identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
442087ACFFCDDA5C56E49BC9FC52F800.text	442087ACFFCDDA5C56E49BC9FC52F800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemoleon Navas 1909	<div><p>Nemoleon Navás, 1909</p><p>Type species: Myrmeleon notatus Rambur, 1842: 402 .</p><p>Gandulus Navás, 1912: 73 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Gandulus leptogaster Navás, 1912: 73, Banks 1913: 155 (Syn of Nemoleon filiformis (Gerstaecker, 1885)) .</p><p>Nicarinus Navás, 1914a: 243 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Nicarinus basilicus Navás, 1914: 244, Esben-Petersen 1918 –1919: 109 (Syn of Nemoleon poecilopterus (Stein, 1863)) .</p><p>Griala Navás, 1914b: 95 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Griala macilenta Navás, 1914: 95 .</p><p>Nisteus Navás, 1914c: 765 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Myrmeleon poecilopterus Stein, 1863: 42 .</p><p>Naldanus Navás, 1921: 67 —Odescr, Markl 1954: 239 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Creagris latens Navás, 1911: 242 .</p><p>Vinga Navás, 1928: 31 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Vinga lovenia Navás, 1928: 32 .</p><p>Ladrus Navás 1929: 24 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Ladrus variipennis Navás, 1929: 24 .</p><p>Landanus Navás, 1932: 277 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Naldanus humeralis Navás, 1926: 88 .</p><p>Lybekius Navás, 1934: 55 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Lybekius picturatus Navás, 1934: 55 .</p><p>Meconemurus Navás, 1935: 51 —Odescr, Stange 2004: 116 (Syn).</p><p>Type species: Meconemurus sudanicus Navás, 1935: 52 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Adult: Antenna longer than prothorax; eye considerably large. Length of pronotum varied at least as long as or longer than wide. Wings very narrow, both margins almost parallel; Cua fork arising before Rs in forewing; Cup+A 1 and Cua 2 run diagonally to hind margin in forewing; hindwing with one cross-vein in front of origin of Rs. Femur longer than tibia. Tibia with upstanding long stiff bristles. Basitarsus remarkably long, and tarsal segment 5 as long as or slightly longer than tarsal segment 1. Tibial spurs almost straight, elongated at least as long as or longer than segment 1. Claws simple, and long. Sexual dimorphism present. Male abdomen very long and extending beyond wings in resting position. Male abdomen longer than that of female, which approximately as long as hindwing. Male ectoproct with longer and shorter processus or postventral lobe. Female gonocoxites 8 (=posterior gonapophysis) significantly longer than anterior gonapophysis. Digging setae on ectoproct and gonocoxites 9 (=lateral gonapophysis) rather stout, strongly developed.</p><p>Larva: Based on Badano &amp; Pantaleoni (2014), dorsal surface of head and pronotum covered by white scalelike setae, mesothorax with pedunculated or sub-peduncolated setiferous processes, VIII abdominal sternite with prominent odontoid processes, IX abdominal sternite wider than long and without fossoria.</p><p>Distribution. Africa, Madagascar, South Europe, West and Central Asia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/442087ACFFCDDA5C56E49BC9FC52F800	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2023): Description of two new species of Nemoleon Navás, 1909 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5339 (6): 547-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4
442087ACFFCCDA5956E499D1FD1AF835.text	442087ACFFCCDA5956E499D1FD1AF835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemoleon ghoshi Suryanarayanan & Ábrahám & Bijoy 2023	<div><p>Nemoleon ghoshi sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 2–4)</p><p>Material examined: Holotype ♁ INDIA, Kerala State, Kasaragod Dist. [rict], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.36397&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.41628" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.36397/lat 12.41628)">Ranipuram</a>, 774 m, coordinates: 12°24′58.61″N, 75°21′50.28″E, 08.IV.2022, leg. Suryanarayanan. T. B., ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV24570.</p><p>Paratypes: 2♁ (ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV24571 and SERLNR287), 1♀ (SERLNR285) the same as holotype. 2♁, 2♀ INDIA, Kerala State, Idukki Dist. [rict], Vallakadavu, 849 m, coordinates: 9°31′40.51″N, 77°06′40.09″E, 29.III.2023, leg. Suryanarayanan. T. B., SERLNR347, SERLNR348, SERLNR349, SERLNR350. 1♀ INDIA, Kerala State, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.15815&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.278292" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.15815/lat 10.278292)">Idukki Dist.</a> [rict], Marayoor, 1048 m, coordinates: 10°16′41.85″N, 77°09′29.33″E, 12.V.2023, leg. Suryanarayanan. T. B., SERLNR351 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Male (length of body: 37 mm) slightly larger than female (length of body: 30 mm). Pronotum, trapezoid shaped, as long as wide, yellow with two thick longitudinal dark-brown bands. General colour of body dark-brown. Wings hyaline without marks. (Figs. 2A–B). Ectoproct with short digital postventral lobe. Male and female terminalia and genitalia as in Figs. 4A–E.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male: Length of body: 37 mm. Forewing, length 29 mm, width 5 mm; hindwing, length 28 mm, width 4 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 3A–B). Vertex dominantly yellow, with dark-brown marks in two rows transversally, covered with very short black setae. Frons dull, blackish-brown, and covered with sparse black setae, dark-brown transversal stripe below and dull dark-brown stripe above scapus, inter-antennal marking distinct black, anterior tentorial pits dark-brown without setae. Gena dark-brown, hairless. Compound eyes blackish-brown, large, slightly wider than half of head width. Antenna longer than length of head plus prothorax; scape and pedicel dark-brown with light-brown annulations distally; flagellomeres annulated with wide brown and narrow yellow rings. Club thicker at apex than at base, last segment, bristle-like dominantly brown. Clypeus dark-brown, and covered with sparse long black hairs; labrum, maxillary and labial palps dark-brown; base of mandible dark-brown, with black apices at inner side.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 3B). Pronotum slightly as long as wide, yellow, with a pair of longitudinal dark-brown stripes, covered with black setae except on median portion; mesonotum and metanotum generally dark-brown, sparsely covered with white setae and with long white hairs on distal margin.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 3C). Forewing, slightly longer than hindwing. Wing tips acute and nearly straight below, wing tapering basally, anal area very obtuse, anal margin slightly concave, venation dense. Membrane transparent without dark marks. Venation covered with short sparse dark-brown setae. C yellow with short dense dark-brown setae. Costal area with single row of cells, cells slightly longer than wide, cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma, both ends brownish. Pterostigma with 8–9 veins, 5 veins bifurcated basally and simple distally. Sc and R yellow alternating pale brown at cross-veins. 11 branches in radial sector, 7 cross-veins in front of origin of Rs. Cua 2 short not parallel with hind margin. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 also pale-yellow alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown and slightly shaded in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30°, acute enough. Posterior Banksian line weakly visible, brownish. A 1, A 2 and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally, A 1, A 2 simple, A 3 bifurcated distally.</p><p>Hindwing narrower than forewing. C yellow with short dark dense brown setae. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma with 6–7 veins, one vein simple others bifurcated. Sc and R brown alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. 10 branches in radial sector, 1 cross-vein in front of origin of Rs. Mp 1, Mp 2 and Cua dominantly pale yellow but small dark-brown section at meeting points with cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown basally yellow distally in medio-cubital area.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 3D–E). Foreleg short, hindleg short, slim. Legs yellow with dark-brown marks. Coxae yellowish-brown densely covered with small yellow setae; trochanters light-brown; fore femur yellow with densely brown dotted, and with short dark-brown hairs and upstanding long black bristles. Middle and hind femora yellow with dark-brown spots on dorsal side, covered with upstanding long black bristles in two rows laterally. Femora longer than tibiae. Tibiae generally yellow, with dark-brown spots and half rings anteriorly and ring on distal ends, covered with long stiff and black bristles and small black setae; hind tibia pale yellow, with disperse black dots at setal bases, covered with black setae. Tibial spurs almost straight, reddish-brown, as long as tarsomeres 1–2; tarsi yellow covered with black setae only distal end of last segments with brown rings; claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, 3/4 as long as tarsal segment 5.</p><p>Abdomen. Slim, brownish black, longer than hindwing, covered with short black and short yellowish-white setae; posterior margin of each tergum with brownish black with pale brown longitudinal line. Sternites dark-brown, with long black setae.</p><p>Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 4A–C). T9 nearly quadrate in lateral view; S9 quadrate, distal margin slightly incised centrally in ventral view, covered with long black and a few short white setae. Ectoproct oval plate with ventro-caudal processus, which is longer than longest axis of the oval plate of ectoproct. Pubescence on ectoproct differentiated into a two section, covered with black setae becoming much longer ventrally, white setae along lateral margins. Inner genitalia complex as in Fig. 4C in dorsal view.</p><p>Paratype female (Figs. 4D–E). Female: Length 28 mm (from head to abdomen); Forewing, length 29 mm, width 5 mm; hindwing, length 28 mm, width 4 mm. Abdomen shorter than hindwings. T8 quadrate in lateral; gonocoxite 8 short, covered with long black setae; T9 nearly quadrate shape; gonocoxite 9 club-shaped, posteriorly covered with some stout black setae; ectoprocts ovoid, covered with black stout setae.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named ghoshi after the Dr. Sanat Kumar Ghosh, Scientist, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), in honour of his expertise and excellence in the field of Indian Neuropterology.</p><p>Comments. The new species is similar in size to Nemoleon filiformis (Gerstaecker, 1885), widespread species in Africa, and its wings are also without spots. However, venation of the new species is not unicolour, but light and dark sections alternate on longitudinal veins. The pronotum is much shorter and its pattern is significantly different from the African species.</p><p>Distribution. India: Kerala: Kasaragod (Ranipuram), Idukki (Vallakadavu, Marayoor) (Fig. 9).</p><p>Biology. Adults are active at night, attracted by artificial light. In daytime, it sits on grass blades and bushes at rest (Fig. 1A). The habitat surrounded by semi-closed grassland in laterite soil (sand soil structure) which is the typical habitat for Nemoleon (Fig. 1B). Only the larva of N. notatus is known in the genus (Badano &amp; Pantaleoni 2014). It is not pit-building species, its microhabitat can be in a place protected from wind, rain, and direct sunlight. The structure of the soil is sandy on the surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/442087ACFFCCDA5956E499D1FD1AF835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2023): Description of two new species of Nemoleon Navás, 1909 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5339 (6): 547-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4
442087ACFFC7DA5256E499D1FD24FE91.text	442087ACFFC7DA5256E499D1FD24FE91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemoleon madayiensis Suryanarayanan & Ábrahám & Bijoy 2023	<div><p>Nemoleon madayiensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 6–8)</p><p>Material examined: Holotype ♁ INDIA: Kerala State, Kannur Dist. [rict], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.26127&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.034798" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.26127/lat 12.034798)">Madayippara</a>, 38 m, coordinates: 12°02′05.27″N, 75°15′40.58″E, 27.X.2022, leg. Suryanarayanan. T. B., ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV24572.</p><p>Paratypes: the same as holotype 1♁ ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV24573, 1♀ SERLNR323, 1♀ 04.XI.2021, SERLNR221 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Pronotum nearly as long as wide, dominantly yellow with thin longitudinal stripe. Forewing slightly larger than hindwing. Wings transparent. With the exception of C and Sc, the longitudinal veins have alternating yellow and brown stripes on forewing. Forewing membrane with brown shadows at confluence of Cua 2 and A 1 and at rhegmal area. (Fig 6). Male ectoproct only with post-ventral protrusion. Terminalia and genitalia as in Figs. 8A–E.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male: Length 38 mm; Forewing, length 23 mm, width 5 mm; hindwing, length 22 mm, width 4 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 7A–B). Vertex anteriorly with dull dark-brown transversal band, dorsally with two interrupted dark-brown transverse bands, distally with two dark-brown spots. Frons yellow with brown spots below scapus, inter-antennal brown mark connected with cross band above scapus. Thin distinct brown line runs in middle of frons. Short white setae directed centrally. Anterior tentorial pits brown. Gena yellowish brown. Compound eyes large, dark-brown with silvery striations, nearly as wide as head width. Clypeus yellow, covered with long sparse black and yellow hairs. Labrum dark-brown dorsally and yellow basally. Maxillary and labial palps yellow. Base of mandible yellow, and with dark-brown apices and inner side. Antenna longer than length of head and prothorax combined; scape and pedicel yellow with light-brown annulations; flagellomeres annulated with brown and whitish rings. Club thicker at apex than at base, last segment bristle-like dominantly dark-brown.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 7B). Pronotum dominantly yellow, dorsal side with small longitudinal and dark-brown marks; lateral margins with wide brown bands; lateral and hind margins with long white hairs. Mesonotum and metanotum generally dark-brown, medially with yellowish stripe, sparsely covered with white setae; hind margins with long white hairs directed caudally.</p><p>Wings (Fig. 7C). Forewing, slightly longer than hindwing. Wing tips acute and below nearly straight, wing tapering basally, anal area very obtuse, anal margin slightly concave, venation dense. Venation covered with short sparse dark-brown setae. C, Sc, and R yellow with short dark dense brown setae. Costal area with single row of cells, cells longer than wide. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma, both ends brownish. Pterostigma with 8–9 veins, 5 veins bifurcated basally and simple distally. 10 branches in radial sector, 6 cross-veins in front of origin of radial sector. Cua 2 short not parallel with hind margin. Mp, Mp 1 and Cua, Cua 1 also pale-yellow alternating dark-brown at cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown and slightly pale-yellow in basal medio-cubital area. Cubital fork ca. 30°, acute enough. Posterior Banksian line visible, light-brownish. A 1, A 2 and A 3 yellow basally and brown distally, A 1, A 2 simple, A 3 bifurcated distally. Membrane almost completely transparent, but with light-brown shading at confluence of Cua 2 and A 1, and at rhegma area. Also, light-brown shading on radial veins at terminal bifurcation before reaching Av.</p><p>Hindwing narrower than forewing. C yellow with short dense dark-brown setae. Cross-veins simple in front of pterostigma. Pterostigma with 7–8 veins, 4–5 veins simple others bifurcated veins. Sc and R pale-brown with short dark-brown setae. 9 branches in radial sector, 1 cross-vein infront of origin of Rs. Mp 1, Mp 2 and Cua dominantly pale-yellow but small dark-brown section at meeting points with cross-veins. Cross-veins dominantly brown basally, pale-yellow distally in medio-cubital area. Membrane almost completely transparent.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 7D–E). Short. Yellow with dark-brown marks, hairy; coxae yellowish-brown densely covered with small yellowish white setae; trochanters light-brown; femora yellow with dark-brown marks on dorsal side, covered with long black and white bristles in two rows laterally; tibiae generally brown, with dark-brown marks on distal ends, covered with long and small black setae; hind tibia yellowish-white, with disperse black dots at setal bases, covered with long black bristles and short black setae, tibial spurs reddish-brown, as long as tarsomere 1; tarsi yellow covered with black setae only distal end of last segments dark-brown; tarsal claws slightly curved, reddish-brown, 3/4 as long as distal tarsomere.</p><p>Abdomen. Slim, longer than hindwing, yellowish-brown, covered with short black setae; posterior margin of each tergum with dark-brown longitudinal stripe medially. Sternites brown, with long black setae.</p><p>Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 8A–C). T9 quadrate in lateral view; S9 nearly quadrate in ventral view, caudal margin straight, covered with long black hairs; ectoproct ovoid plate, covered with black setae, white setae along caudal margins. Small post-ventral protrusion of ectoproct with long stiff bristles. Inner genitalia complex as in Fig. 8C in ventral view.</p><p>Paratype female. Length 33 mm; Forewing, length 25 mm, width 5 mm; hindwing, length 24 mm, width 4 mm. Abdomen longer than hindwing. Terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 8D–E). T8 quadrate in lateral view; gonocoxite 8 short, covered with long black setae; T9 nearly quadrate shape; gonocoxite 9 club-shaped, posteriorly covered with some black stout setae; ectoproct ovoid, covered with black stout setae .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet madayiensis is derived from the name of the type locality (Madayippara) from where the species was collected. Madayippara is an adjacent place near Madayi Kavu in Kannur district of Kerala state.</p><p>Comments. The size of the wing pattern of the new Indian species is similar to that of Nemoleon notatus (Rambur, 1842), which has a wide distribution in Africa, and extends to Madagascar and SE Spain (Stange 2004). Characteristic differences between them are the male of new species without ectoproct processus. The caudal margins of pronotum, mesoscutellum and metascutellum are characterized by sparse long white hairs. The pattern on the leg is dominantly dark while that of N. notatus yellow.</p><p>Distribution. India: Kerala: Kannur (Madayippara) (Fig. 9).</p><p>Biology. Adults are active at night, attracted by artificial light. In daytime, it sits on grass blades and bushes at rest (Fig. 5A). The habitat surrounded by semi-closed grassland in laterite soil (sand soil structure) is typical habitat for members of this genus in India (Fig. 5B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/442087ACFFC7DA5256E499D1FD24FE91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2023): Description of two new species of Nemoleon Navás, 1909 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5339 (6): 547-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4
442087ACFFC3DA5256E49D73FA36FADF.text	442087ACFFC3DA5256E49D73FA36FADF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemoleon Navas 1909	<div><p>Key to species of Nemoleon from India</p><p>No species of the genus Nemoleon was previously known in India. In the key prepared for the Nemoleontini tribe, the occurrence of Nemoleon in India was already indicated by Suryanarayanan et al. (2022).</p><p>1. Membrane transparent without dark spots, pronotum with pair of longitudinal dark-brown stripes, male ectoproct with processus................................................................................ N. ghoshi sp. n.</p><p>- Membrane transparent with small dark spots along cubital veins of forewing, pronotum with narrow brown central longitudinal dark-brown line, male ectoproct only with small post-ventral protusion........................... N. madayiensis sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/442087ACFFC3DA5256E49D73FA36FADF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan;Ábrahám, Levente;Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan	Suryanarayanan, Thangalazhi Balakrishnan, Ábrahám, Levente, Bijoy, Chenthamarakshan (2023): Description of two new species of Nemoleon Navás, 1909 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from India. Zootaxa 5339 (6): 547-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5339.6.4
