identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
461287F6FFCAFFC52339119BE94FF9BB.text	461287F6FFCAFFC52339119BE94FF9BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysotus Meigen 1824	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Chrysotus Meigen, 1824</p>
            <p> The genus  Chrysotus is very diverse with more than 550 species already known worldwide and more than 200 species known from the Oriental realm (Yang et al., 2006; Wei, 2018; Liu et al., 2020). These small dolichopodid flies of about 2 mm in body length need microscopic identification and the male terminalia need to be dissected and examined in order to classify them into species groups (Wei et al., 2015). In the Oriental region, many  Chrysotus species coexist and many species are yet to be described. Identification of females based on morphology is almost impossible because females are all very similar-looking and are hardly ever associated with males in species descriptions. In his recent revision of the  Chrysotus leigongshanus species group mainly based on material collected in the mountainous areas in southern China, Wei (2018) treated 59 species and described 56 species as new to science. Of these, 48 species were only known from the holotype male, of which none were associated with females. </p>
            <p>The two species described in this paper do not belong to those from the Oriental region that were recently described or revised (Wei et al., 2015; Wei, 2018; Liu et al., 2020). Moreover, both new species are exclusive mangrove species, a biotope that was never well investigated. Barcodes, which distinguish the new species from other related, cryptic species, are provided.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFCAFFC52339119BE94FF9BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFCAFFC3231F151BECD3FD3B.text	461287F6FFCAFFC3231F151BECD3FD3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysotus dot Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chrysotus dot ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p>
            <p> Type material.   Holotype male. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , Sungei [= River] Tock Kew basin (OBS), 19 March 2019, Malaise trap (PU22) in back mangroves (ZRCBDP0317760, leg. P. Grootaert; in ethanol, LKCNHM). GenBank accession code: PP893289. </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , Sungei Tock Kew basin (OBS)  ,  9 males, 22 females, PU22, 19 March 2019 (Ma10640) ;  2 females, PU22, 26 March 2019 (MA10955) ;  6 males, 9 females, PU22, 2 April 2019 (Ma10718) ;  6 males, 2 females, PU22, 16 April 2019 (MA10986) ;  2 females, PU22, 24 April 2019 (MA10972) ;  3 males, PU22, 15 May 2019 (MA11506) ;  1 male, 2 females, PU22, 28 May 2019 (MA11189) ;  1 male, 1 females, PU22, 3 June 2019 (MA10982) ;  5 males, 4 females, PU22, 11 June 2019 (MA11180) ;  1 male, 2 females, PU22, 19 June 2019 (MA10976) ;  1 female, PU22, 25 June 2019, (MA10967) . Barcodes of  58 specimens from PU22 are available. </p>
            <p> Other material examined. 2,357 barcodes of  C. dot ,  new species , are available from Pulau Ubin, Pulau [= Island] Semakau, and Coney Island. </p>
            <p> Etymology. The species is named after the brown spot or dot that is present on the fore femora of the males and females. The English word  “dot ” is used as a noun. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. A small species (1.1–1.3 mm) with a black spot located dorsally on the middle of the fore femur in both sexes. Four dorsocentrals, 5 uniserial acrostichals. Haltere yellowish. Legs yellow, with apical 2 tarsomeres of all legs brown. Male: Antenna yellowish brown, pedicel contrastingly darker brown than the yellowish brown postpedicel. Frons very wide, eyes touching near middle of face, with at least 4 rows of enlarged eye facets on each side of face. Palpus yellow, large, oval, hiding proboscis and shorter in females, lacking black bristling. Apical 2 tarsomeres of all legs brown, slightly dorsoventrally flattened. Pulvilli present on all legs, though minute and narrow. Sternite 8 lacking macrosetae. Cerci yellow, ventral surstylus dark brown. Tip of aedeagus widened with complex structure. Female: palpus brown, not hiding the proboscis, covered with black bristles and a distinct apical. Legs coloured like in males. Apical tarsomeres of all legs brownish but not widened.</p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 1.1–1.3 mm; wing 1.1–1.2 mm.</p>
            <p>Grootaert &amp; Van de Velde: New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin</p>
            <p>Head. Frons very wide, metallic green. Eyes touching near middle of face, with at least 4 rows of enlarged eye facets at each side of face. All bristles black. A pair of long retroclinate, diverging ocellar bristles, a pair of proclinate vertical bristles as long as ocellars. Postoculars, short, fine, uniserial above, not distinct below.</p>
            <p>Antennae. Yellowish brown, pedicel contrastingly darker brown than postpedicel which is more yellowish. Pedicel with dorsal apical bristle nearly as long as pedicel is high. Postpedicel kidney-shaped, arista apical near middle, set with minute hairs. Palpus yellow, very large, oval, hiding proboscis, lacking distinct bristles.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Shiny metallic green. All bristles black. Four dorsocentrals almost equally long. Five uniserial acrostichals. A pair of widely separated marginal scutellars 2.5 times as long as scutellum is long.</p>
            <p>Legs. Yellow, fore femur with a blackish brown spot located dorsally in middle. Mid coxa brown, hind coxae paler brown. Apical 2 tarsomeres of all legs brown.</p>
            <p>Fore legs. Coxa with indistinct pale apical bristles. Femur and tibia lacking distinct bristles. Length femur, tibia, tarsomeres (in mm): 0.33: 0.34: 0.12: 0.047: 0.039: 0.032: 0.032.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa lacking an exterior bristle, but a long bristle on middle of margin between anterior and dorsal part of the coxa. Femur with a brown posterior preapical bristle. Tibia with a short anterodorsal in basal quarter. Length femur, tibia, tarsomeres (in mm): 0.39: 0.39: 0.19: 0.09: 0.06: 0.032: 0.032.</p>
            <p>Hind legs. A brown exterior bristle near base of coxa, longer than coxa is high and a slightly shorter apical bristle. Trochanter with a long dorsal bristle longer than trochanter. Femur with 3 preapical anteroventral bristles, middle bristle longest, longer than width of femur. Tibia lacking distinct bristles except for a few short apical bristles.</p>
            <p>Length femur, tibia, tarsomeres (in mm): 0.39: 0.39: 0.17: 0.08: 0.05: 0.32: 0.05.</p>
            <p>Wings. Brownish tinge with pale brown veins. Squama brown with 2 pale brown bristles. Haltere yellowish (not clear white).</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Brown, indistinctly shiny. All bristles black and short. Sternite 8 lacking macrosetae though a row of bristles is present (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 3. Cercus yellow, surstylus brown. Epandrial lobe with 3 bristles, the apical bristle as long as lobe is wide, other 2 bristles minute. Ventral surstylus with a strong subapical bristle and a smaller bristle below. Apex of aedeagus widened with a complex structure (Fig. 3A–C). Postgonite short, densely set with short hairs (Fig. 3C).</p>
            <p>Female. Length: body 1.2–1.3 mm; wing 1.10–1.11 mm.</p>
            <p>Similar to males in colouration of legs. Palpus brown and much smaller than in males, with longer black bristles and a distinct apical. Proboscis yellowish, not hidden by palpus, long, about half as long as eye is high. Face as wide as postpedicel, apically protruding and pointed. Postpedicel reniform as in males, but more uniformly brown. Eye facets not enlarged and eyes not as wide as in males so that the row of lower postoculars is visible. Postoculars black above, longer and yellow below. Marginal bristles on tergites longer than in males.</p>
            <p> Comments. This small new species is easily recognised by the yellow legs with a black spot located dorsally in the middle of the fore femora and this is in both sexes. The postpedicel is yellowish brown and somewhat kidney-shaped with an apical arista. The male has a very large oval yellowish palpus, while the female has a smaller brown palpus. It is the most common  Chrysotus species in back mangroves. It hardly visits front mangroves and was never observed in non-mangrove biotopes where many species of the entirely black  Chrysotus species are dominant. The genetic variation measured by the number of haplotypes is low, especially in comparison with the terrestrial black  Chrysotus species.</p>
            <p> The tip of the aedeagus in  Chrysotus dot ,  new species , has a complex structure with folds and a spine-like projection (Fig. 3A–C), similar to species of the  C. leigongshanus species group (Wei, 2018). However, this species group has black femora, no pulvilli on the hind tarsus and sternite 8 with a pair of strong setae. In  Chrysotus dot ,  new species , the femora are yellow, there are small pulvilli present on all legs, and sternite 8 does not bear strong setae. </p>
            <p> Several other, but less common and yet to be described  Chrysotus species with yellow legs occur in back mangroves. They do not bear the typical black spot on the fore femora and have a brown triangular or trapezoid postpedicel with a short ventral protuberance. One of these species,  C. ubinensis ,  new species , is described hereafter. </p>
            <p> National distribution. The new species is one of the most common  Chrysotus and dolichopodid species, in Singapore in the back mangroves of Pulau Ubin. It was found all over the island in all 26 back mangrove stations that were sampled with Malaise traps (Fig. 1). In total, 2,784 specimens were collected in the back mangroves and 2,357 specimens were barcoded, showing very little variation in haplotypes (less than 0.7%). </p>
            <p>  In the front mangroves of the replanted mangroves of Pulau Semakau, only a single specimen was found in the three Malaise traps that were operational for two full years (SMN3), while 239 specimens were found in the adjacent old mangroves (SMO), thus underlining that  C. dot ,  new species , is really a back mangrove species.  It was further found in the back mangroves of  Coney Island (17 specimens in 5 sampled stations),  Berlayer Creek (1 specimen in 2 sampled stations), and  Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve (227 specimens in 14 sampled stations).  Remarkably , it was not found in the mangroves at  Sarimbun , Lim Chu Kang, and Mandai  . </p>
            <p>Distribution in Southeast Asia. The new species was found in all three mangrove sites in Brunei we investigated (Tutong, Berambang, and Labu). They differ by 2.3% in haplotype structure from the Singapore populations and a deeper morphological study is needed to show if they represent the same species. Only a single female was found in a mangrove site in southern Thailand (Surat Thani, leg. A. Samoh) and genetically it falls entirely in the population of Pulau Ubin.</p>
            <p>Phenology. The new species is active throughout the year, but with its peak activity at the start of the rainy season in April and the lowest activity in the dryer periods of the year from end June to end September, with a second peak of activity from October to December.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFCAFFC3231F151BECD3FD3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFCCFFC121E7119BED64F95C.text	461287F6FFCCFFC121E7119BED64F95C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysotus ubinensis Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chrysotus ubinensis ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 4, 5)</p>
            <p> Type material.   Holotype male. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , Sungei Tock Kew, 1 male, 3 females, 16 April 2019, PU22 (LKCNHM). </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , Sungei Tock Kew, 3 females, 16 April 2019, PU22; male, 19 March 2018, ZRCBDP0317766: GenBank accession code: PP893290  . </p>
            <p> Other material.   Pulau Ubin, Chek Jawa, 1 male, 1 female, 16 June 2012 (PU1); Chek Jawa, 1 male, 4 females, 20 April 2012 (PU2). More than 200 specimens were barcoded from Pulau Ubin: PU1-2013, PU01-2016, PU01-2019, PU02-2016, PU09, PU10, PU13, PU19, PU20, PU21, PU22, PU23, PU25, and PU26. Female, ZRCBDP0084405 _YuTing_ IDOM13 _ PU01 _ 23Jun2016: GenBank accession code: PP893291; ZRCBDP0257018 _Nabilah-Kareen_ MIPD19 _ PU20 _ 29Mar2018. GenBank accession code: PP893292; Pulau Semakau, old mangroves, 1 male, 7 females, 4 July 2013 (SMO2) (Ma6107; male terminalia illustrated). 15 from SM02, 1 from SM01, 5 from SM03, 1 from SMN2;  Sarimbun , ZRCBDP0041305 _RP161_WTH24_SR03_ 28May2014;  GenBank accession code: PP893294;  Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve , ZRCBDP0084993  Minh _ IDOM20 _ SB02_ 14Mar2016;  GenBank accession code: PP893295;  Kranji Marshes , ZRCBDP0329050 _ Jayanthi _MTJ024_ KM04 _ 08May2019. GenBank accession code: PP893296  . </p>
            <p>In total, 225 specimens were barcoded and all specimens had less than 1% difference in barcode.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. A small species (1.8–2.2 mm). Male postpedicel trapezoid, a little longer than high, with a distinct ventral projection. Females with a shorter trapezoid postpedicel, a little shorter than high, also with a short ventral projection. Frons and face broad in both sexes, parallel-sided, twice as wide as postpedicel. Legs yellow, but mid and hind coxae brown, apical 2–3 tarsomeres of all legs brownish (somewhat variable in males, in females only apical tarsomere brown). Sternite 8 with a pair of weak macrosetae.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named after the island, Pulau Ubin, where it was found for the first time.</p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 1.8 mm; wing 1.75 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Frons and face grey dusted, both parallel-sided, wide, two times as wide as postpedicel.</p>
            <p>Antennae. Black. Scape as long as pedicel. Pedicel lacking a long dorsal bristle. Postpedicel trapezoid, a little longer than high, with a distinct ventral projection. Vertical bristle short, ¼ length of ocellar bristle (verticals much longer in female). Palpus yellow, apical bristle not distinct from the other small black bristles.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Mesoscutum metallic green, grey dusted. All bristles pale brownish. 4–5 pairs of short acrostichal bristles; 6 dorsocentral bristles, anterior most very short, the following dc becoming longer toward scutellum, prescutellar longest and outside the row. A pair of very long marginal scutellar bristles, no bristle at the outside.</p>
            <p>Legs. Yellow, except for brown mid and hind coxae and apical 2–3 tarsomeres of all legs brownish (not black).</p>
            <p>Wings. With a greyish tinge, veins yellowish brown. Squama yellowish with a row of 5 pale brown bristles. Haltere white.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Brown in ground-colour with metallic green shine. Sternites with a few long, fine bristles. Male terminalia (Fig. 5). Eighth sternite with a pair of weak macrosetae. Cercus yellowish, ventral surstylus brown with a black apical spine (Fig. 5A–C). Tip of phallus simple (Fig. 5A). Postgonite conical in lateral view (Fig. 5C).</p>
            <p>Female. Length: body 1.76–2.18 mm; wing 1.28–1.95 mm.</p>
            <p>Face as wide as frons, both parallel-sided and two times as wide as postpedicel. Clypeus protruding. Proboscis much stronger than in males, palpus also larger than in males, yellow with black bristles with a distinct apical bristle. Postpedicel in females also trapezoid, a little shorter than high, with a shorter ventral projection. Vertical bristle longer than in males, proclinate and half as long the brown retroclinate ocellar. A postvertical bristle, upper postoculars uniserial brown and becoming pale and longer below. Apical tarsomere of all legs brownish in contrast to the other tarsomeres.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Chrysotus ubinensis ,  new species , is part of a group of six cryptic species in Singapore that are recognised thanks to the barcoding differing from at least 6.3% to more than 10%. They all have yellow legs, with only the mid and hind coxae brownish, as well as the apical tarsomere that is brownish and, in some species, contrastingly black. All species of this group have a more or less triangular third antennal segment that in the new species is rather large, almost trapezoidal in males with a distinct ventral projection. The third antennal segment is smaller in females and the ventral projection is shorter. In the other species, the third antennal segment is smaller and a ventral projection is indistinct. This means that identification on morphological grounds is difficult and barcoding is necessary, especially because females are more similar than males. On Pulau Ubin, three other species—in addition to the new species—were also found and are very rare. All were females and two species were only found in the secondary forests on Pulau Ubin, Nee Soon, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, and Kranji Marshes. </p>
            <p> National distribution.   Confirmed by the 225 available barcodes,  C. ubinensis ,  new species , is very common in back mangroves on Pulau Ubin (nearly 200 specimens barcoded from 14 of the 26 stations ever sampled with Malaise traps all over the island). The species is also common in the old back mangroves of Pulau Semakau (SMO) with more than 20 barcoded specimens, while there was only a single record from the replanted mangroves (SMN), which did not have established back mangroves during the two-year study (2012–2014).  Although many other mangroves were surveyed in Singapore during the last 15 years, the new species is very rare in other sites; there is a single record from  Sarimbun , a single record from  Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve , and a single record from  Kranji Marshes , which were formerly mangroves but has turned into a freshwater swamp forest. It was also the only record of the species that is not a true back mangrove species. A noteworthy observation is that the haplotypes in the new species do not vary much (less than 0.3%) over all the mangroves in Singapore. The new species was not yet recognised outside of Singapore as morpho-species nor as haplotype  . </p>
            <p> General comments on  Chrysotus . The barcoding showed that there are several cryptic species of  Chrysotus present in the same samples. There were at least 10 cryptic species ‘hidden’ in a  Chrysotus with black legs, of which the males are morphologically difficult to distinguish. A thorough study of the male terminalia of this group is needed to see whether they belong to species already described (Wei, 2018). Association of females, representing 60–80% of the population, to males is generally very difficult because firstly, females were generally not described and, secondly, they are very similar in morphology. Genetic barcoding is mandatory to provide reliable identifications so that accurate data will become available for ecological studies. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFCCFFC121E7119BED64F95C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFCEFFC021E815BCE938F9CE.text	461287F6FFCEFFC021E815BCE938F9CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonocera Becker 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Trigonocera Becker, 1902</p>
            <p> Trigonocera Becker, 1902: 57 . Type species:  Trigonocera rivosa Becker, 1902 , by monotypy. Grichanov, 2011: 6; Yang et al., 2011: 1237, 1718. </p>
            <p> A diaphorine genus with a subtriangular postpedicel in males and frons and face broadly separated. Postpedicel in females shorter than in males. The pedicel seems to make a projection into the base of the postpedicel, which separates this genus from  Diaphorus (Grichanov, 2011) . </p>
            <p> According to Liu et al. (2018), there are only nine extant species in the world, all confined to the Old World, with four species in the Afrotropical realm, one in the Palaearctic realm, and seven in the Oriental realm. A key for all the world species is also provided by Liu et al. (2018). The following species are actually known from the Oriental region:  T. biseta Olejníček, 2004 ,  T. guizhouensis Wang, Yang &amp; Grootaert, 2008 ,  T. lucidiventris Becker, 1922 ,  T. specialis Becker, 1922 ,  T. shuensis Liu &amp; Yang, 2018 (in Liu et al., 2018),  T. tongshiensis (Yang, 2002) . The presence of  T. rivosa Becker, 1902 , a so-called tramp species all over the Old-World tropics, is to be confirmed since the male terminalia of the Oriental specimens were, to our knowledge, never examined. </p>
            <p> The genus  Trigonocera is reported here for the first time in Singapore. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFCEFFC021E815BCE938F9CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFCFFFCE22D2152EEAA6F81B.text	461287F6FFCFFFCE22D2152EEAA6F81B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonocera pilifer Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 6, 7)</p>
            <p> Type material.   Holotype male. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , 29 March 2018, PU14, secondary forest (Ma 9841, leg. P. Grootaert; in ethanol LKCNHM). </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , 5 males, 29 March 2018 station, PU14 (Ma 9841, leg. P. Grootaert; LKCNHM). 1 male dissected and figured; female, PU13, ZRCBDP0257677, 29 March 2018; GenBank accession code: PP893297; male, PU13, ZRCBDP0281269, 7 June 2018; male, Botanic Gardens (CUGE) ZRCBDP0276806, 10 November 2017; male, Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park (BAP01) ZRCBDP0275497, 3 June 2018; GenBank accession code: PP893298; female, Prince Georges Park, ZRCBDP0041193, 20 May 2015; GenBank accession code: PP893299; male, Pulau Semakau (SM03) ZRCBDP0105383, 23 January 2014, GenBank accession code: PP893300  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. A medium-sized species (3 mm). Scape with bristles above. Propleural bristle short. Fore tarsus with claws and minute pulvilli. Metepimeron and basal tergite yellowish brown, tergites 2–3 whitish.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The new species is named ‘pilifer’ after the bristles that are present on the first antennal segment (scape).</p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 2.9 mm; wing 2.4 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Frons very wide, anteriorly nearly twice as wide as base of postpedicel. Face narrower than frons, face at base as wide as base of postpedicel, narrowing downwards. A pair of long retro- and lateroclinate ocellars, followed by a pair of short, weak proclinate basal ocellar bristles (¼ length of the anterior bristles). A pair of short postvertical bristles. A pair of strong proclinate vertical bristles nearly as long as the anterior ocellars. Upper postocular bristles short, black, and uniserial above, below only a little longer, white, and longest only near mouth. A few pale additional bristles behind the row of postoculars.</p>
            <p>Antennae. Dark brown (Figs. 6, 7A–C). Scape longer than pedicel, dorsally with a few bristles, half as long as scape. Pedicel with a dorsal bristle as long as pedicel is wide. Inner apical margin projecting inside base of postpedicel. Postpedicel triangular, nearly 2 times as long as wide at base, with the ventral margin widely overlapping the pedicel. Arista subapical, inserted a little beyond middle of dorsal margin of postpedicel. Palpus white, with a black apical bristle rather strong and half as long as palpus, in addition a few fine short hairs.</p>
            <p> Thorax. 7 pairs of short fine acrostichals in anterior ⅔; 5 long dorsocentrals, anterior 3 equally long, posterior 2 bristles 1.5 times as long as preceding; prescutellar a little outside the row of dorsoventrals. 2 strong marginal scutellars with a tiny hair at outside. A short, fine propleural black bristle (not as prominent as in  T. ubinensis ,  new species ). </p>
            <p>Legs. Entirely yellow, except for the brown mid and hind coxae. All bristles black.</p>
            <p>Fore legs. Coxa with 3 long black anterior bristles in apical half, a few minute bristles, and 2 short apical bristles. Femur with 2 preapical posteroventrals as long as femur is wide; 1 short preapical posterior, a row of fine ventral bristle, 3 ventrals near middle longest, nearly half as long as femur is wide. Tibia lacking distinct bristles except from the weak bristles in the apical crown; a dense set row of fine pale bristles located ventrally, nearly as long as tibia is wide. A pair of small claws and indistinct pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa with an exterior black bristle at base as long as coxa is high and a shorter exterior near apex; anteriorly set with long bristles. Trochanter with 2 black anterior bristles, longer than trochanter is long, apical most bristle longest. Femur with a row of posteroventral bristles in apical half, as long as femur is wide. No anterior preapical bristle. Tibia with a short anterodorsal near base and 2 shorter dorsal bristles near middle; bristles in apical crown strong but not much longer than width of apex of tibia. A pair of small claws and minute pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Hind legs. Coxa with a long exterior at base, as long as coxa is high and 1 or 2 minute bristles near apex. Trochanter with two long anterodorsal bristles. Femur lacking an anterior preapical, but with a preapical av about as long as femur is wide; no other distinct bristles (no ventrals). Tibia with 2 short dorsal bristles in apical half, and an apical crown of rather short bristles. A pair of short claws and minute pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Wings. Hyaline with a faint brownish tinge, veins brownish. Veins R 4+5 and M 1+2 running parallel over entire length, M 1+2 straight (lacking a weak bent near middle). Squama dusky with very long black bristles, dorsal paler. Haltere white. Metepimeron brownish.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Tergite 1 pale brown, tergites 2–3 yellowish white, but all 3 tergites dorsally with apical border brownish. Tergite 4 with a yellowish spot at side. All tergites with short dorsal bristles and long apical bristles, except tergite 6 which lacks bristles. Sternites 1–3 yellowish white; sternites 4–5 brown. Sternites 2–4 each with very short black bristles, and a pair of somewhat longer apical bristles; no apical bristles on sternite 5.</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 7. Cercus pale brownish including the rounded basal lobe that bears black bristles, the ventral appendage at least 2 times as long as rounded part, with a few bristles located dorsally, apical pair of bristles strongest (Fig. 7F). Dorsal surstylus tubular, hidden by the ventral surstylus, bearing a long apical bristle. Ventral surstylus brown, long, narrowing toward tip (Fig. 7D) with only a few minute hairs near apex. Postgonite with a rectangular bent near base and a rounded, rectangular bent near middle (Fig. 7E). Epandrial lobe, elongate rectangular with a long bristle inside its base and 2 closely set apical bristles (Fig. 7F).</p>
            <p> Female. Unknown. Probably not recognised because it was confused with similar-looking  Diaphorus females that also have a shorter, non-triangular postpedicel. </p>
            <p> Comments.  Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species , is quite peculiar in having distinct dorsal bristles on the scape. In the world key recently made by Liu et al. (2018), the new species would run to  T. lucidiventris Becker, 1922 in having pale basal tergites. Olejníček (2004) revised the type material and made a re-description and illustrations of this species. The scape does not bear dorsal bristles (Olejníček, 2004; fig. 1) and the postpedicel is shorter in the new species but elongate triangular in  T. lucidiventris . The base of the postpedicel is truncate, while in the new species it has a wide ventral lobe over the pedicel (Fig. 7B, C). It is not clear if the pedicel has a thumb-like projection into the base of the postpedicel. The epandrial lobe is much narrower (Olejníček, 2004; Fig. 4) than in  Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species , but unfortunately the postgonite was not illustrated. </p>
            <p> Trigonocera specialis Becker, 1922 that also has pale basal tergites, has enlarged pulvilli on the fore tarsus. According to Olejníček (2004), who also gave a re-description of this species, the scape is bare and the postpedicel is nearly 3 times as long as wide, somewhat onion-shaped at its base with a long narrow apex (Olejníček, 2004; Fig. 9). The epandrial lobe is very narrow bearing a pair of very long bristles. </p>
            <p> National distribution. Barcoding allowed for the identification of formerly unrecognised specimens that seem to have a wide distribution not limited to mangroves alone.  Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species , is presently known from Pulau Ubin, Pulau Semakau, and the more anthropogenic habitats at Prince Georges Park (PGP), Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, and the Botanic Gardens (CUGE). </p>
            <p> Comments. Apart from the triangular postpedicel in males and the attachment of the postpedicel on the pedicel, the differences between  Diaphorus and  Trigonocera remain subtle. In  Trigonocera , the postgonite has a dorsal rectangular bent near its middle (see Figs. 7 and 9), while the postgonite is generally not so strongly bent near its middle in  Diaphorus . This character, however, needs further verification. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFCFFFCE22D2152EEAA6F81B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC1FFCC218A1797EDADFB7B.text	461287F6FFC1FFCC218A1797EDADFB7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonocera ubinensis Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trigonocera ubinensis ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 8, 9)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. A medium-sized species (about 3 mm long). Scape bare. Males with postpedicel elongate triangular 2–2.5 times as long as wide, arista 1.5 times longer than postpedicel. A long lower propleural bristle. Tergites 1–3 yellowish white with apical border brown. Hind coxa and metepimeron yellow. Female with postpedicel rounded, a little shorter than high.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality Pulau Ubin.</p>
            <p> Material examined.   Holotype male. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , Puaka Hill (PU14), 17 May 2018, (1°24′23.22″N,103°57′3 0.60″E), secondary forest (ZRCBDP0256851 in LKCNH). GenBank accession code: PP893301. </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. Singapore, 3 males,  Pulau Ubin (PU14), 5 April 2018  , secondary forest (Ma9837, RBINS):  1 male, Pulau Ubin, PU14, ZRCBDP0256869 _   Nabilah-Kareen _ MIPD17 _ PU14 _ 17May2018  . </p>
            <p>Barcode: ZRCBDP 0276611_WanTing_SGDolis025_ PU 14_ 12Apr2018 _imaged; whole mitogenome was done by Darren Yeo. GenBank accession code: PP893303.</p>
            <p> Other material examined. 19 specimens PU14 (type locality) ,  3 specimens PU12 ;  1 specimen PU13 ; specimen;  1 specimen PU20 ;  1 specimen NSM1 ;  1 specimen KM03 . In total, 27 specimens were barcoded. They form a cluster of 0.3%, meaning that there is only 1 base pair difference between the haplotypes. </p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 2.8–2.9 mm; wing 2.4–2.5 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Frons wide, wider than base of postpedicel. Face wide, parallel-sides a little narrower than frons. A pair of long retro- and lateroclinate ocellars, followed by pair of short proclinate bristles (⅓ length of the anterior bristles). A pair of short postvertical bristle, no vertical bristle. Upper postocular bristles short, black, and uniserial above, below longer, white, and only near mouth a few additional bristles behind the row of postoculars.</p>
            <p>Antennae. With brown postpedicel, black scape, and pedicel (Fig. 9). Scape a little longer than pedicel. Pedicel with a dorsal bristle a little longer than width of pedicel. Tip of pedicel conical going inside the postpedicel, but no thumb-like projection on pedicel reaching over the postpedicel. Postpedicel elongate triangular (0.31 mm / 0.15mm), 2 times as long as wide at base. Ventral base of postpedicel not overlapping the pedicel (Fig. 9A). Arista subapical (Fig. 9A, detail of apex) about 1.5 times as long as postpedicel. Palpus white, with a long black apical bristle and 5 short additional bristles.</p>
            <p>Thorax. 8 pairs of short acr in anterior half; 4 long dorsocentrals, almost equally long. 2 strong marginal scutellars with a tiny hair at outside. A long propleural black bristle (Fig. 8).</p>
            <p>Legs. Entirely yellow, except for the brown mid coxa and a pale brownish patch on the base of the hind coxa. All bristles black.</p>
            <p>Fore legs. Coxa with 3 long black anterior bristles in apical half, a few short bristles in basal half, 2 short apical bristles. Femur with 3 preapical posteroventrals as long as femur is wide; 1 short preapical posterior, 3 fine ventrals near middle nearly half as long as femur is wide. Tibia with 1 short dorsal at middle, 1 ad on basal quarter, 1 short preapical dorsal. A pair of very small claws and minute pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa with an exterior black bristle at base a little longer than coxa is high and a shorter exterior near apex; anteriorly set with long bristles. Trochanter with 2 strong ventral bristles, longer than trochanter is long. Femur with a row of short anteroventral bristles, half as long as femur is wide. An anterior preapical bristle as long as femur is wide and 2 preapical anteroventrals. Tibia with a short ad near base and strong ad at basal fifth, a strong dorsal near middle and a shorter anteroventral below; 2 strong ventral bristles in apical crown. A pair of very small claws and minute pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Hind legs. Coxa with a long exterior at base, as long as coxa is high and a minute bristle near apex. Trochanter with a long anterodorsal bristle. Femur with about 5 fine anteroventral bristles in apical half, half as long as femur is wide; a strong anterior preapical a little longer than femur is wide. Tibia with 5 short posterodorsal bristles; 2 anterodorsal, 3 short anteroventral bristles. A pair of short claws and minute pulvilli.</p>
            <p>Wings. Hyaline with a faint brownish tinge, veins brownish. Veins R 4+5 and M 1+2 running parallel in apical half, M 1+2 with a faint bent before middle. Squama yellowish white with very long black bristles; haltere white. Metepimeron entirely yellow.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Tergites 1–3 yellowish white, but apical border of these 3 tergites with a brown rim. Base of tergite 3 also with a brown rim. Tergite 4 with a yellowish spot at side. All tergites with short dorsal bristles and long apical bristles. Tergite 6 lacking bristles. Sternites 1–5 yellowish white; sternites 2–4 each with at least 4 moderately long bristles; no bristles on sternite 5. Tergite 8 (Fig. 9B) with 4 equally strong macrosetae.</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 9. Cercus yellow including the rounded basal lobe. Apical appendage of cercus at least 3 times as long as basal rounded part of cercus. Dorsal surstylus tubular with an apical bristle (Fig. 9D). Postgonite with rectangular bent near middle, at base swollen with ventral part rounded (Fig. 9C). Ventral surstylus yellowish brown, with apex a little darkened. Epandrial lobe broad, trapezoid with 2 long subapical bristles and a small bristle on the inside, near middle (Fig. 9D).</p>
            <p>Female. Length: body 2.9–3 mm; wing 2.3–2.4 mm.</p>
            <p>Postpedicel a little shorter than long, with a rounded apex (not triangular). Postpedicel paler brown than the dark brown scape and pedicel. A pair of very long proclinate vertical bristles present, which is absent in males. Proboscis much stouter than in males with a larger yellowish palpus. Bristling and colouration of legs identical to males. Only mid coxa brown, while hind coxa and metepimeron are yellow. Colouration of tergites (tergite 1–3 yellowish white with posterior border browned and tergite 4 mainly brown with a yellow patch at side; tergite 5 entirely brown) and sternites (sternites 1–4 yellowish white, sternite 5 brown) identical to male.</p>
            <p> It is difficult to distinguish the females of these  Trigonocera in a sample from  Diaphorus females. Females have a short pedicel with a rounded apex, while males have a long triangular postpedicel. The two females reported here are associated with the males thanks to the barcoding. </p>
            <p> Comments. We refer to the comments made under the previous species  Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species .  Trigonocera ubinensis ,  new species , could be confused with some  Diaphorus species in also having a triangular postpedicel.  D. longicornis Olejníček, 2005 described from North Laos is such a species with a long triangular postpedicel 1.5 times as long as high, also with only mid coxa brown, and fore and hind coxa yellow. However, the fore tarsus lacks claws and has pulvilli longer than apical tarsomere and the abdomen lacks yellow patches in the latter species. </p>
            <p> National distribution. The new species is not very common in Singapore.  It is most abundant in the type locality on Pulau Ubin (PU14), a secondary forest on Puaka Hill. It was also recorded from another secondary forest patch along the road in front of the Endut Senin campsite on Pulau Ubin. Single specimens were found in the back mangroves of Sungei [= River] Puaka (PU13) and on Pulau Ubin (PU20), respectively. Only two specimens were found on Singapore island itself: a single specimen in the swamp forest of Nee Soon and one specimen in the swamp forest of Kranji Marshes. A single male was found in Preah Khan (Siem Reap), Cambodia . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC1FFCC218A1797EDADFB7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC3FFCC210217DBED91F8CB.text	461287F6FFC3FFCC210217DBED91F8CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonocera Becker 1902	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to the Southeast Asian  Trigonocera with basal abdominal tergites mainly yellow. Both new species have the basal abdominal tergites largely yellow and so only comparisons with  T. lucidiventris Becker, 1922 and  T. specialis Becker, 1922 are required. </p>
            <p> 1. Fore tarsus with enlarged pulvilli and lacking claws. Frons shining blue-green; 2.0– 2.3 mm [Oriental: Nepal, India (West Bengal)] ...........................................  T. specialis Becker, 1922</p>
            <p>– Fore tarsus with small pulvilli and claws present..................2</p>
            <p> 2. Scape with dorsal bristles. Tergite 1 yellowish brown, abdominal segments 2 and 3 entirely yellow [Singapore] ......................... ..............................................  Trigonocera pilifer ,  new species</p>
            <p>– Scape lacking dorsal bristles...................................................3</p>
            <p> 3. Tergite 1 entirely yellow, tergites 2, 3 partly yellow. Arista 2 times as long as postpedicel. Epandrial lobe very narrow. [Oriental: China (Taiwan), Laos, Thailand] ............................. ...................................................  T. lucidiventris Becker, 1922</p>
            <p> – Tergites 1–3 yellow, but all with a black apical border. Arista at most 1.5 times as long as postpedicel. Epandrial lobe broad, trapezoid [Singapore] ......................  T. ubinensis ,  new species</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC3FFCC210217DBED91F8CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC4FFC9230E1083E97DFE1B.text	461287F6FFC4FFC9230E1083E97DFE1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Medetera stigma Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Medetera stigma ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 10, 11)</p>
            <p> Type material.  Holotype male. Pulau Ubin, Sungei [= River] Sempit, Malaise trap along creek in back mangrove, 19 March 2019, PU23, 1°25′05.3″N 103°56′06.5″E, (in 70% ethanol, ZRCBDP0317875 _Jayanthi_JPP930_ PU23 _ 19Mar2019; LKCNHM). GenBank accession code: PP893304.</p>
            <p> Paratype. Pulau Ubin, male, Sungei [= River] Maman, creek, 29 March 2018, PU17, 1°24′44.48″N 103°57′59.17″E), front mangrove (70% ethanol) ZRCBDP0288845, PU17 _ 29Mar2018 LKCNHM). GenBank accession code: PP893305 . </p>
            <p> Etymology. The new species is named  stigma , referring to the presence of a brown spot at the base of the costa. The name  stigma is used as a noun. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. A small-sized species (about 2.5 mm). Base of wings with a brownish streak at both sides of R 1. Face and palpus metallic green. Antenna yellow, postpedicel brownish on apex. Scutum without yellow colouration. Acrostichals biserial; 9 dorsocentrals, anterior 7 short, posterior 2 bristles long. Fore legs entirely black. Mid legs with trochanter and basal half of femur yellow, apical half femur, tibia and tarsus brown. Hind tibia with a black posterodorsal tooth beneath the preapical comb of bristles. Male terminalia with base of aedeagus not recurved, bent at a right angle. Tip hypandrium lacking denticles. Cercus undivided.</p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 2.6 mm; wing 2.1 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Face wide, with a pruinosity, but shiny metallic green with some bluish reflection at base. Frons very short (shorter Thorax. Brownish black as base colour with a green metallic green shine, covered with a fine pruinosity. All bristles black. Acrostichals biserial, about 8 pairs; 9 dorsocentrals, anterior 7 bristles short, posterior 2 much longer, prescutellar bristle longest. Apical pair of scutellar bristles twice as long as bristles outside. A long white propleural bristle. Squama white with apical border brown, set with a row of pale brown bristles a little longer than squama is wide. Knob of haltere white, but with a brownish cap.</p>
            <p>Legs. Fore legs entirely black. Mid legs with tip of coxa pale brown, trochanter, basal half of femur yellow; apical half femur, tibia and tarsus brown. Hind legs with coxa brown, trochanter yellow, basal half femur yellow, but apical half yellowish brown, basal half tibia pale brown, apical half brown, tarsus entirely brown.</p>
            <p>Fore legs. Coxa with apical bristles yellow, shorter than coxa is wide; anterior bristles short, black. Femur with a posterior row of short brown bristles. No distinct bristles on tibia.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa with whitish bristles; exterior bristle near apex coxa. Mid femur swollen on basal half with pale bristles, brown in apical half, half as long as femur is wide. Tibia with a short anterodorsal and posterodorsal bristle at basal quarter, as long as tibia is wide and a preapical ventral a little longer than tibia is wide.</p>
            <p>Hind legs. Coxa near middle with a pale brown bristle, shorter than coxa is long. Femur somewhat dorsoventrally bent in basal third; with 5 long black dorsal bristles near base; 4 anterior bristles on apical third and 3 anteroventral bristles as long as femur is wide; basal half of femur with short ventral whitish bristles. Tibia with a black posterodorsal tooth-like projection composed of 4 closely set bristles, beneath the preapical comb of pale bristles; apical quarter more densely set with short ventral bristles than the basal ¾ of tibia. Basal tarsomere much shorter than second tarsomere. Length ratio tarsomeres 1–5 in mm: 0.16: 0.36: 0.22: 0.08: 0.95.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Brown in ground-colour with a faint green metallic shine. Tergites with all bristles brown, marginal bristles a little longer. Sternites with minute white bristles.</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 11. Entirely brown. A pair of apicoventral epandrial bristles of equal length inserted on globular papilla. Basal epandrial bristle minute (Fig. 11B, D). Tip hypandrium much widened before tip, lacking denticles (Fig. 11G). Base of aedeagus not recurved, bent at a right angle (Fig. 11G). Dorsal and ventral surstylus well separated. Dorsal surstylus with an apical slit, bearing a lateral (Fig. 11C–E) and reflexed appendage at the outside. Postgonite pointed in lateral view (Fig. 11G). Cercus undivided (Fig. 11F, G), with a digitiform ventral appendage near middle (Fig. 11G).</p>
            <p>Female. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Medetera stigma ,  new species , is quite characteristic in having at the base of the wings a brownish streak between the costa and R 1 and below R 1. As far as we know, this characteristic is not observed in other  Medetera species.</p>
            <p> Only two specimens are known: the holotype from a back mangrove near the mouth of Sungei Sempit (PU23) and a paratype from a front mangrove along Sungei Maman (PU17) . </p>
            <p> None of the species handled by Bickel (1987) in his revision of the Oriental and Australasian  Medetera and by Yang et al. (2011) in the Fauna sinica, correspond to the present new species. </p>
            <p> Bionomics. Adults of most  Medetera species are known to dwell on tree trunks where they hunt for small insects. The larvae of most species are predacious and live inside the burrows of bark beetles where they feed on the larvae of these beetles. Having this type of biology that on first sight is independent of the saline mangrove conditions, it is remarkable that a number of these  Medetera species are exclusive for back mangroves and occur in the terrestrial forests behind the mangroves. At present, four of the eleven species actually known from Singapore are exclusive for mangroves. Some species are dominant in mangroves and rarely occur in other biotopes, while some are exclusive for terrestrial forests. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC4FFC9230E1083E97DFE1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC6FFC922B8117BEAB2FAFB.text	461287F6FFC6FFC922B8117BEAB2FAFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protomedetera Tang, Yang & Grootaert 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Protomedetera Tang, Yang &amp; Grootaert, 2018</p>
            <p> Type species.  Protomedetera singaporensis Grootaert &amp; Tang, 2018 (in Tang et al., 2018) </p>
            <p> Protomedetera comprise small species with a body length less than or at most 2 mm. The genus is quite rare in Singapore and up until now, only two species were known from Singapore. The type species of the genus,  Protomedetera singaporensis Grootaert &amp; Tang, 2018 (in Tang et al., 2018) was described from a single male found in the swamp forest at Nee Soon (Singapore). A second species  P. glabra Tang et al., 2018 , found only in anthropogenic habitats, is more common in Singapore. This species was attributed to the genus  Protomedetera , but it has a different morphology and should probably be attributed to another genus. The postpedicel does not bear long apical bristles and the position of the male terminalia on the abdomen is different.  P. glabra was originally described from Papua New Guinea and the specimens found in Singapore were considered conspecific. Although the male terminalia of the specimens from Papua New Guinea and those from Singapore are similar, they are distinctly different in other characteristics and hence the taxonomy of this species group needs revision. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC6FFC922B8117BEAB2FAFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC6FFC822DC165BED9CF9FB.text	461287F6FFC6FFC822DC165BED9CF9FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protomedetera squamata Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Protomedetera squamata ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 12–14)</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   Holotype male. Singapore,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.9351/lat 1.4201111)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.9351&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.4201111">Pulau Ubin</a>
                 , 7 April 2016, MT, PU01 (1°25′12.40″N 103°56′6.35″E) terminalia dissected and illustrated, no mitogenome (Ma9210, LKCNHM). 
            </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. SINGAPORE, 1 female,  Pulau Ubin , 7 April 2016, MT, PU01 (Ma9211) ZRCBDP0084002; GenBank accession code: PP893307  ;  1 female ZRCBDP0255641 _ PU19 _ 17May2018 _20190204; GenBank accession code: PP893308 ;  1 female ZRCBDP0285063 _ PU19 _ 29Mar2018 (LKCNHM): GenBank accession code: PP893309 . </p>
            <p> Etymology. The name  squamata refers to the large squamiform bristles on the apex of the dorsal surstylus. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small species with shiny metallic green head and thorax. Antenna yellow. Pedicel with 3 long marginal bristles covering the spheroid postpedicel. Biserial acrostichals and 4 long yellowish brown dorsocentrals. All coxae and femora blackish brown. Tibiae and tarsi yellow, except for a brown dorsal streak on fore tibia and apical tarsomere of all legs brown (almost black on fore tarsus). Surstylus with 2 wide, pale apicoventral squamiform bristles. Cercus small, oval.</p>
            <p>Male. Fig. 12. Length: body 1.74 mm; wing 1.50 mm, wing width: 0.47 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. With frons and face very wide, shiny metallic green. Face triangular, wide below antenna, narrowing down to clypeus, there a little wider than pedicel. Hairs and bristles on head yellowish brown. A pair of strong retroclinate ocellar bristles, a pair of strong but shorter proclinate vertical bristles and a pair of short postvertical bristles. Postocular Fore legs. Coxa densely covered with short pale bristles, at least 2 very long apical bristles. Fore femur with short pale ventrals and 2 distinct posterior preapical bristles. Tibia without apicals.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa with short anterior bristles and a long pale brownish exterior bristle as long as coxa is long. Femur without ventrals, a tiny anterior preapical and posteroventral preapical. Tibia with a short dorsal near base, a longer at basal third. Ventral apical bristle long (nearly 2.5 times as long as tibia is wide).</p>
            <p>Hind legs. Coxa with a short brownish exterior bristle near middle. Femur in apical half with a row of pale anteroventral bristles about half as long as femur is wide. Tibia with a long anterodorsal on basal third and a few distinct apical bristles.</p>
            <p>bristles short, uniserial.</p>
            <p>Antennae. Scape yellow, short, with an interior projection. Pedicel yellow, cup-like, large, with postpedicel sunken in it; in the apical crown of bristles 3 long inner apical bristles longer than and curved over postpedicel; below the apical row, a second row of short bristles, sometimes with some additional scattered bristles. Postpedicel dusky yellowish, spheroid, with short pubescence and a subapical (shifted toward outside) long arista. All bristles on antenna yellowish brown. Arista black, naked, basal portion of arista short, like a short tubercle on the postpedicel. Palpus brown, small, circular, with a long yellowish brown subapical bristle and a few short bristles.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Shiny metallic green (pollinosity probably absent, not visible in ethanol conserved specimen). Pleura more brownish green. Apical half of mesonotum flat before scutellum. Hairs and bristles on thorax yellowish (dusky). Anterior dorsocentrals short, followed by 4 long dorsocentrals becoming longer toward scutellum, acrostichals present only on basal half of mesonotum, biserial very short, consisting of 8 pairs. A pair of very long crossing scutellars, lacking bristle at outside.</p>
            <p>Legs. Mainly brown but trochanters, tip of all femora, all tibiae and tarsomeres yellow, except for the dorsal fore tibia, which is darkened and tarsomere 5 of all legs brownish (darkest on fore tarsus). Hairs and bristles on legs pale.</p>
            <p>Wings. Nearly hyaline, tinged light yellow; veins yellowish brown. Squama pale with a short pale bristle. Haltere white.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Dark brown. Hairs and bristles on tergites pale, only marginal bristles longer.</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 13. Foramen basolateral (Fig. 13B). Cercus pale, very short, oval, not pointed, with a subapical bristle hardly longer than the other bristles. Surstylus large, subrectangular, at the inner side with a rim bearing a strong bristle near middle (Fig. 13A, B). Apicoventrally with 2 very large, wide pale squamiform bristles. Tip of surstylus with 3 smaller bristles and 2 longer bristles in a more lateral position (subapical). Apicoventral epandrial lobe lacking, but 3 epandrial bristles present, apical and basal longest. Basoventral epandrial lobe and bristles lacking. Hypandrium short (Fig. 13A). A large vesical structure present at the tip of the phallus.</p>
            <p>Female. Length: body 1.5 mm; wing 1.4 mm. In most respects identical to male. A minute hair is present at both sides of the scutellars that is absent in male. Ovipositor illustrated in Fig. 14.</p>
            <p> Comments. The presence of large squamiform bristles on the dorsal surstylus is unique in the genus  Protomedetera . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC6FFC822DC165BED9CF9FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFC7FFD721B7155BEC13FAD5.text	461287F6FFC7FFD721B7155BEC13FAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protomedetera ubinensis Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Protomedetera ubinensis ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Fig. 15)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small species with shiny metallic green head and thorax. Antenna yellowish brown. Pedicel with 3 long inner marginal bristles bent over the darkened spheroid postpedicel. Palpus brown with a single brown bristle twice as long as palpus. Fore tibia much shorter than fore femur with a long pale ventral preapical bristle. Acr quadriserial, close to but distinctly separated from dorsocentrals. Anterior dorsocentrals very short, biserial, only the 2 prescutellar bristles long. Basal tarsomere of the hind leg that is contrastingly dark in comparison with the tibia and the following tarsomeres.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The name of the new species refers to the type locality, Pulau Ubin.</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   Holotype female. Singapore,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.94705/lat 1.4198194)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.94705&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.4198194">Pulau Ubin</a>
                 , 7 April 2016, MT, PU04 (1°25′11.35″N 103°56′49.39″E), back mangrove (ZRCBDP0085237 _ PU04 _ 07Apr2016 _20170417, extracted for barcode and mitogenome by Darren Yeo; LKCNHM) GenBank accession code: PP893310. 
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            <p>
                  Paratype. SINGAPORE: female,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.94616/lat 1.4162333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.94616&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.4162333">Pulau Ubin</a>
                 , 29 March 2018, MT, PU19 (1°24′58.44″N 103°56′46.18″E) back mangrove (ZRCBDP0285052 _ PU19 _ 29Mar2018; imaged; LKCNHM). GenBank accession code: PP893311  . 
            </p>
            <p> Female. Length: body 2 mm; wing 1.63 mm. Habitus similar to  P. uncinata ,  new species , in having quadriserial acrostichal bristles and only 2 long dorsocentral bristles. Antenna dusky yellow with postpedicel brown. Palpus brown with a single brown bristle twice as long as palpus and a few short hairs. Legs with coxae and femora black. Tibia and tarsi yellow. Only the apical tarsomere of all tarsi dusky (not brown) and tarsomere 1 of hind leg contrastingly darkened. Fore tibia much shorter than fore femur with a long pale ventral preapical bristle. Ratio of fore femur, tibia and tarsomeres: 0.43: 0.33: 0.14: 0.06: 0.048: 0.032: 0.06 (in mm). Hind leg with tibia longer than femur. Ratio of hind femur, tibia and tarsomeres: 0.51: 0.55: 0.12: 0.17: 0.13: 0.06: 0.07 (in mm). </p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p> Comments.  Protomedetera ubinensis ,  new species , is described from two female specimens only because their identical barcodes differ more than 10% from all other known  Protomedetera species. In addition, both specimens have the contrastingly darkened hind tarsomere 1, a character not present in other  Protomedetera . The new species most resembles  P. uncinata ,  new species , in having quadriserial acrostichal bristles and 2 long dorsocentrals, while  P. squamata ,  new species , has biserial acrostichal bristles and 4 long dorsocentrals. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFC7FFD721B7155BEC13FAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
461287F6FFD8FFD5219D1604EDF9F8DB.text	461287F6FFD8FFD5219D1604EDF9F8DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protomedetera uncinata Grootaert & Velde & Isabella Van de 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Protomedetera uncinata ,  new species</p>
            <p>(Figs. 16–18)</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Small species with shiny metallic green head and thorax. Antenna yellow, but pedicel with almost black apex. Pedicel with 3 long marginal bristles covering the spheroid postpedicel. Anterior half uniformly covered with short bristles; 4-serial acrostichals indistinctly separated from dorsocentrals. Only the 2 prescutellar dorsocentral bristles long. All coxae and femora blackish brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Tip hypandrium very wide, forked, and dorsally bent. Surstylus lacking squamiform bristles. Cerci small, oval.</p>
            <p> Etymology. The name  uncinata (Lat. Feminine uncīnāta: bearing hooks) refers to hook-like bifurcate tip of the hypandrium. </p>
            <p> Material examined.   Holotype male. Singapore,  Pulau Ubin , (PU07) 16 March 2016, Malaise trap (ZRCBDP0085280 in LKCNHM; leg. P. Grootaert). GenBank accession code: PP893312 </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. SINGAPORE, female, ZRCBDP0081888 _12_ PU01 _ 10Aug2016;  GenBank accession code: PP893313; female ZRCBDP0084331 _ PU01 _ 01Jun2016,  GenBank accession code: PP893314; female ZRCBDP0084003 _ PU01 _07  Apr 201 (imaged),  GenBank accession code: PP893315; female ZRCBDP0085270 _ PU04 _ 08Jun2016,  GenBank accession code: PP893316; female ZRCBDP0085236 _ PU04 _ 07Apr2016,  GenBank accession code: PP893317; female ZRCBDP0085235 _ PU04 _ 07Apr2016;  GenBank accession code: PP893317; female ZRCBDP0085269 _ PU04 _ 01Jun2016 (Ma9036);  GenBank accession code: PP893319; female ZRCBDP0085280 _ PU07 _ 16Mar2016 (mitogenome); ZRCBDP0083285 _ PU10,  GenBank accession code: PP893320; ZRCBDP0257071 _ PU19 _ 26Apr2018; GenBank accession code: PP893321; ZRCBDP0256595 _ PU19 _ 03May2018; GenBank accession code: PP893322; ZRCBDP0317777 _ PU24 _ 02Apr2019; GenBank accession code: PP893323  . </p>
            <p>Male. Length: body 1.79 mm; wing 1.66 mm; wing width 0.55 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Frons and face shiny metallic green. Face triangular, wide below antenna, narrowing down to clypeus, there a little wider than pedicel; indented near middle with a furrow. Clypeus narrow. Hairs and bristles on head brownish. A pair of strong retroclinate ocellar bristles, a pair of strong proclinate vertical bristles (Fig. 16) and a pair of short postvertical bristles pointing inward. Postocular bristles uniseriate, brown.</p>
            <p>Antennae. Scape yellow, short, with an interior projection. Pedicel yellow, cup-like, large, with postpedicel sunken in it; in the apical crown of bristles 3 long apical bristles longer than and bending over the postpedicel; below the long ventral apical bristle a second a long finer bristle; with some additional short, scattered bristles, most at the inner side. Postpedicel with apex dark brown, spheroid, with short pubescence and a subapical long arista (shifted toward outside). All bristles on postpedicel brown. Arista 3 times as long as all antennal segments together; black, naked, basal portion of arista short. Palpus brown, small, circular, with a long brown subapical bristle, and a second bristle beneath.</p>
            <p>Thorax. Brownish metallic (pollinosity probably absent, not visible in the ethanol conserved specimen). Basal half of mesonotum uniformly covered with short bristles, the rows of 4 serial acrostichals indistinctly separated from dc. Apical half of mesonotum flat before scutellum, lacking bristles in central area. Hairs and bristles on thorax brownish black; 2 long prescutellar dorsocentral bristles, anterior dorsocentrals short followed by 2 long prescutellar dorsocentrals. A pair of very long crossing scutellars with a short bristle at outside.</p>
            <p>Legs. Mainly brown but trochanters, tip of all femora, all tibiae and tarsomeres yellow except tarsomere 5 of all legs brownish. Hairs and bristles on legs brownish black.</p>
            <p>Fore legs. Coxa densely covered with short pale bristles, long apical bristles; one bristle in middle longer than the others. Fore femur with short pale ventrals and no distinct posterior preapical bristles. Tibia with short apicals.</p>
            <p>Mid legs. Coxa with short anterior bristles and a long pale brownish exterior bristle as long as coxa is long. Femur with a fine preapical anterior bristle. Tibia with a short anterodorsal and a longer posterodorsal near base; a stronger anterodorsal at ⅓ of base and a small anterodorsal in preapical crown; ventral preapical twice as long as width of tibia.</p>
            <p>Hind legs. Coxa with a short brownish exterior bristle near middle. Femur in apical half with a row of short brown anteroventral bristles; preapical anterior bristles indistinct. Hind femur with indistinct preapical bristles. Hind tibia lacking distinct bristles, apart from the short bristles in apical crown.</p>
            <p>Wings. Hyaline, tinged yellowish grey. Veins yellowish brown. Squama white, with a single short brown bristle. Haltere white.</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Brown.</p>
            <p>Male terminalia. Fig. 18. Foramen situated at base of epandrium. Surstylus brown, wide truncate composed of a single element supposed to be the dorsal surstylus. Apex surstylus rounded with 3 short and 3 long bristles on the ventral side, and 2 strong subapical bristles on the lateral side (Fig. 18B). Cercus short oval, with a short and a very long apical bristle (Fig. 18B), other bristles short (Fig. 18C). Hypandrium bifurcate (Fig. 18A), the fork bent dorsally (Fig. 18B). Phallus hidden below hypandrium. Apicoventral epandrial lobe lacking, but 3 almost equally long epandrial bristles present.</p>
            <p>Female. Length: body 1.55–2 mm; wing 1.64–2.2 mm. In most aspects, resembles male as there are no secondary sexual characters.</p>
            <p> Comments. Variability is noted in the darkening of the postpedicel from brown with a paler base to almost black apex.  Protomedetera uncinata ,  new species , differs from all other known  Protomedetera by the strong forked tip of the hypandrium. The forks are bent dorsally. </p>
            <p> National distribution. Thanks to the barcoding, 13 specimens were identified.  Protomedetera uncinata ,  new species , is the most abundant  Protomedetera species ever found in Singapore; it is exclusive to Pulau Ubin. All the records are from back mangroves, except for a single record from a coastal forest (PU26). This site is very close to a back mangrove, so sample contamination could have occurred during flooding of the area by a storm and a spring tide. </p>
            <p> Other  Protomedetera species. Two more unidentified species of  Protomedetera were found on Pulau Ubin. </p>
            <p> 1. A female of  Protomedetera with quadriserial acrostichal bristles, 4 long dorsocentrals, and yellow hind metatarsus was found in station PU01 on 19 March 2019 (labelled sp4). It seems to be different from the other three species reported above. Unfortunately, no barcode is available yet to give an indication if it might belong to another species. </p>
            <p> 2. A female, provisionally labelled as sp5 (PU01, ZRCBDP0083912, image on BOS: https://singapore. biodiversity.online/species/A-Arth-Hexa-Diptera-002292) has the proboscis as long as head is high, which is unusually long for  Protomedetera . It has 2 long dorsocentrals, but since the specimen was severely damaged, some dorsocentrals may have been lost. The basal tarsomere of the hind tarsus is slender and longer than the following tarsomere, which is also unusual for  Protomedetera . Since the specimen was destroyed during extraction for sequencing, no nomenclatorial actions can be taken. The mitogenome was successful and the species clusters at the outside of the other  Protomedetera . Following barcode is available (courtesy of Darren Yeo): ZRCBDP0083912 sp5 PU01, GenBank accession code: PP893324. </p>
            <p>  3. A female belonging to the  P. glabra group was found in a strip of secondary forest in front of Endut Senit Campsite (PU12, ZRCBDP0281845 _ PU12 _ 22Mar2018, GenBank accession code: PP893325)  . </p>
            <p> As already mentioned above,  P. glabra has different morphology from the type species of  Protomedetera and should probably be attributed to another genus. The postpedicel does not bear long apical bristles and the position of the male terminalia on the abdomen is different.  Protomedetera glabra Tang et al., 2018 was found in Papua New Guinea (holotype) and in Singapore, but although the male terminalia of the specimens from Papua New Guinea and those from Singapore are similar, they are distinctly different and hence the taxonomy of this species group needs revision. The species was generally found in anthropogenic habitats, like Clementi Woods (park), Evolution Garden (Botanic Gardens), NUS (university park), and Sime Forest. </p>
            <p> Comments on  Protomedetera in Pulau Ubin. The genus  Protomedetera is very rare in Singapore and although many sites and various biotopes were surveyed during the last twenty years for prolonged periods, only two species were recorded in the past (Tang et al., 2018). With six species now, Pulau Ubin seems to be a hot spot for the genus  Protomedetera . It is unclear what the reason might be. On Pulau Ubin, all species were found in mangrove areas or very close to mangroves.  Protomedetera is a tree trunk dweller, but its precise biology is unknown. The presence of lots of dead decaying wood present at the surveyed sites might favour the presence of  Protomedetera , where it might feed on wood inhabiting insects like the related genus  Medetera . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461287F6FFD8FFD5219D1604EDF9F8DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grootaert, Patrick;Velde,;Isabella Van de	Grootaert, Patrick, Velde,, Isabella Van de (2024): New long-legged flies from mangroves on Pulau Ubin (Singapore) (Insecta: Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 72: 303-323, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2024-0025
