taxonID	type	description	language	source
447187B9FF94E54CAAD1F8D2AFA8FBC7.taxon	type_taxon	Orasema Cameron 1884: 104. Type species: Orasema stramineipes Cameron. Subsequently designated by Kirby 1886: 29. Notes: illustrations accompanying description of O. stramineipes mislabeled as O. flavipes. Kirby 1886: 29 designated O. flavipes as type species with O. stramineipes as lapsus calami. Contrary to remarks by Kirby, the description of O. stramineipes agrees with the figure of O. flavipes. Dalla Torre 1898: 361 reversed the usage of Kirby and treated O. flavipes as a junior synonym of O. stramineipes.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF94E54CAAD1F8D2AFA8FBC7.taxon	type_taxon	Semora Cameron 1909: 432 – 433. Type species: Semora xanthopus Cameron, by original designation. Homonym; discovered by Strand 1942: 393. Notes: preoccupied by Peckham & Peckham 1892. Synonymy by Kerrich 1963: 366. Eucharomorpha Girault 1913: 62 – 63. Type species: Orasema worcesteri Girault. Subsequently designated by Gahan and Fagan 1923: 58. Synonym by Bouček 1988: 519.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF94E54CAAD1F8D2AFA8FBC7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Parasemora freychei Gemignani, by monotypy. Synonym by Heraty 1994: 54. Notes: location of type unknown and synonym based on original description.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF94E54CAAD1F8D2AFA8FBC7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Orasema is the only New World genus in the subfamily Oraseminae and can be recognized from other orasemine genera by the following combination of characters: mouthparts present and fully formed, area just below the median ocellus without impression or pit, ocellar-ocular sulcus absent, scrobe without a pair of parallel impressions, male antennae without scape glands, transscutal articulation complete, if lateral aspect of the mesepisternum reticulate then at least weakly sculptured ventrally, if propodeal disc with median channel and smooth lateral areas then face with obvious rugose or reticulate sculpture and labrum with four digits, basal petiolar flange prominent, apex of the first valvula of the ovipositor usually with distinct lateral teeth but never with sinuate ridges. Orasema can be recognized from other New World eucharitid genera by the following combination of characters: anellus present, prepectus distinct and separate from the pronotum, first gastral sternite constricted with a transverse crenulate furrow separating a semicircular anterior region, ovipositor expanded and usually with a lateral line of teeth on the ventral valve and lateral teeth on the dorsal valve.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF97E54AAAD1FBB7AFA8FB75.taxon	description	(Figs 5 – 10) Established by Heraty (2000).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF97E54AAAD1FBB7AFA8FB75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: head and mesosoma with a moderate to dense amount of setation (Figs 6 B, C, 9 B, C), mesoscutal midlobe transversely costate (Fig. 6 F) to imbricate (Fig. 9 G) or areolate (Fig. 10 F), frenum in dorsal view elongate (Fig. 9 G), head subquadrate (length approximately equal to width) and with 4 – 6 labral digits (Fig. 6 B), mandibular formula 3: 2, and antenna with 7 funiculars (Figs 6 D, E). While this group is easily recognized among other Nearctic taxa, the most distinctive features (setation and sculpture) are homoplastic when compared to some Neotropical and Old World taxa.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF97E54AAAD1FBB7AFA8FB75.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.4 – 4.0 mm. Color. Mandible, maxilla, and labium brown. Wing venation pale brown. Head. Head in frontal view subquadrate; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; clypeus smooth with shallow punctures; epistomal sulcus distinct; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, nearly straight. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, shallowly emarginate in dorsal view; temples absent. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped; funiculars subequal in length distally, equal in width; clava subovate. Mesosoma. Notauli deep. Mesoscutellar disc as long as broad. Propleuron convex. Mesepisternum broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Hind femur evenly covered with short, dense setae. Fore wing basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad, slightly angled toward wing apex. Hind wing costal cell with one or two irregular rows of setae. Metasoma. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium present, minute. Male. Length 2.2 – 3.4 mm. Without significant dimorphism except for slight differences in petiole length (male is longer and thinner than female) and a much smaller gaster. Phylogenetics. All species within the coloradensis group except O. violacea have been molecularly sampled. Analyses using a few ribosomal and mitochondrial Sanger-sequenced loci, many Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) Illumina-sequenced loci, and a combination of both datasets resulted in a South American clade (O. iridescens) sister to a North American clade (O. coloradensis + O. scaura) (Baker et al. 2020). Monophyly of each of the three sampled species has been confirmed, with O. coloradensis thoroughly sampled across its geographic range, including specimens from Colorado, Idaho, Texas, Maryland, Florida, and northeastern Mexico; the crown age for this species is estimated to be about 2 – 5 MY (varying between analyses) with an average of 5.3 % sequence variation between AHE-sequenced specimens. The coloradensis species group is sister to the sixaolae species group + O. monstrosa (Fig. 1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF97E54AAAD1FBB7AFA8FB75.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Three trips were made to Idaho in 2013, 2015, and 2017 to collect O. coloradensis and O. scaura. Only a single specimen of O. coloradensis was collected among all three trips. Two additional trips were made to Hallelujah Junction, CA (near Reno, Nevada) to collect O. scaura, but no specimens were found. Two trips to Texas to collect O. coloradensis in 2014 and 2015 resulted in collecting several other species in the bakeri, cockerelli, and simulatrix groups but no O. coloradensis. Contrary to the other trips, collecting in Florida in 2014 resulted in an abundance of O. coloradensis specimens from multiple localities; however, no specimens that can be attributed to O. violacea have been collected since 1980. Low rates of collecting success in more arid locations has led us to consider the following hypotheses: 1) these species are highly ephemeral, possibly only emerging as adults for a few days at a time, making targeted collecting difficult; or 2) these species are locally extinct or in very low densities, possibly due to changes in ant fauna as a result of the spread of invasive ant species, including Solenopsis invicta Buren and Tetramorium caespitum (L.) (cf. Chien & Heraty 2018). While collecting in Hells Gate State Park, Idaho in 2013, James Johnson commented that the dominant ant in the area, T. caespitum, was not present when he was collecting in the 1980 s, while the once-abundant proposed ant associate, Formica subnitens, was now extremely rare, and the host plant, gray rabbitbrush, was now largely absent from the area.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	description	(Figs 6, 7)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Orasema coloradensis is by far the most widespread and morphologically variable species in the coloradensis species group. It can be distinguished from O. scaura by the presence of five tarsomeres, a symmetrical labrum with four digits, and the flagellum being as long as or longer than the height of the head. It is distinguished from O. iridescens by a shorter female petiole (PTL: PTW = 1.0 – 2.0 versus 2.1 – 3.0 in O. iridescens), shorter / wider antennae (female F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.4 – 2.0 versus 2.0 – 2.5 in O. iridescens), and having setose eyes (Fig. 6 B). This species is most similar to O. violacea, especially for some specimens collected in Florida and Texas, but is recognized by the finer, more costate sculpture on the mesoscutal midlobe compared to the coarsely areolate sculpture in O. violacea. Orasema violacea also tends to have a larger body size than many, but not all, specimens of O. coloradensis (Fig. 7).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.4 – 3.7 mm (Fig. 6 A). Color. Head and mesosoma a wide range of colors, but typically blue, green, or both. Scape, pedicel, anellus, and flagellum brown. Coxae iridescent blue-green; femora mostly dark brown with iridescent reflections, tips pale; tibiae pale brown. Gaster same color as mesosoma. Head (Fig. 6 B). HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; face imbricate; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.7; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.9; supraclypeal area as long as broad, equal to length of clypeus, smooth with shallow punctures. Labrum with 4 symmetrical digits. Occiput with dorsal margin rounded. Pedicel globose, as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 1.0 – 1.4, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.4 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.2 – 1.8 (Fig. 6 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 6 C, F). ML: MH = 1.3 – 1.6. Mesoscutal midlobe transversely costate to areolate, densely setose; lateral lobe smooth to weakly imbricate. Axilla weakly sculptured, dorsally broadly rounded, with dorsal margin above dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate, and broadly separated from transscutal articulation by deep foveae; mesoscutellar disc costate to areolate; frenal line regularly foveate; frenum weakly sculptured; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina; axillula costate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina, areolate-reticulate (Fig. 6 G); callus weakly sculptured, costate anteriorly, densely setose. Propleuron weakly sculptured. Prepectus weakly sculptured. Mesepisternum weakly reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally. Upper mesepimeron weakly reticulate; lower mesepimeron smooth; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Lateral metepisternum smooth medially but with foveae posteriorly. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 1.9, weakly sculptured; HFL: HFW = 4.6 – 5.7. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.5, FWL: ML 1.7 – 2.1; submarginal vein with several long setae; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.0 – 2.0, PTL: HCL = 0.6 – 1.0, areolate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus absent. First (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.2 – 3.4 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3. Scape dark brown; FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.6; anellus minute, difficult to distinguish; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 2.3 (Fig. 6 E). Femora mostly dark brown with iridescence, tips pale; tibiae pale brown. PTL: PTW = 2.2 – 3.4, PTL: HCL = 1.1 – 1.5. Egg. Described by Johnson et al. (1986). Planidium. The planidium of O. coloradensis was described by Johnson et al. (1986). They have been extensively observed on immature thrips, Sericothrips sp., indicating that this may be a commonly used intermediate host for this species (Johnson et al. 1986), but it may be a facultative relationship because they mostly oviposit into leaves (occasionally stems and buds) (Johnson et al. 1986) where immature thrips would not be expected to occur in high abundance. Other species oviposit exclusively into involucral bracts of unopened flower buds (Johnson et al. 1986) where thrips density would be higher.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Collected from nests of Pheidole bicarinata Mayr and Solenopsis molesta Emery in Colorado (Wheeler 1907). There is a record of O. coloradensis from the nest of Formica subnitens Creighton (Formicinae) (Johnson et al. 1986). We consider this record to be erroneous because parasitized brood were never found; instead, the record was based on finding three Orasema adults in an emergence trap placed above a Formica mound, finding possible Orasema fragments within the nest, and finding one planidium attached to the maxilla of a Formica worker (Johnson et al. 1986). Colonies of Solenopsis parasitized by O. coloradensis have been observed in cleptobiosis with colonies of Formica (Wheeler 1907), which may explain the observed association. It seems unlikely that Orasema could switch to another subfamily of ants with a pupal cocoon, which myrmicine ants lack. While other eucharitids can parasitize ants with pupal cocoons, and the maturing wasp pupa can be recovered from within the cocoon, this has never been observed within Oraseminae. Incidentally, an extensive two-year survey of Formica subnitens in Westbank, British Columbia, a locality where O. coloradensis has been collected, did not report finding O. coloradensis among the insects in or near the ant nests nor among the prey items of the ants (Ayre 1957, 1958, 1959). Plant associates. Gray rabbitbrush (Asteraceae: Ericameria nauseosa (Pall ex. Pursh) G. L. Nesom & Baird), green rabbitbrush (Asteraceae: Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt.), and milkweed (Apocynaceae: Asclepias sp.) in Idaho (specimen records; Johnson et al. 1986); western ragweed (Asteraceae: Ambrosia psilostachya DC), partridge pea (Fabaceae: Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene), and rushfoil (Euphorbiaceae: Croton sp.) in Texas (specimen records); sidebeak pencilflower (Fabaceae: Stylosanthes biflora (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) and New Jersey tea (Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus americanus L.) in Virginia (specimen records); and partridge pea, poorjoe (Rubiaceae: Diodia teres Walter), European turkey oak (Fagaceae: Quercus cerris L.), and sandlace (Polygonaceae: Polygonum dentroceras T. M. Schust. & Reveal) in Florida (specimen records). Of these plant records, only Ericameria in Idaho and Chamaecrista in Florida have been independently confirmed as hosts, with O. coloradensis observed ovipositing into the leaves and stems of both of these plants.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 5). Canada: AB, BC, MB, ON; United States: AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, MD, MO, MT, NE, NV, NJ, NM, NC, OK, OR, SC, TX, UT, VA, WA, WY; Mexico: NL, PU, SL, VZ. Collected June – August.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype. UNITED STATES. Colorado: El Paso Co., Ute Pass, viii. 1903 [♀ (female specimen with head intact, situated above one female and one male on the same card when lectotype viewed with head pointed left), by present designation for nomenclatorial stability, deposited in AMNH: UCRCENT 00238021]. Paralectotypes. UNITED STATES. Colorado: El Paso Co., Broadmoor, near Colorado Springs, 11. viii. 1903 [3 ♀, 1 ³, 15 pupae, AMNH: UCRCENT 00238017 – 19]; Ute Pass, viii. 1903 [1 ♀ (headless specimen), 1 ³, on same card as lectotype, AMNH: UCRCENT 00238021]. Lectotype and paralectotype labels have been added to all relevant specimens. Larval slides. UNITED STATES. Idaho: Nez Perce Co., Hells Gate St. Pk., 293 m, 46 ° 21 ’ 24 ” N, 117 ° 03 ’ 3 ” W, 14. vii. 1983, T. D. Miller, Ericameria nauseosa [1?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00499476]. Texas: Kerr Co., Kerrville St. Pk., 500 m, 30 ° 00 ’ 12 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 42 ” W, 24. vii. 1988, Heraty, ovip. Grass [1?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00499475]. Additional material examined. 736 specimens, see supplementary material. There is some confusion regarding the type specimen of Orasema coloradensis. Wheeler (1907) was under the impression that O. coloradensis had already been described by Ashmead, which is made evident by his attributing the binomen to Ashmead as well as the identification. Johnson et al. (1986) attribute the binomen to Gahan, but as Gahan (1940) points out, Wheeler (1907) was in fact the first to publish this name. This confusion may be why the type material for this species is ambiguous. Wheeler (1907) did not directly designate type material, but he did provide a date (August, 1903) and locations (Manitou, Broadmoor, Beaver Ranch — all near Colorado Springs, Colorado) for material that he examined. The specimen currently designated as type (USNMENT 00809501, type no. 27294) cannot actually be part of the type series because the specimen was from a series collected by C. F. Baker. There are four series of card-mounted specimens that we recognize as the syntypes collected by Wheeler in August, 1903 from Broadmoor (UCRCENT 00238017 – 19) and Ute Pass, Colorado (UCRCENT 00238021). Because the syntype series is from multiple hosts, we designate one of the female specimens as lectotype (UCRCENT 00238021: there are three Orasema specimens on this card mount; the lectotype is the female with the intact head, which is placed above the other two specimens when viewed with the anterior end pointed left) and the remaining syntypes are designated as paralectotypes.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF91E556AAD1FB24AEA3FEC4.taxon	discussion	Discussion. There is a large amount of color and size variation in this species. In Texas, collection records show an enormous discrepancy in size (Fig. 7 D, E), while in Florida, color varies to a large degree (Fig. 7 H – J), and in Mexico, specimens have a slightly different head shape; however, despite this, all molecularly sampled specimens came out in a single highly-supported clade with little genetic variation (Baker et al. 2020).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the coloradensis species group by having bare eyes (Fig. 8 B), longer petiole (PTL: PTW = 2.1 – 3.0 for females, 3.4 – 4.3 for males), and a longer / thinner antenna (F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.0 – 2.5 for females, 2.1 – 2.4 for males; Figs 8 D, E).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.6 – 4.0 mm (Fig. 8 A). Color. Head and mesosoma black with green, blue, and purple iridescence. Scape pale brown; pedicel and anellus yellowish brown; flagellum brown. Coxae dark brown with iridescence; femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae pale. Gaster brown. Head (Fig. 8 B). HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; face imbricate; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.4 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.6 – 0.8; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, shorter than clypeus, smooth. Labrum with 4 symmetrical digits. Occiput with dorsal margin abrupt. Pedicel globose, as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 1.4 – 1.6; anellus disc-shaped but prominent; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.0 – 2.5, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.2 – 1.4 (Fig. 8 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 8 C, F). ML: MH = 1.5 – 1.7. Mesoscutal midlobe transversely costate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe smooth. Axilla smooth, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc smooth; frenal line as smooth band; frenum smooth; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate; axillula costate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina, rugose (Fig. 8 G); callus smooth, with a few small setae. Propleuron smooth. Prepectus weakly sculptured medially. Mesepisternum weakly rugose-reticulate medially, but smooth anteriorly and ventrally. Upper and lower mesepimeron smooth; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally smooth. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 1.8, smooth to weakly sculptured; HFL: HFW = 4.4 – 5.3. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.1; submarginal vein with several long setae; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 2.1 – 3.0, PTL: HCL = 0.9 – 1.3, areolate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present, margins broadly separated. First (ventral) valvula without teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.7 – 3.4 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.4. Scape pale brown; FL: HH = 1.6 – 1.8; anellus disc-shaped but prominent; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.1 – 2.4 (Fig. 8 E). Femora and tibiae pale yellow. PTL: PTW = 3.4 – 4.3, PTL: HCL = 1.5 – 1.8.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 5). Argentina: BA, CN; Brazil: ES. Collected February – April, October – November.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Rt. 12 & Rio Sta. Lucia, N. of Goya, 29 ° 05 ’ 0 ” S, 59 ° 16 ’ 0 ” W, 18 - 21. xi. 2003, D. Bickel, trunk sticky trap [♀, deposited in CNC: UCRCENT 00320816]. Paratypes. ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Castelar, 34 ° 39 ’ 9 ” S, 58 ° 38 ’ 15 ” W, 28. ii- 9. iv. 2007, G. Logarzo, MT [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00434627]. Corrientes: Rt. 12 & Rio Sta. Lucia, N. of Goya, 29 ° 05 ’ 0 ” S, 59 ° 16 ’ 0 ” W, 18 - 21. xi. 2003, D. Bickel, trunk sticky trap [11 ³ 4 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00320813 – 15, UCRCENT 00320825 – 36]. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa Est. Biol. Santa Lúcia, 19 ° 58 ’ 1 ” S, 40 ° 32 ’ 16 ” W, 13. x. 2006, Tavares, Azevedo et al., Malaise 18 [1 ♀, UFES: UFES 00091947].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE556AAD1FEB4AF7CF938.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin meaning “ rainbow-like colors ” in reference to the iridescent color of the body.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	description	(Fig. 9)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the coloradensis group by having all tarsi with four segments, tarsomeres distinctly lobate with lobes broadly overlapping subsequent tarsomeres on the ventral side (Fig. 9 E), and antennal flagellum length shorter than height of the head (Fig. 9 B). This is the only eucharitid known to have 4 - segmented tarsi.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.0 – 3.4 mm (Fig. 9 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-green. Scape, pedicel, anellus, and flagellum brown. Coxae iridescent blue-green; femora mostly brown with iridescence, tips pale; tibiae yellow. Gaster same as mesosoma. Head (Fig. 9 B). HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; face imbricate; eyes sparsely se-tose, IOD: EH = 1.4 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.9; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, weakly sculptured. Labrum with variably asymmetric digits with 4 – 9 setae (Fig. 9 F). Occiput with dorsal margin rounded. Pedicel globose, not as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 0.8 – 1.0; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.1 – 1.4, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.3 – 1.8 (Fig. 9 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 9 C, G). ML: MH = 1.3 – 1.6. Mesoscutal midlobe imbricate, densely setose; lateral lobe smooth. Axilla smooth, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc smooth; frenal line irregularly foveate; frenum smooth; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, with shallow medial depression, rugose-areolate (Fig. 9 H); callus nearly smooth, densely setose. Propleuron imbricate. Prepectus weakly rugose. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally. Upper and lower mesepimeron smooth; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally smooth. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 2.0, with weak dorsolateral sculpture; HFL: HFW = 3.1 – 3.8. FWL: FWW = 2.2 – 2.5, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.1; submarginal vein with several long setae; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.2 – 1.6, PTL: HCL = 0.7 – 0.9, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present. First (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Swept from Ericameria nauseosa (Asteraceae) in Idaho.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 5). United States: AZ, CA, ID, NV. Collected June – August.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Idaho: Butte Co., 6 mi S Howe, 43 ° 42 ’ 0 ” N, 113 ° 01 ’ 50 ” W, 28. vii- 4. viii. 1983, M. P. Stafford, host plant: Ericameria nauseosa [♀, deposited in WFBM: UCRCENT 00407525]. Paratypes. UNITED STATES. Arizona: Cochise Co., Cave Ck. Cyn. Chiricahua Mts, 6 mi W Portal, 2042 m, 31 ° 55 ’ 0 ” N, 109 ° 15 ’ 0 ” W, 11. vii. 1981, H. A. Hespenheide [1 ♀, UCLA: UCRCENT 00414825]. Coconino Co., Hwy 180 SE Valle, 1850 m, 35 ° 37 ’ 13 ” N, 112 ° 05 ’ 45 ” W, 26. vii. 2008, S. Triapitsyn [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00264701]. Amedee, 40 ° 16 ’ 12 ” N, 120 ° 09 ’ 36 ” W, 4. vii. 1947, T. F. Leigh [1 ♀, EMEC: UCRCENT 00236340]. California: Lassen Co., Hallelujah Junction, 1440 m, 39 ° 47 ’ 0 ” N, 120 ° 04 ’ 0 ” W, 1 - 3. vii. 1992, D. Carmean, 73 [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00416100]. Hallelujah Junction, 1440 m, 39 ° 47 ’ 0 ” N, 120 ° 04 ’ 0 ” W, 29 - 30. vi. 2006, M. F. Sherriffs, 060 [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00477664]. Idaho: Butte Co., 6 mi S Howe, 43 ° 42 ’ 0 ” N, 113 ° 01 ’ 50 ” W, 28. vii- 4. viii. 1983, M. P. Stafford, host plant: Ericameria nauseosa [45 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403564 – 75, UCRCENT 00403577 – 78, UCRCENT 00403581 – 82, UCRCENT 00403585, UCRCENT 00407501 – 02, UCRCENT 00407504 – 12, UCRCENT 00407514 – 20, UCRCENT 00407522 – 24, UCRCENT 00407526 – 28, UCRCENT 00407531, UCRCENT 00407533 – 34, UCRCENT 00407537]. 6 mi. S Howe, 43 ° 41 ’ 24 ” N, 113 ° 01 ’ 48 ” W, 4. viii. 1983, N. P Stafford [1 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00003619]; 22. vii. 1982, J. B. Johnson, host plant: Ericameria nauseosa [5 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403576, UCRCENT 00403583, UCRCENT 00403604, UCRCENT 00407521, UCRCENT 00407561] Canyon Co., 15 mi S Nampa, 43 ° 18 ’ 47 ” N, 116 ° 6 ’ 11 ” W, 21. vi. 1977, J. M. Domek [1 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403580]. Cassia Co., 9 mi E Malta, 42 ° 18 ’ 25 ” N, 113 ° 11 ’ 28 ” W, 14. vii. 1981, R. P. Wight [1 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403584]. Nez Perce Co., Hells Gate St. Pk., 293 m, 46 ° 21 ’ 24 ” N, 117 ° 03 ’ 3 ” W, 14. vii. 1983, J. B. Johnson, host plant: Ericameria nauseosa [3 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00407478, UCRCENT 00407494 – 95]. Twin Falls Co., Rogerson, 42 ° 13 ’ 5 ” N, 114 ° 35 ’ 38 ” W, 20. vii. 1961, R. E. Stecker, host plant: Chrysothamnus [1 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403579]. Nevada: Carson City, 39 ° 09 ’ 49 ” N, 119 ° 46 ’ 3 ” W, 6. vii, Baker [6 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247968 – 70, UCRCENT 00248316 – 18]. Nye Co., Mercury, 36 ° 39 ’ 39 ” N, 115 ° 59 ’ 40 ” W, 5. viii. 1964 [2 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248383 – 84]. Washoe Co., S end of Pyramid Lake, 1140 m, 39 ° 50 ’ 35 ” N, 119 ° 26 ’ 49 ” W, 8. vii. 1982, D. E. Russell [2 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00404586, UCRCENT 00404588]; L. D. French [2 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00404585, UCRCENT 00404587]; P. Timper [2 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00404583, UCRCENT 00416064]. Verdi, 39 ° 31 ’ 5 ” N, 119 ° 59 ’ 20 ” W, 12. vii. 1974, B. Villegas [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00404584].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin, meaning “ swollen ankles, ” which refers to the thick, lobate tarsomeres.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8DE554AAD1F8E8A962F8A8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Because the comparatively large number of specimens collected for this species (75 examined) are all female, it seems likely that this species is parthenogenetic. Attempts to sequence Wolbachia from two pointmounted specimens collected in 1983 and 2008 were negative.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	description	(Figs 7 B, 10)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. scaura by having five tarsomeres and the length of the flagellum as long as or longer than the height of the head, and from O. iridescens by having a shorter female petiole (PTL: PTW = 0.9 – 1.2 versus 2.1 – 3.0 in O. iridescens), shorter / wider antenna (female F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.6 versus 2.0 – 2.5 in O. iridescens), and setose eyes (Fig. 10 B). This species is most similar to O. coloradensis, but is distinguished by more coarsely areolate sculpture on the mesoscutal midlobe compared to the costate sculpture in O. coloradensis and other members of the group (Fig. 7). Orasema violacea also tends to have a larger body size than most, but not all, specimens of O. coloradensis.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.3 – 3.8 mm (Fig. 10 A). Color. Head and mesosoma blue, green, or some com-bination. Scape, pedicel, anellus, and flagellum brown. Coxae iridescent blue-green; femora mostly brown with iridescence, tips pale; tibiae yellow. Gaster same as mesosoma or brown with iridescent reflections. Head (Fig. 10 B). HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; face rugose-reticulate; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.8; supraclypeal area as long as broad, equal to length of clypeus, weakly rugose. Labrum with 4 digits. Occiput with dorsal margin abrupt. Pedicel globose, as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 1.0 – 1.2; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.6, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.3 – 1.5 (Fig. 10 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 10 C, F). ML: MH = 1.2 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-areolate to areolate-reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe rugose-reticulate. Axilla areolate-reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, and broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc areolate-reticulate; frenal line irregularly foveate; frenum areolate-reticulate; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, rugose-areolate, without median carina (Fig. 10 G); callus areolate-reticulate, densely setose. Propleuron reticulate. Prepectus areolate-reticulate. Mesepisternum, upper-, and lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.5 – 1.8, reticulate; HFL: HFW = 4.4 – 4.8. FWL: FWW = 2.2 – 2.4, FWL: ML = 1.6 – 1.7; submarginal vein with several long setae; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole broad, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 0.9 – 1.2, PTL: HCL = 0.7 – 0.8, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus absent. First (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.8 – 3.1 mm. HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3. Scape brown; FL: HH = 1.3; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.5 (Fig. 10 E). Femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 1.7 – 2.3, PTL: HCL = 1.0 – 1.3.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 5). United States: FL. Collected June – July.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Florida: Eastern Florida [♀, deposited in USNM: USN-MENT 00809466, type images: http: // n 2 t. net / ark: / 65665 / 3 b 0 c 20 be 4 - 0882 - 4 c 1 b-ad 6 a-a 0987 be 4 f 0 ce]. Additional material examined. UNITED STATES. Florida: Franklin Co., St. George State Park, 29 ° 44 ’ 46 ” N, 84 ° 52 ’ 8 ” W, 13. vi. 1980, L. Stange [1 ³, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411767]. Levy Co., 29 ° 19 ’ 12 ” N, 82 ° 44 ’ 24 ” W, 22. vi. 1957, H. V. Weems, Jr. [3 ³, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411765, LACM: UCRCENT 00305126, USNM: UCRCENT 00248390]; 3. vii. 1954 [2 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248392 – 93]; 3. vii. 1958 [1 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411754]; 7. vii. 1955 [1 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411756].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF88E551AAD1F8FCAE47F9D0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Specimens of O. coloradensis from Florida show a large amount of morphological variation with some specimens quite similar overall to those of O. violacea, making the two species occasionally difficult to distinguish (Fig. 7 B). This may indicate that O. violacea and O. coloradensis are conspecific or, if separate, that some introgression between the two may occur in Florida. Without molecular data for O. violacea to confirm or reject these hypotheses, it seems inappropriate at this time to synonymize these species. There is a specimen of O. coloradensis worth noting (USNM: UCRCENT 00248391) that was collected by Ashmead from the O. violacea type locality, eastern Florida, but has no additional label information. The few specimens examined that were determined to be O. violacea were mostly collected in the 1950 s with a single specimen collected in 1980. Multiple recent attempts failed to collect fresh specimens, which, given the context of the changing ant fauna in Florida (especially Solenopsis, one of the hosts for O. coloradensis), may indicate extinction of the species.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8AE55FAAD1F980AFA9FC4D.taxon	description	(Figs 11 – 16) Established by Heraty (2000).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8AE55FAAD1F980AFA9FC4D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: prepectus with anterior margin lacking a carina and gradually sloping under margin of pronotum (Fig. 13 C), female petiole usually short (PTL: PTW <1.5), face and mesoscutal midlobe reticulate (Fig. 13 B, F), antenna with 7 funiculars (Fig. 13 D, E), and labrum with 4 digits (Fig. 12 B). This group can be difficult to distinguish from the cockerelli group, with the anterior edge of the prepectus often the only consistent difference between members of the groups.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF8AE55FAAD1F980AFA9FC4D.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.2 – 3.5 mm. Color. Antennal flagellum brown. Mandible brown. Coxae brown with iridescence; femora mostly brown, tips pale. Gaster brown with iridescence. Head. Face reticulate; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; clypeus weakly sculptured; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped; funiculars subequal in length distally, equal in width; clava subovate. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal midlobe, frenum, propodeal disc, and propleuron reticulate. Prepectus reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa. Hind coxa reticulate. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area. Metasoma. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with several long hairs on each side of the midline. First (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth. Male. Length 1.7 – 3.0 mm. Scape brown with iridescence; flagellum with 7 funiculars, anellus disc-shaped. Femora mostly brown, tips pale. Phylogenetics. Four species in the Orasema bakeri group have been molecularly sampled for Sanger-sequenced genes: O. texana, O. bakeri, O. taii, and O. dubitata; only O. bakeri has been sequenced with AHE. Specimens of O. bakeri and O. dubitata from Baker et al. (2020) were misidentified: “ Orasema _ nr _ bakeri _ USA: AZ _ AE _ D 4097 ” is O. bakeri (UCRCENT 00411576), whereas “ Orasema _ bakeri _ USA: AZ _ D 3720 ” and “ Orasema _ bakeri _ USA: FL _ D 3153 ” are Orasema dubitata (UCRCENT 00352479, UCRCENT 00292550, respectively). The bakeri-taiidubitata clade consists of the most difficult species to delimit in the bakeri group. Orasema dubitata was first recognized as distinct from O. bakeri by a number of differences in Sanger sequenced genes (18 S rDNA has one nucleotide difference; 28 S D 2 rDNA two differences; 28 S D 3 – 5 rDNA four differences; COI-BC (cytochrome oxidase I barcoding) mtDNA six amino acid changes and at least 15 unambiguous nucleotide differences; COI-NJ (cytochrome oxidase I NJ) mtDNA has one amino acid change and three unambiguous nucleotide differences), and O. taii has only a small number of differences from O. dubitata (28 S D 2 has one difference; COI-NJ has no amino acid changes but at least 13 nucleotide changes). Because of difficulty separating the species in this group morphologically, references to the GenBank sequences from Baker et al. (2020) are provided at the end of the material examined; O. taii (UCRCENT 00243359; D 4717) sequences are: 28 S D 2 (MH 247391), 28 S D 3 – 5 (MH 247544), COI-NJ (MH 247756).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	description	(Fig. 12)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the O. bakeri group by having a dark, almost black body coloration (Fig. 12 A) and mesoscutum with lateral lobes dorsally smooth (Fig. 12 F). It is most similar to O. texana but lacks a depression in the midlobe of the mesoscutum (Fig. 12 F), lacks a medial carina on the propodeum (Fig. 12 F), and has a smooth to imbricate upper mesepimeron (Fig. 12 C).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.2 – 2.8 mm (Fig. 12 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark bluish-black. Scape dark brown with iridescence; pedicel and dark brown. Maxilla and labium brown. Tibiae light brown. Fore wing venation pale brown. Head (Fig. 12 B). Head in frontal view subquadrate; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.4; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.7 – 1.9; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.9; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, shorter than clypeus, smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded. Pedicel small and globose. FL: HH = 1.0 – 1.1; F 2 L: F 2 W = 0.8 – 1.2, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0 – 1.2 (Fig. 12 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 12 C, F). ML: MH = 1.2 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe bare; lateral lobe dorsally smooth; notauli deep. Axilla smooth to slightly reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, reticulate; frenal line as smooth band, foveate posteriorly; axillular sulcus anteriorly absent, narrow and foveate posteriorly; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina (Fig. 12 G); callus reticulate, bare; callar nib absent. Propleuron nearly flat. Postpectal carina weak. Upper mesepimeron smooth to imbricate; lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 1.9; HFL: HFW = 4.1 – 5.8, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.1 – 2.5, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.1; fore wing with basal third bare, wing disc setose; marginal fringe minute; submarginal vein with minute setae; marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole broad, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 0.6 – 1.3, PTL: HCL = 0.4 – 0.8, reticulate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus absent. Subapical carina absent; second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, with carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.0 – 2.4 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3. FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.4, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.2 (Fig. 12 E). Tibiae light brown. PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 2.3, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.3.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Some specimens from Charlotte, North Carolina were collected from wild carrot (Daucus carota L.; Apiaceae), specimens from Bangs, Texas were collected from a peach orchard, and one other specimen from Texas was swept from Gaillardia (blanket flower; Asteraceae); none are associated with observing oviposition.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 11). United States: NC, SC, TX. Collected April – July.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. North Carolina: Mecklenburg Co., Charlotte, Beverly Woods, 35 ° 13 ’ 48 ” N, 80 ° 51 ’ 0 ” W, 18. vi. 1964, P. P. Bably [♀, deposited in ZSM: UCRCENT 00245271]. Paratypes. UNITED STATES. North Carolina: Charlotte, Beverly Woods, 35 ° 08 ’ 2 ” N, 80 ° 50 ’ 46 ” W, 3. vi. 1964, P. P. Bably [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309301, UCRCENT 00309380]; 5. vi. 1964 [1 ³, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309300]; 10. vi. 1964 [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309374, UCRCENT 00309453]; 11. vi. 1964 [3 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245265, UCRCENT 00245297, UCRCENT 00245311]; 13. vi. 1964 [2 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245286 – 87]; 15. vi. 1964 [1 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245313]; 17. vi. 1964 [1 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245312]; 18. vi. 1964 [1 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245270]; 2. vi. 1964 [1 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245272]; 3. vi. 1964 [10 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309378, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245288 – 96]; 4. vi. 1964 [1 ³ 6 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245279 – 85]; 5. vi. 1964 [3 ³ 13 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309370 – 72, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245298 – 310]; 6. vi. 1964 [1 ♀, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245316]; 7. vi. 1964 [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309379, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245318]; 8. vi. 1964 [3 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309373, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245315, UCRCENT 00245317]; 9. vi. 1964 [2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT 00309375, ZSM: UCRCENT 00245314]. South Carolina: Oconee Co., Seneca, 289 m, 34 ° 41 ’ 8 ” N, 82 ° 57 ’ 12 ” W, 26. v. 1962, R. O. Eikenbary, on pine [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416723]. Texas: C. F. Baker, 2513 [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248504]. Brazos Co., Jones rd. 1.6 mi n. HWY 60, 30 ° 34 ’ 48 ” N, 96 ° 23 ’ 24 ” W, 1. vi. 1975, S. J. Merritt [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00426206]. Brown Co., Bangs, peach orchard, 31 ° 43 ’ 2 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 57 ” W, 8. vi. 1938, Christenson, 10280 [4 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247934 – 37]; 10281 [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247939]; 9704 [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247938]. Leon Co., 7.6 mi N Normangee, 31 ° 08 ’ 6 ” N, 96 ° 07 ’ 16 ” W, 12. vi. 1976, S. J. Merritt [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243109]. Live Oak Co., 10 mi. south George West, 28 ° 10 ’ 48 ” N, 98 ° 06 ’ 36 ” W, 22. iv. 1978, D. W Plitt, ex pasture [1 ³, TAMU: UCRCENT 00426207]. Mills Co., 23 mi. w. Goldthwaite, 31 ° 27 ’ 0 ” N, 98 ° 57 ’ 36 ” W, 24. iv. 1971, V. V Board [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00311974]. Montague Co., Bowie Lake, 8 mi N Bowie, 33 ° 39 ’ 3 ” N, 97 ° 55 ’ 24 ” W, 13. vi. 1972, R. W. Thorp [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00416059]. Robertson Co., 3 mi. South of Camp Creek Lake, 31 ° 00 ’ 36 ” N, 96 ° 18 ’ 0 ” W, 17. v. 1970, J. C. Schaffner [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243110].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF84E55DAAD1FC3CAFB0FC34.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of the collector, P. P. Bably, of a large series of specimens from North Carolina.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	description	(Fig. 13)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the bakeri group by the following combination of characters: mesoscutal midlobe and lateral lobes reticulate without any depressions (Fig. 13 F), petiole relatively long (PTL: PTW = 0.8 – 1.3 in females, 3.5 – 4.9 in males), male antenna with setae long and broadly curved anteriorly (Fig. 13 E), and body size larger on average. This species is difficult to diagnose from O. dubitata but is generally less violaceous and has a larger average body size.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.0 – 3.5 mm (Fig. 13 A). Color. Head and mesosoma blue-green iridescent occasionally with violaceous patches. Scape, pedicle, and anellus pale brown; maxilla and labium pale brown. Tibiae light brown. Fore wing venation pale brown, nearly white. Head (Fig. 13 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.9; MS: EH = 0.7 – 1.0; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, weakly reticulate; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined; anteclypeus distinct, nearly straight. Palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.1; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.5 (Fig. 13 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 13 C, F). ML: MH = 1.2 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe bare; lateral lobe reticulate to nearly smooth; notauli deep. Axilla reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, reticulate; frenal line as smooth band; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina; axillula reticulate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina (Fig. 13 G); reticulate; callus reticulate, bare; callar nib absent. Propleuron strongly convex, protruding ventrally. Postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 2.0; HFL: HFW = 4.6 – 6.0, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.1 – 2.5, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.2; fore wing with basal third bare, costal cell sparsely setose, wing disc with minute sparse setae; marginal fringe short to absent; submarginal vein with minute setae; marginal vein with sparse minute setae; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 0.8 – 1.3, PTL: HCL = 0.5 – 0.8, reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus absent. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.4 – 3.0 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.3, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.4 (Fig. 13 E). Tibiae light brown. PTL: PTW = 3.5 – 4.9, PTL: HCL = 1.3 – 1.7.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Swept from Fabaceae and Chrysothamnus sp. (Asteraceae) in Arizona, Larrea sp. (Zygophyllaceae) in New Mexico, Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae) in Colorado (Gahan 1940).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 11). Mexico: DF; United States: AZ, CO, ID, MN, NE, NM, OK, TX, UT, WY. Collected June – August.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Colorado: Larimer Co., Fort Collins, 40 ° 34 ’ 58 ” N, 105 ° 05 ’ 5 ” W, 13. vi. 1895, C. F. Baker, 1563 [♀, deposited in USNM: USNMENT 01524341, type images: http: // n 2 t. net / ark: / 65665 / 3 e 5 a 194 bb-aca 0 - 4751 - 8 a 0 c- 1 def 5010 f 856]. Allotype. UNITED STATES. Colorado: Larimer Co., Fort Collins, 40 ° 34 ’ 58 ” N, 105 ° 05 ’ 5 ” W, 13. vi. 1895, C. F. Baker, 1563 [³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247804]. Other paratypes. UNITED STATES. Arizona: Pinal Co., Oracle, 32 ° 36 ’ 39 ” N, 110 ° 46 ’ 14 ” W, 7. vi. 1898, Hubbard & Schwarz [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247813]. Colorado: Archuleta Co., Pagosa Springs, 37 ° 15 ’ 55 ” N, 107 ° 00 ’ 46 ” W, C. F. Baker [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247812]. Larimer Co., Fort Collins, 40 ° 34 ’ 58 ” N, 105 ° 05 ’ 5 ” W, 13. vi. 1895, C. F. Baker, 1563 [6 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247805 – 10]; vi, wild parsnip bloom, 1086 [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247811]. Additional material examined. 49 specimens, see supplementary material. GenBank sequences. UCRCENT 00411576 (D 4097): 18 S (KR 632468.1), 28 S D 2 (KR 632393.1), 28 S D 3 – 5 (KR 632432.1), COI-BC (KR 733117.1), COI-NJ (KR 733149.1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF86E55BAAD1FBE4AF0CFC85.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species is morphologically similar to O. dubitata, O. taii, and O. polymyrmex. While there is some molecular support for O. dubitata and O. taii as separate species, O. polymyrmex failed sequencing attempts. Due to the cryptic nature of this 4 - species complex, it requires more thorough molecular sequencing across populations in separate geographic areas to be able to confidently associate morphological differences with phylogenetic differences.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF80E558AAD1FC75A958FD5C.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF80E558AAD1FC75A958FD5C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the bakeri group by the following combination of characters: mesoscutal midlobe and lateral lobes reticulate without any depressions (Fig. 14 F), petiole relatively long (PTL: PTW = 1.0 – 1.4 in females, 2.8 – 4.6 in males), and male antenna with setae long and broadly curved anteriorly (Fig. 14 E). This species is difficult to diagnose from O. bakeri but body color is generally more blue-purple (as opposed to blue-green in O. bakeri) and has a smaller average body size.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF80E558AAD1FC75A958FD5C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.2 – 3.2 mm (Fig. 14 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-purple. Scape, pedicle, and anellus pale brown. Maxilla and labium pale brown. Tibiae yellow. Fore wing venation clear to light brown. Head (Fig. 14 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; scrobal depression deep, laterally rounded, reticulate; eyes bare; IOD: EH = 1.6 – 1.9; MS: EH = 0.7 – 1.0; supraclypeal area as long as broad, equal to length of clypeus, smooth to weakly reticulate; epistomal sulcus distinct; anteclypeus distinct, nearly straight. Palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.2; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.7, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0 – 1.7 (Fig. 14 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 14 C, F). ML: MH = 1.2 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe sparsely setose; lateral lobe reticulate; notauli deep. Axilla reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, reticulate; frenal line irregularly foveate; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina; axillula reticulate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina (Fig. 14 G); callus reticulate, bare; callar nib absent. Propleuron convex. Postpectal carina weak. Upper mesepimeron reticulate to smooth; lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 1.9, reticulate; HFL: HFW = 4.8 – 5.9, sparsely setose. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.3; fore wing with basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc sparsely setose; marginal fringe minute to absent; submarginal vein bare; marginal vein with sparse minute setae; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole broad, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.0 – 1.4, PTL: HCL = 0.6 – 0.9, reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins narrowly separated. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 1.7 – 2.8 mm. HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.5, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.1 – 1.8 (Fig. 14 E). Tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 2.8 – 4.6, PTL: HCL = 1.2 – 1.8. Hosts. Taken from the nest of Pheidole californica Mayr in California. Plant associates. Oviposits on the underside of the leaves of Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae) in Florida. Swept from Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene (Fabaceae) in Florida and Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet (Bignoniaceae) in New Mexico. Distribution (Fig. 11). Mexico: VE; United States: AZ, CA, FL, KS, NM, TX. Collected March – November. Material Examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Florida: Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Sta. Lk. Placid, Trail 1 SSo, 27 ° 10 ’ 54 ” N, 81 ° 21 ’ 6 ” W, 25. vii. 1986, M. Deyrup, Malaise Trap [♀, deposited in USNM: UCRCENT 00471759]. Paratypes: MEXICO. Veracruz: 28 km SE Jalapa, 19 ° 24 ’ 39 ” N, 96 ° 40 ’ 31 ” W, 7. vii. 1984, G. Gordh [1 ³ UCRC: UCRCENT 00435191]. UNITED STATES. Arizona: Cochise Co., 6.8 mi. SE Apache Tr. mouth Skeleton Cyn., 1371 m, 31 ° 35 ’ 39 ” N, 109 ° 04 ’ 8 ” W, 14. viii. 1982, G. Gibson [1 ³ 2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00415343 – 45]. Skeleton Can-yon, 8 mi. E Apache., 31 ° 35 ’ 39 ” N, 109 ° 04 ’ 8 ” W, 2. ix. 1991, E. E. Grissell, creekside vegetation, sweep [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247964]. Box Canyon Road, 1203 m, 31 ° 46 ’ 56 ” N, 110 ° 51 ’ 2 ” W, 26. vii. 2009, J. Mottern, dry wash, sweep, M 09 - 018 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00352479]. IBP. Sta, Rita Destr. Site, 917 m, 31 ° 51 ’ 3 ” N, 110 ° 58 ’ 58 ” W, 12. viii. 1970, CEPA, D. Vac [1 ³, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403886]. Pima Co., Santa Rita Mtns., Box Cyn., 1700 m, 31 ° 47 ’ 54 ” N, 110 ° 46 ’ 37 ” W, 3. viii. 1996, M. W Gates, G 96 / 045 [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00414167]. Pinal Co., Oracle, 1371 m, 32 ° 36 ’ 39 ” N, 110 ° 46 ’ 14 ” W, 25. viii. 1934, Ian Moore [1 ³, SDNH: UCRCENT 00242772]. California: Pinon Flat, San Jacinto Mts., 33 ° 34 ’ 48 ” N, 116 ° 27 ’ 36 ” W, 27. v. 1939, J. G. Shanafelt [1 ♀, LACM: UCRCENT 00305136]. Las-sen Co., Hallelujah Jct, 39 ° 46 ’ 30 ” N, 120 ° 02 ’ 19 ” W, 13. vii. 1972, R. M. Bohart [2 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00416118 – 19]. Hallelujah Junction, 1440 m, 39 ° 47 ’ 0 ” N, 120 ° 04 ’ 0 ” W, 30. vi. 2006, P. S. Ward, ex Pheidole californica nest, 15622 [2 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00352480 – 81]. Florida: Alachua Co., 5.5 mi West Gainesville, 29 ° 36 ’ 57 ” N, 82 ° 24 ’ 22 ” W, L. R Davis Jr [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00311927]. 5.5 Mi. W. Gainesville, T 10 S R 19 E Section 4, Castlegate Mobile Home Park, 29 ° 39 ’ 14 ” N, 82 ° 24 ’ 7 ” W, 21. viii. 1985, Lloyd R. Davis. Jr., on Cassia fasciculata [1 ³, FSCA: UCRCENT 00322556]. Gainesville, 29 ° 39 ’ 6 ” N, 82 ° 19 ’ 29 ” W, 4. v. 1937, L. J. Bottimer [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00416654]. Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Sta., middle gate, 60 m, 27 ° 09 ’ 5 ” N, 81 ° 21 ’ 16 ” W, 15. vii. 2011, J. Heraty, oak scrub, swp, H 11 - 095 [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00292549]. Archbold Biol. Sta. Lk. Placid, Trail 1 SSo, 27 ° 10 ’ 54 ” N, 81 ° 21 ’ 6 ” W, 11. vi. 1986, M. Deyrup, Malaise Trap [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421641]; 12. iii. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421654]; 14. viii. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421652 – 53]; 16. iii. 1983 [2 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421635 – 36]; 18. iv. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421642 – 43]; 19. v. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421638]; 21. iii. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421649]; 21. xi. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421648]; 19. iii. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305344]; 14. v. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305372, UCRCENT 00421632]; 21. iv. 1986 [4 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305331, UCRCENT 00305367 – 70]; 22. vii. 1985 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305366]; 26. v. 1986 [2 ³ 2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421624 – 26, UCRCENT 00421629]; 28. iv. 1986 [2 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00305336, UCRCENT 00421650]; 3. vi. 1985 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421657]; 30. v. 1986 [2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305326, UCRCENT 00421659]; 30. vi. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421620]; 4. vi. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421631]; 7. iv. 1986 [3 ³ 2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305339 – 43]; 9. vi. 1986 [2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421627 – 28]; 23. vi. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421622]; Trail 2 SSo, 20. iv. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421646 – 47]; 23. iv. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421639 – 40]; 24. iii. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421656]; 28. iii. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421655]; 7. iv. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00421645]. 11. viii. 1984 [1 ³, UCDC: UCRCENT 00477673]; 12. v. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305346]; 16. vi. 1986 [2 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00305337 – 38]; 19. v. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00305335]; 26. v. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305345]; 28. v. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421633]; 30. vi. 1986 [1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00421619]; 31. iii. 1986 [2 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 0030533 – 34]; 7. v. 1986 [1 ³, ABS: UCRCENT 00305371]; 10. iv. 1986 [1 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305327 – 28]; 7. vii. 1986 [1 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411879]; 25. iv. 1986 [2 ³ 2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305358 – 61]; 30. iv. 1986 [2 ³ 2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305362 – 65]; 4. iv. 1986 [4 ³ 2 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305347 – 48, UCRCENT 00305350 – 53]; 9. iv. 1986 [2 ³ 1 ♀, ABS: UCRCENT 00305354, UCRCENT 00305356 – 57]. Archbold Biol. Sta.; middle gate, 60 m, 27 ° 09 ’ 5 ” N, 81 ° 21 ’ 16 ” W, 15. vii. 2011, J. Mottern, southern ridge sandhill, sweep, M 11 - 021 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00292550]. Archbold Biol. Sta., 27 ° 10 ’ 54 ” N, 81 ° 21 ’ 06 ” W, 26. iv – 1. v. 1968, D. Wahl, MT [1 ♀ UCRC: UCRCENT 00436388]. Marion Co., 9 mi SSW Ocala (KCE), 20 - 30 m, 29 ° 03 ’ 55 ” N, 82 ° 11 ’ 36 ” W, 4 - 10. ix. 1975, J. Wiley, malaise trap [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00311928]. Orange Co., Wekiwa Springs State Park, Burn Zone 43 / 31, 28 ° 44 ’ 32 ” N, 81 ° 30 ’ 33 ” W, 13. v. 2001, P. J. Russell and S. M. Fullerton, Longleaf Pine — Turkey Oak, Malaise Trap [1 ³, UCFC: UCFC 00105176]; 18. viii. 2001 [1 ♀, UCFC: UCFC 00113078]; 23. vi. 2001 [1 ³, UCFC: UCFC 00106282]; 26. v. 2001 [1 ♀, UCFC: UCFC 00105910]; 7. vii. 2001 [1 ♀, UCFC: UCFC 00107110]. Polk Co., Tiger Ck. Preserve Bab-son Pk.; NE of Pfundstein Rd, 27 ° 48 ’ 36 ” N, 81 ° 29 ’ 1 ” W, 23. v. 2007, B. Pace-Aidana, A. Peterson, Sandhill / Xeric Oak Hammock, Malaise [1 ³, EMEC: UCRCENT 00236101]; 5. v. 2007 [1 ³, EMEC: UCRCENT 00236099]. Putnam Co., 2 mi W Interlachen, 29 ° 38 ’ 14 ” N, 82 ° 00 ’ 17 ” W, 30. v. 1991, G. Zolnerwich [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436362]. Idaho: Owyhee Co., Murphy, 43 ° 12 ’ 54 ” N, 116 ° 33 ’ 04 ” W, 21. vi. 1977, D. M. Kirkbride [1 ³, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403630]. Kansas: Clark Co., Sitka, 37 ° 10 ’ 30 ” N, 99 ° 39 ’ 5 ” W, 12. vi. 1960, W. T. Van Velzen [1 ♀, MEM: UCRCENT 00242498]. New Mexico: Dona Ana Co., nr. Whitesands, 1539 m, 32 ° 24 ’ 47 ” N, 106 ° 32 ’ 52 ” W, 25. vi. 2014, A. Baker & S. Heacox, sweep Chilopsis, AB 14.025 [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436482]. 14.9 km W Animas, 1326 m, 31 ° 56 ’ 13 ” N, 108 ° 57 ’ 10 ” W, 26 - 30. vii. 1982, G. Gibson [1 ³, CNC: UCRCENT 00415374]. 9.3 mi W Animas, 1308 m, 31 ° 56 ’ 14 ” N, 108 ° 56 ’ 45 ” W, 26 - 30. vii. 1982, G Gibson [3 ³, CNC: UCRCENT 00415376 – 78]. Hidalgo Co., Grat Ranch, Whitewater Mtns, nr border obelisk # 61, 31 ° 20 ’ 22 ” N, 108 ° 35 ’ 59 ” W, 5. viii. 2002, Gates / George [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00414036]. Gray Ranch, Animas Mtns., Culberson Camp, 31 ° 23 ’ 08 ” N, 108 ° 37 ’ 53 ” W, 2. viii. 2002, M. Gates [1 ³ UCRC: UCRCENT 00408496]. Texas: Brewster Co., Big Band Nat’l Pk, Glenspring Pond in 0.5 mi., 914 m, 29 ° 12 ’ 60 ” N, 103 ° 15 ’ 59 ” W, 9. vii. 1982, G. Gibson [1 ³, CNC: UCRCENT 00415392]. Erath Co., 5 mi. north Stephenville, 397 m, 32 ° 17 ’ 40 ” N, 98 ° 11 ’ 23 ” W, 1 - 6. vi. 1980, P. T. Riherd, ex Malaise trap [2 ³ 2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243111, UCRCENT 00426202 – 04]; 27 - 30. v. 1980 [1 ³, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243112, UCRCENT 00426511]. Presidio Co., Big Bend Ranch, 1.6 km NE McGuirks Tanks, 1318 m, 2928 ’ 56 ” N, 10348 ’ 14 ” W, 19. vi. 1990, J. B Woolley, 90 / 020 [1 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00312086]. GenBank sequences. UCRCENT 00292550 (D 3153): 18 S (MH 231641), 28 S D 2 (MH 247293), 28 S D 3 – 5 (MH 247458), COI-NJ (MH 247668); UCRCENT 00352479 (D 3720): 18 S (KR 632485.1), 28 S D 2 (KR 632424.1), 28 S D 3 – 5 (KR 632463.1), COI-BC (KR 733142.1), COI-NJ (KR 733178.1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF80E558AAD1FC75A958FD5C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin dubi meaning “ doubtful ” in reference to the difficulty distinguishing this species from O. bakeri and the mistaken identifications in Baker et al. (2020).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the bakeri group by the following combination of characters: male petiole short (PTL: PTW = 0.8 – 1.2), female mesoscutellum often with a medial depression that is differently colored (Fig. 15 F), fore wing with marginal fringe, mesoscutal midlobe rarely with an indication of a depression (Fig. 15 F), mesoscutal lateral lobes reticulate (Fig. 15 F), and clypeal margin generally broadly rounded (Fig. 15 B). This species is most similar to O. bakeri and O. dubitata, but is distinguished by the short male petiole and scutellar depression.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.3 – 3.4 mm (Fig. 15 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark blue-green. Scape yellow; pedicel and anellus light brown. Maxilla and labium light brown. Tibiae yellow. Fore wing venation pale brown to white. Head (Fig. 15 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, reticulate; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.9; MS: EH = 0.7 – 1.0; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, mostly reticulate, becoming smooth medially; epistomal sulcus narrow but shallow; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded. Pedicel globose, as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.1; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.1 – 1.6, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.6 (Fig. 15 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 15 C, F). ML: MH = 1.1 – 1.3. Mesoscutal midlobe bare; lateral lobe reticulate; notauli shallow. Axilla reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, reticulate, often with a median depression having a lighter color; frenal line present as a short smooth line; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina; axillula reticulate to areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina, slightly rugose medially (Fig. 15 G); callus reticulate, bare; callar nib absent. Propleuron convex. Postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 2.0; HFL: HFW = 4.2 – 5.3, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.8, FWL: ML = 2.0 – 2.3; fore wing with basal third bare, including speculum, wing disc with minute sparse setae; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein and marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole broad, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 0.6 – 1.5, PTL: HCL = 0.4 – 0.8, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus absent. Subapical carina present; second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.0 – 2.5 mm. HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.4, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.6 (Fig. 15 E). Tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 0.8 – 2.7, PTL: HCL = 0.5 – 1.4.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Collected from a nest of Pheidole sp. in Jalisco and Solenopsis sp. in Neuvo Leon. In the Jalisco series of specimens, there is one damaged specimen of Tetramorium sp. pinned with O. polymyrmex (UCRCENT 00416802); given that this would be the only instance of Tetramorium parasitism in Orasema, it seems unlikely that this is a true host and more likely that it was collected in the Pheidole nest as well. Plant associates. Swept from acacia-thorn scrub and oak-acacia grassland.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 11). El Salvador: CU, LI; Guatemala: JA; Honduras: AT; Mexico: CM, CL, GR, HG, JA, MI, NL, OA, TM, VE. Collected April – August, November.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype. MEXICO. Oaxaca: 5.0 Km NW Jct 135 / 195, 1783 m, 17 ° 19 ’ 8 ” N, 96 ° 55 ’ 39 ” W, 20. vii. 1987, Heraty, oak-Acacia woodland [♀, deposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00311872]. Paratypes. MEXICO. Campeche: Cd. Del Carmen, 18 ° 39 ’ 11 ” N, 91 ° 47 ’ 34 ” W, 30. vii. 1984, G. Gordh [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00435193]. Colima: Manzanillo, 19 ° 05 ’ 18 ” N, 104 ° 18 ’ 31 ” W, 31. vii. 1965, H. E. Evans [1?, MCZ: UCRCENT 00322662]. 4 mi. W Chilpancingo, 17 ° 32 ’ 24 ” N, 99 ° 33 ’ 36 ” W, 15. vii. 1984, J. B Woolley [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243107]. 4.5 mi NW El Ocotito, 690 m, 17 ° 17 ’ 7 ” N, 99 ° 34 ’ 1 ” W, 7. vii. 1987, Woolley and Zolnerowich, 87 / 018 [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243102]. Hidalgo: Guanajuato, 2 mi W Dolores, 21 ° 09 ’ 0 ” N, 100 ° 57 ’ 36 ” W, 5. vii. 1985, J. Woolley and G. Zolnerowich, 85 / 026 [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243105]. 2 mi. W Dolores, 21 ° 09 ’ 0 ” N, 100 ° 57 ’ 36 ” W, 5. vii. 1985, J. Woolley and G. Zolnerowich, 85 / 026 [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243106]. Chapala, 20 ° 17 ’ 46 ” N, 103 ° 11 ’ 28 ” W, 21. iv. 1977, W. F. Barr [1 ♀, WFBM: UCRCENT 00403625]. Jalisco: Cocula, 1348 m, 20 ° 21 ’ 55 ” N, 103 ° 49 ’ 22 ” W, xi. 1923, W. M. Mann [8 ³ 1 ♀ 6?, USNM: UCRCENT 00416796 – 810]. Plan de Barrancas, 21 ° 03 ’ 29 ” N, 104 ° 12 ’ 37 ” W, 3. v. 1953, R. C. Bechtel & E. I. Schlinger [1 ♀, EMEC: UCRCENT 00404885]. Michoacan: 11 mi. E Apatzingan, 19 ° 02 ’ 44 ” N, 102 ° 12 ’ 54 ” W, 20. viii. 1954, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain & R. F. Smith [2 ♀, EMEC: UCRCENT 00404877 – 78]. 30 mi S of Neuva Italia, 18 ° 34 ’ 48 ” N, 102 ° 04 ’ 48 ” W, 8. viii. 1978, Plitt & Schaffner [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243222]. Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, 540 m, 25 ° 40 ’ 0 ” N, 100 ° 19 ’ 0 ” W, 20. viii. 1995, A. Gonzalez, Solenopsis nest [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00278213, UCRCENT 00278215]. 11 mi. n. Matias Rome-ro, 17 ° 01 ’ 48 ” N, 95 ° 01 ’ 48 ” W, 6. vii. 1971, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner [1 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00426201]. 46.8 km E Potchula, 24 m, 15 ° 49 ’ 12 ” N, 96 ° 03 ’ 45 ” W, 13. vii. 1987, J. Heraty, Acacia-thorn scr. [4 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00311870, UCRCENT 00311878 – 79, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243103]. Oaxaca: Temascal, 43 m, 18 ° 14 ’ 28 ” N, 96 ° 24 ’ 9 ” W, 30. vi. 1964, A. G. Raske [6 ♀, EMEC: UCRCENT 00404876, UCRCENT 00404879 – 83]. Tamaulipas: Tampico, 22 ° 15 ’ 19 ” N, 97 ° 52 ’ 7 ” W, E. A. Shwarz [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416811]. Veracruz: Coyame, Lake Catemaco, 336 m, 18 ° 23 ’ 45 ” N, 95 ° 04 ’ 13 ” W, 14. vii. 1971, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner [2 ♀, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243098, UCRCENT 00243045]. Nogales, 18 ° 50 ’ 53 ” N, 97 ° 10 ’ 30 ” W, vii. 1955, N. L. H. Kraus [1 ♀, BPBM: UCRCENT 00422379]. Paso de San Juan, 19 ° 12 ’ 8 ” N, 96 ° 19 ’ 26 ” W, 24. iv. 1953, R. C. Bechtel & E. I. Schlinger [1?, EMEC: UCRCENT 00404884]. Additional material examined. EL SALVADOR. Cuscutlan: Colima, 14 ° 03 ’ 36 ” N, 89 ° 08 ’ 04 ” W, 24. vi. 1958, L. J. Bottimer [4 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248629 – 32]. La Libertad: Quezaltpeque, 13 ° 49 ’ 53 ” N, 89 ° 16 ’ 49 ” W, 21. vi. 1961, M. E. Irwin [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00243427]; 500 m, 5. vii. 1963, D. Q. Cavagnaro & M. E. Irwin [2 ♀, 1 ³, CAS: UCRCENT 00417321, UCRCENT 00417329 – 30]. GUATEMALA. Jalapa: 3 km S. Jalapa, 1300 m, 14 ° 36 ’ 00 ” N, 89 ° 58 ’ 48 ” W, 12 – 13. ix. 1987, Sharkey [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00505455]. HONDURAS. Atlántida: Lancetilla, Tela, 15 ° 43 ’ 00 ” N, 87 ° 27 ’ 00 ” W, 31. viii. 1995, R. Cave, MT [1 ♀ MZLU: UCRCENT 00242600]. MEXICO. Guerrero: 8 mi. S. E. Iguala, 18 ° 15 ’ 55 ” N, 99 ° 28 ’ 2 ” W, 22. viii. 1958, H. F. Howden [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00415449]. 100 km S. Zihuataneijo, 17 ° 10 ’ 12 ” N, 100 ° 43 ’ 48 ” W, 6. viii. 1984, G. Gordh [2 ³, UCRC: UCRCENT 00435201 – 02].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek poly meaning “ many ” and myrmex meaning “ ant ” in reference to the multiple host ant genera implicated for this species.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FF83E566AAD1FD0CAB92FA3C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. There may be more cryptic species diversity within this taxon considering the range of host records. The males from Guerrero, Mexico (UCRCENT 00435201 – 02) and El Salvador (UCRCENT 00417321) have a significantly longer petiole (PTL: PTW = 2.6 – 2.7) than the males from Jalisco, Mexico (PTL: PTW = 0.8 – 1.2; UCRCENT 00416799 – 800, UCRCENT 00416804 – 07, UCRCENT 00416809 – 10), which is a trait that tends not to vary this much in other species. Lacking molecular data for this clade, we feel that it is premature to recognize further species at this time.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	description	(Fig. 16)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the O. bakeri group by usually having a broad medial depression in the mesoscutal midlobe (Fig. 16 F), mesoscutal mid- and lateral lobes angulate at the notaulus anteriorly (Fig. 16 F), and a callar nib present (Fig. 16 G). Other combinations of features that help diagnose O. texana include: petiole short / wide (PTL: PTW = 0.6 – 1.0 in females; 1.6 – 3.2 in males), female scape yellow (Fig. 16 D), propodeum often with median longitudinal carina (Fig. 16 G), mesoscutal side lobes often with shallow depression dorsally (Fig. 16 F), and axillular sulcus poorly defined to absent (Fig. 16 C).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.5 – 3.4 mm (Fig. 16 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark, iridescent blue-green. Scape, pedicle, and anellus yellow. Maxilla and labium brown. Tibiae yellow. Fore wing venation pale brown. Head (Fig. 16 B). Head in frontal view subquadrate; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, reticulate; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 2.0; MS: EH = 0.6 – 1.0; supraclypeal area broader than long, smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct but shallow; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Palpal formula 2: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin abrupt. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.1; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.6, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.2 – 1.8 (Fig. 16 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 16 C, F). ML: MH = 1.1 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe bare; lateral lobe weakly reticulate to imbricate with an irregular dorsal impression; notauli deep. Axilla weakly rugose-reticulate, dorsally well above mesoscutel-lum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, reaching transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, areolate-reticulate; frenal line irregularly foveate; axillular sulcus absent; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, with median carina (Fig. 16 G); callus smooth, bare; callar nib present. Propleuron nearly flat. Postpectal carina absent. Upper and lower mesepimeron smooth anteriorly, reticulate posteriorly; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally smooth. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 2.0; HFL: HFW = 3.7 – 5.9, evenly covered with short setae. FWL: FWW = 2.2 – 2.5, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.2; fore wing with basal third sparsely setose, including speculum and costal cell, wing disc setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein bare; marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein about the same length as width, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 0.6 – 1.0, PTL: HCL = 0.4 – 0.6, reticulate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus absent. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.3 – 2.7 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.5; FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.3, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.1 – 1.6 (Fig. 16 E). Tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 3.2, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.4. Planidium. Length 0.16 mm. Head with two pairs of dorsal cranial setae. Antenna, labial plates, and tergopleural line absent. Tergites I and II separate. Tergites I, II, and III with dorsal setae. Tergites II and VI with lateral setae. Tergites I, III, V, and VII with ventral setae. Tergites IV – VIII with posteriorly pointing ventral projections. Tergite IX with separated leaflike ventral plate. Caudal pad present; caudal cerci present, about as long as tergites XI + XII. The planidium of O. texana has relatively short caudal cerci but no other obvious morphological features to differentiate it from other Orasema species, and it closely resembles illustrations of other species, like O. viridis (Johnson et al. 1986, fig. 2).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Observed ovipositing into huisatch (Fabaceae: Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight et Arn.) in Texas. Swept from Chilopsis linearis (Bignoniaceae) and Vachellia vernicosa (Britton & Rose) Seigler & Ebinger in Arizona, Chilopsis linearis in California, and Vachellia constricta (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger in New Mexico.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 11) Mexico: BC, BS, HG, NA, OA, SI, TM; United States: AZ, CA, NM, TX. Collected March – November.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBDE564AAD1F9ECA8E4FAA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Texas: Grayson Co., Denison, 33 ° 45 ’ 0 ” N, 96 ° 31 ’ 48 ” W, 26. viii. 1937, Christenson & Jones, sweep, C- 3511 [♀, deposited in USNM: USNMENT 1520795, type images: http: // n 2 t. net / ark: / 65665 / 3 f 8507 c 59 - e 9 c 9 - 4 b 8 e- 9 bc 7 - 6 d 9 b 34 e 9 b 034]. Larval slides. UNITED STATES. Texas: San Patricio Co., Welder Wildlife Ref. near Vena Mills, 3 m, 28 ° 06 ’ 42 ” N, 97 ° 24 ’ 24 ” W, 26. vi. 1989, J. Heraty, Aster [5?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00513224 – 28]. Additional material examined. 265 specimens, see supplementary material. GenBank sequences. UCRCENT 00292561 (D 3212): 18 S (MH 231711), 28 S D 2 (MH 247394), 28 S D 3 – 5 (MH 247546), COI-NJ (MH 247760); UCRCENT 00412495 (D 3929): 18 S (KR 632475.1), 28 S D 2 (KR 632406.1), 28 S D 3 – 5 (KR 632445.1), COI-BC (KR 733127.1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBFE562AAD1FA10AFA9FCC6.taxon	description	(Figs 17 – 20) Established by Heraty (2000).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBFE562AAD1FA10AFA9FCC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: generally large body size (among the largest of all Orasema), anterior margin of fore wing costal cell with bare area (Fig. 20 H), head with face flat and with relatively small eyes (Figs 18 B, 20 B), antenna with 8 funiculars in females (Figs 18 D, 20 D) and 9 funiculars in males (Figs 18 E, 20 E), mesoscutal midlobe not reticulate and sparsely setose (Figs 18 F, 20 F), petiole cylindrical, postmarginal vein at most slightly longer than stigmal vein, and mesosoma relatively high, broad, and short longitudinally.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBFE562AAD1FA10AFA9FCC6.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.8 – 5.2 mm. Color. Flagellum dark brown. Mandible, maxilla, and labium brown. Coxae iridescent green; tibiae yellow. Fore wing hyaline, venation pale brown. Petiole same as mesosoma. Head. Head in frontal view subtriangular to broadly triangular; face reticulate often with elongate reticulations between the eye and scrobe; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes sparsely setose; malar depression weakly impressed between mouth and eye margin; supraclypeal area longer than broad, weakly reticulate; clypeus weakly reticulate; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, straight. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 3. Occiput imbricate, shallowly emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples present, rounded. Scape reaching median ocellus. Pedicle small and globose. Flagellum with 8 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped; funiculars subequal in length distally, successively shorter; clava subovate. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-areolate to rugose reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe costate dorsally, rugose laterally; notauli shallow. Axilla dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose; frenal line foveate; frenum areolate. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina; callus with a few small setae. Propleuron convex, strigate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, strongly narrowed ventrally. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, areolate-reticulate anteriorly, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina prominent. Lower mesepimeron rugose-reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally rugose-reticulate. Hind coxa reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally; hind femur evenly covered with setae; hind tibia densely setose. Fore wing with basal area and speculum bare, costal cell mostly setose but with bare area near margin, wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe minute; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein setose; stigma vein about as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein as long as stigma vein or slightly longer. Hind wing costal cell with broad, bare area. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, anterior carina strong, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of setae much longer than the others. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 10 or 11 small, closely-spaced teeth. Male. Length 3.5 – 4.6 mm. Scape dark brown with green iridescence; flagellum with 9 funiculars; anellus discshaped. Tibiae yellow. Phylogenetics. Both species of this group, O. tolteca and O. castilloae, are represented in the analyses from Baker et al. (2020), which were referred to as “ Orasema _ tolteca _ MEX _ D 4718 ” and “ Orasema _ nr _ tolteca _ USA: AZ _ AE _ D 41 33 ”, respectively. These two species are sister groups in all analyses with AHE sequence data and were treated as part of the cockerelli species group despite O. tolteca being treated as its own group by Heraty (2000). In molecular analyses they rendered the remaining cockerelli group species paraphyletic by being more closely related to Nearctic cockerelli group than the Neotropical cockerelli group. We treat the tolteca group independently here, but to maintain a cladistic classification, we recognize and revise the heacoxi group and recognize the Neotropical vianai group for future revisionary work. The split between O. tolteca and O. castilloae is estimated to have occurred 5 – 15 MYA.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	description	(Fig. 18)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from O. tolteca by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.8 – 5.2 mm (Fig. 18 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-green. Scape yellow to partially brown with iridescence; pedicel and anellus brown. Femora dark brown with iridescence on basal two-thirds, fading to yellow on distal third. Gaster dark brown with strong green-blue iridescence. Head (Fig. 18 B). HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.4; IOD: EH = 1.8 – 2.1; MS: EH = 1.0 – 1.5. Labrum with 4 digits. FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.5; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.2 – 1.5, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0 – 1.4 (Fig. 18 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 18 C, F). ML: MH = 1.0 – 1.2. Axilla rugose; axillular sulcus weak and foveate; axillula areolate to areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc areolate (Fig. 18 G); callus areolate-reticulate. Propleuron rugose-reticulate. Upper mesepimeron reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 1.8; HFL: HFW = 4.8 – 6.3. FWL: FWW = 2.2 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 2.1 – 2.4. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.1 – 1.9, PTL: HCL = 0.6 – 1.2, reticulate, ventral sulcus absent. Ovipositor with second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, the carinae coalescing. Male. Length 3.6 – 4.0 mm. HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3. FL: HH = 1.8 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6 – 2.0 (Fig. 18 E). Femora dark brown medially, tips yellow. PTL: PTW = 4.2 – 6.5, PTL: HCL = 2.0 – 2.2.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Observed ovipositing in Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae). Swept from desert willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet; Bignoniaceae), Gossypium thurberi Tod. (Malvaceae), and Phacelia sp. (Boraginaceae).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 17). Mexico: SO; United States: AZ. Collected April – September.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., Flux Canyon Rd, 1445 m, 31 ° 29 ’ 46 ” N, 110 ° 45 ’ 32 ” W, 12. viii. 2014, Paul Masonick, oak savannah, swp, H 14 - 100 [♀, deposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00412574]. Paratypes. MEXICO. Sonora: Nogales POE, 31 ° 19 ’ 48 ” N, 110 ° 56 ’ 24 ” W, 7. iv. 1968, A. Kumlin, on vegetables [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416870]. 20 mi. S. Estacion Llano, 30 ° 04 ’ 19 ” N, 111 ° 06 ’ 12 ” W, 17. viii. 1964, M. E. Irwin [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00413311]. UNITED STATES. Arizona: 1856, C. F. Baker [1 ³ 1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416866, UCRCENT 00416869]. Cochise Co., 6 mi. W. of Montezuma Ps., Huachuca Mts., 31 ° 20 ’ 24 ” N, 110 ° 22 ’ 48 ” W, 19. viii. 1940, J. J. DuBois [1 ♀, EMEC: UCRCENT 00404902]. Bisbee (1429 Franklin St.), 31 ° 24 ’ 26 ” N, 109 ° 55 ’ 59 ” W, 16. vii. 1995, A. S. & N. Menke [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416662]. Douglas, 1188 m, 31 ° 20 ’ 40 ” N, 109 ° 32 ’ 43 ” W, 29. vii. 1946, H. A. Scullen [1 ♀, ORSU: UCRCENT 00403960]. Harshaw Ck, 31 ° 29 ’ 37 ” N, 110 ° 41 ’ 0 ” W, 18. viii. 1999, J. George, ovipositing in Baccharis salicifolia [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00175176, UCRCENT 00278220]. Gila Co., Globe, 1188 m, 33 ° 23 ’ 38 ” N, 110 ° 47 ’ 14 ” W, 6. viii. 1946, H. A. Scullen [1 ♀, ORSU: UCRCENT 00403959]; vii. 1930, Parker [1 ³ 2 ♀, MCZ: UCRCENT 00318643 – 44, CASC: UCRCENT 00417524]; 10. ix. 1917, C. H. T. Townsend, on Thurberia thespesioides [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416868]; 13. ix. 1945, R. A. Flock [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00413316]. Six Shooter Canyon, nr. Globe, 33 ° 22 ’ 51 ” N, 110 ° 46 ’ 12 ” W, 17. viii. 1958, R. L. Westcott [1 ♀, LACM: UCRCENT 00305151]. Graham Co., Pinal Mts., 32 ° 42 ’ 3 ” N, 109 ° 52 ’ 18 ” W, 3. vii. 1932 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00413317]. Maricopa Co., Canon L., 33 ° 32 ’ 24 ” N, 111 ° 26 ’ 24 ” W, 1933, Parker [1?, CASC: UCRCENT 00417398]. Baboquivari Mts., Elkhorn Ranch, 31 ° 47 ’ 24 ” N, 111 ° 34 ’ 12 ” W, 21. iv. 1962, M. L. Noller, on Phacelia [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403767]. Continental, 31 ° 51 ’ 0 ” N, 110 ° 58 ’ 12 ” W, 14. vi. 1955, G. D. Butler, desert willow [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403766]. Organ Pipe Cactus Nat. Mon., 32 ° 05 ’ 15 ” N, 112 ° 54 ’ 21 ” W, 6. viii. 1955, G. D. Butler & F. G. Werner [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403783]. Sycamore Cn., nr. Ruby, 31 ° 55 ’ 12 ” N, 110 ° 47 ’ 24 ” W, 16 - 17. viii. 1961, Werner and Bequaert [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403774]. Pima Co., Tucson, 32 ° 13 ’ 12 ” N, 110 ° 55 ’ 48 ” W, 28. iv. 1940, S. L. Green [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403764]; 24. iv. 1940 [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403770]; 745 m, 11. viii. 1924, E. P. Van Duzee [1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT 00417399]; v. 1960, F. G. Wer-ner [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403775]; Wickham [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00416867]. Pinal Co., Vic. Mammoth, 1005 m, 32 ° 43 ’ 21 ” N, 110 ° 38 ’ 26 ” W, 9. viii. 1977, Olson and Hetz [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403773]. Santa Cruz Co., 12 mi. E. Nogales, 31 ° 20 ’ 24 ” N, 110 ° 43 ’ 48 ” W, 1. viii. 1961, Werner and Nutting [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403771]. Apache Rd, 1623 m, 31 ° 25 ’ 34 ” N, 110 ° 41 ’ 48 ” W, 13. viii. 2014, J. Heraty, meadow, swp, H 14 - 102 [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00412584, UCRCENT 00412674]. Harshaw Creek ~ 7 mi. SE Patagonia, 31 ° 31 ’ 3 ” N, 110 ° 41 ’ 36 ” W, 5. vii. 1996, Carey [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00416655]. Nogales, 1183 m, 31 ° 20 ’ 25 ” N, 110 ° 56 ’ 3 ” W, 16. viii. 1968, R. M. Bohart [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00415615]; 28. viii. 1982, J. LaSalle [1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00505429]. Pa-tagonia Mtns. ~ 4 mi. S. E. Patagonia Harshaw, 31 ° 31 ’ 2 ” N, 110 ° 41 ’ 36 ” W, 23. vii. 2000, J. George [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00414045 – 46]; Harshaw Ck ~ 7 mi. SE Patagonia, 17. viii. 1999, M. Gates & J. George, Baccharis salicifolia, sweep [1 ³ 1 ♀ 2?, USNM: UCRCENT 00248215 – 16, UCRCENT 00248263, UCRCENT 00416634]. Patagonia Mts., Summit, Lochiel Rd., Sta, 31 ° 21 ’ 0 ” N, 110 ° 25 ’ 48 ” W, 5. ix. 1964, F. Werner [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403765]. Patagonia, 31 ° 32 ’ 24 ” N, 110 ° 45 ’ 36 ” W, 26. vii. 1962, Noller [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403768]; Werner, Bequae-rt, and Noller [1 ♀, UAZ: UCRCENT 00403772]. Sycamore Cyn., Hank and Yank Spr., 1280 m, 31 ° 55 ’ 12 ” N, 110 ° 47 ’ 24 ” W, 7 - 8. viii. 1982, G. Gibson [1 ³, TAMU: UCRCENT 00243185].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB9E560AAD1FCB4AE8DFCE0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Stephanie Castillo, a fellow entomology graduate student.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	description	(Figs 19, 20)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from O. castilloae by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	description	Description. Female: Length 3.4 – 4.9 mm (Fig. 20 A). Color. Head and mesosoma range from black to dull green to bright iridescent green. Scape brown with strong iridescence; pedicel and anellus dark brown. Femora mostly dark brown with iridescence, yellow distally. Gaster green to dark brown with strong iridescence. Head (Fig. 20 B). HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; IOD: EH = 2.0 – 3.0; MS: EH = 1.1 – 1.7. Labrum with 4 – 8 digits. FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.6; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.9 – 1.3 (Fig. 20 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 20 C, F). ML: MH = 1.0 – 1.3. Axilla areolaterugose; axillular sulcus vaguely indicated by a longitudinal carina; axillula areolate. Propodeal disc areolate-reticulate (Fig. 21 G); callus reticulate. Prepectus weakly reticulate. Upper mesepimeron rugose-reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.1 – 2.0; HFL: HFW = 5.4 – 7.0. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 2.1 – 2.5. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.4 – 2.5, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.2, rugose-reticulate, ventral sulcus present with margins widely separated. Ovipositor with second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally, the carinae weakly coalescing. Male. Length 3.5 – 4.6 mm. HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.3. FL: HH = 2.1 – 2.6; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6 – 2.4 (Fig. 20 E). Femora mostly dark brown, yellow distally. PTL: PTW = 3.7 – 9.2, PTL: HCL = 1.5 – 2.5. Planidium. Length 0.18 mm (Fig. 19 A – C). Head with two pairs of dorsal cranial setae. Antenna, labial plates absent. Tergopleural line vaguely indicated. Tergites I and II separate. Tergites I, II, and III with dorsal setae. Tergites II and VI with lateral setae. Tergites I, III, V, and VII with ventral setae. Tergites IV – VII with posteriorly pointing ventral projections. Tergite IX with separated leaflike ventral plate. Caudal pad present; caudal cerci present, about as long as tergites X + XI + XII. Orasema tolteca is the only species within the genus known to possess a tergopleural line, albeit vaguely indicated. The planidium of Orasemorpha didentata (Girault) is the only other known member of the subfamily Oraseminae to have a tergopleural line, which is more strongly indicated (Heraty 2000, fig. 27). Pupa (Fig. 19 D). Fits the general description for Oraseminae pupae provide by Heraty (1994), with three large tubercles along the dorsal margin of the petiole being the most diagnostic feature of the subfamily. This species has a dorsal longitudinal ridge on the gaster as well as incomplete dorsolateral ridges on the apical segments. It lacks distinct sublateral processes on the gaster as well as distinct tubercles on the mesosoma.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Collected from nest of Pheidole hirtula Forel (Mann 1914). Plant associates. Oviposits into bracts of Buddleia (Loganiaceae), Melanopodium (Asteraceae), Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae), Dalea (Fabaceae), and Lippia (Verbenaceae) (Heraty 1990). Swept from Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cav.) G. Don (Malvaceae), Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. (Fabaceae), Lantana (Verbenaceae), acaciacactus scrub.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 17). Mexico: AG, CH, CO, DF, DG, GT, JA, MO, NL, OA, PU, QT, SI, SL, TM, VE, ZA. Collected March – November.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFBBE56DAAD1FC50AEC1FEBC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Syntypes. MEXICO. Hidalgo: San Miguel, 20 ° 54 ’ 36 ” N, 100 ° 44 ’ 24 ” W, W. M. Mann [3 ♀, deposited in USNM: UCRCENT 00416732 – 33, UCRCENT 00318645]. Larval slides. MEXICO. Oaxaca: 4.8 km SE Matalan, 2015 m, 16 ° 49 ’ 59 ” N, 96 ° 21 ’ 36 ” W, 17. vii. 1987, J. Heraty, oak scrub-Lantana, host plant: Lantana [5?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436245 – 48, UCRCENT 00436250]. San Luis Potosi: 7.2 mi E San Luis Potosi, 22 ° 09 ’ 36 ” N, 100 ° 52 ’ 12 ” W, 3. vii. 1987, J. Heraty, host plant: Sphaeralcea angustifolia [8?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436233 – 39, UCRCENT 00436243]. Additional material examined. 93 specimens, see supplementary material.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB6E56DAAD1FE6CAFA9F88A.taxon	description	(Figs 21 – 25)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB6E56DAAD1FE6CAFA9F88A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: small-bodied (1.4 – 2.2 mm), antenna with 7 funiculars in both sexes, funiculars often wide and cup-shaped with a short peduncle, PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 4.2 (female), 5.0 – 7.8 (male). Generally, this group has a subcircular head shape, weak reticulate sculpture on the face and mesosoma, and dark body color.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB6E56DAAD1FE6CAFA9F88A.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.4 – 2.2 mm. Color. Scape, pedicel and anellus pale brown; flagellum brown. Maxilla and labium pale brown. Coxae brown. Wing venation pale brown. Gaster brown. Head. Scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Flagellum with 7 funiculars. Mesosoma. Notauli deep. Axilla dorsally rounded, on roughly the same plane as mesoscutellum; frenum and axillula smooth. Propodeal disc broadly rounded; callus smooth. Mesepisternum broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa. Upper and lower mesepimeron smooth; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally smooth. Propleuron convex. Postpectal carina weak. Hind coxa weakly reticulate. Fore wing marginal fringe relatively long; marginal vein pilose; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile. Male. Length 1.5 – 2.0 mm. Scape pale brown; flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped. Femora mostly brown, tips pale. Phylogenetics. Orasema sixaolae and O. nebula, referred to as “ nr. sixaolae ” by Baker et al. 2020, are the only species molecularly sampled. Specimens of O. sixaolae sampled from Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Ecuador are monophyletic with a crown age at about 4 – 7 MY and an average of 9.3 % sequence variation between AHE-sequenced specimens, and O. nebula from Ecuador is the sister species. This species group is sister to O. monstrosa, which seems to share very few morphological similarities with the sixaolae group, warranting placement as its own group.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	description	(Fig. 22)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other members of the sixaolae group by the relatively elongate antennal flagellomeres (F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.8), including a comparatively quadrate anellus (Fig. 22 D). Distinguished from O. sixaolae and O. nebula by the petiole being shorter in length than the hind coxa (female). Distinguished from O. tinalandia by more coarsely, reticulately sculptured mesoscutal lateral lobes and axillae (Fig. 22 E), and by the wider / deeper anterior tentorial pits (Fig. 22 B).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.2 mm (Fig. 22 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark brown with bluish iridescence. Mandible pale brown, darkened near edge. Femora and tibiae pale brown. Head (Fig. 22 B). Head in frontal view subovoid; HW: HH = 1.4; face weakly reticulate, nearly smooth; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.4; MS: EH = 0.5; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, nearly smooth; clypeus shallowly imbricate; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula not observed; palpal formula 2: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples absent. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 1.7; anellus large; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.8, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width; clava subovate (Fig. 22 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 22 C, E). ML: MH = 1.7. Mesoscutal midlobe weakly reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe weakly reticulate. Axilla weakly reticulate; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, weakly reticulate to smooth; frenal line as smooth band; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina. Propodeal disc areolate-reticulate, with irregular median carina, smooth laterally (Fig. 22 F); callus with several long setae on dorsal margin. Propleuron weakly reticulate. Prepectus mostly smooth. Mesepisternum reticulate. HCL: HCW = 2.2; HFL: HFW = 4.2, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.1, FWL: ML = 2.3; entirely setose, wing disc densely setose; submarginal vein with several long setae; stigmal vein perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with only 1 or 2 irregular rows of setae. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.7, PTL: HCL = 0.7, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins broadly separated. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with several long hairs on each side of midline. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 21). Brazil: RJ. Collected in January (one specimen)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Gunabara Floresta de Tijuca, 22 ° 55 ’ 48 ” S, 43 ° 14 ’ 24 ” W, i. 1974, M. Alvarenga [♀, deposited in CNC: UCRCENT 00247554].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB7E56AAAD1F9B8AB7FFC84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek brachy meaning “ short ” and cephal meaning “ head ” in reference to the relatively short / wide face.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	description	(Fig. 23)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. brachycephala by the flagellomeres being approximately as wide as long (cupshaped) with distinct peduncles (Fig. 23 A), the petiole (female) that is longer than the hind coxae, the propodeum with a medial carina but without areolate sculpture (Fig. 23 G), and a shorter body length. Distinguished from O. tinalandia by having more reticulate sculpture on the mesosoma (Fig. 23 F) and having a petiole that is longer than the hind coxae. This species is most similar to O. sixaolae but can be distinguished by a longer body (female ML: MH = 1.6 versus 1.1 – 1.4 in O. sixaolae), smoother sculpture on the face (Fig. 23 A), a generally smaller MSP: EYH that gives the head a more circular appearance (Fig. 23 A), and a shorter / wider petiole in both sexes. Female. Length 1.8 mm (Fig. 23 A). Color. Head and mesosoma brownish black with some blue-green iridescence. Mandible brown. Femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae pale brown. Head (Fig. 23 B). Head in frontal view subovoid; HW: HH = 1.3; face weakly reticulate, nearly smooth; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present or absent; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.5; MS: EH = 0.6; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, smooth; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula not observed; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples absent. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 1.5; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.4, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.2; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader; clava subovate (Fig. 23 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 23 C, F). ML: MH = 1.6. Mesoscutal midlobe imbricate to reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe irregularly finely reticulate. Axilla weakly reticulate; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, irregularly finely reticulate; frenal line thin and irregularly foveate; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina. Propodeal disc smooth laterally, with irregular median carina (Fig. 23 G); callus with several short setae on dorsal margin. Propleuron smooth. Prepectus smooth to weakly reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally. HCL: HCW = 1.8; HFL: HFW = 5.7, setose dorsally and laterally. FWL: FWW = 2.3, FWL: ML = 2.3; basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; submarginal vein with small setae; stigmal vein slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell entirely setose. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 2.8, PTL: HCL = 1.2, areolate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus smooth; acrosternite posteriorly angulate; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of long setae. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area. Male. Length 1.9 mm. HW: HH = 1.3. FL: HH = 1.6; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6 (Fig. 23 E). Tibiae pale brown. PTL: PTW = 5.0, PTL: HCL = 2.4.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 21). Ecuador: OR. Collected in February, October, and December.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. ECUADOR. Orellana: Tiputini Biodiversity Station, nr Yasuni National Park, 220 - 250 m, 03 ° 7 ’ 55 ” S, 76 ° 08 ’ 39 ” W, 8. ii. 1999, T. L. Erwin et al., terre firme forest, Fogging, Lot # 2024 [♀, depos-ited in USNM: UCRCENT 00247795]. Paratype. ECUADOR. Orellana: 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp, Reserva Etnica Waorani, 216.3 m, 03 ° 9 ’ 25 ” S, 76 ° 27 ’ 10 ” W, 8. x. 1995, T. L. Erwin et al., terre firme forest, Fogging, Lot # 1259 [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247799].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The collection events in Ecuador where specimens of O. nebula have been collected by canopy fogging also collected many more specimens of O. sixaolae, confirmed by molecular sequencing (Baker et al. 2020). Most of these O. sixaolae specimens are distinct, but some closely resemble to O. nebula (e. g. UCRCENT 00247800, UCRCENT 00311894).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB1E568AAD1FC74AAC2FDC0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin nebula meaning “ cloud or fog ” in reference to specimens being collected from canopy fogging.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	description	(Fig. 24)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. brachycephala by the flagellomeres being as wide as long (cup-shaped) with distinct peduncles (Fig. 24 D, E) and the petiole much longer than the hind coxa. Distinguished from O. tinalandia by having more coarsely reticulate sculpture on the mesoscutal midlobe (Fig. 24 F) and the petiole much longer than the hind coxa. This species is most similar to O. nebula but can be recognized by the more coarsely reticulate sculpture on the face (Fig. 24 B), a generally larger MSP: EYH that gives the head a more triangular, less circular appearance, and a longer / thinner petiole in both sexes.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.5 – 2.1 mm (Fig. 24 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark with iridescence. Mandible brown; Femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae yellow. Head (Fig. 24 B). Head in frontal view subquadrate; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; face completely reticulate to slightly costate on frons; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.8; MS: EH = 0.6 – 0.9; malar depression absent; supraclypeal area as long as broad, equal to length of clypeus, smooth; clypeus smooth to shallowly reticulate; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined. Labrum with 4 or 5 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples absent. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.3; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.5, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0 – 1.2; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader; clava subovate (Fig. 24 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 24 C, F). ML: MH = 1.1 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe reticulate, bare or with very minute setae; lateral lobe smooth. Axilla smooth; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, reticulate; frenal line regularly foveate; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina. Propodeal disc with median carina, smooth laterally (Fig. 24 G); callus with several short setae on dorsal margin. Prepectus, mesepisternum, and propleuron reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.7 – 2.3; HFL: HFW = 6.1 – 7.0, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.5, FWL: ML = 2.4 – 2.8; basal third of wing bare, including speculum and costal cell, wing disc densely setose; submarginal vein bare; stigmal vein perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 3.1 – 4.2, PTL: HCL = 1.1 – 1.4, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins narrowly separated. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium present, minute. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area. Male. Length 1.5 – 2.0 mm. HH: HW = 1.2 – 1.3. FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.5; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.2 – 1.4 (Fig. 24 E). Tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 6.2 – 7.8, PTL: HCL = 1.7 – 2.5. Planidium. Described by Wheeler and Wheeler (1937). Pupa. Fits the general description for Oraseminae pupae provide by Heraty (1994), with three large tubercles along the dorsal margin of the petiole and the prominent transverse abdominal ridges being the most diagnostic features of the subfamily. This species has stronger tubercles coming from the abdominal ridges than the pupa of O. tolteca (Fig. 19 D).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Solenopsis tenuis Mayr in Costa Rica (Wheeler & Wheeler 1937) and Solenopsis picea Emery in Mexico. Both species of Solenopsis make their nests in dead twigs, where parasitized brood and Orasema pupae were found. In southern Mexico, dead twigs were placed as baits at coffee plantations to monitor Solenopsis activity, and O. sixaolae were found in many of these plantations (de la Mora Rodríguez et al., unpublished). Plant associates. Unknown, but possibly coffee, Coffea arabica (L.) (Rubiaceae).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 21). Argentina: BA, MN, SA; Belize: TO; Brazil: SP, MG; Costa Rica: AL, GU, HE, LI, PU; Ecuador: NA, OR; Honduras: OL; Mexico: CS, VE; Peru: MD; Trinidad: SL; Venezuela: BO. Specimens collected throughout the year.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Syntype. COSTA RICA. Limon: No. 375 Sixaola River, 9 ° 32 ’ N, 82 ° 42 ’ W, vii. 1924, G. C. Wheeler [1 ♀, deposited in USNM: UCRCENT 00248527]. Additional material examined. 62 specimens, see supplementary material.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFB3E576AAD1FDB0AE22FDC0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species has the largest known distribution of any species in Oraseminae, even though it is far less morphologically diverse than O. coloradensis. Specimens of O. sixaolae have been collected at a fairly even rate throughout the year (49 records), indicating that tropical / subtropical species of Orasema are far less ephemeral than the temperate species found in the Nearctic. Despite their presence in previous collections, our sampling in Trinidad (2013) and Costa Rica (2016) failed to find any additional O. sixaolae.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other species in the sixaolae group by smoother sculpture on the mesoscutal midlobe. Distinguished from O. sixaolae and O. nebula by the petiole being shorter than the hind coxae. Distinguished from O. brachycephala by the antennal flagellomeres being as wide as long.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.4 mm (Fig. 25 A). Color. Head and mesosoma brown with bluish iridescence. Mandible brown. Femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae pale brown. Head (Fig. 25 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.2; face smooth; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.6; MS: EH = 0.6; malar depression absent; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, smooth; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula not observed; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput with dorsal margin abrupt; temples present, rounded. Pedicel globose, as broad as F 1. FL: HH = 1.2; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 0.8, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.8; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader; clava subconical (Fig. 25 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 25 C, E). ML: MH = 1.5. Mesoscutal midlobe weakly reticulate, nearly smooth, sparsely setose; lateral lobe smooth. Axilla smooth; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, smooth; frenal line regularly foveate; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate. Propodeal disc areolate, smooth laterally (Fig. 25 F); callus with several short setae on dorsal margin. Propleuron smooth. Prepectus smooth. Mesepisternum smooth. HCL: HCW = 1.9; HFL: HFW = 6.3, sparsely setose. FWL: FWW = 2.7, FWL: ML = 2.5; basal third of wing bare, wing disc evenly setose; submarginal vein with 8 long setae dorsally; stigmal vein perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein same length as stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a few setae. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 2.3, PTL: HCL = 0.8, areolate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus not observed. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly angulate; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of long setae. Ovipositor with subapical carina weak; first (ventral) valvula with 10 or 11 small, closely spaced teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 21). Ecuador: PC. Collected in February (one specimen).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. ECUADOR. Pichincha: Tinalandia, 850 m, 01 ° 6 ’ 49 ” N, 79 ° 06 ’ 37 ” W, 2. ii. 1983, Masner & Sharkey [♀, deposited in CNC: UCRCENT 00247522].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE576AAD1FDB1AEC8F8DD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the locality ‘ Tinalandia’ in Ecuador where the specimen was collected.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE573AAD1F88DAFA9FEBE.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 28)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE573AAD1F88DAFA9FEBE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: antenna with 7 funiculars (Figs 27 D, E, 28 D), mesoscutum and mesoscutellum coarsely rugose-areolate and mesoscutum in dorsal view with curvature of lateral lobe discontinuous with curvature of midlobe (Figs 27 F, 28 G), eyes bare (Figs 27 B, 28 B), antecostal sulcus smooth (Fig. 28 E).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFADE573AAD1F88DAFA9FEBE.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.6 – 3.7 mm. Color. Scape yellow; anellus pale brown; flagellum dark brown. Mandible pale brown with dark edges; maxilla and labium pale brown. Coxae brown with iridescence; tibiae yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation pale brown. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head. Head in frontal view subtriangular; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes bare; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined; anterior tentorial pits deeply impressed. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin rounded; temples present. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicle small and globose. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-areolate, moderately setose; lateral lobe rugose-areolate, curvature of lateral lobes discontinuous with curvature of midlobe in dorsal view; notauli deep. Axilla rugose-areolate; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, regularly foveate; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose-areolate; frenum and axillula rugose-areolate. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina, areolate; callus areolate, with several long setae. Propleuron convex, imbricate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, strongly narrowed ventrally, rugose-areolate. Mesepisternum areolate, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Transepimeral sulcus distinct. Hind femur densely setose laterally. Fore wing with marginal fringe relatively long; marginal vein setose; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell setose. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, rugose, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus smooth; acrosternite posteriorly rounded (Fig. 28 E). Male. Length 2.6 – 3.2 mm. (Known only for O. acuminata). Phylogenetics. Only one species, O. acuminata, has been sampled for molecular data, and was referred to as “ Orasema _ nsp _ nr _ brasiliensis _ PER _ AE _ D 4889 ” by Baker et al. (2020). This species was the sister to the majority of the Orasema xanthopus group in most analyses (Baker et al. 2020).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	description	(Fig. 27)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. cerulea by the features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.2 – 3.7 mm (Fig. 27 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent green-blue-purple. Pedicle brown. Femora pale brown, tips yellow. Head (Fig. 27 B). HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.2; face rugose-reticulate; IOD: EH = 1.4 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.6 – 0.8; malar depression weakly impressed between mouth and eye margin; supraclypeal area longer than broad, weakly sculptured; anteclypeus distinct, nearly straight. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.0; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6 – 1.8, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.2; funiculars subequal in length distally, equal in width; clava subconical (Fig. 27 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 27 C, F, G) ML: MH = 1.3 – 1.6. Axilla dorsally rounded, on roughly the same plane as the mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus meeting transscutal articulation medially; frenal line indicated by a strong dorsal carina; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina. Upper mesepimeron areolate; lower mesepimeron rugose-reticulate. Metepisternum rugose-areolate. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 2.0, weakly reticulate; HFL: HFW = 4.9 – 5.7. FWL: FWW = 2.7 – 2.9, FWL: ML = 2.1 – 2.4; basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; submarginal vein with small setae; stigmal vein perpendicular to anterior wing margin. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 2.2 – 2.4, PTL: HCL = 1.1 – 1.3, lateral margin with weak longitudinal carina. Apical setae of hypopygium with several long setae on either side of the midline. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Length 2.6 – 3.2 mm. HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2. Scape yellow; flagellum with 7 funiculars, FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.4; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.2 – 1.7 (Fig. 27 E). Femora pale brown, darker medially; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 5.5 – 6.5, PTL: HCL = 2.0 – 2.4.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 26). Ecuador: NA, ZC; Peru: CS, MD. Collected in February – August.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. ECUADOR. Zamora-Chinchipe: Yacwambi, 33 ° 5 ’ 42 ” S, 78 ° 55 ’ 41 ” W, 3. iv. 1965, Luis Peña [♀, deposited in BLCU: UCRCENT 00415025 (former AEIC specimen)]. Paratypes. EC-UADOR. Napo: Limoncocha, on Rio Napo, 05 ° 8 ’ 59 ” S, 77 ° 49 ’ 1 ” W, 15. vii. 1974, Boyce A. Drummond, III, Malaise Trap [1 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT 00411896]. PERU. Cusco: Quince Mil, 633 m, 13 ° 13 ’ 3 ” S, 70 ° 43 ’ 40 ” W, 23 - 31. viii. 2012, J. A. Rafael; R. R. Cavichioli; D. M. Takiya, Malaise [1 ³, INPA: UCRCENT 00504574]. Madre de Dios: Rio Tambopata Res., 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, 12 ° 50 ’ 0 ” S, 69 ° 17 ’ 0 ” W, 1. iii. 1982, T. L. Erwin et al. [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247953]; 25. ii. 1984 [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247958]; 7. v. 1984 [1 ³, USNM: UCRCENT 00247951, UCRCENT 00247955, UCRCENT 00247959].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E573AAD1FE61AE4BF98D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin acumin meaning “ pointed ” in reference to the pointed clava.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 E 38 BB 49 - 5295 - 4136 - 8 B 16 - DDF 3 C 4560 F 96 (Fig. 28)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. acuminata by the features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.6 – 3.0 mm (Fig. 28 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark iridescent blue. Pedicel pale brown. Femora mostly brown, tips pale. Head (Fig. 28 B). HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; face rugose-reticulate; IOD: EH = 1.7 – 1.9; MS: EH = 0.9 – 1.0; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area as long as broad, weakly rugose-reticulate; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.4; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.1 – 2.8, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.3; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader; clava subovate (Fig. 28 D). Me-sosoma (Fig. 28 C, G, H). ML: MH = 1.2 – 1.3. Axilla dorsally well above mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; frenal line irregularly foveate; axillular sulcus weak and foveate. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron nearly smooth with weak carinae. Metepisternum weakly rugose-areolate. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 2.1, costate; HFL: HFW = 6.6 – 8.9. FWL: FWW = 2.5 – 2.7, FWL: ML = 2.3 – 2.5; basal area sparsely setose, speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc setose; submarginal vein with several long setae; stigmal vein slightly angled toward wing base. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 5.4 – 6.5, PTL: HCL = 2.1 – 2.4, lateral margin rounded. Apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of long setae. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 6 or 7 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area (Fig. 28 F). Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	biology_ecology	Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution (Fig. 26). Costa Rica: AL; Honduras: YO. Collected in February and September.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. HONDURAS. Yoro: Palo de Comba, 15 ° 11 ’ 0 ” N, 87 ° 39 ’ 0 ” W, 27. ix. 1995, R. Cave, mid elevation secondary forest, Malaise Trap [♀, deposited in MZLU: UCRCENT 00242604]. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Alejuela: Playuelas, RNVS Caño Negro, 20 m, 10 ° 57 ’ 13 ” N, 84 ° 44 ’ 51 ” W, 1 – 18. ii. 1994, K. Martinez [1 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 001746776]. HONDURAS. Yoro: Palo de Comba, 15 ° 11 ’ 0 ” N, 87 ° 39 ’ 0 ” W, 27. ix. 1995, R. Cave, mid elevation secondary forest, Malaise Trap [2 ♀, MZLU: UCRCENT 00242603, UCRCENT 00242605].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA8E570AAD1F940AE5DFF69.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin cerule meaning “ blue ” in reference to the body coloration.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE570AAD1FF2CAFA9F906.taxon	description	(Figs 29 – 31)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE570AAD1FF2CAFA9F906.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: antenna with 7 funiculars (Figs 30 D, E, 31 F), occiput strongly curved such that in dorsal view the head is crescent shaped (Fig. 31 C), face appearing thinner and more elongate than most Orasema, which is indicated by the IOD: HH (generally <0.7 compared to most other species groups tending to be> 0.7), postgena converging (Fig. 31 D), mesoscutal midlobe costate to costate-reticulate, and mesosoma relatively elongate, which is indicated by the MSL: MSH (generally> 1.6 compared to most other species groups tending to be <1.6).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE570AAD1FF2CAFA9F906.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.3 – 4.2 mm. Color. Scape yellow; flagellum brown. Mandible pale brown; maxilla and labium pale brown to yellow. Tibiae yellow. Wing venation pale brown. Gaster brown with iridescence. Head. Head in frontal view elongate. Face costate; scrobal depression deep, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes sparsely setose; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, shorter than clypeus; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, deeply emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin abrupt. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicel small and globose. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal lateral lobe smooth and shining; notauli deep. Axilla dorsally flat, on same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; axillula areolate. Propodeal disc flat, areolate, occasionally with irregular median carina; callus with several long setae. Propleuron convex, coriaceous. Prepectus areolate-reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally, straight anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron weakly reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum weakly reticulate. Hind coxa reticulate. Fore wing basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein pilose; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad, slightly angled toward wing apex. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins broadly separated. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium present, minute. Male. Length 2.1 – 2.7 mm. (Known only for O. chrysozona). Phylogenetics. The peraltai group is placed sister to the clade containing the coloradensis -, sixaolae -, and monstrosa groups (Baker et al. 2020). Specimens sampled include one O. peraltai (designated “ Orasema _ DF 1 _ ARG _ AE _ D 4205 ”), and two O. chrysozona (designated “ Orasema _ DF 2 _ ARG _ AE _ D 4885 ” and “ Orasema _ DF 3 _ ARG _ AE _ D 4884 ”). The decision to include “ DF 2 ” (UCRCENT 00436599) and “ DF 3 ” (UCRCENT 00169577) into the same species was partially the result of a small molecular distance between the two specimens when compared to other well-sampled species (e. g. O. coloradensis and O. sixaolae), despite these specimens having a large difference in body size.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	description	(Fig. 30)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. peraltai by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.3 – 4.2 mm (Fig. 30 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark iridescent blue-green, sometimes with some purple iridescence. Pedicel and anellus yellow. Coxae dark brown with iridescence; fore and mid femora brown becoming pale distally; hind femur mostly brown, tips pale. Head (Fig. 30 B). HW: HH = 0.8 – 1.1; IOD: EH = 1.0 – 1.7; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.9; malar depression absent or impressed between mouth and eye margin; supraclypeal area smooth, becoming costate laterally. Palpal formula 3: 3. Temples present, rounded. FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.4; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.1 – 1.9, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.3 (Fig. 30 D); clava subovate. Mesosoma (Fig. 30 C, F, G). ML: MH = 1.6 – 2.2. Mesoscutal midlobe transversely costate, densely setose. Axilla mostly smooth with weak sculpture near the margins; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose; frenal line as smooth band with a lighter color than the mesoscutellum and frenum; frenum areolate-reticulate; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina. Callus areolate-reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.4 – 2; HFL: HFW = 3.6 – 5.0, with short dense setae on the dorsal side, longer and sparser setae on ventral side. FWL: FWW = 2.4 – 2.7, FWL: ML = 1.7 – 2.2; postmarginal vein slightly longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with only 1 or 2 irregular rows of setae. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.5 – 2.5, PTL: HCL = 0.7 – 1.2, areolate. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Length 2.1 – 2.7 mm. HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.1; scape yellow becoming brown distally; flagellum with 7 funiculars, FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.5; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.7 (Fig. 30 E). Fore and mid femora mostly brown becoming yellow distally; hind femur mostly brown with iridescence; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 3.3 – 4.3, PTL: HCL = 1.4 – 1.7.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 29). Argentina: CB, CT, SA, SE, TM; Bolivia: SC; Brazil: AM, SP; Paraguay: AS, CR. Collected in January – March, June, December.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. ARGENTINA. Santiago del Estero: E de Lavalle, 28 ° 10 ’ 54 ” S, 65 ° 02 ’ 57 ” W, 20. ii. Feb 2010, J. Torréns, T 10 - 001 [♀, deposited in IFML: UCRCENT 00436599]. Paratypes. ARGENTINA. Catamarca: RN 38 near La Merced, 869 m, 28 ° 12 ’ 0 ” S, 65 ° 38 ’ 24 ” W, 18. iii. 2003, J. Munro, roadside scrub and acacia, sweep [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00169639]. Cordoba: El Sauce, 31 ° 06 ’ 0 ” S, 64 ° 18 ’ 36 ” W, i. 1954, Viana [1 ♀, AMNH: UCRCENT 00424197]. Salta: Tartagal, 6 km a Lag. del Cielo, 22 ° 26 ’ 6 ” S, 63 ° 41 ’ 38 ” W, 20. xii. 2003, P. Fidalgo [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00169651]. Santiago del Estero: 5 km Lavalle, 28 ° 10 ’ 54 ” S, 65 ° 02 ’ 57 ” W, 20. ii. 2010, J. Torréns, T 10 - 002 [1 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT 00436514]. Tucumán: Las Cejas, 26 ° 53 ’ 1 ” S, 64 ° 44 ’ 3 ” W, 1 - 21. i. 1968, C. C. Porter [1 ♀, MCZ: UCRCENT 00322659]. Rio Nio, 26 ° 26 ’ 17 ” S, 64 ° 58 ’ 3 ” W, 26. xii. 2003, P. Fidalgo — J. Torréns [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00169577]. Tapia, 26 ° 33 ’ 24 ” S, 65 ° 17 ’ 41 ” W, 28. ii. 2016, J. Torréns, T 16001 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439176]. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz, 17 ° 47 ’ 6 ” S, 63 ° 10 ’ 41 ” W, J. Steinbach [1 ³, MCZ: UCRCENT 00316412]. BRAZIL. Amazonas: Barcelos, Rio Araca, Boca Rio Curuduri, 35 m, 0 ° 05 ’ 50 ” N, 63 ° 17 ’ 22 ” W, 19. vi. 2010, J. A. Rafael; P. Dias; R. Machado [1 ♀, INPA: UCRCENT 00504581]. São Paulo: S. Bocaina, 1680 m, 22 ° 08 ’ 24 ” S, 48 ° 31 ’ 12 ” W, iii. 1973 [2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00425821, UCRCENT 00505444]. Sao Carlos, Canchin Farm, 608 m, 21 ° 10 ’ 22 ” S, 47 ° 52 ’ 56 ” W, 4 - 6. i. 1996, M. Sharkey [5 ♀, UCR: UCRCENT 00091320 – 24]. Ribeir „ o Grande, Parque Estadual Intervales, 24 ° 16 ’ 23 ” S, 48 ° 25 ’ 21 ” W, 21. i. 2011, N. W. Perioto e eq., Malaise [1 ♀, INPA: UCRCENT 00504576]; 20. xii. 2010 [1 ♀, INPA: UCRCENT 00504580]; 22. i. 2010 [3 ♀, INPA: UCRCENT 00504577 – 79]. PARAGUAY. Asunción: 50 - 130 m, 25 ° 16 ’ 56 ” S, 57 ° 38 ’ 6 ” W, 15 - 18. i. 1972 [3 ³, CNC: UCRCENT 00320985 – 87]. Cordillera: S. Bernardino, 25 ° 16 ’ 12 ” S, 57 ° 19 ’ 12 ” W, i, Fiebrig [1 ³, NMW: UCRCENT 00423312].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek chrys meaning “ gold ” and zon meaning “ belt ” in reference to the golden-colored frenal line.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFABE57DAAD1F8F3A807FBEF.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species shows a large amount of morphological diversity, which may suggest the need for future recognition of more species. Our choice to recognize a single species is largely based on the similarity in molecular sequence data between two sampled specimens referred to as DF 2 (UCRCENT 00436599) and DF 3 (UCRCENT 00169577) by Baker et al. (2020). These two specimens have a large difference in total body size (3.2 and 2.3 mm body length, respectively), but they have less sequence divergence than O. coloradensis or O. sixaolae, which are two well-sampled species.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	description	(Fig. 31)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. chrysozona by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.3 – 3.6 mm (Fig. 31 A). Color. Head and mesosoma bright green. Pedicel and anellus brown. Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind coxae iridescent green; femora yellow. Head (Fig. 31 B – D). HW: HH = 0.8 – 1.0; IOD: EH = 1.0 – 1.2; MS: EH = 0.5 – 0.7; malar depression absent; supraclypeal area smooth. Palpal formula 3: 2. Temples present, angulate. FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.1; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.4 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.4; clava subconical (Fig. 31 F). Mesosoma (Fig. 31 E, G, H). ML: MH = 1.7 – 2.1. Mesoscutal midlobe costate, sparsely setose. Axilla smooth; scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, regularly foveate; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, weakly costate-reticulate; frenal line irregularly foveate; smooth with scattered shallow depressions; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate. Callus areolate. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 2.1; HFL: HFW = 4.0 – 4.8, with moderate cover of short setae. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.1; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 2.0 – 2.7, PTL: HCL = 0.9 – 1.2, rugose-reticulate. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally, carinae coalescing. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 29). Argentina: CN, LR, SF, TM; Brazil: BA; Uruguay: CO. Collected in January – April.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype. ARGENTINA. Tucumán: Las Tipas (Trancas), 1169 m, 26 ° 38 ’ 9 ” S, 65 ° 24 ’ 58 ” W, 2 - 6. i. 2009, E. Virla, malaise trap [♀, desposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00434580]. Paratypes. AR-GENTINA. Corrientes: Hwy. 12, Arroyo Carumbe, 29 ° 30 ’ 18 ” S, 57 ° 52 ’ 48 ” W, 15. i. 1989, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien & G. Wibmer [1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT 00417408]. La Rioja: Santa Cruz, 1637 m, 28 ° 40 ’ 45 ” S, 66 ° 57 ’ 52 ” W, 15 - 31. iv. 2007, C. Porter & P. Fidalgo, decid. for., malaise trap, H 07 - 049 [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00161481]; Sta. V. Cruz, 28 ° 35 ’ 8 ” S, 66 ° 37 ’ 50 ” W, 15 - 31. iii. 2003, D. Peralta, MT [1 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT 00436715]; 15. i. 2007 [1 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT 00436709]; 28. ii. 2007 [5 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT 00436703 – 05, MACN: UCRCENT 00436896 – 97]; 31. i. 2007 [6 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT 00436707 – 08, MACN: UCRCENT 00436899 – 900, UCRC: UCRCENT 00169650, UCRCENT 00169656]. Santa Fe: 8 km. N Recreo, 24 m, 31 ° 25 ’ 2 ” S, 60 ° 44 ’ 42 ” W, 31. i. 1989, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien & G. Wibmer [1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT 00417427]. Tucumán: btw Choromoto & Higuera, 900 m, 26 ° 22 ’ 48 ” S, 65 ° 22 ’ 12 ” W, 9. i. 1996, M. J. Sharkey [2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00505442 – 43]. BRAZIL. Bahia: Chapada, 1347 m, 12 ° 52 ’ 46 ” S, 41 ° 24 ’ 13 ” W, iv [2 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00247814, UCRCENT 00416666]. URUGUAY. Colonia: 1 km. E. R. 21, km. 184, 33 ° 58 ’ 52 ” S, 58 ° 16 ’ 52 ” W, 9. ii. 1989, C. W. & L. O’Brien & G. Wibmer [6 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT 00417415, UCRCENT 00417417 – 21].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA6E57BAAD1FB5EABD1FF0C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Daniel Peralta, who candidly took care of the malaise trap where this species was collected for many years.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E57BAAD1FEFDAFA9F9ED.taxon	description	(Figs 32 – 34)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E57BAAD1FEFDAFA9F9ED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: head and mesosoma smooth but setose (Figs 33 F, 34 F), eyes strongly setose (Figs 33 B, 34 B), and funicle generally 8 - segmented (Figs 33 D, 34 D; note: several antennal mutations in specimens).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E57BAAD1FEFDAFA9F9ED.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.1 – 3.3 mm. Color. Head and mesosoma dark with green, blue, and purple iridescence. Pedicel, anellus, mandible, maxilla, and labium brown. Femora brown; tibiae yellow. Wing venation pale brown. Gaster brown with iridescence. Head. Head in frontal view subtriangular; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, smooth; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, smooth; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, straight. Labrum with 4 digits. Palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin abrupt. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicle globose. Clava subovate. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal midlobe densely setose; lateral lobe smooth. Axilla smooth, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, smooth; frenum and axilla smooth. Propodeal disc areolate, with irregular median carina; callus mostly smooth with minute impressions, densely setose. Propleuron convex, smooth. Postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron smooth; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally smooth. Hind coxa smooth; hind femur evenly covered with short, dense setae. Fore wing with marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, areolate, ventral sulcus present with margins widely separated. Apical setae of hypopygium with several long hairs on each side of midline. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula without teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, carinae coalescing. Male. Unknown. Phylogenetics. There is no molecular data for this species group, but 8 funiculars suggests that they may belong within the xanthopus - festiva - lasallei - stramineipes clade, which contains almost all 8 - funicular taxa except for the wayqecha and tolteca groups. Alternatively, the general body shape and setation suggests that they may be within the coloradensis - sixaolae - monstrosa clade (Fig. 1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	description	(Fig. 33)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. spyrogaster by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.1 – 2.9 mm (Fig. 33 A). Color. Scape pale brown; flagellum brown. Fore coxa brown proximally, yellow distally; Mid and hind coxae brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 33 B). HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; face smooth to weakly coriaceous; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present, small; eyes densely setose, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.7; MS: EH = 0.6 – 0.8; malar depression weakly impressed between mouth and eye margin. Mandibular formula not observed. Temples present, rounded. Flagellum with 7 or 8 funiculars (first and second funicular partially fused on lateral side of one antenna for one specimen; second and third partially fused medially on both antennae of second specimen), FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.5; anellus stout, about twice as broad as long; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.6 – 1.3; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width (Fig. 33 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 33 C, F). ML: MH = 1.5 – 1.7. Mesoscutal midlobe transversely costate; notauli deep. Scutoscutellar sulcus broad; frenal line present as a shallow impression; axillular sulcus distinct and foveate. Propodeal disc flat (Fig. 33 G). Prepectus weakly rugose to smooth. Mesepisternum weakly rugose laterally, smooth ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 1.9; HFL: HFW = 4.3 – 5.0. FWL: FWW = 2.5 – 2.7, FWL: ML = 2.0 – 2.2; basal area bare; speculum, costal cell, and wing disc densely setose. Hind wing costal cell with only 1 or 2 irregular rows of setae. Metasoma: PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 2.0, PTL: HCL = 0.9 – 1.0, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly angulate. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 32). Argentina: BA; Brazil: SP; Uruguay: TA. Collected in February, November.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. URUGUAY. Tacuaremb: 40 km NW Tacuarembo, 200 - 300 m, 31 ° 29 ’ 45 ” S, 56 ° 18 ’ 8 ” W, 2 - 9. ii. 1963, J. K. Bouseman [♀, deposited in AMNH: UCRCENT 00238022]. Paratypes. ARGENTI-NA. Buenos Aires: San Isidro, 34 ° 28 ’ 15 ” S, 58 ° 31 ’ 43 ” W, iv. 1958, J. Daguerra [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248388]. BRAZIL. São Paulo: Anhembi, 455 m, 22 ° 42 ’ 6 ” S, 48 ° 10 ’ 9 ” W, 12. xi. 2012, E. N. L. Ferreira, Malaise [1 ♀, DEFS: UCRCENT 00439199].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA0E579AAD1F95CAEE1F808.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of James (Ding) Johnson, entomologist and Orasema collector.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	description	(Fig. 34)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. johnsoni by features given in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.5 – 3.3 mm (Fig. 34 A). Color. Scape brown; flagellum dark brown. Coxae brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 34 B). HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; face smooth; eyes covered in long, erect setae, IOD: EH = 1.3 – 1.4; MS: EH = 0.6 – 0.7; malar depression absent. Mandibular formula 3: 2. Temples present, angulate. Flagellum with 8 funiculars, FL: HH = 1.6 – 1.7; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.3 – 2.6, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.3 – 1.4; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader (Fig. 34 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 34 C, F). ML: MH = 1.5 – 1.8. Mesoscutal midlobe smooth; notauli shallow. Scutoscutellar sulcus narrow; frenal line indistinct; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina. Propodeal disc broadly rounded (Fig. 34 G). Prepectus smooth. Mesepisternum weakly areolate laterally, smooth ventrally, nearly straight anterior to mid coxa. HCL: HCW 1.9 – 2; HFL: HFW 4.5 – 4.6. FWL: FWW 2.5 – 2.6, FWL: ML = 2.1 – 2.2; entirely densely setose. Hind wing costal cell entirely setose. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 1.8, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.0, lateral margin rounded. Antecostal sulcus foveate to smooth posteriorly; acrosternite posteriorly rounded. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 32). Brazil: PA, RR. Collected in April, December.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. BRAZIL. Roraima: Amajari, Serra do Tepequem, 3 ° 44 ’ 24 ” N, 61 ° 45 ’ 0 ” W, 1 - 15. iv. 2016, Rafael et al., Malaise [♀, deposited in INPA: UCRCENT 00504573]. Paratype. BRAZIL. Par: Utinga, Belem, 1 ° 25 ’ 12 ” S, 48 ° 26 ’ 24 ” W, xii. 1966, S. J. Oliveira [1 ♀, BLCU: UCRCENT 00251376 (former AEIC specimen)].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek spyr meaning “ basket and gaster meaning “ stomach in reference to the odd basketlike structure of the valvifer.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFA3E507AAD1FF4CAF7BFC58.taxon	discussion	Discussion. In all other species of Orasema the valvifer is invariable, being apically rounded with long thin setae covering the surface (Fig. 33 E), whereas O. spyrogaster uniquely has thick cuticular projections (or digits) at the apex giving it a comb-like appearance, as well as having long thin setae covering the surface (Fig. 34 E).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDCE505AAD1FC08AFA9FE5D.taxon	description	(Figs 35 – 37)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDCE505AAD1FC08AFA9FE5D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Recognized by the following combination of characters: flagellum with 7 funiculars (Figs 36 D, E, 37 D, E), fore wing with basal third bare, face reticulate (Figs 36 B, 37 B), postpectal carina absent (Figs 36 C, 37 C), propodeum areolate-reticulate (Figs 36 G, 37 G), and petiole rugose-reticulate. This group is most similar to the cockerelli and bakeri species groups. It can be distinguished from the cockerelli group by having the mesoscutal midlobe rugose-reticulate or, if reticulate, having an elongate face and the frenum semicircular when viewed dorsally. It is distinguished from the bakeri group by the prepectus having a distinct anterior carina.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDCE505AAD1FC08AFA9FE5D.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.7 – 2.2 mm. Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-green. Pedicel and anellus brown; flagellum dark brown. Maxilla and labium brown. Coxae brown with strong blue-green iridescence; tibiae yellow. Wing venation pale brown. Head. Face reticulate; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; eyes bare; supraclypeal area longer than broad, weakly reticulate; clypeus weakly reticulate; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2, palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate-reticulate, dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped; following funiculars subequal in length, gradually broader; clava subconical. Mesosoma. Mesoscutal midlobe sparsely setose; lateral lobe reticulate; notauli deep. Axilla reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly the same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus regularly foveate; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, reticulate; frenal line indistinct; axillular sulcus weak and foveate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina, areolate-reticulate; callus weakly reticulate, bare; callar nib absent. Propleuron convex, reticulate. Prepectus weakly reticulate. Mesepisternum straight anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina absent. Hind femur sparsely setose. Fore wing with basal third bare, costal cell sparsely setose, wing disc setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with small setae; marginal vein pilose; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein shorter than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, rugose-reticulate. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 10 or 11 small, closely spaced teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area. Male. Length 1.8 – 2.1 mm. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; anellus disc-shaped. Femora mostly brown with iridescence, tips pale. Phylogenetics. Both species included in the group are represented in the phylogenetic analyses of Baker et al. (2020), which referred to O. heacoxi as “ Orasema _ nsp _ USA: TX _ D 4107 and O. masonicki as “ Orasema _ sp _ CRI _ D 4887. The two species are sister species in every analysis except the analyses only using Sanger sequencing data, which resulted in a very poorly resolved cockerelli group (parsimony) or split O. masonicki away from the cockerelli group (ML and BEAST). In analyses with AHE sequencing data, the sister relationship is supported with 99 or 100 bootstrap scores. This group was treated as part of a more inclusive cockerelli group by Baker et al. (2020), but we split it into its own group because the two species are fairly distinct compared to other Nearctic cockerelli group species, which themselves form a well-supported clade. The split between O. heacoxi and O. masonicki is estimated to have occurred 5 – 17 MYA; the split between the heacoxi group and cockerelli group is estimated to have occurred 10 – 20 MYA.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	description	(Fig. 36)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. masonicki by features provided in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.7 – 2.2 mm (Fig. 36 A). Color. Scape yellow to brown. Mandible yellowish brown. Femora brown with iridescence, tips pale. Gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 36 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.3; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus shallowly depressed; IOD: EH = 1.2 – 1.5; MS: EH = 0.5 – 0.8; malar depression weakly impressed between mouth and eye margin; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined. Occiput shallowly emarginate in dorsal view. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. FL: HH = 0.8 – 1.0; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.8, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.8 – 1.5 (Fig. 36 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 36 C, F, G). ML: MH = 1.3 – 1.7. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-reticulate. Scutoscutellar sulcus narrow, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; frenum rugose-reticulate; axillula weakly reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally with anterior smooth patch, smooth ventrally. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron weakly reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally smooth. HCL: HCW = 1.5 – 2.1, reticulate dorsally, becoming smooth ventrally; HFL: HFW = 4.4 – 6.4. FWL: FWW = 2.1 – 2.4, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.2. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 1.0 – 2.1, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.1, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus present with margins broadly separated. Apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of setae much longer than the others. Male. Length 1.8 – 2.1 mm. HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.1; scape dark brown; FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.3, F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.2 – 1.3 (Fig. 36 E). Fore and mid tibiae yellow, hind tibia mostly yellow with medial brown patch. PTL: PTW = 3.8 – 5.5, PTL: HCL = 1.5 – 1.6.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Collected on Salvia farinacea Benth. (Lamiaceae).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 35). United States: TX. Collected in June.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. UNITED STATES. Texas: Kerr Co., Kerrville-Schreiner Pk, 30 ° 00 ’ 7 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 34 ” W, 20. vi. 2015, A. Baker & P. Masonick, sweep sage, AB 15.014 A [♀, deposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00414529]. Paratypes. UNITED STATES. Texas: Kerr Co., Kerrville-Schreiner Park, 30 ° 00 ’ 7 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 34 ” W, 22. vi. 2015, A. Baker & P. Masonick, sweep mesquite, AB 15.017 B [9 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439287 – 95]; AB 15.020 B [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439296]; sweep sage, AB 15.017 A [3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439274, UCRCENT 00439280 – 81]; 20. vi. 2015, AB 15.014 B [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00414530, UCRCENT 00439286]; AB 15.014 A [1 ³ 3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439275 – 78]; 22. vi. 2015, AB 15.020 A [4 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00439282 – 85]; 494 m, 30 ° 00 ’ 14 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 27 ” W, 29. vi. 2014, S. Heacox & A. Baker, sweep sage, SH 20 - 14 [2 ³ 3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436485, UCRCENT 00498721 – 22, UCRCENT 00498725, UCRCENT 00498730]; 28. vi. 2014, AB 14.040 [1 ♀ 1?, UCRC: UCRCENT 00498723, UCRCENT 00498728]; 529 m, 30 ° 00 ’ 9 ” N, 99 ° 07 ’ 34 ” W, AB 14.038 [2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00436483, UCRCENT 00498724]; 29. vi. 2014, SH 21 - 14 [4 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00498726 – 27, UCRCENT 00498729, UCRCENT 00498731]. Kerrville, 30 ° 02 ’ 51 ” N, 99 ° 08 ’ 25 ” W, 20. vi. 1996, W. F. Chamberlain [1 ³, TAMU: UCRCENT 00426496].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDEE505AAD1FE0CA987F890.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Scott Heacox, who assisted collecting some of the first specimens of this species and has been a valuable contributor to eucharitid research at UCR.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	description	(Fig. 37)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from O. heacoxi by features provided in the key.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 1.9 – 2.2 mm (Fig. 37 A). Color. Scape brown. Mandible brown. Femora brown with strong iridescence. Gaster dark brown with strong blue-green iridescence. Head (Fig. 37 B). Head in frontal view elongate; HW: HH = 0.7 – 1.0; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; IOD: EH = 1.0 – 1.1; MS: EH = 0.3 – 0.6; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined. Occiput deeply emarginate in dorsal view. Pedicel small and globose. FL: HH = 0.6 – 0.9; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.0 – 1.5, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0 (Fig. 37 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 37 C, F, G). ML: MH = 1.4 – 1.6. Mesoscutal midlobe reticulate. Scutoscutellar sulcus broad, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; frenum reticulate; axillula reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, weakly reticulate ventrally. Upper mesepimeron weakly reticulate; lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.2 – 1.8, reticulate; HFL: HFW = 4.6 – 6.3. FWL: FWW = 2.2 – 3.9, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.4. Metasoma. PTL: PTW = 2.5 – 3.4, PTL: HCL = 1.1 – 1.7, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins narrowly separated. Apical setae of hypopygium with several setae on each side of midline. Male. Length 2 – 2.1 mm. HW: HH = 0.9 – 1.1. Scape brown; FL: HH = 0.9 – 1.2; F 2 L: F 2 W = 0.8 – 1.4 (Fig. 37 E). Tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 5.5 – 7.5, PTL: HCL = 2.2 – 3.3.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 35). Costa Rica: AL, GU, HE. Collected January – May.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, P. N. Guanacaste, 700 m, 10 ° 59 ’ 28 ” N, 85 ° 25 ’ 39 ” W, iii. 1995, P. Rios, # 4359 [♀, deposited in INBIO: INBIOCRI 02242095]. Paratypes. COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Sect. San Ramon de Dos Rios, 620 m, 10 ° 52 ’ 54 ” N, 85 ° 24 ’ 41 ” W, 16. i- 3. ii. 1995, F. A. Quesada, # 4400 [1 ³, INBIO: INBIOCRI 02192938]; 20. ii- 5. iii. 1995, # 4401 [4 ³ 1?, INBIO: IN-BIOCRI 02138790, INBIOCRI 02138802, INBIOCRI 02138811, INBIOCRI 02138832, INBIOCRI 02138835]; C. Cano, # 4396 [15 ³ 4 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 02133093, INBIOCRI 02133101 – 02, INBIOCRI 02133144, INBIOC- RI 02133155 – 56, INBIOCRI 02133159, INBIOCRI 02133164 – 66, INBIOCRI 02133183, INBIOCRI 02133195, IN-BIOCRI 02133204, INBIOCRI 02133209, INBIOCRI 02133213 – 15, INBIOCRI 02133225, INBIOCRI 02133227]; 20. ii- 3. iii. 1995, # 4398 [10 ³ 8 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 02174676 – 77, INBIOCRI 02174679 – 80, INBIOCRI 02174682, INBIOCRI 02174686 – 87, INBIOCRI 02174691, INBIOCRI 02174714, INBIOCRI 02174730, INBIOCRI 02174755, INBIOCRI 02174760, INBIOCRI 02174776, INBIOCRI 02174783, INBIOCRI 02174787 – 88, INBIOCRI 02174793, INBIOCRI 02174800]; 11 - 15. iv. 1994, C. Moraga, # 2840 [1 ³, INBIO: INBIOCRI 01780190]; 13 - 28. iii. 1994, K. Tay-lor, # 2763 [4 ³ 1 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 01712287, INBIOCRI 01712554, INBIOCRI 01712730, INBIOCRI 01712733, INBIOCRI 01760375]. Guanacaste: Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, P. N. Guanacaste, 700 m, 10 ° 59 ’ 28 ” N, 85 ° 25 ’ 39 ” W, 2 - 19. iii. 1992, P. Rios [1 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 00420518]. Sector Las Pailas, 800 m, 10 ° 46 ’ 31 ” N, 85 ° 20 ’ 59 ” W, 12. iv- 3. v. 1995, K. Taylor, # 4810 [2 ³ 1 ♀, INBIO: INBIOCRI 02425608, INBIOCRI 02425621, IN-BIOCRI 02425633]; 16 - 30. iii. 1995, # 4811 [8 ³, INBIO: INBIOCRI 02403459, INBIOCRI 02403595, INBIOC-RI 02403602 – 03, INBIOCRI 02403778, INBIOCRI 02403840, INBIOCRI 02403851, INBIOCRI 02403878]. Heredia: Send. Terciopelo, Est. Magsaysay, P. N. Braulio Carrillo, 220 m, 10 ° 24 ’ 2 ” N, 84 ° 02 ’ 53 ” W, 1991, malaise trap [1 ³, INBIO: INBIOCRI 01194079].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of Paul Masonick, an entomologist who has helped to collect specimens of Orasema, including those of the heacoxi group. Unplaced Orasema species (Figs 38 – 44)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFDFE502AAD1F8D8AE51FAA0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Several species could not be confidently placed to species group, especially those lacking molecular phylogenetic data. Placing these taxa into species groups described herein would make the species group key more difficult to use, so we prefer to treat them as unplaced until more data can be collected.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	description	(Fig. 39) Eucharomorpha (?) brasiliensis (Bréthes) 1927: 331 – 332.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Orasema by the following combination of characters: antenna with 7 funiculars (Fig. 39 D, E); labrum with 4 digits; eyes bare (Fig. 39 B); femora entirely yellow or at most with small light brown spot medially (Fig. 39 A); face, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum rugose-reticulate (Fig. 39 B, F); supraclypeal area wider than long (Fig. 39 B); and femora relatively short and wide (female HFL: HFW = 4.1 – 4.6).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.9 – 4.3 mm (Fig. 39 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark green. Scape brown; pedicel yellow; anellus pale brown; flagellum dark brown. Mandible brown; maxilla and labium pale brown. Coxae brown with green iridescence; femora yellow or at most with light brown spot medially; tibiae yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation pale brown. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 39 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; face rugose-reticulate; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.7 – 1.9; MS: EH = 1.0 – 1.1; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area broader than long, weakly sculptured; clypeus weakly sculptured; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined; anterior tentorial pit shallow; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 3. Occiput imbricate, shallowly emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples absent. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicle small and globose. Flagellum with 7 funiculars; FL: HH = 1.3 – 1.4; anellus discshaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.2 – 2.5, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.5 – 1.7; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width; clava subcylindrical (Fig. 39 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 39 C, F). ML: MH = 1.4 – 1.6. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe rugose-reticulate; notauli deep. Axilla rugose-reticulate, dorsally rounded, on roughly the same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, rugose-areolate; frenal line indistinct dorsally with smooth carinae laterally; frenum rugose-reticulate; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong longitudinal carina; axillula rugose-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina, areolate (Fig. 39 G); callus reticulate to smooth, with several long setae. Propleuron convex, weakly reticulate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, weakly narrowed ventrally, rugose-reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron reticulate. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.6 – 1.8, reticulate dorsally becoming smooth ventrally; HFL: HFW = 4.1 – 4.6, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.4 – 2.7, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.0; basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with small setae; marginal vein setose; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, perpendicular to anterior wing margin; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell sparsely setose. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 2.5, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.0, rugose-reticulate, lateral margin with incomplete longitudinal carina, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of setae much longer than the others. Ovipositor with subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are narrowly separated dorsally, carinae coalescing. Male. Length 2.5 – 3.2 mm. HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.2. Scape yellow-brown; flagellum with 7 funiculars, FL: HH = 1.5 – 1.6; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.8 – 2.2 (Fig. 39 E). Femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 3.3 – 4.9, PTL: HCL = 1.3 – 1.7.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Argentina: TM; Brazil: SP. Collected in January, October – December.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Syntype. BRAZIL. São Paulo: S „ o Paulo, 23 ° 34 ’ S, 46 ° 38 ’ W, 5. xi. 1922, Melzer [1 ♀, de-posited in SDEI: UCRCENT 00439039]. Additional material examined. BRAZIL. São Paulo: S „ o Paulo, 800 m, 23 ° 38 ’ 20 ” S, 46 ° 36 ’ 58 ” W, 22. xii. 1965, V. N. Alin [1 ♀, UCDC: UCRCENT 00416052]; 12. i. 1964 [2 ³, AMNH: UCRCENT 00238117 – 18]; 16. x. 1965 [1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT 00248491].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD9E50FAAD1FA10A915FD5C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species may be closely-related to O. roppai based on similar sculpture and size; however, it differs in having 7 antennal funiculars (8 in O. roppai), bare eyes, and a wider supraclypeal area. We decided not to treat these two species in the same species group because the difference in number of funiculars is not known to occur in other groups except the xanthopus species group.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	description	(Fig. 40)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Orasema by the following combination of characters: antenna with 8 funiculars (Fig. 40 D), labrum with 4 – 6 digits (Fig. 40 B), legs beyond coxae entirely tawny-orange colored except for a small dark patch on the posterior surface of the fore and mid femora, mid and hind tibiae broadened apically (nearly as broad as femora) (Fig. 40 E), mesoscutal midlobe and mesoscutellum rugose-reticulate (Fig. 40 F), and malar depression strongly impressed between eye and mouth.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.7 mm (Fig. 40 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-green. Scape, pedicel, and anellus brown; flagellum dark brown. Mandible dark brown; maxilla and labium brown. Coxae iridescent blue-green-purple; fore and mid femur mostly orange with iridescent brown patches laterally; hind femur and tibiae orange. Fore wing hyaline; venation pale brown to clear. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 40 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.1 – 1.2; face reticulate; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.6 – 1.8; MS: EH = 0.8 – 0.9; malar depression impressed between mouth and eye margin; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, shorter than clypeus, weakly reticulate to smooth; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, straight. Labrum with 4 – 6 digits. Mandibular formula not observed; palpal formula 3: 3. Occiput imbricate, shallowly emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicel small and globose. Flagellum with 8 funiculars; FL: HH = 1.0 – 1.2; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.3 – 1.7, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.8 – 0.9; following funiculars subequal in width, successively shorter; clava subovate (Fig. 40 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 40 C, F). ML: MH = 1.1 – 1.2. Mesoscutal midlobe costate anteriorly, rugose-reticulate posteriorly, sparsely setose; lateral lobe reticulate dorsally, rugose laterally; notauli deep. Axilla reticulate, dorsally flat, on same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose-reticulate; frenal line foveate; frenum areolate; axillular sulcus indicated by a weak longitudinal carina; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, areolate-reticulate, without medial depression or carina (Fig. 40 G); callus areolate-reticulate, with a few small setae. Propleuron convex, reticulate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, strongly narrowed ventrally, rugose-reticulate. Mesepisternum rugose-reticulate, strigate-areolate posteriorly, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron rugose-reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally weakly reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.2 – 1.8, reticulate dorsally, smooth ventrally; HFL: HFW = 4.7 – 5.0, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.6, FWL: ML = 1.8 – 2.2; entirely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein and marginal vein with minute setae; stigmal vein about as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein as long as stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell sparsely setose. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.2 – 1.3, PTL: HCL = 0.9 – 1.2, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin with longitudinal carina continuous with basal flange, ventral sulcus present, margins narrowly spaced. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly angulate; apical setae of hypopygium with several pairs of setae on either side of the midline. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Uruguay: CO. Collected in February (2 specimens).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. URUGUAY. Colonia: R. 2, km. 194, Arroyo S. Pedro, 32 ° 52 ’ 51 ” S, 57 ° 58 ’ 20 ” W, 8. ii. 1989, C. W. & L. O’Brien & G. Wibmer [♀, deposited in CASC: UCRCENT 00417413]. Paratype. URUGUAY. Colonia: R. 2, km. 194, Arroyo S. Pedro, 32 ° 52 ’ 51 ” S, 57 ° 58 ’ 20 ” W, 8. ii. 1989, C. W. & L. O’Brien & G. Wibmer [1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT 00417412].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek cirrho meaning “ tawny ” and cnemis meaning “ leg ” in reference to the tawny-orange color of the legs.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD4E50DAAD1FD0CAE5FFE08.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was preliminarily placed in several different groups. The large body size, 8 funiculars, and sculpture on the body may suggest that it is close to the tolteca group, however, the face is not as broad, the femora are not darkly colored, and the fore wing costal cell lacks the bare anterior area.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	description	(Fig. 41)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Orasema by the following combination of characters: mandibles small with 2: 2 mandibular formula (Fig. 41 B), labrum greatly reduced in size (Fig. 41 B), head and mesosoma densely setose (Fig. 41 B, C), antenna with 7 funiculars (Fig. 41 D), mesoscutal midlobe coarsely areolate (Fig. 41 E), and male body size large (female unknown).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	description	Description. Male. Length 3.8 mm (Fig. 41 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark green with iridescence. Scape pale brown; pedicel, anellus, and flagellum brown. Mandible, maxilla, and labium brown. Coxae brown with strong iridescence; femora brown; tibiae yellow. Wing venation yellowish. Gaster brown. Head (Fig. 41 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular, densely setose; HW: HH = 1.3; face rugose; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, areolate; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes densely setose, IOD: EH = 1.5; MS: EH = 0.7; malar depression absent; supraclypeal area longer than broad, convex, with scattered punctations; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined; anterior tentorial pit shallow; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 4 digits, very minute. Mandibular formula 2: 2; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, shallowly emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin abrupt; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicel globose. Flagellum with 7 funiculars, FL: HH = 2.0; anellus minute, difficult to distinguish; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.6, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width; clava subcylindrical (Fig. 41 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 41 C, E). ML: MH = 1.5. Mesosoma densely setose. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose; lateral lobe finely rugose; notauli deep. Axilla weakly sculptured, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc slightly longer than broad, areolate; frenal line as strong carina; frenum areolate; axillular sulcus absent; axillula rugose-areolate. Propodeal disc broadly rounded, without depression or carina, rugose (Fig. 41 F); callus rugose, densely setose. Propleuron convex, weakly sculptured. Prepectus areolate. Mesepisternum areolate-reticulate, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina prominent. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron smooth to reticulate; transepimeral sulcus weakly defined. HCL: HCW = 2.2, with weak dorsolateral sculpture; HFL: HFW = 6.5, evenly covered with elongate, semi-erect setae. FWL: FWW = 2.5, FWL: ML = 2.2; basal area and speculum sparsely setose, wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein setose; stigmal vein as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein 3.2 as long as stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell entirely setose. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 6.2, PTL: HCL = 1.8, areolate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus foveate to smooth posteriorly; acrosternite posteriorly angulate. Female. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Venezuela: BO. Collected in April (one specimen).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype. VENEZUELA. Bolívar: Auyan Tepuy Camp, 2075 m, 54 ° 6 ’ 7 ” N, 62 ° 31 ’ 56 ” W, 19 - 25. iv. 1994, L. Masner & J. L. Garcia, malaise trap [³, deposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00434585].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD6E50CAAD1FDF8AAD4FEC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin monstrum meaning “ monstrosity ” and - osus meaning “ full of ” in reference to the large size and hairiness. Phylogenetics. Orasema monstrosa, referred to as Orasema _ nsp _ ” IS 1 ” _ VEN _ D 4228 ” by Baker et al. (2020), is the only molecularly sampled unplaced taxon. It is sister to the sixaolae group (Baker et al. 2020), but these two groups share very few morphological characters in common, therefore, this species was not included in the sixaolae group.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	description	(Fig. 42)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This is the only known species of Orasema with 6 antennal funiculars (Fig. 42 D, E) and males without a stigmal vein. Additionally, the following combination of characters are diagnostic: scutoscutellar sulcus crossed by large carinae (Fig. 42 F), curvature of the mesoscutal lateral lobes discontinuous with the midlobe from dorsal view (Fig. 42 F), and male clava reduced to a single minute segment (Fig. 42 E).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 2.1 – 2.2 mm (Fig. 42 A). Color. Head and mesosoma dark brown with blue-purple iridescence. Scape yellow; pedicel and anellus pale brown; flagellum brown. Mandible brown with dark tips; maxilla and labium brown. Coxae brown with iridescence; femora mostly brown, tips pale; tibiae yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation pale brown. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster brown. Head (Fig. 42 B). Head in frontal view subcircular; HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; face rugose; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes bare, IOD: EH = 1.5 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.8; malar depression absent; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, shorter than clypeus, weakly sculptured; clypeus weakly sculptured; epistomal sulcus distinct; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 5 digits. Left mandible with 3 teeth, right mandible not observed; palpal formula 3: 2. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin abrupt; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicel globose, broader than F 1. Flagellum with 6 funiculars; FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.0; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width; clava subconical (Fig. 42 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 42 C, F). ML: MH = 1.3 – 1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe coarsely rugose-areolate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe transversely costate; notauli deep. Axilla areolate, dorsally rounded, on roughly same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, crossed by carinae that extend into the axillar and scutellar sculpture, narrowly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, areolate; frenal line present as strong carina; frenum areolate; axillular sulcus indistinct; axillula rugose. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina, rugose-areolate (Fig. 42 G); callus nearly smooth, with several long setae. Propleuron convex, nearly smooth. Prepectus evenly triangular, weakly reticulate dorsally, rugose ventrally. Mesepisternum rugose-areolate laterally, smooth ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron rugose; transepimeral sulcus weakly impressed. Metepisternum laterally nearly smooth. HCL: HCW = 2.3, weakly rugose-reticulate; HFL: HFW = 6.7 – 6.8, weakly setose. FWL: FWW = 2.3 – 2.4, FWL: ML = 2.3 – 2.4; basal area bare, speculum, costal cell, and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein setose; marginal vein setose; stigmal vein 1.5 – 2.0 as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area medially. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 3.8 – 3.9, PTL: HCL = 1.3 – 1.4, rugose, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus smooth; acrosternite posteriorly angulate; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of long setae. Ovipositor strongly curved cephalad; subapical carina present; first (ventral) valvula with 6 – 8 small, narrowly separated teeth, second (dorsal) valvula with 8 – 10 annuli that are broadly separated dorsally by smooth area. Male. Length 2.1 – 2.2 mm. HW: HH = 1.3 – 1.4; scape yellow; flagellum with 6 funiculars, FL: HH = 1.4 – 1.5; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 2.7 – 2.8 (Fig. 42 E). Fore wing lacking stigmal vein. Fore and mid femora yellow, hind femur pale brown with yellow tips; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 9.0, PTL: HCL = 2.1 – 2.2.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Costa Rica: AL, LI. Specimens collected in April and October (2 specimens).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. COSTA RICA. Limón: Sector Cerro Cocori, Fca. de E. Rojas, 150 m, 10 ° 35 ’ 34 ” N, 83 ° 42 ’ 52 ” W, x. 1991, E. Rojas [♀, deposited in INBIO: INBIOCRI 00462110]. Paratype. COSTA RICA. Alajuela: San Carlos, P. N. Arenal, Sendero Pilón, 650 m, 10 ° 39 ’ 0 ” N, 84 ° 21 ’ 0 ” W, 5. iii- 20. iv. 2001, G. Carballo, malaise, # 62074 [1 ³, INBIO: INB 03983200].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin muta meaning “ change ” in reference to the mutated-looking antennae.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD0E50BAAD1FF4CAEEBF860.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species was at first not going to be described because we believed that it was either a common species with a mutated antenna or a single strange specimen, but once we found a matching male and female from similar localities collected a decade apart, we realized that this likely represents a distinct species.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	description	(Fig. 43)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Orasema by the following combination of characters: antenna with 8 funiculars (Fig. 43 D), labrum with 4 digits (Fig. 43 B), dorsal mesosoma entirely rugose-reticulate (Fig. 43 F), legs beyond coxae entirely yellow (Fig. 43 A), body size large (females 4.2 – 4.6 mm), basal third of fore wing entirely bare except for a single posterior line of setae, stigmal vein angled toward wing base (Fig. 43 A inset), and lower face with scattered minute punctures (Fig. 43 B).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 4.2 – 4.6 mm (Fig. 43 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent green-blue. Scape yellow; pedicel brown; anellus yellow; flagellum dark brown. Mandible yellow with teeth black at apex; maxilla and labium yellow. Coxae dark brown with green iridescence; femora and tibiae yellow (Fig. 43 E). Fore wing hyaline; venation brown. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 43 B). Head in frontal view subtriangular; HW: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; face reticulate with small scattered impressions; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; dorsal scrobal depressions absent; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes sparsely setose, IOD: EH = 1.6 – 1.7; MS: EH = 0.8 – 1.0; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area longer than broad, shorter than clypeus, weakly reticulate; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus distinct and sharply defined; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, broadly rounded. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula 3: 2; palpal formula 3: 3. Occiput imbricate, emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin evenly rounded; temples present, rounded. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicel small and globose. Flagellum with 8 funiculars; FL: HH = 1.2 – 1.3; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.2 – 1.3, F 2 L: F 3 L = 0.8 – 1.0; following funiculars subequal in width, successively shorter; clava subconical (Fig. 43 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 43 C, F). ML: MH = 1.1 – 1.3. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-reticulate, sparsely setose; lateral lobe rugose-reticulate; notauli deep. Axilla rugose-reticulate, dorsally flat, on same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, broadly separated from transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose-reticulate; frenal line foveate; frenum areolate-reticulate; axillular sulcus vaguely indicated by carina; axillula areolate-reticulate. Propodeal disc flat, areolate-reticulate, without depression or carina (Fig. 43 G); callus reticulate, with a few small setae. Propleuron convex, reticulate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, strongly narrowed ventrally, sculpture areolate-reticulate. Mesepisternum strigate-reticulate laterally, areolate-reticulate anteriorly, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper mesepimeron smooth; lower mesepimeron rugose-reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.5, reticulate dorsally, smooth ventrally; HFL: HFW = 5.8 – 6.3, evenly covered with short, dense setae. FWL: FWW = 2.5 – 2.8, FWL: ML = 2.5 – 2.6; basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe minute; submarginal vein with several long setae; marginal vein setose; stigmal vein slightly longer than broad, slightly angled toward base of wing; postmarginal vein longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a few setae apically. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 2.5, PTL: HCL = 1.4, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus present with margins broadly separated. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of setae much longer than the others. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Venezuela: TA. Collected in July (2 specimens).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. VENEZUELA. Tchira: Pregonero, Camp. Siberia, Hospital, 1280 m, 8 ° 00 ’ 56 ” N, 71 ° 45 ’ 48 ” W, 10 - 31. vii. 1989, S. & J. Peck [♀, deposited in UCRC: UCRCENT 00434755]. Paratype. VENEZUELA. Tchira: Pregonero, Camp. Siberia, Hospital, 1280 m, 8 ° 00 ’ 56 ” N, 71 ° 45 ’ 48 ” W, 10 - 31. vii. 1989, S. & J. Peck [1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT 00434753].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Greek psaro meaning “ speckled ” and ops meaning “ face in reference to the small punctures scattered across the face.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD1E508AAD1F8D8AAF3F9D0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species has some similarities to another Venezuelan species, O. chunpi Burks, Heraty & Dominguez (stramineipes species group); however, it is distinctly larger and its antennae do not closely resemble other stramineipes - group species. The large body size and sculpture may suggest and affiliation with the tolteca species group, but it lacks the distinctively broad face, dark femora, and bare anterior edge of the fore wing costal cell.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	description	(Fig. 44)	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Orasema by the following combination of characters: antenna with 8 funiculars (Fig. 44 D, E); labrum with 4 digits (Fig. 44 B); face, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum entirely rugose-reticulate (Fig. 44 B, F); eyes setose (Fig. 44 B); axillular sulcus strong and complete (Fig. 44 F); face more subquadrate than subtriangular (HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.1).	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	description	Description. Female. Length 3.2 – 3.8 mm (Fig. 44 A). Color. Head and mesosoma iridescent blue-green. Scape, pedicle, and anellus yellow; flagellum dark brown. Mandible yellowish brown; maxilla and labium pale brown. Coxae dark brown; femora entirely yellow or light brown proximally, yellow distally; tibiae yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation pale brown. Petiole same as mesosoma; gaster dark brown with iridescence. Head (Fig. 44 B). Head in frontal view subquadrate; HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.1; face rugose-reticulate; scrobal depression shallow, laterally rounded, with transverse striae; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus absent; eyes densely setose, IOD: EH = 1.4 – 1.6; MS: EH = 0.7 – 0.9; malar depression weakly impressed adjacent to mouth; supraclypeal area slightly longer than broad, weakly sculptured; clypeus smooth; epistomal sulcus vaguely defined; anterior tentorial pit strongly impressed; anteclypeus distinct, nearly straight. Labrum with 4 digits. Mandibular formula not observed; palpal formula 3: 3. Occiput imbricate, deeply emarginate in dorsal view, dorsal margin rounded; temples present. Scape not reaching median ocellus. Pedicle small and globose. Flagellum with 8 funiculars; FL: HH = 1.1 – 1.4; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.5 – 2.0, F 2 L: F 3 L = 1.1 – 1.4; following funiculars subequal in length, equal in width; clava subovate (Fig. 44 D). Mesosoma (Fig. 44 C, F). ML: MH = 1.4 – 1.7. Mesoscutal midlobe rugose-reticulate, densely setose; lateral lobe rugose-reticulate; notauli deep. Axilla rugose-reticulate, dorsally flat, on same plane as mesoscutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus broad, irregularly foveate, reaching transscutal articulation; mesoscutellar disc as long as broad, rugose-reticulate; frenal line regularly foveate; frenum rugose-reticulate; axillular sulcus indicated by a strong lateral carina; axillula rugose. Propodeal disc flat, without depression or carina, areolate-reticulate (Fig. 44 G); callus rugose-reticulate, with several long setae. Propleuron convex, weakly reticulate. Prepectus triangular dorsally, strongly narrowed ventrally, rugose-reticulate. Mesepisternum reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa; postpectal carina weak. Upper and lower mesepimeron reticulate to smooth; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum laterally reticulate. HCL: HCW = 1.5 – 1.7, reticulate dorsally, becoming smooth ventrally; HFL: HFW = 3.8 – 4.7, with short dense setae dorsally, and fewer longer setae ventrally. FWL: FWW = 2.6 – 2.9, FWL: ML = 1.9 – 2.2; basal area and speculum bare, costal cell and wing disc densely setose; marginal fringe relatively long; submarginal vein with small setae; marginal vein densely setose; stigmal vein about twice as long as broad, slightly angled toward wing apex; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area. Metasoma. Petiole cylindrical, linear in profile, PTL: PTW = 1.6 – 2.0, PTL: HCL = 0.8 – 1.0, areolate-reticulate, lateral margin rounded, ventral sulcus absent. Antecostal sulcus foveate; acrosternite posteriorly rounded; apical setae of hypopygium with one pair of setae much longer than the others. Ovipositor not visible. Male. Length 2.1 – 2.7 mm. HW: HH = 1.0 – 1.2; scape yellow; flagellum with 8 or 9 funiculars (one specimen with complete antennae has a different count on either antenna), FL: HH = 1.6 – 1.7; anellus disc-shaped; F 2 L: F 2 W = 1.5 – 1.9 (Fig. 44 E). Femora brown proximally, yellow distally; tibiae yellow. PTL: PTW = 2.8 – 3.4, PTL: HCL = 1.3 – 1.6.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Unknown. Plant associates. Unknown.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 38). Argentina: MN; Brazil: RS. Collected in November – December.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: S. Augusto, 511 m, 27 ° 51 ’ 29 ” S, 53 ° 46 ’ 49 ” W, xii. 1975, O. Roppa [♀, deposited in CNC: UCRCENT 00415610]. Paratypes. ARGENTINA. Misiones: Puerto Rico, 26 ° 48 ’ 41 ” S, 55 ° 01 ’ 39 ” W, 5 - 13. xi. 1970, C. Porter & L. Stange, Malaise Trap [1 ³, IFML: UCRCENT 00436518]. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: S. Augusto, 511 m, 27 ° 51 ’ 29 ” S, 53 ° 46 ’ 49 ” W, 19. xii. 1975, O. Roppa [1 ³ 14 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT 00321008 – 11, UCRCENT 00415379 – 84, UCRCENT 00415608 – 09, UCRCENT 00415611 – 12, ROME: UCRCENT 00418056].	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of the collector of most of the specimens of this species, O. Roppa.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
447187B9FFD3E516AAD1F980A8D3FA8C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species shares many similarities with O. brasiliensis, but has 8 rather than 7 funiculars and a different head shape. It shares some similarities with the stramineipes species group, but the head shape and antenna shape do not match the other members of that group.	en	Baker, Austin J., Heraty, John M. (2020): The New World ant parasitoid genus Orasema (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Zootaxa 4888 (1): 1-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4888.1.1
