identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
406587948463354BFCD8FF05FC6CFB91.text	406587948463354BFCD8FF05FC6CFB91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus aureofuscus Bates 1887	<div><p>Onthophagus aureofuscus Bates</p> <p>Onthophagus aureofuscus (Fig. 1) is assessed as Endangered by the 2017 IUCN Red List, with an estimated AOO of 12–32 km 2 (Favila et al. 2017b). With the new localities provided by our research and additional recorded localities in Veracruz (Álvaro Hernández Rivera 2018; Arriaga-Jiménez et al. 2018), the AOO remains small (increased to more than 44 km 2), but the EOO increased to more than 27,500 km 2, placing it as Near Threatened. The additional localities in Veracruz (Fig. 8) were not taken into account by Favila et al. (2017b) possibly because the species is misspelled as “ aerofuscus ” in some references (e.g., Biodiversidad de Veracruz Vol. II) or due to an incomplete bibliographic search.</p> <p>This species is known to occur at elevations between 2,600 and 3,160 m in the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental, in pine forest and pastures (Zunino and Halffter 1988a; Halffter et al. 1995, 2019). In the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca (San Pablo Etla and Zempoaltépetl), more than 350 individuals were collected between 2,700 and 3,213 m. In Veracruz (Cofre de Perote and Pico de Orizaba), it was found from 2,700 m to 3,435 m (Arriaga- Jiménez et al. 2018). According to records currently known, this species has an altitudinal lower limit of 2,600 m, inhabits montane slopes but reaching the High Plateau, and is always associated with forest. It has been collected in pitfall traps baited with dung and fungus. Specimen records have been reported from Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz (Figs. 8, 9) (Bates 1886; Zunino and Halffter 1988; Zunino 2003). A locality in Durango is not considered here because it is a doubtful record.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/406587948463354BFCD8FF05FC6CFB91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
406587948463354CFCDDFBB9FEF8F9E1.text	406587948463354CFCDDFBB9FEF8F9E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus chevrolati Harold 1869	<div><p>Onthophagus chevrolati Harold</p> <p>Onthophagus chevrolati (Fig 2), along with the other species in the O. chevrolati species line, shows recent dispersal in the mountainous areas of Oaxaca (Zunino and Halffter 1988a; Halffter et al. 2019). It is distributed in the TMVB, in some mountains</p> <p>south of the High Plateau (near Veracruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca), and in the Sierra Madre Oriental between the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, San Luis Potos´ı, and Hidalgo (Figs. 8, 9) (Zunino and Halffter 1988a). It is very abundant and has been collected in large quantities between 1,800 and 3,800 m in pine forest, pine-oak forest, shrublands, and grasslands (Lobo and Halffter 2000; Arriaga- Jiménez et al. 2018). To differentiate O. chevrolati from its former subspecies O. retusus (Halffter et al. 2019), which is sympatric, there are two main characteristics: 1) the matte black coloration of O. chevrolati; and 2) the unique pronotal sculpture. The pronotal disk has well-defined punctures and few very small secondary punctures, plus a shagreened microsculpture (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/406587948463354CFCDDFBB9FEF8F9E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
406587948464354CFF33F99BFCA1F916.text	406587948464354CFF33F99BFCA1F916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus retusus Harold 1869	<div><p>Onthophagus retusus Harold</p> <p>Onthophagus retusus (Fig. 3) is often found in Oaxaca, extends east to Veracruz, and reaches its western limit in Hidalgo (Figs. 8, 9). There are</p> <p>places of transition with O. chevrolati in Hidalgo and the lower parts of the mountains reaching the High Plateau (Zunino and Halffter 1988a; Arriaga et al. 2012). The species is found at elevations ranging 1,800 –3,400 m, and it can occur lower in its southern distribution area (Zunino and Halffter 1988a; Arriaga et al. 2012; Halffter et al. 2019). Because O. retusus and O. chevrolati share an elevational range and express morphological similarities, it is important to be able to discern the species. The main diagnostic characters to identify O. retusus are that it is larger, with a very dark copper color, and, although its punctation is very variable, it tends to be formed by less defined punctures than in O. chevrolati, and the punctures are sometimes elongated longitudinally. Adults are collected abundantly in pine and pine-oak forest, as well as in shrublands and grasslands (Mart´ın-Piera and Lobo 1993; Arellano and Halffter 2003; Arriaga et al. 2012).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/406587948464354CFF33F99BFCA1F916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
406587948465354DFF66FBB9FF7BF916.text	406587948465354DFF66FBB9FF7BF916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus howdenorum Zunino and Halffter	<div><p>Onthophagus howdenorum Zunino and Halffter</p> <p>Onthophagus howdenorum (Fig. 4) was previously known only from two localities in Oaxaca, in two different branches of the Sierra Madre del Sur where they were collected by H. and A. Howden in 1979. The first location is on the Oaxaca-Puerto Escondido highway at 2,150 m, and the second one on the Mexico-Oaxaca highway at 2,350 m, both in oak forests (Zunino and Halffter 1988). These localities are part of the Central Valleys region in the southern part of Oaxaca. The recent collections at San Pablo Etla and Zempoaltépetl in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca expand this species’ known distribution (Fig. 9). It was collected between 2,200 and 2,800 m in pine-oak forest, shrublands and Alnus forest in the northern and southern mountain ranges of Oaxaca. This species is not found in the arid zone of the Oaxacan Central Valleys, where O. chevrolati and O. retusus can be found. Individuals of O. howdenorum were collected with traps baited with dung and mushrooms during the rainy season of 2017.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/406587948465354DFF66FBB9FF7BF916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
406587948465354EFD12FBB9FCD8F916.text	406587948465354EFD12FBB9FCD8F916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus howdeni Zunino and Halffter. A 1988	<div><p>Onthophagus howdeni Zunino and Halffter</p> <p>Onthophagus howdeni (Fig. 5) was originally collected in Ayoquezco de Aldama (Road Oaxaca - Puerto Escondido) in Oaxaca. The label data read verbatim as “ México, Oax., R´ıo de la Y, 70 km. S Oaxaca, km. 20 W jct; 2150m. 17.VI.1979, H. and A. Howden”. It was described based on two male specimens. According to Zunino and Halffter (1988a), the study of a greater number of specimens that include females would show differences with Onthophagus pseudoundulans Zunino and Halffter. No other study of this species has been published, but Halffter et al. (2019) elevated it to species status. Until now, O. howdeni has not been collected since its description. Our discovery of it in the Sierra Norte (San Pablo Etla and Zempoaltépetl) and Sierra Sur (Miahuatlán) expands its known distribution (Fig. 9). It is abundant in the area of Sierra Norte, also sharing localities with O. howdenorum. It inhabits pine and pine-oak forests from 2,100 to 3,000 m, and also highland grasslands over 3,000 m. The previously unknown female is described here.</p> <p>Description of Female. Length 6.2–8.3 mm, maximum width 3.7 mm across middle of pronotum (Fig. 5A). Color: Very dark blue, almost black, olive green or bluish green, red to greenish red with metallic reflections on head and pronotum (Fig. 5C). Head: Clypeus a non-elongated trapezoid, distinctly sinuate at apex. Lateral margin of head very weakly incised at clypeo-genal limit, genae enlarged, widest across middle, basal quarter weakly concave, genal sutures hardly indicated. Clypeal carina slightly evident. Frontal carina slightly sinuate in middle. Clypeal punctation transverse, rugose, delimited posteriorly by low clypeofrontal carina; frons with weak punctation, only with some large and separate punctures on vertex. Pronotum: Basal bead evanescent between posterior angles and middle; lateral margins weakly convex between anterior and intermediate angles. Disc convex, apparently glabrous, surface with medium size punctures, punctures denser and oval anteriorly, sparser and more circular posteriorly, with shagreened microsculpture. Elytra: Striae very thin, weakly impressed with small, separated punctures; interstriae almost flat, with small punctures and very small, scattered granules. Seteae very small, almost imperceptible. Surface microsculpture shagreened. Legs: Not elongated, protibial lateral margin with 4 teeth and a series of small teeth between the first main denticle and the femoral joint; ventral surface of femur with well-defined, oval, scattered spots with a small seta. Metasternum: With sparse, midsize, oval punctures laterally, each puncture with a short seta, with very small secondary spots scattered throughout, without setae medially. Pygidium: With a well-marked carina separating pygidium and prepygidium, with sparse, welldefined, medium size punctures and shagreened microsculpture.</p> <p>Material Examined. México: Estado de Oaxaca, San José del Pac´ıfico, Miahuatlán, Oaxaca. 1♀, 31- VIII-2017 Coprotrampa 96.51173° W, 16.16972° N Bosque mesófilo 2,316m.; Zempoaltépetl, Sta. Mar´ıa Yacochi, 1♀ 30- VII-2017 Coprotrampa 96.1’ 52.35’’W, 17°8’59.01’’N, Acahual 2,316m. Arriaga J. A. Col; Reserva Comunitaria San Pablo Etla. 1♀, 23-Vi-2017 coprotrampa 96| 41’40.51’’W, 17°10’53.83’’N, bosque de pino/encino, 2,795m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.51173&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.18162" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.51173/lat 17.18162)">Arriaga</a> J. A. Col.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/406587948465354EFD12FBB9FCD8F916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
4065879484673540FF73FBB9FDFAFB1D.text	4065879484673540FF73FBB9FDFAFB1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus oaxacanus Zunino and Halffter	<div><p>Onthophagus oaxacanus Zunino and Halffter</p> <p>The type specimens of O. oaxacanus were collected by Howden and Peck (1971) with carrion and dung-baited pitfall traps. This former subspecies of O. pseudundulans was elevated to species level by Halffter et al. (2019). The basic differences that distinguish O. oaxacanus from O. undulans are a bronze color, a deep, thick pronotal sculpture, and impressed elytral striae. Also, the male of O. oaxacanus has the clypeal apex evenly rounded, a strong, distinct, trapezoidal frontal carina, a basal margin slightly sinuate at the middle and evanescent laterally, and the pronotal prominence without a trace of intermediate tubercles.</p> <p>Onthophagus oaxacanus (Fig. 6) is found in the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero and Oaxaca. The previously known localities in Oaxaca are Juchatengo and Suchixtepec, both with difficult access. The scarce material collected makes the distribution limits of this subspecies unclear. However, the recent collection of this species in the Sierra Norte and Sierra Sur of Oaxaca expand its known distribution in Oaxaca (Fig. 9). It is a coprophagous species that inhabits oak-pine forests, gallery forests, and acahual. It is found from 2,100 to 2,900 m elevation and even up to 3,170 m (Zunino and Halffter 1988).</p> <p>This species was assessed by the IUCN Red List (2017) along with O. undulans, as they were considered subspecies and hence the evaluation was made at the species level. Therefore, O. undulans sensu lato was assessed as Vulnerable, based on an EOO of about 1,420 km 2 (Favila et al. 2017a). However, considering the new status of both taxa as species, both should be considered Endangered because as separate species they occupy different mountains and smaller areas. Considering the currently known distribution of O. oaxacanus (AOO = ∼ 32 km 2; EOO = ∼ 4,400 km 2), it must be considered as Endangered B1 (EOO = &lt;5,000 km 2) or B2b(iii) (continuing decline observed based on estimated, inferred, or projected AOO). It also must be considered that its habitats are high mountain environments and that climatic changes and anthropogenic modifications could put this species at a higher risk if the number of known locations, AOO, or EOO decline. Our research suggests that more exploration is needed to provide a more detail assessment for this species as well as for O. undulans.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4065879484673540FF73FBB9FDFAFB1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
4065879484683541FF63FAC2FBBBF916.text	4065879484683541FF63FAC2FBBBF916.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus zapotecus Zunino and Halffter	<div><p>Onthophagus zapotecus Zunino and Halffter</p> <p>Of the nine brachypterous species of Onthophagus known worldwide (Gasca et al. 2018), there are two recorded from Oaxaca: Onthophagus pedester Howden and Génier and O. zapotecus. Onthophagus zapotecus (Fig. 7) was first described from three museum specimens (Zoology Museum of Lund, Sweden) that were collected by sifting soil at 22 km north of the city of Oaxaca. Our capture of more than 60 individuals increases the known distribution to the Sierra Norte (San Pablo Etla) and Sierra Sur (Santo Domingo Ozolotepec and San José del Pac´ıfico) (Fig. 9). This flightless species may have coprophagous habits, as it was collected in our dung-baited pitfall traps, but since no living specimen has been observed feeding on or nesting with dung, this cannot be confirmed. It was collected between 2,400 and 2,900 m elevation in pine forest. The newly collected specimens allowed a redescription of this species.</p> <p>Redescription. Male (Fig. 7B, D). General body shape more oval and convex than usual for Onthophagus species due to longitudinal reduction of elytra and corresponding thoracic-abdominal areas. Length = 4.5—6.0 mm from clypeal apex to pygidium, maximum width 4 mm across middle of pronotum. Color: Base of head, pronotum, elytra, and abdominal venter very dark reddish brown, almost black; clypeal edge and legs light reddish with yellowish brown marks at base of 6 th elytral stria and apex of 5 th interstria, integument rather shiny. Head: Clypeus approximately as wide as long, margin forming a large arch with genaes, raised margin subsinuate medially. Genae quite wide, triangular, with a very arched apex; genal sutures visible. Clypeal carina absent. Frontal carina very broadly V-shaped, continuous or sometimes interrupted in middle by deep, well-defined, large puncture. Clypeal punctures slightly confluent anteriorly, more widely spaced posteriorly and on frons. With dorsal pubescence of very sparse light yellowish-white setae. Pronotum: Highly developed, convex, with an obtuse antero-medial protuberance. Lateral margins with rounded anterior angles, almost straight between these and intermediate angles, basal bead evanescent medially. Sculpture of pronotal disc formed mainly by large, dense, irregularly distributed punctures, with few secondary punctures. With dorsal pubescence of very sparse light yellowish-white setae basally and laterally, a seta arising from the center of some punctures. Surface with shagreened microsculpture. Elytra: Very convex, with non-parallel, arched lateral margins; without humeral calli; Fine, punctate elytral striae; interstriae almost flat, with irregular strong and dense punctation. Setae more evident than on pronotum and slightly inclined posteriorly. Surface with shagreened microsculpture. Legs: Anterior tibiae very slender and elongate; inner margin curved, prolonged anteriorly and terminating with a brush of long, yellow setae; outer margin with 4 teeth, 1 st 3 of same size, closer to each other than to 4 th smaller basal tooth; apical spur reduced. Pygidium: With 2 longitudinal, reddish spots laterally; sculpture formed by large, dense, ill-defined punctures; shagreened surface with very pale yellowish white setae.</p> <p>The female (Fig. 7A, C) differs from the male by the subtriangular development of the clypeus, the apex of which is very low medially; the frontal carina raised at lateral angles and separated in some cases in the middle by large, well-defined, deep puncturee; the more pronounced genal angle; the less developed pronotum; and the protibiae with four equidistant teeth, the basal tooth smaller in comparison with the first three teeth.</p> <p>Material Examined. México: Estado de Oaxaca, “La Mesita”, San Pablo Etla, Oaxaca. 3♂, 17-VI- 2017 Coprotrampa 96°42 ′ 3.20″ W, 17°10 ′ 51.14″N Bosque de pino-encino 2,798m.; “La Mesita”, San Pablo Etla, Oaxaca. 3♂, 4♀ 8- VII-2017 Coprotrampa - 96°42 ′ 2.55″W, 17°10 ′ 49.95″N, Bosque de Pino 2,822m. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.71489&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.178782" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.71489/lat 17.178782)">Arriaga</a> J. A. Col; Reserva Comunitaria San Pablo Etla. 6♂, 4♀ 23-IX-2016 coprotrampa 96.714888W, 17.178782° N, bosque de pino/encino, 2,515m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.71489&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.178782" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.71489/lat 17.178782)">Arriaga</a> J. A. Col.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4065879484683541FF63FAC2FBBBF916	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
40658794846A3545FF24FB46FD17FE34.text	40658794846A3545FF24FB46FD17FE34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus mexicanus Bates 1887	<div><p>Onthophagus mexicanus Bates and</p> <p>Onthophagus subcancer Howden Onthophagus mexicanus is a High Plateau inhabitant, whereas Onthophagus subcancer is a lowland occupant. Both were collected at their highest elevational limit (2,600 m and 2,500 m, respectively). Onthophagus subcancer was found on the east side of Zempoaltépetl, while O. mexicanus was collected near the High Plateau, in San Pablo Etla and on the western side of Zempoaltépetl. Both are atypically encountered in high mountains; therefore, they are not included in the key.</p> <p>KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ONTHOPHAGUS IN</p> <p>THE SIERRA NORTE AND SIERRA SUR OF OAXACA, MEXICO</p> <p>Based on keys by Morón (2003) and Zunino and</p> <p>Halffter (1988a, b)</p> <p>1. Pronotal prominence antero-medially obtuse. Bright black with a small, very dark reddish brown spot on base of 6 th elytral stria and another at apex of 5 th interstria. More oval and convex than is usual for Onthophagus specie, due to the longitudinal reduction of the elytra and the corresponding abdominal areas (Fig. 7). landolti species-group.................................................. Onthophagus zapotecus Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p> <p>1 ′. Pronotum very convex with triangular or trapezoidal development, which is delimited posteriorly by two evident lateral tubercles. chevrolati species-group....................... 2</p> <p>2. Secondary punctures of pronotal disk umbilicate as the primary punctures. Bronzecupreous, sericeous, with evident metallic shine. Frontal carina of female interrupted in middle, male carina complete. Anterior margin of pronotal prominence of male an acute angle (Fig.1). aureofuscus complex......................... Onthophagus aureofuscus Bates, 1886</p> <p>2 ′. Primary pronotal punctures simple........... 3</p> <p>3. Frontal carina trapezoidal, with sides straight or curved but not sinuate medially, sometimes arcuate or reduced to a small triangular tubercle. chevrolati complex.................... 4</p> <p>3 ′. Frontal carina with double anterior convexity, complete or effaced medially and/or lateral extremes, or trapezoidal and sinuate medially. undulans complex............................... 5</p> <p>4. Sculpture of pronotal disk with primary punctures variable in size and density, effaced. General aspect robust. Very dark cupreous. Frontal carina of male trapezoidal or reduced to a flattened tubercule (Fig. 3)........................... Onthophagus retusus Harold, 1869</p> <p>4 ′. Sculpture of pronotal disk with well-defined primary punctures. General aspect not robust. Black, sometimes dark green or brown. Frontal carina of male sometimes almost indistinctly trapezoidal, often arcuate anteriorly (Fig. 2)............. Onthophagus chevrolati Harold, 1869</p> <p>5. Small species (length less than 8.5 mm). Frontal carina of the male slightly angulate in middle, distinctly carinate. Median pronotal tubercles absent. Shiny sericeous (Fig. 5)................................ Onthophagus howdeni Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p> <p>5 ′. Larger species. Frontal carina biconvex anteriorly................................................. 6</p> <p>6. Surface of pronotal disk irregular, with illdefined, shallowly excavated areas. Bronze. Sculpture of pronotum stronger and dense (Fig. 6)........................ Onthophagus oaxacanus Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p> <p>6 ′. Pronotal surface uniformly convex. Dark brown, shiny sericeous, head and pronotum bronze-cupreous (Fig. 4)............................................... Onthophagus howdenorum Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p> <p>CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE ONTHOPHAGUS</p> <p>EN LA SIERRA NORTE Y SIERRA SUR DE OAXACA, MEXICO</p> <p>En base de las claves en Morón (2003) y Zunino y</p> <p>Halffter (1988a, b)</p> <p>1. Pronoto muy desarrollado con una prominencia antero-medial obtusa. Color negro, brillante con una peque~ na mancha pardo rojiza muy oscura en la base de la 6 a estr´ıa elitral y otra en el ápice de la 5 a interestr´ıa. De forma más oval y convexa de lo que suele ser en las especies de Onthophagus, debido a la reducción longitudinal de los élitros y de las áreas abdominales correspondientes (Fig. 7). landolti especie-grupo...................................................... Onthophagus zapotecus Zunino y Halffter, 1988</p> <p>1 ′. Pronoto muy convexo, con una prominencia amplia en forma de trapecio o triángulo, la cual está delimitada posteriormente por dos tubérculos laterales evidentes. chevrolati especie-grupo..................................... 2</p> <p>2. Puntos secundarios del disco del pronoto umbilicados al igual que los principales. Color bronceado ser´ıceo, con evidentes reflejos metálicos. Quilla frontal de la hembra interrumpida en el centro, la del macho entera. Margen cefálico de la prominencia pronotal en forma de ángulo bastante agudo (Fig. 1). complejo aureofuscus.................................. Onthophagus aureofuscus Bates, 1886</p> <p>2 ′. Puntos principales del disco del pronoto simples...................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Quilla frontal en forma de trapecio, con los lados rectos o curvados, pero no sinuada en el centro, a veces arqueada o reducida a un tubérculo triangular. complejo chevrolati............................................................. 4</p> <p>3 ′. Quilla frontal con doble convexidad anterior, entera o inaparente en el centro y/o las extremidades laterales, o en forma de trapecio sinuado en el centro. complejo undulans............................................................. 5</p> <p>4. Escultura del disco del pronoto formada por puntos principales variables en tama~ no y densidad, pero siempre bastante indefinidos. Aspecto general robusto. Color mate o ser´ıceo, cobrizo muy obscuro. Quilla frontal del macho trapezoidal o reducida a un tubérculo triangular aplanado (Fig. 3)................................... Onthophagus retusus Harold, 1869</p> <p>4 ′. Escultura del disco del pronoto formada por puntos principales definidos. Aspecto general no especialmente robusto. Color mate o ser´ıceo, negro, a veces oscuramente verduzco o café. Quilla frontal de los machos a veces casi indistintamente trapezoidal, a menudo muy arqueada hacia adelante (Fig. 2)................. Onthophagus chevrolati Harold, 1869</p> <p>5. Especie peque~ na (longitud menor de 8.5 mm). Quilla frontal del macho ligeramente angulada en el centro, distintamente carinada. Tubérculos intermedios de la prominencia pronotal ausentes. Aspecto general ser´ıceo brillante (Fig. 5)..................................... Onthophagus howdeni Zunino y Halffter, 1988</p> <p>5 ′. Especies grandes. Quilla frontal con doble convexidad anterior.............................. 6</p> <p>6. Superficie del disco del pronoto irregular, presentando áreas ligeramente hundidas de contorno indefinido. Color bronceado. Escultura del pronoto más fuerte y densa (Fig. 6).......................................... Onthophagus oaxacanus Zunino y Halffter, 1988</p> <p>6 ′. Superficie del pronoto uniformemente convexa. Color café oscuro, ser´ıceo brillante, cabeza y pronoto bronceado cobrizo (Fig. 4).................................... Onthophagus howdenorum Zunino y Halffter, 1988</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/40658794846A3545FF24FB46FD17FE34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höglinger, Marc;Huber, Andrea;Eichler, Klaus	Höglinger, Marc, Huber, Andrea, Eichler, Klaus (2019): Entwicklung Medizintechnik 2019 bis 2030: stationäre Rehabilitation & amp; stationäre Psychiatrie. The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (3): 535-550, DOI: 10.21256/zhaw-23035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-23035
