taxonID	type	description	language	source
FE94266EAC505E12931C9ECE5985DE9A.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2, 3, 4	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
FE94266EAC505E12931C9ECE5985DE9A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the type locality; adjective.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
FE94266EAC505E12931C9ECE5985DE9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gongylidioides heimifengensis sp. nov. resembles that of G. cucullatus Oi, 1960 in having a similar paracymbium (Figs 2, 3; Oi 1960, figs 140, 141), and epigyne with a similar morphology (Fig. 4 A, B; Oi 1960, fig. 142), but can be differentiated by (1) carapace slightly elevated in middle (Fig. 1 A – C; vs. strongly elevated to a hooded lobe); (2) embolus helical-shaped, forming a coil on distal end of palp (Figs 2, 3 B, C; vs. not coiled, extending to ventral of tegulum); (3) tip of retrolateral tibial apophysis bifurcated (Figs 2 B, 3 A; vs. not bifurcated); (4) dorsal plate semicircular (Fig. 4 A; vs. posterior end narrow, tongue-shaped); (5) copulatory ducts helical (Fig. 4 B; vs. n-shaped); and (6) spermathecae located at apexes of copulatory ducts anteriorly (Fig. 4 B; vs. located dorso-laterally).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
FE94266EAC505E12931C9ECE5985DE9A.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype, Fig. 1 A – C). Total length 1.73. Carapace 0.81 long, 0.95 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.68 wide. Carapace oval, slightly yellow; the elevated middle with one small cluster of setae; fovea extremely thin, radial groove absent; AER bent backwards, PER bent forwards; center of ocular area with dense black hairs. Chelicerae pale yellow, with five promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endite and labium yellowish brown, sternum blackish brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME - AME 0.05, AME - ALE 0.05, PME - PME 0.04, PME - PLE 0.05, ALE - PLE 0.00. MOA 0.17 long, anterior width 0.13, posterior width 0.16. Clypeus height 0.13. Legs light yellow. Leg measurements: I 2.20 (0.83, 0.65, 0.44, 0.28), II 2.37 (0.71, 0.78, 0.52, 0.36), III 2.07 (0.60, 0.62, 0.51, 0.34), IV 2.63 (0.77, 0.86, 0.62, 0.38). Leg formula: 4213. Abdomen oval and white; dorsum and venter with axisymmetric grey maculae; lateral with triangular black maculae surrounding spinnerets. Spinnerets white. Palp (Figs 2, 3). Patella as long as tibia. RTA finger-like, much longer than wide, with bifurcated tip; DTA short, wider than long, with blunt end. Paracymbium sclerotized, handgun-shaped, with long setae in the middle, hook-shaped apex bending to tibia. Tegulum large, with a triangular transparent protegulum; subtegulum longitudinal, with sclerotized margin; DSA stout. Radix sclerotized and strongly curved, triangular apex bent upward; lamella translucent. Embolus sclerotized, long and helical-shaped; base left-handed spiral and apex right-handed spiral. Female (paratype, Fig. 1 D – F). Total length 1.75. Carapace 0.74 long, 0.56 wide; abdomen 1.00 long, 0.65 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.06, PME 0.06, PLE 0.07, AME - AME 0.02, AME - ALE 0.03, PME - PME 0.03, PME - PLE 0.04, ALE - PLE 0.01. MOA 0.20 long, anterior width 0.11, posterior width 0.15. Clypeus height 0.08. Leg measurements: leg I 2.45 (0.77, 0.87, 0.50, 0.31); II 2.40 (0.67, 0.82, 0.57, 0.34); III 1.90 (0.57, 0.52, 0.45, 0.36); IV 2.58 (0.77, 0.88, 0.59, 0.34). Leg formula: 4123. Carapace pyriform. Abdomen yellowish white, with two black striped maculae laterally. Other characters as in male. Epigyne (Fig. 4 A, B). Plate about as long as wide. DP semicircular, extending beyond epigynal furrow; CO small. CD helical; helical coils close to each other; spermathecae finger-shaped, located at apexes of CD anteriorly; FD short and translucent.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
FE94266EAC505E12931C9ECE5985DE9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 9).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
34705AF546375097B84DC7FAC406F8D5.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Gongylidioides cucullatus Oi, 1960.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
9FA51D55E11C57C085BF1727446BC110.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Gongylidium nigricans Menge, 1868; syn. of Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
2C79795605455B589E2A2EDE8D1BD652.taxon	description	Figs 5 A – C, 6 A, B	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
2C79795605455B589E2A2EDE8D1BD652.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the similarity of this species to G. bifurcatum Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022; adjective.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
2C79795605455B589E2A2EDE8D1BD652.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of this new species resembles that of G. bifurcatum Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 in having a similar morphology of the epigyne (Fig. 6 A, B; Irfan et al. 2022, fig. 115 A – C), but can be differentiated by (1) ventral plate well-developed (Fig. 6 A; vs. reduced); (2) copulatory ducts C-shaped (Fig. 6 B; vs. forming a wave-like loop); and (3) dorsal plate slightly covered by ventral plate (Fig. 6 A, B; vs. almost not covered).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
2C79795605455B589E2A2EDE8D1BD652.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype, Fig. 5 A – C). Total length 2.70. Carapace 1.16 long, 0.86 wide; abdomen 1.44 long, 1.48 wide. Carapace brown; cervical and radial grooves distinct, fovea indistinct; AER and PER horizontal. Chelicerae light brown, with five promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endite and labium light brown; sternum blackish brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.09, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09; AME - AME 0.01, AME - ALE 0.04, PME - PME 0.05, PME - PLE 0.05, ALE - PLE 0.00. MOA 0.18 long, anterior width 0.12, posterior width 0.20. Clypeus height 0.14. Leg measurements: I 3.30 (0.93, 1.09, 0.73, 0.55), II 2.23 (0.76, 0.66, 0.41, 0.40), III 2.68 (0.78, 0.85, 0.62, 0.43), IV 3.33 (0.96, 1.09, 0.80, 0.48). Leg formula: 4132. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen pear-shaped; black dorsum longitudinally separated by thin white band in middle, lateral pale brown with scaly patches, venter yellowish brown. Spinneret brown. Epigyne (Fig. 6 A, B). Plate rectangular, about 2 × wider than long; septum broad, located at posterior half of plate; CD posteriorly oblique. CD slender, forming one loop before entering spermathecae; spermathecae global; FD short and taper. Male. Unknown.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
2C79795605455B589E2A2EDE8D1BD652.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 9).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
03E0DCA5B7E55AA289D4693F442F3F65.taxon	description	Figs 5 D – F, 6 C, D	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
03E0DCA5B7E55AA289D4693F442F3F65.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin adjective “ trapezium ”, meaning trapeziform, referring to the outline of the dorsal plate in the epigynal plate.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
03E0DCA5B7E55AA289D4693F442F3F65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of this new species resembles that of G. demersum Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 in having similar copulatory ducts (Fig. 6 C, D; Irfan et al. 2025, fig. 96 A – C), but can be differentiated by the (1) dorsal plate three times wider than long (Fig. 6 C; vs. two times wider than long); and (2) spermathecae located dorso-laterally (Fig. 6 D; vs. located anteriorly).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
03E0DCA5B7E55AA289D4693F442F3F65.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype, Fig. 5 D – F). Total length 1.71. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.62 wide; abdomen 0.88 long, 0.76 wide. Carapace yellowish brown; cervical groove and fovea indistinct; AER horizontal, PER strongly bent forwards. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with six promarginal and five retromarginal teeth. Endite, labium and sternum yellowish brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.05, PME 0.05, PLE 0.04; AME - AME 0.01, AME - ALE 0.03, PME - PME 0.05, PME - PLE 0.05, ALE - PLE 0.01. MOA 0.14 long, anterior width 0.10, posterior width 0.15. Clypeus height 0.11. Leg measurements: I 1.91 (0.63, 0.63, 0.35, 0.30), II 1.67 (0.52, 0.53, 0.30, 0.32), III 1.44 (0.45, 0.42, 0.30, 0.27), IV 2.01 (0.63, 0.69, 0.38, 0.31). Leg formula: 4123. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen oval, black; pattern indistinct. Spinneret dark brown. Epigyne (Fig. 6 C, D). Plate oval, slightly wider than long. VP extended outwards and connected to DP, the junction strongly sclerotized; DP trapezoid and sclerotized. CO large, beside the junction and behind VP. CD short and twisty; spermathecae global; FD blurry and hook-shaped. Male. Unknown.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
03E0DCA5B7E55AA289D4693F442F3F65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 9).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
AE37DAC75C4D59B8A0B0E59D5569AF4B.taxon	description	Figs 7 A – C, 8 A – D	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
AE37DAC75C4D59B8A0B0E59D5569AF4B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin noun “ anchora ” meaning “ anchor ” and referring to the junction of the dorsal scape and stretcher, which broadens to an anchor shape.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
AE37DAC75C4D59B8A0B0E59D5569AF4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of this new species resembles that of N. coreana (Paik, 1991) in having a similar scape and stretcher (Fig. 8 A – D; Irfan et al. 2025, fig. 160 A – D), but can be differentiated by the (1) copulatory grooves parallel to each other in dorsal view (Fig. 8 A, C; vs. having a somewhat heart-shaped outline); and (2) spermathecae S-shaped (Fig. 8 A, C; vs. C-shaped).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
AE37DAC75C4D59B8A0B0E59D5569AF4B.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype, Fig. 7 A – C). Total length 1.15. Carapace 1.62 long, 0.53 wide; abdomen 0.78 long, 0.59 wide. Carapace blackish brown; cervical and radial grooves distinct, fovea thin; AER and PER horizontal. Chelicerae pale, with five promarginal and five weak retromarginal teeth. Endite and labium pale; sternum blackish brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.05, PME 0.06, PLE 0.05; AME - AME 0.02, AME - ALE 0.03, PME - PME 0.04, PME - PLE 0.02, ALE - PLE 0.01. MOA 0.13 long, anterior width 0.11, posterior width 0.16. Clypeus height 0.08. Leg measurements: I 2.06 (0.59, 0.69, 0.41, 0.37), II 1.96 (0.55, 0.63, 0.44, 0.34), III 1.57 (0.44, 0.50, 0.36, 0.27), IV 2.09 (0.62, 0.68, 0.47, 0.32). Leg formula: 4123. Legs pale white. Abdomen oval; black dorsum with one large pale macula. Spinneret pale grey. Epigyne (Fig. 8 A – D). Plate inverted anchor-shaped, as wide as long; VP kidney-shaped, about 2 × wider than long. Scape sigmoid folded; ventral scape slender, broadened at turning point; dorsal scape inverted triangular. The junction of dorsal scape and stretcher well broadened to anchor shape; CD right-angled; sigmoid spermathecae located at the lateral margin of ventral plate. Male. Unknown.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
AE37DAC75C4D59B8A0B0E59D5569AF4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hunan) (Fig. 9).	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
EAA5C6C58C165A39AD92E356BEB302F4.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Nippononeta kurilensis Eskov, 1992.	en	Yan, Wen-long, Wu, Feng-qin, Zhou, Yu-chen, Peng, Xian-jin (2025): Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585
