identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
461D87B03B1DFF8BFED4922AFAEAFAB4.text	461D87B03B1DFF8BFED4922AFAEAFAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthochirus Karsch 1891	<div><p>Orthochirus Karsch, 1891</p> <p>Orthochirus Karsch, 1891: 306; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 193; Fet et al., 2003: 69.</p> <p>= Orthodactylus Karsch, 1881: 90, a junior homonym of Orthodactylus Hitchcock, 1858 (Reptilia), type species: Orthodactylus olivaceus Karsch, 1881 = Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) (syn. by Kraepelin, 1895: 84).</p> <p>= Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay in Farzanpay, 1987: 162, type species: Simonoides farzanpayi Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987; Farzanpay, 1988: 40; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 223. Syn. n.</p> <p>= Afghanorthochirus Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997: 330, type species: Afghanoorthochirus erardi Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997 = Orthochirus erardi (Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997); Kovařík, 1998: 120 (syn. by Kovařík, 2004: 5).</p> <p>Type species: Orthodactylus olivaceus Karsch, 1881 = Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Dorsal trichobothria of femur arranged in β- configuration. Trichobothrium d 2 of pedipalp femur absent on dorsal surface. Trichobothrium d 3 of pedipalp patella located internally of DMc carina. Tibial spurs present on legs III and IV. Pectines with fulcra and densely hirsute. Movable fingers of pedipalps with 7–10 rows of granules and 2–5 distal granules. Carapace in lateral view distinctly inclined downward from median eyes to anterior margin. First and second metasomal segments with carinae. Metasomal segments IV and V ventrally punctated. Telson elongate, aculeus as long or longer than vesicle. Total length under 60 mm.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461D87B03B1DFF8BFED4922AFAEAFAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987, and description of a new species of Orthochirus Karsch from Iran (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius 38 (38): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
461D87B03B1DFF8CFCFB924BFC3BFE38.text	461D87B03B1DFF8CFCFB924BFC3BFE38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthochirus farzanpayi (Vachon et Farzanpay 1987) Kovařík & Fet 2006	<div><p>Orthochirus farzanpayi (Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987),</p> <p>comb. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 1–2)</p> <p>Orthochirus scrobiculosus: Farzanpay &amp; Pretzmann, 1974: 216 (in part).</p> <p>Simonoides farzanpayi Vachon et Farzanpay in Farzanpay, 1987: 162; Farzanpay, 1988: 41; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 223.</p> <p>= Orthochirus sobotniki Kovařík, 2004: 20. Syn. n.</p> <p>Type locality and type repository. Iran, 215 km N of Bandar-e-Abbas (NMW).</p> <p>Type material examined. Iran, 215 km N of Bandar- Abas [Bandar-e-Abbas], 22 March 1972, 1♀ (lectotype) 1♂ 1♀ (paralectotypes), NMW Nos. 68–70, studied by Max Vachon in 1977, No. VA 1910 [no collec- tor’s name]; 5 km SE of Posht Chenár, 19–20 April 2000, 29°12’941”N, 53°20’014”E, alt. 1692 m, 1♂ 1♀ 1im. ♂ A (holotype, allotype, and paratype of Orthochirus sobotniki), leg. J. Šobotník (FKCP).</p> <p>Other material examined. Iran, Pass 135 km S of Sirjan, 21 March 1972, 1♀, leg. Pretzmann, NMW No. 3400, det. R. Farzanpay as O. scrobiculosus (see Farzanpay &amp; Pretzmann, 1974: 216).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Metasomal segments IV and V ventrally punctated and without carinae. Spaces among punctae smooth, without granules. Entire metasoma glabrous (short, thin setae may originate from punctae). Dorsal surface of all metasomal segments mesially smooth, without granules (several scattered granules may be present on fifth segment). Mesosoma and metasoma black, telson reddish brown, femur of pedipalp gray. In adults, legs and pedipalps yellow; in juveniles, femur of legs and pedipalps black. Movable fingers of pedipalps bear 8 rows of granules with internal and external granules and two or three distal granules. Tarsi of all legs without bristlecombs. Pectinal teeth number 18 to 23.</p> <p>Comments. The description of the monotypic genus Simonoides (and type species Simonoides farzanpayi) was published in a book by Farzanpay (1987: 162) in Farsi, and the Latin names were transliterated in the Farsi text as well. The Index in this book, however, included Latin names, separate for species and genus names (pp. 217, farzanpayi; p. 221, Simonoides), which technically makes these names available under Farzanpay’s authorship.</p> <p>It is clear, however, that Farzanpay had no intention to be an author of these taxa. In a publication that appeared next year (Farzanpay, 1988: 41), he listed these taxa again, and clearly stated that a full description was being prepared by M. Vachon: “ Simonoides (n. gen. to be described by Vachon); Simonoides farzanpayi (n. sp. to be described by Vachon)”. Indeed, a forthcoming publication in the Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris) by Vachon was announced (CIDA, 1986: 45, item 739) under the title “ Simonoides farzenpayi, gen. nov, nov. sp. de scorpion Buthidae (Arachnida) habitant le sud-ouest de l’Iran”. As far as we could establish, this paper was never published.</p> <p>Farzanpay (1988: 39, 40) also listed three other new scorpion genera, where he indeed planned to be one of the authors: “ Olivierus (n. gen. to be described by Farzanpay &amp; Vachon),” “ Razianus (n. gen. to be described by Vachon &amp; Farzanpay),” and “ Sassanidothus (n. gen. to be described by Farzanpay &amp; Vachon)”. In the introduction, he wrote (Farzanpay, 1988: 34): “The new creations are based on the co-operation and suggestion of Professor Max Vachon of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris as agreed by personal communication....(letter August 30, 1984)”. However, again inadvertently, Farzanpay (1987) published descriptions of Olivierus, Razianus, and Sassanidothus in his book, in Farsi with the Latin names listed in the Index. The genus Olivierus was recently synonymized with Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950 by Gantenbein et al. (2003). The name Razianus, on the contrary, happens to be valid under Farzanpay’s authorship, and is the senior synonym of Neohemibuthus Lourenço, 1996 (Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 216; see also Fet, 1997). The validity of Sassanidothus is being currently studied (Kovařík &amp; Fet, in progress).</p> <p>There is no evidence that Vachon was aware that descriptions of four new genera and one new species were published by Farzanpay (1987). No further descriptions of any of these genera by Vachon appeared until Vachon’s death in 1992. The genus Simonoides and species Simonoides farzanpayi were never revised. These taxa were considered valid by Fet &amp; Lowe (2000), as well as Olivierus, Razianus, and Sassanidothus. The authorship of the three latter genera, however, was assigned only to Farzanpay (1987) by Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 189, 216, 222) since they did not think that Vachon was responsible for the descriptions (quite incomplete and inadequate) as published by Farzanpay (1987). At the same time, Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 223) decided to assign the joint authorship of Simonoides and Simonoides farzanpayi to Vachon and Farzanpay, to avoid creation of a taxon both named after Farzanpay and described by him. In general, we do not think that posthumous authorship assignment is a good practice unless it can be proved that the deceased author indeed prepared a description ready for publication.</p> <p>The series of NMW specimens considered here to be the types of Simonoides farzanpayi does not bear any label with the Latin names of this genus or species. They, however, match the information contained in the Farsi description of Farzanpay (1987) in both locality (north of Bandar-e-Abbas) and type series size (three specimens). The description also mentions one specimen that is deposited in NMW (other two specimens presumably were loaned to Vachon), and the photograph given in Farzanpay (1987) matches the habitus and coloration of NMW specimens. As the label shows (Fig. 3), this series of three specimens was indeed analyzed by Vachon in 1977. These specimens were evidently collected during the NMW exedition to Iran in March 1972, since the date of their collection (March 22) closely matches the date of collection of another specimen of the same species (NMW No. 3400) by G. Pretzmann on March 21. Moreover, the handrwiting on the March 22 label (Fig. 3), likely belongs to K. Bilek, the collector for the same expedition (J. Gruber, pers. comm. to V.F., February 2006). No other similar specimens from Bandar-e-Abbas could be found in NMW or in Vachon’s collection in MNHN (C. Rollard, pers. comm. to V.F., November 2005). We are confident therefore that the NMW series represents syntypes of Simonoides farzanpayi. Our attempts to locate and contact Dr. Farzanpay to confirm this information proved unsuccessful. Using all the evidence listed above, we therefore treated NMW specimens as syntypes of Simonoides farzanpayi, and designated one of them as the lectotype.</p> <p>Another confusion in this issue was a description of a new genus Paraorthochirus Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997 (Vachon was included by Lourenço posthumously as a co-author), species of which are also found in the south of Iran, near Bandar-e-Abbas (Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997; see also Fig. 9). According to a personal communication from W. R. Lourenço to V.F. (February 1996), Paraorthochirus could be the genus Vachon intended to call Simonoides. If these genera were indeed synonyms, then Simonoides would be the senior synonym (as mentioned in Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 212, 223). However, according to the current diagnosis of Paraorthochirus Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997, it differs from Orthochirus only by presence of trichobothrium d 2 on pedipalp femur (which is absent in Orthochirus; Kovařík, 2004: 25). Thus, NMW specimens belong to Orthochirus, and Simonoides is the junior synonym of the latter.</p> <p>At the time of the description of Orthochirus sobotniki Kovařík, 2004, the taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides was not clear, and for that reason Orthochirus sobotniki Kovařík, 2004 was compared only with other species of Orthochirus. Its synonymy with Simonoides farzanpayi could be recognized only during our recent examination of the Iranian material from NMW (see Figs. 1–2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461D87B03B1DFF8CFCFB924BFC3BFE38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987, and description of a new species of Orthochirus Karsch from Iran (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius 38 (38): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
461D87B03B1AFF80FC6996F8FA82FD6A.text	461D87B03B1AFF80FC6996F8FA82FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthochirus gruberi Kovařík & Fet 2006	<div><p>Orthochirus gruberi sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs. 4–6, Table 1)</p> <p>Type locality and type repository. Iran, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=57.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 57.15/lat 30.133333)">Ğoupār</a>, 30°08' N, 57°09' E (FKCP).</p> <p>Type material. Iran, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=57.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 57.15/lat 30.133333)">Ğoupār</a>, 30°08' N, 57°09' E, April 2004, 1♀ (holotype), coll. R. Demis (FKCP).</p> <p>Other material. None.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Dr. Jürgen Gruber of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, who helped us resolve the taxonomic status of the genus Simonoides.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Metasomal segments IV and V ventrally punctate and without carinae. Spaces among punctae smooth, without granules. Entire pedipalp, metasoma, and telson hirsute. Dorsal surface of all metasomal segments mesially smooth, without granules. Mesosoma, metasoma, femur and patella of pedipalps black, telson reddish brown to black, femur and patella of legs and chela of pedipalps yellowish green, tibiae of legs yellow to yellowish green. Movable fingers of pedipalps bear 7 rows of granules with internal and external granules and 2 distal granules. Tarsomere I of legs I to III with bristlecombs, legs IV without bristlecombs. Pectinal teeth number 20.</p> <p>Description: The adult female holotype is 37.5 mm long. Measurements of the carapace, telson, segments of the metasoma and segments of the pedipalps, and numbers of pectinal teeth are given in Table 1. For habitus see Figs. 4 and 5. The distance between trichobothria d 1 and d 3 on the femur of pedipalp approximately equals that between d 3 and d 4; trichobothrium e 1 is situated between d 3 and d 4.</p> <p>Coloration: Mesosoma, metasoma, femur and patella of pedipalps black, telson reddish brown to black, femur and patella of legs and chela of pedipalps yellowish green, tibiae of legs yellow to yellowish green. The seventh sternite is black, other sternites are yellowish green.</p> <p>Mesosoma and carapace: The mesosoma bears a median carina and is densely granulated. The carapace is densely granulated, only the interocular triangle is smooth. The sternite VII bears four granulated carinae, the other sternites are smooth. Pectinal teeth number 20.</p> <p>Metasoma and telson: The segment I bears 10 granulated carinae. The segments II and III lack lateral carinae, the segment IV bears only dorsal carinae, and the segment V bears dorsal carinae and two incomplete ventrolateral carinae present only in the posterior half and composed of large teeth. All segments are smooth and punctated. Punctation is weak on segments I to III, and better developed on segments IV and V (Fig. 6). Spaces among punctae are smooth. The dorsal surface of all segments is mesially smooth except for several tubercles along dorsolateral carinae. The entire metasoma and telson are hirsute. The telson is punctate and lacks granules.</p> <p>Pedipalps: The femur of pedipalp bears four smooth carinae. The patella has seven smooth carinae, and the chela has smooth carinae which may be discernible throughout the length of the fixed finger. The entire pedipalps are hirsute. The movable fingers bear 7 rows of granules with external and internal granules and two distal granules.</p> <p>Legs: The femur bears four granulated carinae, the patella bears five carinae, and the tibia is smooth. The patella bears only a few solitary hairs and spines. The tibia bears several spines, namely on the outer side where they form two rows. Tarsomere I of legs I to III bears bristlecombs composed of 5–8 bristles each, legs IV lack bristlecombs.</p> <p>Affinities: The described features distinguish Orthochirus gruberi sp. n. from all other species of the genus. O. gruberi sp. n. is close to O. zagrosensis Kovařík, 2004, from which it differs chiefly in the hirsuteness of the metasoma and telson and presence of 7 rows of granules on the movable fingers of pedipalps, O. zagrosensis having 8 or 9 rows.</p> <p>Combination of the eight characters (and of characters 1 and 3 alone) presented in Table 2 allows to reliably distinguish all Asian species of Orthochirus from O. gruberi sp. n.</p> <p>The following species, which we have not had an opportunity to examine, cannot be placed in the key (Tab. 2): Orthochirus danielleae (Lourenço et Vachon, 1997), Orthochirus erardi (Lourenço et Vachon, 1997), and Orthochirus monodi (Lourenço et Vachon, 1997). Of these, only Orthochirus danielleae shares hirsute telson with O. gruberi sp. n. According to the very brief description of O. danielleae, it has 18 pectinal teeth and is known from Afghanistan (see Lourenço &amp; Vachon, 1997: 334); since types were not available for the study, we cannot unequivocally determine at this moment if the two are synonymous or not.</p> <p>Characters and geographic distribution 12345678 Af In Ir Iq Ka Ta Tu Uz Pa Orthochirus afghanus Kovařík, 2004 11110001 x – – – – – – – – Orthochirus bicolor (Pocock, 1897) 11110111? x – – – – – –? Orthochirus farzanpayi (Vachon &amp; Farzanpay, 1987) 10110001 – – x – – – – – – Orthochirus feti Kovařík, 2004 01010001 – – – – – – – x – Orthochirus flavescens (Pocock, 1897) 12110111? x – – – – – –? Orthochirus fuscipes (Pocock, 1900) 11110021 – – x – – – – – x Orthochirus gromovi Kovařík, 2004 01010001 – – – – – – x – – Orthochirus gruberi sp. n. 11010001 – – x – – – – – – Orthochirus heratensis Kovařík, 2004 01010001 x – – – – – – – – Orthochirus iranus Kovařík, 2004 12112011 – – x – – – – – – Orthochirus iraqus Kovařík, 2004 11110001 – – – x – – – – – Orthochirus jalalabadensis Kovařík, 2004 11111002 x – – – – – – – – Orthochirus pallidus (Pocock, 1897) 1?101000 x x – – – – – – x Orthochirus samrchelsis Kovařík, 2004 10110001 x – – – – – – – – Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873) 01110001 x? x? x x x x? Orthochirus varius Kovařík, 2004 12110000 – – x – – – – – – Orthochirus zagrosensis Kovařík, 2004 11110001 – – x – – – – – –</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461D87B03B1AFF80FC6996F8FA82FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987, and description of a new species of Orthochirus Karsch from Iran (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius 38 (38): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
461D87B03B16FF80FF7792B0FD44FA59.text	461D87B03B16FF80FF7792B0FD44FA59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube 1873)	<div><p>Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Grube, 1873)</p> <p>Iran, Astrabad, 3♀ 2♂, No. 2438 (NMW).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461D87B03B16FF80FF7792B0FD44FA59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987, and description of a new species of Orthochirus Karsch from Iran (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius 38 (38): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
461D87B03B16FF80FF7792D4FAC4FA25.text	461D87B03B16FF80FF7792D4FAC4FA25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthochirus zagrosensis Kovarik 2004	<div><p>Orthochirus zagrosensis Kovařík, 2004</p> <p>Iran, Pass 115 km SW Kerman, 10.IV.1970, 1♀, No. 3399, leg. Pretzmann et Ressl (NMW); Farzanpay det. as O. scrobiculosus (see Farzanpay &amp; Pretzmann, 1974: 216); Pass 160 km NO Shiraz, 20.IV.1970, 1♂, No. 3398, leg. Pretzmann et Bilek (NMW); Farzanpay det. as O. scrobiculosus (see Farzanpay &amp; Pretzmann, 1974: 216).</p> <p>Comments: The latter specimen (No. 3398) differs from the types of O. zagrosensis in coloration of the femur and patella of legs, which are yellow. However, the color of the pedipalps agrees with the types (Figs. 7 and 8) and also all other characters support the species identity. Taking into account the color variation known to occur in the genus (see Kovařík, 2004: 28), we are satisfied that the specimen is O. zagrosensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/461D87B03B16FF80FF7792D4FAC4FA25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Simonoides Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987, and description of a new species of Orthochirus Karsch from Iran (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Euscorpius 38 (38): 1-10, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
