taxonID	type	description	language	source
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 8, Table 1	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pseudocellar formula as 32 / 233 / 33343 dorsally and 11 / 000 / 01120 ventrally; two pso on each subcoxae 1. Five guard papillae on AIIIO. PAO with 21 – 24 simple vesicles. 3 + 3 p-chaetae between inner posterior pso on head. 7 + 7 chaetae on Th I tergum. Unguiculus without basal lamella and the unguiculus / unguis ratio is 0.6. Th I – III sterna with 1 + 1 chaetae each. AS set on small papillae and the AS / unguis ratio is 0.9.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. India, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam (11 º 24 ’ 50.0 ” N, 76 º 42 ’ 28.6 ” E) Type Material. Holotype male and 12 paratypes (10 females and 2 males) on slides. India, Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiris, Udhagamandalam, 08.05.2019, moist soil filled in the concrete crevices, Berlese extractor, A. M. Thunnisa leg. Holotype male and 3 paratypes female in ZSI (Accession No. holotype 3235 / H 14 and paratypes 3236 / H 14); 6 paratypes (4 females and 2 male) in MBL; 3 paratypes in MNCN.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named after type locality, Udhagamandalam, abbreviated as Udhagai.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	description	Description. Length of type specimens: 0.7 – 1.1 mm in male and 1.0 – 1.8 mm in female. Shape of body cylindrical, Abd III – IV more or less broadened (Fig. 1). Color in alcohol white. AS set on small papillae, and the AS / unguis ratio is 0.9. Granulation fine and homogenous, without coarse granules even around dorsal pso. Dorsal pso formula as 32 / 233 / 33343, and ventral as 11 / 000 / 01120 (Figs 1 & 2). Subcoxa 1 of legs I, II and III with 2 pso each. Psx are not visible on head and body. Psp formula: 00 / 011 / 11110 dorsally and 00 / 111 / 0001 m 0 ventrally. Head. Antennae almost as long as head. Length ratio of Ant I: II: III: IV as 1: 1.5: 1.5: 2. Ant I, II and III with 5 – 7, 13 and 14 ordinary chaetae, respectively. AIIIO consisting of five guard chaetae, five papillae, two smooth sensory rods, and two weakly granulated and spherical sense clubs, ventro-lateral ms present. Ant IV with subapical organite, without differentiated S-chaetae; baso-lateral ms above the second proximal row of chaetae (Fig. 3). PAO with 21 – 24 simple vesicles arranged in two rows perpendicularly to long axis of organ (Fig. 5). Dorsal chaeta d 0 on head present. 3 + 3 p-chaetae between inner posterior pso on head, p 1 anterior to others (Fig. 1). Labral formula of chaetae: 4 / 1,4,2. Maxillary palp simple with one basal chaeta and two sublobal hairs. Labial palp of type A, papillae A to E with 1, 4, 0, 3 and 2 guard chaetae, respectively (Fig. 17). Labium with 6 proximal, 4 baso-median (E, F, G, and f) and 5 baso-lateral (b, c, d, e, e’) chaetae (Fig. 4). Postlabial chaetae 4 + 4 along ventral groove. Dorsal body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 1. Ordinary chaetae differentiated in micro-, meso- and macrochaetae. Schaetae weakly thickened but distinguishable from ordinary chaetae, S-chaetae formula: 10 / 011 / 221110 dorsally and 11 / 000 / 000100 ventrally. Th I tergum with 7 + 7 chaetae (Fig. 1). Th II – III with lateral ms. Th II to Abd III terga with 3 + 3 axial chaetae each (Fig. 1). Abd IV tergum with unpaired axial chaeta m 0; Abd V tergum without axial chaetae; Abd VI tergum with a 0 and m 0 (Fig. 1). Ventral body chaetotaxy according to Fig. 2. Th I – III sterna with 1 + 1 chaetae each. Ventral tube with 6 + 6 distal, 1 + 1 anterior and 2 + 2 basal chaetae. MVO absent. Furca reduced to finely granulated area, with 4 small dental chaetae arranged in two rows posteriorly; one manubrial row of chaetae present (Fig. 6). Genital plate with 13 – 15 ante-genital and 2 genital chaetae in females, 37 – 40 circum-genital and 8 genital chaetae in males. Anal valves with numerous acuminate chaetae; each lateral valve with chaetae a 0, 2 a 1; upper valve with chaetae a 0, 2 a 1, 2 b 1, c 0, 2 c 1, 2 c 2 (Fig. 7). Legs. Subcoxae 1 of legs I – III with 3, 4, 4 chaetae and subcoxae 2 with 1, 4, 4 chaetae, respectively; coxae of legs I, II and III with 3, 8 – 9 and 11 – 12 chaetae; trochanters with 9 chaetae and femora with 14 – 15 chaetae each; tibiotarsi I, II and III with 18 (9, 8, 1) chaetae each (Fig. 8); chaeta M present. Unguis without inner or lateral denticles. Unguiculus without basal lamella and the unguiculus / unguis ratio is 0.6 (Fig. 8).	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFACE57E18989F70FE71FF41.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The new species belongs to the group with pso formula as 32 / 233 / 33343 dorsally and 11 / 000 / 01120 ventrally (Table 1). Thalassaphorura udhagaiensis sp. nov. according to characters listed in Sun et al. (2017 b), the new species is the most similar to the cosmopolitan species T. encarpata (Denis, 1931). Both species are readily distinguishable from most members of the genus by a labial type A. T. udhagaiensis sp. nov. can be easily separated from T. encarpata by the presence of 10 / 011 / 221110 dorsal S-chaetae (indistinct in T. encarpata), shorter unguiculus (ratio unguiculus / unguis as 0.6 in the new species, compared with 1.0 in T. encarpata) and 1 + 1 anterior chaetae on ventral tube (without anterior chaetae in T. encarpata). The main diagnostic characters of these species are summarized in Table 1.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	description	Figs 9 – 16, Table 2	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pso formula dorsally as 32 / 022 / 33342, ventrally as 10 / 000 / 0000. Psx formula as 1 / 000 / 11110. AIIIO with 5 guard chaetae and 5 papillae, 2 granulated sensory club and 2 small sensory rods. PAO well developed with 34 – 38 simple vesicles. Labial palp A type. Ventral tube with 7 – 9 apical and 2 + 2 basal chaetae. MVO absent.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	materials_examined	Type localities. India, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiris: Pykara (11 ° 27 ’ N, 76 ° 36 ’ E), Lovedale (11 ° 22 ’ N, 76 ° 42 ’ E) and Nellakottai (11 ° 33 ’ N, 76 ° 25 ’ E). Type material. Holotype female and 3 paratypes (2 females and 1 male) mounted on slides. India, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiris, Pykara, shola soil, 12.03.2019, A. M. Thunnisa leg. 8 paratypes on slides. India, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri, Lovedale, shola soil, 21.04.2019 and Nellakottai, bamboo leaf litter, 04.05.2019, A. M. Thunnisa leg. Holotype female, two paratype females, and one paratype male in ZSI (Accession No. holotype 3227 / H 14 and paratypes 3228 / H 14); 5 paratypes (2 females and 3 males) in MBL; 3 paratypes (2 females and 1 male) in MNCN.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the new species refers to “ shola ”, the local name for the tropical montane forest found in the higher montane regions of South India.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	description	Description. Color in alcohol white. Length (without antennae) 1.4 – 2.2 mm in female, 0.8 – 1.7 in male; holotype 2.15 mm. Cylindrical body, with anal spines on papillae. Granulation distinct and uniform. Pso formula: 32 / 022 / 33342 dorsally, 10 / 000 / 0000 ventrally; ventrally with 1 / 000 / 1111 psx and 1,1,1 psp in Th I – III; subcoxa 1 of legs I – III with 1,1,1 pso; subcoxa 2 of the legs with 1,1,1 psx, respectively. Head. Antennae approximately the same length as the head. Well-marked antenna bases. Ant IV with subapical organite and a lateral-external ms located at the level of second proximal row of chaetae. AIIIO with 5 papillae, 5 guard chaetae, 2 small sensory rods, 2 granulated sensory clubs and one lateral ms. Ant I – III with 11,17,16 ordinary chaetae, respectively (Fig. 11). PAO compossed of 34 – 38 simple vesicles (Fig. 13). Head with 4 + 4 p-chaetae between the postero-internal pso (p 1 ’, P 1, p 2, P 3; Fig. 9). Mandible with a strong molar plate and 4 apical teeth. Maxilla with 3 teeth and 6 lamellae. Maxillary palp simple, with 1 basal and 2 sublobals chaetae. Labral chaeta formula 4 / 342. Labium type A; papillae A to E with 1, 4, 0, 3, 3 guard chaetae, respectively; with 5 proximal, 4 basomedial (E, F, G and f) and 5 basolateral chaetae (Fig. 12). 5 + 5 postlabial chaetae along the ventral groove. Dorsal body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 9, is rather symmetrical, well differentiated in micro-, meso- and macrochaetae. Sensory chaetae little different from mesochaetae, with blunt apex. Tergites Th II – III with lateral ms. Th I tergite with 12 – 14 pairs of chaetae (chaetotaxy type i, 2 – 3, m). Th II and III with 5 + 5 axial microchaetae, Abd I – III has 4 + 4 microchaetae along the axial line. Abd IV without unpaired axial chaetae, Abd V with m 0 and p 0, and Abd VI with m 0 unpaired axial chaeta. Abd I – III and V tergites without chaeta s’ (Fig. 9). Ratio of chaetae M / sp lengths on Abd V 1.3 – 1.5. Ratio of chaeta M / AS lengths 0.8 – 1.1. Lines (straight) passing through the bases of the prespinal chaetae a 1 and m 1, convergent (Fig. 9). AS long, on well-differentiated papillae, 1.1 – 1.4 times as long as the inner edge of the claw III. Ventral body chaetotaxy according to Fig. 10. Th I – III, between the legs, with 1, 2, 2 – 3 pairs of chaetae, respectively. VT with 7 – 9 + 7 – 9 distal and 2 + 2 basal chaetae. Furca reduced to a cuticular fold with 2 + 2 dental microchaetae: 1 + 1 located on the fold and 1 + 1 clearly located behind; three rows of posterior manubrial chaetae: rows ma, mm and mp with 2 + 2 chaetae, of which the outer ones are macrochaetae (Fig. 14). Female genital plate with 15 – 20 chaetae plus two posterior microchaetae; male genital plate bears 30 – 35 chaetae. MVO absent. Anal valves with numerous acuminate chaetae; each lateral valve with chaetae a 0, 2 a 1 and 2 a 2; posterior valve with a 0, 2 a 1, 2 b 1, 2 b 2, c 0, 2 c 1 and 2 c 2 (Fig. 15). Legs. Subcoxae 1 of legs I – III with 5 – 6, 6 – 7, 5 – 6 chaetae, subcoxae 2 with 1, 5 – 6, 5 – 6, coxae with 4,10 – 11,13 – 14, trochanters with 11, 11, 11 – 12 and femurs with 19 – 20, 19 – 21,18 chaetae, respectively. Tibiotarsi of legs I – III with 21 (11, 8, 2), 21 – 22 (11, 8, 2 - 3), 21 – 22 (11, 8, 2 – 3) chaetae, respectively, of which 1, 1, 1 are macrochaetae with blunt apex located in the basal row (R chaetae) (Fig. 16). Claw with inner tooth. Unguiculus narrow and pointed, without basal lamella, as long as the inner edge of the claw (Fig. 16).	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA8E57D18989CA5FA70F84F.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Protaphorura sholai sp. nov. belongs to the group with pso formula as 32 / 022 / 33342 dorsally (Table 2). After the most recent key to Protaphorura species (Parimuchová & Kováč 2016), the new species is the most similar to the species P. subarctica (Martynova 1976) and P. levantina (Christiansen 1956). However, it can be separated easily from them by the position of head chaeta p 2 in relation to p 1 and p 3 (at the same level in the new species, compared to above in the other species) and longer anal spines (AS longer than unguis in the new species, compared to AS shorter than unguis in the other species). A comparison with other species of the group is shown in Table 2.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA6E57318989A26FCE1F834.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Numerous specimens male and female from Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiris, Kodappamund (India) (11 ° 25 ’ N, 76 ° 43 ’ E), 11.05.2019, agricultural soil, A. M. Thunnisa leg.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA6E57318989A26FCE1F834.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. Probably subcosmopolitan. It is a nitrophilous species, connected with anthropogenic habitats. Usually it lives in compost, accumulations of organic matter and flower pots (Gisin 1952; Fjellberg 1998; Greenslade & Ireson 2022). In Nilgiri Hills it was found in carrot agricultural soil. This is the first report of this species from India (ZSI: Accession number: 3230 / H 14).	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA7E57218989917FC1FF948.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Numerous male and female specimens were collected from decomposing organic matter and damp soil samples. The specimens were discovered in the Nilgiris region in garbage and mushroom waste rotting areas (ZSI: Accession Number, 3229 / H 14).	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
460287B0FFA7E57218989917FC1FF948.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. It is a well-known cosmopolitan species. In Southeast Asia and North American it is a normal inhabitant of natural soils rich in litter and crops, also found in caves (Fjellberg 1998; Beruete et al. 2021; Greenslade & Ireson 2022). This is the first report of this species from India.	en	Thunnisa, Abu Muhsina, Arbea, Javier Ignacio, Sumithra, Nallathambi, Mandal, Guru Pada, Sanil, Raveendranathanpillai (2022): Two new species and two new records of Onychiurinae (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from the Nilgiris, India. Zootaxa 5182 (5): 448-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5182.5.3
