta and Oceguera-Figueroa 2019; Iwama et al. 2019) (Figures 2, 3, 7).</p><p>Non-native range: Argentina, China: Taiwan, India: Manipur (first country-level record), Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia, and the USA (Shankland et al. 1992; Lai et al. 2009; Oceguera-Figueroa et al. 2010; Richardson et al. 2017a; Gerardo 2019; Iyer et al. 2019; Perera et al. 2019; Ben Ahmed et al. 2024; also see Supplementary information online, Table S1 for GenBank sequences; Figures 2-3 for genetic data; and Figure 7 for map).</p><p>Ecological notes: On Taiwan Island, this species was collected from the surface of shell and operculum of the invasive Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) ( Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) (Lai and Chen 2010). Additionally, it was recorded on the body surface of other leech species, that is, Whitmania laevis (Baird, 1869) on Taiwan (Lai and Chen 2010), Placobdella parasitica in Texas (Richardson et al. 2017a), and Helobdella europaea in Portugal (Perera et al. 2019). These field observations indicate that Hel. octatestisaca may act as a hyperparasite, sucking body fluids of other leeches, although this hypothesis is yet to be confirmed experimentally (Richardson et al. 2017a). Here, we show that it should be considered a facultative snail-associated leech, as it was found dwelling in the mantle cavity of viviparid gastropods (Table 1). Additionally, H. octatestisaca was repeatedly recorded in a phoretic association with freshwater turtles in various regions, including Europe (Perera et al. 2019) and North America (Richardson et al. 2017a).</p><p>Taxonomic comments: Several authors thought that Hel. octatestisaca may be conspecific with Hel . adiastola Ringuelet, 1972 based on available DNA sequences from Mexico (Gerardo 2019; Ben Ahmed et al. 2024). Conversely, Iwawa and Arrudo (2016: 415) stated that: “ Previous reports in Mexico of H. adiastola (Ringuelet 1972) must be a misidentification of a North American species that integrates the stagnalis complex since no reports of this species are available on recent literature ”. In the brief original description of this species, Ringuelet (1972: 101) did not mention the type locality of Hel . adiastola but stated that its holotype is an “ejemplar en las colecciones Del Museo de La Plata”. The range of this nominal species in its original understanding covers Mexico, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina but there is no information for the geographic origin of the holotype (Ringuelet 1972). Earlier, Ringuelet (1948) published a more detailed description of this species (as Hel . scutifera Blanchard, 1900) based on samples from Paraguay. However, it is unknown whether Ringuelet (1972) selected the holotype from Paraguayan specimens or not. Thus, the status of the nominal species Hel . adiastola can be clarified in the future based on examination of the holotype in the La Plata Museum (La Plata, Argentina). Hel. octatestisaca seems to be native to Central America (Mexico and Panama), whereas its samples from Argentina share a single invasive COI haplotype, indicating a non-native origin of the population in South America (see Figures 2-3).</p><p>Helobdella nilae Negm-Eldin, Govedich &amp; Davies, 2000 [holotype NMV F83620; type locality: “tributaries of Bahr Mois and Ryah El-Tawfiki in the Nile Delta, Egypt ”] morphologically aligns with Hel. octatestisaca, except for five pairs of testisacs (Negm-Eldin et al. 2000). If the latter feature has some levels of intraspecific variability (i.e., changes from five to four pairs of testisacs), Hel. nilae shall be considered a senior synonym of Hel. octatestisaca .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E390C02CE17FFD97EC060887A372F4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bolotov, Ivan N.;Sorokhaibam, Samita D.;Naorem, Mohilal M.;Yambem, Tenjing S.;Loukrakpam, Bina C.;Dvoryankin, Gennady A.;Gofarov, Mikhail Y.;Kondakov, Alexander V.;Eliseeva, Tatyana A.	Bolotov, Ivan N., Sorokhaibam, Samita D., Naorem, Mohilal M., Yambem, Tenjing S., Loukrakpam, Bina C., Dvoryankin, Gennady A., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Kondakov, Alexander V., Eliseeva, Tatyana A. (2025): Mollusc-associated leeches from Manipur with the first records of two invasive Helobdella species from India (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae). Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 192-211, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.8
3E390C02CE16FFDD7EC063BC7D8D2F4E.text	3E390C02CE16FFDD7EC063BC7D8D2F4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helobdella europaea Kutschera 1987	<div><p>Helobdella europaea Kutschera, 1987</p><p>= Helobdella striata Kutschera (1985): 470, Abb. 1, 2a-c, 3, 4, 5a-d, 6 [unavailable name: primary homonym of Helobdella striata Ringuelet, 1943; holotype ZMUH H. striata; type locality: “Schobbach/Moosbach bei Vörstetten, nördlich von Freiburg i. Br., Bundesrepublik Deutschland ” (Germany: Schobbach/Moosbach stream near Vörstetten, 48.0419°N, 7.8544°E, north of Freiburg im Breisgau); first out-door record in Europe].</p><p>= Helobdella punctatolineata Mienis (1986): 153 [misidentification; non Moore, 1939; first record in Israel].</p><p>= Helobdella europaea Kutschera (1987): 322, fig. 1 [nomen novum for Helobdella striata Kutschera, 1985].</p><p>= Helobdella punctatolineata Moustafa (1994): 51, figs 1-24 [misidentification; non Moore, 1939; first record in Egypt].</p><p>= Helobdella papillornata Govedich &amp; Davies (1998): 46, figs 1a-d, 2a-c [junior synonym; synonymized by Pfeiffer et al. (2004) and Siddall &amp; Budinoff (2005); holotype NMV F83523; type locality: Aura Vale Lake located 40 km east of Melbourne, 37.9167°S, 145.3833°E, Victoria, Australia; first record in Australia].</p><p>= Placobdella godavariensis Mandal &amp; Dhani (2015): 237, fig. 1A-D [syn. nov.; holotype ZSI An 3812/1; type locality: Ganga Ghat, 20.0014°N, 73.7869°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.7869&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.0014" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.7869/lat 20.0014)">Godavari River</a>, Nasik, Maharashtra, India; first record in India].</p><p>Figures 4, 8</p><p>Native range: Unknown but most likely occurs somewhere in South America (Kutschera 2004); morphologically similar specimens occur in Peru and Brazil (Shain et al. 2007: fig. 5A, as Helobdella striata; De-Carli et al. 2014: fig. 4, as Helobdella triserialis).</p><p>Non-native range: Australia, China: Taiwan, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Hungary, India: Maharashtra (first country-level record), Israel, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Palestine, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and the USA: Hawaii, California and Mississippi (Kutschera 1985; Mienis 1986; Kutschera 1987; Moustafa 1994; Govedich and Davies 1998; Pfeiffer et al. 2004; Van Haaren et al. 2004; Siddall and Budinoff 2005; Bely and Weisblat 2006; Jueg 2008; Lai et al. 2009; Reyes-Prieto et al. 2014; Mandal and Dhani 2015; Málnás et al. 2016; Richardson et al. 2017b; Mabrouki et al. 2019; Perera et al. 2019; Ferreira et al. 2022; Rashni et al. 2024; Adawi et al. 2025) (Figure 8). A few records of this species from in-door aquaria in France, Germany, and Ukraine (Kutschera 2004; Lecaplain and Noël 2015; Morhun et al. 2021) do not belong to established (naturalized) populations and should not be used as point-occurrence records for mapping of the non-native range.</p><p>Ecological notes: This species was recorded in a phoretic association with freshwater turtles in the USA (Richardson et al. 2017b) and Europe (Perera et al. 2019). It feeds on small aquatic invertebrates such as oligochaet worms ( Tubifex sp.), freshwater snails, and crustaceans, as well as on dead bodies of aquatic vertebrates (fish and amphibians) (Kutschera 2004).</p><p>Taxonomic comments: The new synonymy proposed here is as follows: Helobdella europaea Kutschera, 1987 [= Placobdella godavariensis Mandal &amp; Dhani, 2015 syn. nov.].</p><p>Records of Helobdella punctatolineata Moore, 1939 in Egypt and Israel in the 1980s (see Mienis 1986; Moustafa 1994) can be linked to Hel. europaea . At least, a thorough description and illustrations of specimens from Egypt (Moustafa 1994) reveal that they indeed belong to the latter species. In turn, Hel. punctatolineata is endemic to Puerto Rico (Moore 1939; Sawyer and Kinard 1980) and could be distinguished from Hel. europaea by having smaller dorsal papillae (Moore 1939). El-Shimy (1994) concluded that Hel. punctatolineata from Egypt is a “polymorphism” (morphological form) of Helobdella conifera (Moore, 1933) . However, this conclusion cannot be accepted, because the latter species does not share any kind of longitudinal markings pattern, including dark paramedian stripes (Nesemann and Neubert 1999).</p><p>Utevsky and Mazepa (2005) described a record of Helobdella triserialis (Blanchard, 1849) from a private aquarium in Ukraine. They noted that these specimens differ from Hel. europaea by having paramedian stripes with two transverse interruptions at the anterior end (vs continuous stripes) (Utevsky and Mazepa 2005). Conversely, sequenced specimens of Hel. europaea from other regions may have broken paramedian stripes (e.g., in Fiji; Rashni et al. 2024: fig. 1d, f). Moreover, Siddall and Borda (2003) proposed this feature as a diagnostic character of both Helobdella triserialis and Hel. papillornata [= Hel. europaea]. These authors stated that “ H. triserialis (sensu stricto) and H. papillornata exhibit transverse interruptions in the longitudinal pigmentation in a manner not seen for any North American leech (Fig. 4)” (Siddall and Borda 2003: 32).</p><p>Discussion</p><p>New data on mollusc-associated leeches from India</p><p>Three leech species were recorded from the mantle cavity of freshwater molluscs in Manipur, that is, Alboglossiphonia pahariensis, Hemiclepsis myanmariana, and Helobdella octatestisaca . The first species was originally described from India and Nepal but later on it was also recorded from Myanmar (Nesemann et al. 2007; Bolotov et al. 2022b; see Figure 5). Here, we show that A. pahariensis occurs in the mantle cavity of two viviparid gastropod species in Manipur. Juvenile leeches recorded from the mantle cavity of the freshwater snail species Pila virens (Lamarck, 1822) ( Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) in Lake Inle, Myanmar most likely also belong to this species (Oka 1922: as A. heteroclita (Linnaeus, 1761); Bolotov et al. 2022b). Additionally, this leech was recorded as an inhabitant of chironomid burrows in a sponge body in India (Bolotov et al. 2022b). Our new data reveals that A. pahariensis is a morphologically and genetically variable species, having at least two distinct phylogenetic lineages with different dorsal markings pattern: (1) the local lineage from Manipur (darker coloration with black longitudinal stripes); and (2) the widespread lineage from other places of India, Nepal, and Myanmar (light coloration with longitudinal series of dark spots). At first glance, the darker-colored (melanic) lineage from Manipur may have evolved under specific habitat conditions, that is, eutrophic stagnant water bodies with bottom covered by black silt substrate and decaying macrophyte remains. Theoretically, the latter lineage may represent a specific ecological or geographic race but available data are too fragmentary for a reasoned decision on this issue. There are some examples of cryptic coloration (camouflage) in glossiphoniid leeches with intraspecific light-colored and melanic forms that can be linked to the different type of substrate, although these forms occur in the same population and have identical mtDNA sequences (Bolotov et al. 2023b).</p><p>Hem. myanmariana is an obligate mussel-associated leech, using bivalves as secondary host/shelter and fishes as primary host (Bolotov et al. 2019). It seems to prefer Lamellidens species as bivalve host but it was also recorded from freshwater mussels belonging to other genera such as Indonaia Prashad, 1918, Leoparreysia Vikhrev, Bolotov &amp; Aksenova, 2017, Radiatula Simpson, 1900, and Yaukthwa Konopleva et al., 2019 (Bolotov et al. 2019). Here, we present a few new records of this species from Myanmar, including its first occurrence from the mantle cavity of Sinanodonta pacifica, an alien freshwater mussel (see Supplementary information online, Table S1). Hem. myanmariana is likely to be endemic to the Western Indochina Subregion, because all its records are situated between the Chindwin/ Irrawaddy and Salween drainage basins (see Figure 7) except for, perhaps, samples from Assam (see Taxonomic account for detail). Our new records from Manipur are also confined to the Chindwin/ Irrawaddy Basin. Samples from Manipur are in well agreement with those from Myanmar morphologically.</p><p>Hel. octatestisaca was not previously recorded as an endosymbiont of molluscs. Here, we show that it occurs in the mantle cavity of two viviparid gastropod species in Manipur (see Table 1). Therefore, this species can be considered a facultative snail-associated leech. Earlier, Hel. octatestisaca was recorded attached to other leech species, freshwater turtles, and to the surface of shell and operculum of a freshwater snail (Lai and Chen 2010; Richardson et al. 2017a; Perera et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E390C02CE16FFDD7EC063BC7D8D2F4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bolotov, Ivan N.;Sorokhaibam, Samita D.;Naorem, Mohilal M.;Yambem, Tenjing S.;Loukrakpam, Bina C.;Dvoryankin, Gennady A.;Gofarov, Mikhail Y.;Kondakov, Alexander V.;Eliseeva, Tatyana A.	Bolotov, Ivan N., Sorokhaibam, Samita D., Naorem, Mohilal M., Yambem, Tenjing S., Loukrakpam, Bina C., Dvoryankin, Gennady A., Gofarov, Mikhail Y., Kondakov, Alexander V., Eliseeva, Tatyana A. (2025): Mollusc-associated leeches from Manipur with the first records of two invasive Helobdella species from India (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae). Ecologica Montenegrina 87: 192-211, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.87.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.87.8
