identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4B6E902EFFA2FF9DFF46FF4C1D70F887.text	4B6E902EFFA2FF9DFF46FF4C1D70F887.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Labioporella aviculifera (Silen 1941) Martino 2023	<div><p>Labioporella aviculifera (Silén, 1941) n. comb.</p><p>(Fig. 1; Table 2)</p><p>Siphonoporella aviculifera Silén, 1941: 62, figs 73–75.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy SMNH-Type-3082 (Fig. 1A–E) North Pacific, Yokohama Bay, Tokyo, Japan; depth 115 m. Leg. Vega Expedition 1878–1880, Station 1083 . Other material: SMHN-132263 (Fig. 1F–J); North Pacific, Tokyo Bay, Japan; depth 119 m.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, uni- to multilaminar due to self-overgrowth; interzooidal communication through transversely elliptical uniporous septula (Fig. 1J), c. 60 × 30 µm, observed on the lateral vertical walls at about mid-length; septular pore also elliptical, c. 15 × 5 µm.</p><p>Autozooids arranged in alternating rows, distinct with narrow grooves and a raised rim of smooth calcification, variable in shape from oval to club-shaped to rounded polygonal, almost twice as long as wide (mean L/ W 1.86) (Fig. 1A, C, D); vertical wall thickness 140–250 µm (Fig. 1J). Gymnocyst absent; cryptocyst extensive, occupying three-fourths of zooidal length, flat proximally and centrally, rising and becoming more convex distally below the opesia at level with the polypide tube, forming a raised, striated rope-like rim distally and laterally to the opesia and sloping steeply inwards; granular, with granules 10–15 µm in diameter, and those of the rope-like opesial rim aligned in radial rows; pseudoporous, with 20–35 circular pseudopores scattered centrally, about 7–10 µm in diameter (Fig. 1E, G). Two circular opesiules at the sides of the polypide tube, c. 20–30 µm in diameter (Fig. 1B).</p><p>Opesia immersed, eye-shaped to semi-circular; polypide tube generally placed centrally and symmetrically (Fig. 1B, J), short, circular (175–200 µm in diameter); operculum semi-circular (Fig. 1H, I), roughly corresponding in size to the diameter of the polypide tube (155–175 × 170–185 µm); two communication pores visible through the opesia in the inner distolateral corners of some autozooids (Fig. 1D).</p><p>Avicularia infrequent, placed at bifurcation of zooidal rows (Fig. 1A, C, D), about one-third to one-fourth of autozooidal length; cystid rectangular (Fig. 1G), rostrum slightly raised, rounded, symmetrical and distally directed (Fig. 1F), cryptocyst granular and imperforate, opesia occupying half to two-thirds of frontal surface, semi-elliptical to bell-shaped (Fig. 1A, C, D, F); mandibles not observed.</p><p>Intramural, reparative budding common in autozooids (Fig. 1C, F, J).</p><p>Remarks. Species of the genus Siphonoporella, including the type species S. nodosa Hincks, 1880 (see Cook et al. 2018, fig. 3.31), are characterized by a lightly calcified skeleton, a small nodular proximal gymnocyst, a smooth imperforate cryptocyst, a long eccentrically placed polypide tube, and the absence of B-zooids and avicularia. Conversely, in Silén’s species the skeleton is robust, the gymnocyst is absent, the cryptocyst is granular and pseudoporous, and avicularia are present although infrequent. The main reason that led Silén (1941) to place his species in Siphonoporella was the position of the polypide tube. However, in frontal view the polypide tube seems to be placed centrally in the majority of autozooids (Fig. 1A–D), while only in a few cases seems to lean more towards one side (e.g. Fig. 1F). The view from the top of a broken zooid at colony edge (Fig. 1J) also confirms its central position. Similar variability is also seen in other Labioporella species [e.g. L. bimamillata (MacGillivray, 1885) see Bock (2023) http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/steginoporellidae/labioporella _bimamillata .html]. Based on all the above reasons, the genus Labioporella seems to be the best fit for this species and the new combination L. aviculifera is hereby proposed.</p><p>Although avicularium size is one-third to one-fourth that of an autozooid, Silén (1941) described the avicularia as vicarious based on their position at the bifurcation of zooidal rows in which they occupy the site of one of the two daughter zooids (Fig. 1D). In other species of Labioporella with avicularia [e.g. L. crenulata (Levinsen, 1909) see Cook et al. 2018, fig. 3.30)], these are usually the same size as autozooids, fitting more properly into the definition of vicarious.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFA2FF9DFF46FF4C1D70F887	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFA0FF99FF46FC8B1E09FF12.text	4B6E902EFFA0FF99FF46FC8B1E09FF12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiblestrum crassispinosum (Silen 1954)	<div><p>Amphiblestrum crassispinosum (Silén, 1954)</p><p>(Fig. 2; Table 3)</p><p>Rhamphonotus crassispinosus Silén, 1954: 10, fig. 3.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) LUZM 50 a, the largest colony among the syntype material, off Rockingham, south of Garden Island, Western Australia; depth 9–18 m. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 4.1.1952 . Paralectotype: the remaining colony LUZM 50 b.</p><p>Description. Colonies encrusting algae, the largest colony 3 × 3.5 mm in size.</p><p>Autozooids hexagonal, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.27), flat, distinct, separated by grooves (Fig. 2A). Gymnocyst extensive proximally (120–160 µm), smooth, forming medially a suboral mucro lodging the avicularium and a raised rim at its limit with the adjacent cryptocyst; cryptocyst slightly depressed in respect to the gymnocyst, granular, extended for 50–90 µm.</p><p>Opesia bell-shaped with pointed triangular lateral constrictions and slightly concave proximal margin (Fig. 2B); a pair of robust, club-shaped spines placed laterally at level with the lateral constrictions, 90–160 µm long and with basal diameter 25–30 µm and tip diameter 35–50 µm, persisting in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 2C); a stout, gymnocystal mucro developed suborally and medially, 110–130 µm long and with basal diameter 70–90 µm and tip diameter about 30 µm (Fig. 2C, D).</p><p>Avicularium adventitious, placed on the suboral mucro, seemingly oval (Fig. 2D).</p><p>Ovicells squared, prominent, convex frontally and indented distally by the suboral mucro of the next zooid in the row, closed by the operculum (Fig. 2B–D); ectooecium smooth, partially calcified, sometimes developing a blunt umbo medially and leaving proximally a semielliptical to bell-shaped fenestra exposing the granular endooecium (Fig. 2B).</p><p>Remarks. This species, originally described as Ramphonotus, is currently accepted as Amphiblestrum, the main recognized difference between the two genera being the ectooecium, completely calcified in Ramphonotus and partially calcified in Amphiblestrum (Bishop &amp; Hayward 1989) . However, the boundary between these two genera remains ambiguous. It has been observed, for example, that in colonies of Amphiblestrum, e.g. A. lyrulatum (Calvet, 1907), the extent of the ectoooecium calcification can vary, sometimes even appearing uniformly calcified (López de la Cuadra &amp; García-Gómez 1994; Di Martino et al. 2022, fig. 3).</p><p>The ‘prickly’ appearance of this species is typical of taxa encrusting ephemeral, flexible substrates such as algae and seagrass leaves. The presence of thick, long, latero-oral spines and the development of a stout suboral mucro and sometimes of an umbo on the ovicell is likely a protection used to reduce colony damage consequent to friction between fronds (Di Martino &amp; Rosso 2021).</p><p>Genus Cauloramphus Norman, 1903</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFA0FF99FF46FC8B1E09FF12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFA6FF98FF46FF4C1D50FC4E.text	4B6E902EFFA6FF98FF46FF4C1D50FC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cauloramphus costatus Silen 1941	<div><p>Cauloramphus costatus Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 3; Table 4)</p><p>Cauloramphus costatus Silén, 1941: 31, figs 31–33.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2462, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar.</p><p>Autozooids pear-shaped with a tapering proximal gymnocyst (Fig. 3A, B), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.56), distinct, separated by deep grooves, quincuncially arranged. Gymnocyst extensive proximally (100–255 µm), narrower laterally (50–65 µm), smooth; cryptocyst steeply sloping towards the opesia, narrow, 50–65 µm wide, completely obscured by spines, granular with granules c. 8 µm in diameter (Fig. 3E).</p><p>Opesia pear-shaped, occupying most of the zooidal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.66) (Fig. 3E); opesial spines varying in number from 22 to 33 (more commonly 28), 20–30 µm in maximum width, 185–300 µm long, acuminate, very closely set with little space between them, meeting and often overlapping in the midline, forming a slightly convex, costate frontal shield; opesial spine bases 20–25 µm in diameter; four short (60–80 µm long) spines, 18–25 µm in diameter placed distal to the orifice (Fig. 3B); orificial opening bell-shaped, 200–220 × 300–310 µm.</p><p>Avicularia adventitious, budding from pore chambers placed on the lateral gymnocyst (Fig. 3D, E), a very short peduncle expanding into the avicularian chamber; two latero-oral avicularia constantly placed between the distal orifice spines and the first pair of opesial spines, often two additional avicularia placed laterally at zooidal mid-length, sometimes one more (rarely two) avicularium placed proximolaterally; all avicularia tear-drop shaped with triangular rostrum directed distally or distolaterally to left or right and with two small condyles (Fig. 3D); the distalmost pair of avicularia slightly larger than the others.</p><p>Ovicells globular, resting on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid (Fig. 3A, C, D); ooecium smooth with a triangular proximal opening (45–60 µm high by 115–120 µm wide at the base); only two distolateral oral spines, tightly against the lateral proximal margin of the ooecium, visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 3C, D).</p><p>Kenozooids observed as intramural buds in place of autozooids (Fig. 3F), pear-shaped, with smooth gymnocyst and central, oval opesia (260–285 × 190–210 µm) surrounded by a beaded rim of cryptocyst c. 20 µm wide.</p><p>Remarks. In addition to Cauloramphus costatus, eight other species of this genus have been reported in Japanese waters: C. cryptoarmatus Grischenko, Dick &amp; Mawatari, 2007; C. disjunctus Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929; C. japonicus Silén, 1941; C. magnus Dick &amp; Ross, 1988; C. multispinosus Grischenko, Dick &amp; Mawatari, 2007; C. niger Grischenko, Dick &amp; Mawatari, 2007; C. pseudospinifer Androsova, 1958; C. spinifer (Johnston, 1832) . These species are all easily distinguishable from C. costatus: C. cryptoarmatus is characterised by an extensive coarsely granular cryptocyst (Grischenko et al. 2007, fig. 9); C. disjunctus has zooids interconnected by tubular chambers separated by lacunae (e.g. Dick et al. 2011, fig. 3); in C. japonicus, opesial spines do not meet in the midline (see description below and Fig. 4); avicularia are rare but single and with a longer peduncle if present in C. magnus (Grischenko et al. 2007, fig. 10), C. pseudospinifer (Dick et al. 2005, fig. 3G, H), and C. spinifer (Grischenko et al. 2007, fig. 13), and apparently absent in C. multispinosus (Grischenko et al. 2007, fig. 11); finally, the ooecium is cap-like and granulose in C. niger (Grischenko et al. 2007, fig. 12).</p><p>The delicate striations in the ooecium as described and drawn in Silén (1941, p. 33, fig. 31) were not observed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFA6FF98FF46FF4C1D50FC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFA7FF9AFF46F9AB1E76F92F.text	4B6E902EFFA7FF9AFF46F9AB1E76F92F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cauloramphus japonicus Silen 1941	<div><p>Cauloramphus japonicus Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 4; Table 5)</p><p>Cauloramphus japonicus Silén, 1941: 33, figs 34, 35.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2463, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 600 m; encrusting a fragment of Steginoporella magnilabris . Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Autozooids pear-shaped with a tapering proximal gymnocyst (Fig. 4A, B, D), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.44), distinct, separated by deep grooves, quincuncially arranged. Proximal gymnocyst width highly variable (42– 271 µm), narrow laterally (20–85 µm), smooth; cryptocyst almost vertical forming a narrow circumopesial rim, 20–30 µm wide, either completely obscured by spines or, in zooids with detached spines, only visible if slightly tilted, finely granular with granules &lt;5 µm in diameter.</p><p>Opesia pear-shaped, occupying most of the zooidal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.77) (Fig. 4C, D); opesial spines varying in number from 20 to 24 (more commonly 20), 15–25 µm in maximum width, 140–200 µm long, with squared and open tips, fairly widely spaced, curved over the aperture but not meeting in the midline; opesial spine bases 10–25 µm in diameter; 7–8 shorter spines placed distal to the orifice, 50–80 µm long, 10–20 µm in diameter (Fig. 4B, C); orificial opening transversely D-shaped, 130–150 × 230–250 µm.</p><p>Avicularia adventitious, budding from pore chambers placed on the lateral gymnocyst (Fig. 4C, E, F) with a short peduncle expanding into the avicularian chamber; inconstant, absent in several zooids, if present usually single, rarely paired, placed latero-orally between the distal oral spines and the first pair of opesial spines, tear-drop shaped with triangular rostrum directed distolaterally inwards (Fig. 4F), no condyles; in a single instance an additional avicularium, of the same size and shape, observed proximolaterally (Fig. 4B, see arrow).</p><p>Ovicells globular, kenozooidal, resting on the space between zooids or developed at colony edge (Fig. 4A); ooecium smooth with a visor-like proximal projection (Fig. 4E, F); only two distolateral oral spines visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 4E, F).</p><p>Intramural buds observed in some autozooids (Fig. 4C, D).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) described four distal spines in non-ovicellate autozooids but this does not include all the spines around the orificial opening/operculum (i.e. distal and distolateral above the level of avicularia budding sites), which are constantly 7–8 (see Fig. 4C, D). Those distolateral spines were not included in the count of the opesial spines, being those reported as 10 pairs. Seo (2001) mentioned the rare observation of distal spines in Cauloramphus korensis Seo, 2001 as a character shared with C. japonicus following Mawatari &amp; Mawatari (1981, p. 43, fig. 9A). However, the 7–8 distal spines are always visible in all zooids of the type specimen of the latter species.</p><p>Other small differences between the present observations and the original description pertain to the striations of the ooecium, as in Cauloramphus costatus, which were not observed (see Fig. 4E, F), as well as the description of the avicularian peduncle, defined as very long and very narrow at the base but which looks instead short and stout (see Fig. 4B, C, E).</p><p>The two species of Cauloramphus described by Silén come from the same sampling station located in deep waters (i.e. 600 m) but species of the genus were reported from all depths including intertidal waters (Grischenko et al. 2007).</p><p>Genus Corbulella Gordon, 1984</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFA7FF9AFF46F9AB1E76F92F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFA5FF84FF46F9271ED7F98A.text	4B6E902EFFA5FF84FF46F9271ED7F98A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Corbulella boninensis (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Corbulella boninensis (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 5; Table 6)</p><p>Pyrulella boninensis Silén, 1941: 26, figs 21–24.</p><p>Crassimarginatella (Corbulella) boninensis: Gordon, 1984: 30.</p><p>Corbulella boninensis: Yang et al., 2018: 497, figs 6, 7.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 2470 D, the best preserved specimen among the syntypes UPSZTY 2470 A–D, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), east of Chichijima, Japan; depth 100–135 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotypes: the three remaining specimens.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, fan-shaped (Fig. 5A).</p><p>Autozooids oval to club-shaped if with a proximal, extensive gymnocyst (Fig. 5A, B, D), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.86), distinct, separated by deep grooves, alternating in radial series. Gymnocyst highly variable in width proximally (i.e. 40–170 µm), much narrower laterally and obscured by adjacent zooids, smooth; cryptocyst outlined by a raised beaded rim (Fig. 5E), sloping towards the opesia, more extensive proximally (40–115 µm), tapering laterally (20–35 µm), disappearing distally, coarsely granular with granules 8–12 µm in diameter (Fig. 5B, E).</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying two-thirds to half zooidal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.63) (Fig. 5B, D); eight lateral opesial spines (Fig. 5C, F), four per side, thin, 5–8 µm wide, 90–100 µm long, widely spaced, curved over the aperture but not meeting in the midline, indenting the cryptocyst at the base (Fig. 5E); 3–7 shorter spines placed distal and distolateral to the orifice, 50–70 µm long, 10–15 µm in diameter (Fig. 5B–D); orificial opening transversely Dshaped, 80–90 × 125–150 µm.</p><p>Avicularia vicarious, similar in size to autozooids, broadly figure-eight-shaped (Fig. 5A see arrow, G); rostrum spatulate with raised distal and finely denticulate distolateral margins; at least two pairs of opesial spines, two per side, placed at about mid-length immediately below the raised margin of the rostrum; at least two distolateral spines; mandible semielliptical.</p><p>Ovicells prominent, cap-like (Fig. 5C, F, G), resting on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid; ectoooecium smooth, partially calcified, leaving an arc-shaped frontal fenestra exposing a smooth endooecium; the distal rim of the fenestra typically notched centrally forming a small umbo (Fig. 5D, F, G); only two distolateral oral spines visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 5F, G).</p><p>A single kenozooid observed, 205 × 130 µm, pear-shaped with smooth gymnocyst laterally and coarsely granular, depressed cryptocyst frontally, an elliptical opening 80 × 30 µm placed centrally (Fig. 5H).</p><p>Remarks. Over the years, following Hastings (1945), Brown (1952) and Harmelin (1973), species of the genus Pyrulella Harmer, 1926 were either included in Valdemunitella Canu, 1900 or in Crassimarginatella Canu, 1900 . The genus Corbulella was first introduced as a subgenus of Crassimarginatella (Gordon 1984) and regarded as such until Tilbrook et al. (2001) recommended to treat it as a full genus owing to the high number of species attributed to it and its long Cenozoic range. Corbulella can be distinguished from Crassimarginatella by the presence of vicarious avicularia with toothed rostra and spines bordering the opesia (Gordon 1984).</p><p>Genus Cranosina Canu &amp; Bassler, 1933</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFA5FF84FF46F9271ED7F98A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFBBFF86FF46F9C41E3FFF12.text	4B6E902EFFBBFF86FF46F9C41E3FFF12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cranosina transversa (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Cranosina transversa (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 6; Table 7)</p><p>Copidozoum transversum Silén, 1941: 41, figs 52–55, pl. 2, fig. 6.</p><p>Cranosina transversa: Osburn, 1950: 49.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy UPSZTY 2465, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 600 m; colony fragment detached from the substrate. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar.</p><p>Autozooids rounded polygonal (Fig. 6A), hexagonal, pentagonal or lozenge-shaped, slightly longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.12), distinct, separated by thin grooves and a raised rim of beaded cryptocyst, irregularly arranged. Gymnocyst absent; cryptocyst outlined by a raised beaded rim, immersed, more extensive proximally (140–230 µm), narrower laterally and distally (50–110 µm), finely granular with granules 5–12 µm in diameter aligned radially all around the opesia, the innermost ring of granules projecting inwards, giving the opesia a denticulate appearance (Fig. 6A, B).</p><p>Opesia seemingly oval and extended for most of the zooidal frontal length; orificial opening transversely Dshaped, 220–230 × 300–310 µm.</p><p>Avicularia interzooidal, spoon-shaped, situated at the distal end of each zooid (Fig. 6A) on an irregularly rectangular cystid; rostrum raised and channelled, directed laterally or proximolaterally to either side (Fig. 6B), the length of the avicularium sometimes exceeding the length of the cystid hence the rostrum tip reaches the margins of the adjacent zooid; mandible acicular, about 250–400 µm long (Fig. 6A) pivoting on two robust condyles (Fig. 6B).</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Osburn (1950, p. 49) was the first to suggest Cranosina as a better fit for Copidozoum transversum when comparing his new species, Cranosina colombiana, with similar taxa. However, Chimonides &amp; Cook (1994, p. 44) put on standby Osburn’s recommendation, awaiting the discovery of specimens to ascertain the method of brooding and type of ovicell. The type specimen lacks ovicells but the general appearances of autozooids and avicularia (including their placement distal to each autozooid) corresponds well with the type specimen of the genus, C. coronata (Hincks, 1881) .</p><p>The inability to bleach the specimen (due to its type status and fragility) and to see the limit of the cryptocyst below the frontal membrane prevented observation and measurement of the opesia.</p><p>Genus Crassimarginatella Canu, 1900</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFBBFF86FF46F9C41E3FFF12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB9FF81FF46FF4C1E70FA42.text	4B6E902EFFB9FF81FF46FF4C1E70FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crassimarginatella spinifera Silen 1941	<div><p>Crassimarginatella spinifera Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 7; Table 8)</p><p>Crassimarginatella spinifera Silén, 1941: 25, fig. 20.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2466, Goto Islands, Kyushu, Japan; depth 200–300 m; encrusting a bivalve shell. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 7A).</p><p>Autozooids rounded hexagonal to club-shaped (Fig. 7A), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.42), distinct, separated by thin grooves, quincuncially arranged. Gymnocyst extensive proximally (145–250 µm), narrower laterally (25–70 µm), negligible distally, smooth, convex; cryptocyst outlined by a raised beaded rim, surrounding and sloping towards the opesia, evenly extensive proximally and laterally (30–60 µm), minimal distally, coarsely granular with granules 5–10 µm in diameter aligned in radial rows (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying about half zooidal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.56); opesial spines ranging from 5 to 8 (distributed as follows: 2–4 distolateral, two lateral, 1–5 proximal), most commonly seven, 100–150 µm long, 15–35 µm in diameter (the most robust usually the mid-proximal one), widely spaced, those placed laterally and proximally curved over the aperture but not meeting in the midline, indenting the cryptocyst at the base (Fig. 7B, D); orificial opening transversely D-shaped.</p><p>Avicularia subvicarious, always smaller than autozooids, placed randomly among autozooids, overall rounded but slightly narrower and constricted at level with the hinge of the mandible (Fig. 7B, C), placed on an irregularly polygonal cystid made of smooth, convex gymnocyst; a narrow rim of granular cryptocyst bordering the proximal margin; rostrum and mandible semielliptical, 60–70 × 120–150 µm; pivotal bar or condyles not observed.</p><p>Ovicells prominent, globular, resting on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid (Fig. 7B, D, E); ectooecium uncalcified except for a narrow, circumferential band of smooth gymnocyst; endooecium extensive, granular; only two distolateral oral spines visible in ovicellate zooids.</p><p>Subsequent intramural budding observed in both autozooids and avicularia: in the first case the newly budded polymorph being either an autozooid or an avicularium, in the latter case forming a kenozooid (Fig. 7E).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) mentioned Crassimarginatella kumatae (Okada, 1923) has the most similar species to C. spinifera, one of the main similarities being the appearance of the ooecium, rounded and granulated. In describing specimens of C. kumatae from South Korea, Min et al. (2017, p. 473) discussed the definition of the genus Crassimarginatella in relation to the different types of ooecia observed in species currently assigned to this genus. While some species of the genus, such as the type species C. crassimarginata (Hincks, 1880), have an ectooecium almost completely calcified, except for a narrow, slit-like window, another group of species, including C. kumatae and C. spinifera, have a mostly membranous ectooecium and an extensively exposed, smooth or granular endooecium. Min et al. (2017) suggested waiting for genetic information before splitting off a new genus. Unfortunately, despite the increasing efforts to build a complete molecular phylogeny for cheilostome bryozoans (e.g. Orr et al. 2021, 2022), sequencing data on Crassimarginatella species are still scarce.</p><p>Genus Parellisina Osburn, 1940</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB9FF81FF46FF4C1E70FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFBEFF83FF46F99D1943FC06.text	4B6E902EFFBEFF83FF46F99D1943FC06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parellisina sileni Osburn 1949	<div><p>Parellisina sileni Osburn, 1949</p><p>(Fig. 8; Table 9)</p><p>Ellisina latirostris Silén, 1941: 36, figs 41, 42.</p><p>Parellisina sileni Osburn, 1949: 5, fig. 10.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation SMNH-Type-3081, North Pacific, Yokohama Bay, Tokyo, Japan; depth 115 m. Leg. Vega Expedition 1878–1880, Station 1083.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting a flat rocky substrate, 2.5 × 4.5 cm in size; colony size 3.523 × 2.648 mm (Fig. 8A); one distal pore-chamber window visible on zooids at colony growing edge, elliptical, 60 × 28–38 µm (Fig. 8H). Ancestrula seemingly tatiform and elliptical, about 300 µm long by 215 µm wide, with at least seven spines encircling the opesia (Fig. 8B, arrowed).</p><p>Autozooids oval, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.37). Gymnocyst mostly not visible but in some zooids extensive proximally (85–145 µm), narrow (20–50 µm) to minimal laterally, smooth, convex (Fig. 8C–E); cryptocyst raised, beaded, narrow proximally (50–90 µm), tapering (30–55 µm) and steeply sloping inwards the opesia laterally, disappearing distally (Fig. 8C, D). Interzooidal communication through uniporous septula, elliptical, about 20 µm long by 15 µm wide, visible on lateral walls at zooidal mid-length (Fig. 8I, arrowed).</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying almost the entire length of the frontal surface (Fig. 8D); operculum semicircular (Fig. 8F). Pair of delicate spines placed distolaterally on the gymnocyst, the basal diameter 5–7 µm, visible also in ovicellate zooids; an additional spine placed at about zooidal mid-length visible in some autozooids (Fig. 8C, D).</p><p>Avicularia vicarious, falciform, placed on a polygonal or often rectangular cystid with the gymnocyst always well developed laterally and sometimes extensive distally (Fig. 8C, F); proximal cryptocyst narrow, beaded as in autozooids (Fig. 8F); rostrum asymmetrical, curved to either side, rounded, jagged, raised and distally directed; opesia small, elliptical to subcircular, 78–116 long by 54–68 µm wide; condyles triangular and robust; mandible shape similar to that of the rostrum (Fig. 8F). Kenozooids distal to avicularium asymmetrically triangular with a central, rounded triangular to subcircular opening, 40–70 µm long by 50–70 µm wide (Fig. 8G, H).</p><p>Ovicells globular, not closed by the operculum, resting on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid, indenting and modifying the outline of its cryptocyst (Fig. 8C); ectooecium uncalcified except for a narrow smooth band of calcification visible distally (Fig. 8E), endooecium coarsely granular (Fig. 8C–E).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) described this species as Ellisina latirostris before being aware of the description of the new genus Parellisina, and the species P. latirostris, by Osburn (1940). The new genus was introduced for membraniporid/calloporid taxa having interzooidal avicularia associated with a kenozooid, as is the case in Silén’s species. When Osborn (1949) transferred Silén’s species to Parellisina the specific name was preoccupied and he renamed it as P. sileni in honour of its original author. Parellisina sileni differs from Parellisina latirostris in the shape of the avicularian rostrum, falciform in the former species and spatulate in the latter, and of the associated kenozooid, triangular and spade-shaped, respectively (see Fig. 8G and Osburn 1940, pl. 4, figs 33, 34).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFBEFF83FF46F99D1943FC06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFBCFF8DFF46F9301DB7FC22.text	4B6E902EFFBCFF8DFF46F9301DB7FC22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retevirgula triangulata (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Retevirgula triangulata (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 9; Table 10)</p><p>Pyrulella tubulata var. triangulata Silén, 1941: 28, figs 25, 26.</p><p>Retevirgula tubulata var. triangularis [sic]: Mawatari &amp; Mawatari, 1980: 89, fig. 31.</p><p>Retevirgula triangulata: Min et al., 2017: 475.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2471, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Takino Ura, Japan; depth 45–60 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 9A, B).</p><p>Autozooids oval to almost parallel-sided elliptical (Fig. 9B, F), twice as long as wide (mean L/ W 1.96), quincuncially or irregularly arranged, disjunct with 8–14 tubular connections (30–90 µm wide) to adjacent autozooids and heterozooids (both avicularia and kenozooids); tubular connections more visible in certain portions of the colony, leaving large (70–225 × 40–110 µm), irregularly elliptical lacunae between them (Fig. 9B, E). Gymnocyst smooth, more extensive proximally (80–90 µm), sloping steeply laterally; cryptocyst forming a very narrow (10–15 µm) coarsely beaded rim around the opesia, indented by periopesial spines (Fig. 9B, C, F).</p><p>Opesia oval or elliptical, somewhat mirroring autozooidal shape, occupying most of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.77), encircled by 14–18 articulated spines, 20–30 µm in diameter, 140–230 µm long, the two distalmost pairs more erect, the remaining pairs overarching the frontal membrane (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Avicularia and kenozooids interzooidal, sparse (Fig. 9A–D) or forming clusters (Fig. 9E), the shape, size and convexity of the cystid/zooid variable. Avicularia elliptical, slightly constricted at about mid-length, an extremely narrow rim of beaded cryptocyst outlining its proximal half (Fig. 9C, D); mandible and rostrum semicircular, the latter raised and directed distally or distolaterally to either side; pivotal bars or condyles absent. Kenozooids with circular openings surrounded by a rim of beaded cryptocyst (10–15 µm wide) and 5–6 erect spines, 10–20 µm in diameter, 100–150 µm long, not indenting the cryptocyst but placed at a short distance (10–25 µm) from it (Fig. 9E–H, see arrows).</p><p>Ovicells globular, convex; ooecium smooth, ectooecium partially calcified, with a plectrum-shaped or teardrop-shaped fenestra, placed medially (Fig. 9A, C, F).</p><p>Remarks. Min et al. (2017) pointed out that in the description of this species neither Mawatari &amp; Mawatari (1980) nor Silén (1941) mentioned the presence of spinose interzooidal kenozooids, which were indeed observed in the holotype (see Fig. 9E–H).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFBCFF8DFF46F9301DB7FC22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB2FF8FFF46F96A1E10FDC2.text	4B6E902EFFB2FF8FFF46F96A1E10FDC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antropora erecta Silen 1941	<div><p>Antropora erecta Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 10; Table 11)</p><p>Antropora erecta Silén, 1941: 44, figs 56, 57.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2455, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Takino Ura, Japan; depth 45–60 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. The holotype colony Y-shaped and tube-like, probably due to having encrusted an organic substrate such as a seagrass stem, multiserial, unilaminar.</p><p>Autozooids pentagonal, hexagonal or rhomboidal with rounded, slightly raised distal margin (Fig. 10A), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.68), distinct, separated by shallow furrows, quincuncially arranged; zooidal shape and arrangement becoming irregular at colony bifurcations, likely owing to the type of substratum encrusted (Fig. 10D). Gymnocyst minimal, sometimes visible proximally; cryptocyst extensive, occupying half of the frontal surface, sloping laterally, depressed and flat centrally, granular with granules 2–10 µm in diameter (Fig. 10B).</p><p>Opesia rounded triangular, occupying the distal half of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.49); operculum transversely D-shaped, about 100 µm in length (Fig. 10A, B).</p><p>Avicularia interzooidal, one or two placed distolateral to each autozooid, teardrop-shaped, rostrum triangular with acute tip directed distally, raised (Fig. 10B, C); mandible same shape as the rostrum articulated on two small condyles. Vicarious avicularia not observed.</p><p>Ovicells endozooidal; ooecium formed by the distal zooid, exposed frontal area extremely reduced, cap-like, smooth surfaced (Fig. 10C).</p><p>Remarks. Although Silén (1941) acknowledged that this species/specimen grew around an ephemeral substrate that shaped it as cylindrical and hollow, leaving organic traces on the zooidal underside, he described it as erect. From the study of the holotype, the tube-like form of the colony points to the incrustation of an organic stem that modelled the shape of the colony, as observed in other encrusting species (Di Martino &amp; Taylor 2014a, fig. 4E, F), which however never developed erect branches independently from the substrate. The erect colony form was the main character distinguishing A. erectirostra Tilbrook, 1998 from Ceylon from this species. Both species have small interzooidal avicularia with pointed triangular and raised rostra directed distally. Antropora erectirostra has also rare vicarious avicularia but given their uncommonness, their absence in A. erecta would not exclude their conspecificity. However, another distinguish character is the surface of the ooecium, smooth in A. erecta and granular in A. erectirostra (see Tilbrook 1998, fig. 3C). Given their small size, ooecia were not observed/described by Silén (1941) but they are indeed present in several zooids of the holotype (some indicated by arrows in Fig. 10A).</p><p>Comparing the mean values of size measurements between the two species, lengths are slightly smaller in A. erecta (ZL 0.45 vs 0.50 mm; OpL 0.22 vs 0.25 mm; AvL 0.10 vs 0.13 mm in A. erecta and A. erectirostra, respectively), while widths are slightly larger (ZW 0.27 vs 0.24 mm; OpW 0.20 vs 0.16 mm in A. erecta and A. erectirostra, respectively).</p><p>These morphological and morphometric differences, along with their separate geographic origins, lend strong support to the validity of both species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB2FF8FFF46F96A1E10FDC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB0FF8FFF46FBF51E7CFB6B.text	4B6E902EFFB0FF8FFF46FBF51E7CFB6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaperiidae Jullien 1888	<div><p>Family Chaperiidae Jullien, 1888</p><p>Genus Chaperiopsis Uttley, 1949</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB0FF8FFF46FBF51E7CFB6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB0FF8EFF46FB661CB4FEE2.text	4B6E902EFFB0FF8EFF46FB661CB4FEE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaperiopsis boninensis (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Chaperiopsis boninensis (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 11; Table 12)</p><p>Chaperia transversalis var. boninensis Silén, 1941: 48, fig. 65.</p><p>not Chaperiopsis (Chaperiopsis) boninensis: Gordon, 1984: 35, pl. 6, fig. B.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2464, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), east from Chichijima, Japan; depth 100–135 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; the holotype consisting of two dozen zooids lacking ovicells.</p><p>Autozooids oval to rhomboidal, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.32), distinct, separated by deep furrows, quincuncially arranged (Fig. 11A, B). Gymnocyst smooth, forming a short triangular shelf proximally (70–80 µm), lodging the base of the pedunculate avicularium; a narrow moon-shaped band of granular cryptocyst extending proximally and laterally, outlined by a raised rim indented by spines distolaterally.</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying about half of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.51); occlusor laminae not visible; four robust distal spines, 30–40 µm in diameter, the most external pair cervicorn, branched thrice, 250–315 µm long, the distalmost pair bifurcated, 130–215 µm long (Fig. 11A).</p><p>Adventitious avicularia of two types: type 1 sessile, placed distally to almost each autozooid, teardrop-shaped with acutely triangular rostrum directed distally and two blunt condyles, mandible same shape and size as the rostrum (Fig. 11B); type 2 pedunculate with a 150–280 µm long stalk, placed on the proximal gymnocyst of most autozooids, directed perpendicular to the surface of the colony, same shape of the sessile avicularia but on average slightly longer, the rostrum oriented proximally (Fig. 11B).</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. The main diagnostic feature of this species is the long-stalked, pedunculate proximal avicularium. Gordon’s (1984) records of this species from several stations in the Kermadec Ridge across a great depth range (35–635 m) turned out to be conspecific with Chaperiopsis tintinnabula Hayward &amp; Thorpe, 1988 (Gordon et al. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB0FF8EFF46FB661CB4FEE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB1FF8BFF46F9C11F68FCB6.text	4B6E902EFFB1FF8BFF46F9C11F68FCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mangana canui (Silen 1941) Martino 2023	<div><p>Mangana canui (Silén, 1941) n. comb.</p><p>(Figs 12, 13; Table 13)</p><p>Callopora canui Silén, 1941: 34, figs 36–40, pl. 3, fig. 8.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2459 (poorly preserved, not figured) Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 300–600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paratypes UPSZTY 191145 (Fig. 12), UPSZTY 191146 (Fig. 13B), same details as the holotype . Paratype UPSZTY 191147 (Fig. 13A) Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 100 m. Leg. Prof . T. Gislén, Pacific Expedition 1930–1931.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Interzooidal communication through multiporous septula visible on the lateral and distal inner wall (Fig. 13B), 35–45 µm long by 20–25 µm wide, with 2–4 pores per septulum, 5–10 µm in diameter.</p><p>Autozooids oval, slightly longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.19), distinct, separated by thin grooves (Fig. 12A), quincuncially or irregularly arranged. Gymnocyst negligible laterally, only visible in zooids in formation (Figs 12C, 13B), smooth; opesial cryptocyst sloping inwards, narrow, about the same width proximally and laterally (45–65 µm), tapering distally, coarsely granular with granules arranged in radial rows, 7–10 µm in diameter, the raised beaded outline formed by smaller granules, 2–6 µm in diameter; frontal surface made of areas of granular interior wall (with scattered pores) due to secondary calcification originating from interzooidal chambers assumed to be kenozooids.</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying most of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.81), constantly with two distolateral spine bases indenting the cryptocyst (Fig. 12B), persisting also in ovicellate zooids (Figs 12E, 13A), basal diameter 14–30 µm.</p><p>A large frontal avicularium obliquely placed proximally to proximolaterally on each autozooid (Fig. 12A, B); areas of granular interior wall seen on the surface of some cystids, in some instances, overlapping with the ooecium of the preceding zooid (Figs 12E, F, 13A); rostrum raised at about 45° from the surface of the colony, outer sides smooth, directed distolaterally to either side, its edges serrated, hooked at the tip (Fig. 12D); mandible triangular also with hooked tip (Fig. 13A), 210–270 µm long; crossbar seemingly complete. In some autozooids, two avicularia similar in shape but smaller in size (160–250 µm long by 80–100 µm wide) occupy the proximal frontal area (Fig. 12C). Rarely, even smaller avicularia (c. 75 µm long by 50 µm wide) are present at the intersection among three autozooids (Fig. 12B, C).</p><p>Ovicells slightly convex, mostly immersed in proximal part of distal zooid, not closed by the operculum; ectooecium granular, partially calcified, progressively closing, leaving only a narrow straight to arched fissure centrally to proximally (125–205 µm long by 15–50 µm wide) with a raised, sometimes flared rim through which the smooth endooecium is visible (Figs 12E, F, 13A).</p><p>Remarks. This species showcases the key traits of the family Foveolariidae, namely a negligible gymnocyst and a bipartite cryptocyst (Winston 2005; Martha et al. 2020). The inner granular portion of the cryptocyst steeply encircles and slopes into the opesia, while the perforated outer portion appears as a thin-layered kenozooidal overgrowth on the sides of avicularia and ovicells with the kenozooids being formed adventitiously in interzooidal furrows. Among all the genera of foveolariids, it is here assigned to Mangana primarily because of two features typical of this genus (Gordon 2014), i.e. the presence of multiporous septula on the distal and lateral walls of autozooids (Fig. 13B), and the presence of large adventitious avicularia proximally on each autozooid (Fig. 13D).</p><p>The type species of the genus, M. magnesia Gordon, 2014, differs from M. canui n. comb. in having oligoserial (i.e. bi- to triserial) colonies and in the lack of oral spines. These characters, however, do not appear to hold significant taxonomic importance at generic level, as numerous cheilostome genera include species with varying colony arrangements (uniserial, oligoserial and multiserial) and the presence and absence of spines. Additionally, the latter character often shows intracolonial variability and may be ephemeral in nature.</p><p>Mawatari (1952) reported this species from several sites off the Kii peninsula but in his specimens the distolateral spines, constantly present in the type material, were lacking.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB1FF8BFF46F9C11F68FCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFB4FFB5FF46FCF418B9FBFA.text	4B6E902EFFB4FFB5FF46FCF418B9FBFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mangana incrustata (Silen 1941) Martino 2023	<div><p>Mangana incrustata (Silén, 1941) n. comb.</p><p>(Fig. 14; Table 14)</p><p>Tegella incrustata Silén, 1941: 29, figs 27–30, pl. 2, fig. 5.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2474 (Fig. 14A, B), Goto Islands, Kyushu, Japan; depth 110 m; encrusting a sponge from a sandy sea-bottom. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paratype UPSZTY 191149 (Fig. 14C, D), Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Japan; depth 100–135 m; encrusting a fragment of a sea-urchin test. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 .</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 14C, D). Ancestrula tatiform (Fig. 14D, see dashed ellipse), elliptical, c. 165 × 95 µm, surrounded by at least six spines (20–25 µm in diameter), budding a single autozooid distally; the first budded autozooid oval, c. 430 × 225 µm, seemingly equipped with a proximal avicularium as later autozooids; subsequent autozooids budding in a spiral pattern, constraining and overgrowing the ancestrula.</p><p>Autozooids oval to club-shaped depending on the extension of the proximal gymnocyst (Fig. 14C), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.44), distinct, separated by thin grooves, irregularly arranged. Vestigial traces of gymnocyst visible proximal to the depressed rectangular to trapezoidal platform lodging the avicularium (Fig. 14C, D), 75–210 µm long, finely granular; opesial cryptocyst outlined by a raised beaded rim, narrow (30–45 µm), evenly extended proximally and laterally, disappearing distally, coarsely granular with granules 5–12 µm in diameter aligned in radial row and projecting inwards, giving the opesia a denticulate appearance (Fig. 14D).</p><p>Autozooidal appearance changing through the development of a calcified ‘lamina’ (i.e. interior walled cryptocystal layer of kenozooidal origin; Fig. 14A, B): zooidal boundaries becoming indistinct while undulate sutures appear at about zooidal mid-length, at level with the base of the avicularium, joining the two portions of lamina covering each autozooid, one that starts spreading proximally and the other distally. Surface of the lamina flat, granular, with granules evenly distributed and widely spaced on the frontal, more densely accumulated on the avicularian mucro and ovicells, 8–15 µm in diameter; 2–6 elliptical to subcircular pores distributed more or less along the obliterated lateral boundaries of the zooids, 20–70 × 15–50 µm.</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying most of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.74), rarely with 1–2 distolateral spines c. 30 µm in diameter (see arrows in Fig. 14A, C); if present, spines persisting in ovicellate autozooids concealed by the calcified ‘lamina’ (Fig. 14A). Opesia partly obscured by the development of the lamina leaving a bell- to figure-eight-shaped secondary opening, 350–450 × 180–220 µm; the proximal margin always hidden by the rising avicularium, the distal margin straight and truncated if an ovicell develops (Fig. 14A, B).</p><p>A large frontal avicularium (215 µm long by 130 µm wide) obliquely placed on the proximal zooidal gymnocyst of each autozooid, forming a prominent mucro projecting over the opesia (185–210 µm in length from the proximal margin of the secondary opening) at an angle of about 10–20° when covered by the calcified ‘lamina’, therefore not visible in frontal view (Fig. 14A, B); the outline of the rostrum smooth, the surface of ‘lamina’ covering the avicularian chamber densely granular; rostrum triangular, hooked, laterally serrated pointing distally or distolaterally; crossbar seemingly complete.</p><p>Ovicells globular, convex, semi-immersed in proximal part of distal zooid; ooecium covered by the calcified ‘lamina’, densely granular (Fig. 14A), with the subcircular/elliptical pores of the ‘lamina’ distributed at each corner, the proximal margin straight.</p><p>Remarks. As for Mangana canui n. comb., the newly proposed combination, M. incrustata n. comb., is also based on the presence of the same key foveolariid characters, i.e. negligible gymnocyst and interior walled cryptocystal layer of kenozooidal origin. Once again, the presence of a large frontal adventitious avicularium proximally to each autozooid classifies this species within the genus Mangana . Furthermore, it is worth noting that oral spines in this species may either be present or absent in autozooids within the same colony.</p><p>Silén (1941, p. 31) compares this species with Tegella robertsoni O’Donoghue &amp; O’Donoghue, 1926 [now considered a junior synonym of T. aquilirostris (O’Donoghue &amp; O’Donoghue, 1923)] because of a similar secondary calcified ‘lamina’ that, however, is unrelated to the thin kenozooidal overgrowth layer in M. incrustata n. comb. In T. robertsoni, the secondary ‘lamina’ to which Silén (1941) referred would cover only the ooecium “which is small and membranous or very little calcified”. It is likely that Silén (1941) referred to the thick margin of the ectooecium (see Dick et al. 2005, p. 3708, fig. 4E, F).</p><p>Among species currently assigned to Tegella, T. horrida (Hincks, 1880) shares similarities with M. canui n. comb., M. incrustata n. comb., and foveolariids in general. Notably, T. horrida has interior-walled excavations on the ovicell and interzooidal kenozooids (Dick et al. 2005). The presence of a large proximofrontal avicularium in T. horrida strongly suggests its affinity with M. canui n. comb. and M. incrustata n. comb. In addition, all three species are geographically close, being found in the North Pacific. The main difference lies in the robust and prominent circumopesial spines present in T. horrida .</p><p>Mawatari (1952) reported this species also from one locality (i.e. Kushimoto) at Kii Peninsula.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFB4FFB5FF46FCF418B9FBFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF8AFFB1FF46FAB61DFBFBB2.text	4B6E902EFF8AFFB1FF46FAB61DFBFBB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heliodoma goesi Silen 1942	<div><p>Heliodoma goesi Silén, 1942a</p><p>(Fig. 15; Table 15)</p><p>Heliodoma goësi Silén, 1942a: 2, fig. 2, pl. 1, figs 3, 4.</p><p>Setosellina goesi: Lagaaij 1963: 172, pl. 2, fig. 1.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype SMNH-Type-1892a [designated here (Fig. 15A, B); this specimen was illustrated in Silén (1942a, pl. 1, fig. 4)], Caribbean Sea, Virgin Islands, West Indies; depth 366–549 m. Leg. A. Goës 1869 . Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-1892b (Fig. 15C, D), c (Fig. 15E–I), and d (Fig. 15J), same details as lectotype. Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-1892e-j (not figured).</p><p>Other species material for comparison: Heliodoma implicata Calvet, 1906 SMNH-128026 and SMNH-128027 (Fig. 16E–G; see also Silén 1942a, pl. 1, fig. 2), including two colonies each; North Atlantic Ocean, Sao Miguel, off Vila Franca do Campo, Azores. Gravel with clay. Leg. Josephine Expedition 1869, station e35-42. SMNH-127828 (Fig. 16A–D; see also Silén 1942a, pl. 1, fig. 1), one colony; North Atlantic Ocean, Sao Miguel, off Vila Franca do Campo, Azores. Gravel and volcanic rocks. Leg. Josephine Expedition 1869, station e2-10.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting substrates less than 2 mm in diameter (colony size: 1.099 –1.491 mm long by 1.057 –1.450 mm wide; L/ W 0.77 –1.23; N 10), S-shaped (Fig. 15A), flat, including 10–16 autozooids in addition to the ancestrula; in some colonies the peripheral zooids growing beyond the substrate to a limited extent, without enveloping the underside (Fig. 15A, C, J).</p><p>Ancestrula elliptical, budding one distolateral vibraculum and two autozooids, one distal and the other distolaterally at a right angle from each other, giving origin to two concentric clock-wise spirals of zooids and associated vibracula (Fig. 15A, C, E); ancestrula, 258–280 µm long by 185–230 µm wide (measured from the gymnocystal rim, gymnocystal boundaries undefined) with the frontal surface occupied almost entirely by the oval opesia (230–270 µm long by 170–185 µm wide); first budded zooids 280–335 µm long by 180–230 µm wide including the gymnocyst (230–300 µm long by 180–210 µm wide if measured from the gymnocystal rim), opesia oval (195–230 µm long by 150–175 µm wide) narrower distally; ancestrula and first budded zooids sometimes sealed by a nodular lamina leaving a more or less centrally placed elliptical opening (Fig. 15A, B).</p><p>Autozooids oval, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.53). Gymnocyst smooth, convex, extensive proximally, narrow laterally, minimal distally, forming a raised mural rim outlining the autozooids (Fig. 15B, D, F, G); gymnocystal boundaries mostly undefined, sometimes with narrow grooves. Cryptocyst beaded, very thin proximally and laterally (10–15 µm), disappearing distally (Fig. 15G, H). Interzooidal communication through depressed multiporous septula, two elliptical, 30–70 µm long by 18–30 µm wide, visible on lateral walls (one proximolateral and one distolateral) of external zooids (Fig. 15D, E arrowed). Intramural buds common in autozooids, visible through the opesia as concentric rims (Fig. 15B, I). Opesia oval, narrower distally, occupying almost the entire length of the frontal surface (Fig. 15F, G); operculum semicircular (Fig. 15B).</p><p>A vibraculum present distolaterally to each autozooid, those at the periphery of the colony globular, often with a more developed cystid (Fig. 15D, F); opesia occupying most of the length of the frontal surface but much narrower, figure-8-shaped with two small teeth in the middle; seta thin and curved, about 350 µm long (Fig. 15B).</p><p>Ovicells terminal, cap-like, closed by the operculum; ooecium smooth with a central pore on the centre of a depression of variable size, not always visible in frontal view (Fig. 15H, I arrowed).</p><p>Kenozooids absent.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1942a) placed this species in Heliodoma acknowledging that the differences between the genera Heliodoma and Setosellina Calvet, 1906 were vague, and that the type species of the genus, H. implicata Calvet, 1906, differed from his new species in having a more extensive cryptocyst proximally and laterally (Fig. 16F), as well as nodular closure plates sealing the opesia of the first generations of zooids except for the area occupied by the operculum (Fig. 16A, B). Closure plates, although different in appearance, can be seen also in the central zooids of H. goesi (Fig. 15A, B). In this case the calcification starts from the periphery of the opesia towards the centre, leaving a central, oval opening.</p><p>In the diagnosis of Heliodoma, Calvet (1906, p. 157) mentioned the double, concentric spiral arrangement of the zooids, while in the diagnosis of Setosellina (Calvet 1906, p. 157) the main character mentioned is the position of the vibracula, corresponding with the longitudinal axis of the zooid; there is no mention of the development of the cryptocyst. In Silén’s species, zooids are arranged in a double spiral pattern, and vibracula are placed distolaterally not distally, therefore leaning more on one side, not corresponding to the zooidal axis. The vibraculum is distally placed in the type species, S. roulei Calvet, 1906 (see also Calvet 1907, pl. 26, fig. 5, 6; Di Martino &amp; Taylor 2014b, pl. 22, fig. 2a, b for additional non-type material), and also in other species, e.g. S. constricta Harmer, 1926 (see Di Martino &amp; Taylor 2018, figs 23, 24).</p><p>Harmelin (1977) highlights the undivided zooidal spirals in Heliodoma, observed also in the syntypes of H. goesi and previously pointed out by Silén (1942a) as the main difference between the two genera.</p><p>The development of the cryptocyst was never mentioned as a generic diagnostic character. In the two species currently included in Heliodoma, the extension of the cryptocyst varies from moderate in the type species, to narrow in the Pleistocene H. angusta Rosso, 1998 which appears similar to H. goesi .</p><p>Based on these considerations, the original combination Heliodoma goesi is here reinstated. The first attribution of the species to Setosellina rather than Heliodoma is in Lagaaij (1963) but the reasons leading to this action are not stated. Since then, it has always been reported as Setosellina (e.g. Cook 1965; Cook 1985; Rosso 2008).</p><p>Molecular data will be essential to confirm the difference between the two genera. Unfortunately, representatives of the Heliodomidae have not been sequenced yet, likely due to the difficulty in obtaining suitable samples, given the small size of the colonies and their occurrence in deep water settings.</p><p>Heliodoma goesi was reported from a variety of sand-sized substrates, including quartz grains and carbonate bioclasts such as foraminifera tests (Lagaaij 1963; Cook 1985; Rosso 2008). Colonies examined here were encrusting tests of Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny in Parker, Jones &amp; Brady, 1865). The extension to which the colonies are able to grow independently of the substrate varies depending on the species in both Heliodoma and Setosellina . In H. implicata and H. angusta, up to several generations of autozooids can be budded free from the substrate (e.g. Silén 1942a; Rosso 1998), while in H. goesi only the last generation of zooids can be partially free from it (Fig. 15J; see also Silén 1942a). Among Setosellina species, some such as S. capriensis (Waters, 1926), are able to grow extensively away from the substrate (see Håkansson &amp; Zagoršek 2020, fig. 12.4), while others, such as S. constricta, are able to envelop the underside of the substrate producing clusters of kenozooids (Di Martino &amp; Taylor 2018, figs 23, 24; Di Martino et al. 2019, fig. 2).</p><p>All paralectotypes were SEMed, and additional images not published here will be made available through the SMNH online catalogue .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF8AFFB1FF46FAB61DFBFBB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF8EFFB0FF46FAA91D78FC9A.text	4B6E902EFF8EFFB0FF46FAA91D78FC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cribralaria curvirostris Silen 1941	<div><p>Cribralaria curvirostris Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 17; Table 16)</p><p>Cribralaria curvirostris Silén, 1941: 122, figs 182, 183.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2484, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Japan; depth 100–135 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 17A).</p><p>Autozooids cribrate, oval with straight distal margin (Fig. 17A), almost twice as long as wide (mean L/ W 1.85), distinct, separated by thin furrows; frontal shield convex, smooth, formed by 13–17 partially fused costae, 20–60 µm wide, the distalmost pair the widest, rectangular in the distal half of the zooid, triangular in the proximal half, interdigitated along zooidal midline, separated by 3–4 intercostal pores, 15–40 µm in maximum diameter, circular if single or figure-eight-shaped if double (Fig. 17A, C, D). Gymnocyst absent except for a narrow region lateral to the orifice.</p><p>Orifice rounded rectangular, longer than wide (mean L/ W 0.60), slightly constricted laterally at about mid-length; distalmost pair of costae forming two short, stout, pointed spines laterally projecting towards the orifice at the same level as the constrictions, and a blunt proximal process centrally at the fusion line (Fig. 17C–E).</p><p>Avicularia interzooidal, placed distally to most autozooids, lodged on a rectangular cystid, needle-shaped (Fig. 17B, D); rostrum acicular, long (110–200 µm), curved, serrated, channelled, accommodated along the margins of two neighbouring autozooids, directed obliquely distally (Fig. 17B, D); opening figure-eight-shaped due to a broad immersed opesial shelf with two small, straight condyles (Fig. 17B–D).</p><p>A single kenozooid observed (Fig. 17A), irregularly shaped, 280 × 190 µm, the frontal surface occupied by a circular costate shield with nine costae separated by 1–2 intercostal pores, surrounded by smooth gymnocyst.</p><p>Ovicells endozooidal, immersed in the proximal half of the avicularium cystid (Fig. 17B); ooecium smooth, cap-like.</p><p>Remarks. An SEM micrograph of part of the holotype was previously published in Gordon (1989, pl. 2, fig. B) using the former catalogue number #387. This SEM image was fundamental to clarify that the lacunae were intercostal and not intracostal as might appear from the original drawings of Silén (1941).</p><p>Soule et al. (1998, p. 8, table 1) compared measurements and characters of all Cribralaria species described at that time. Measurements reported for C. curvirostris were taken from illustrations and are very different from those obtained from the new SEM images of the holotype and reported in Table 16. In particular, zooid width and avicularium length are much larger in Soule et al. (1998): zooidal size is 658 × 448–492 µm vs 448–629 × 237–361, while avicularium length is 463 µm (palate and opesia, therefore excluding the rostrum) vs 220–300 µm (rostrum included).</p><p>Based on the similarities between this genus and Hincksina, including the absence of basal pore chambers and pelmatidia in the spines, and the presence of endozooidal ovicells with cap-shaped ooecia formed by the distal avicularium, Berning et al. (2021) interpreted Cribralaria as a derived flustrid and transferred it from Cribrilinidae to Flustridae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF8EFFB0FF46FAA91D78FC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF8CFFB2FF46FC961E76FA05.text	4B6E902EFF8CFFB2FF46FC961E76FA05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gregarinidra incrustans (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Gregarinidra incrustans (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 18; Table 17)</p><p>Spiralaria incrustans Silén, 1941: 59, fig. 70.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2473, Yodomi, Sagami, Japan; depth 100–135 m; from a sandy sea-bottom, encrusting a worm tube with Arthropoma sp. and the base of an erect phidoloporid. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 18A).</p><p>Autozooids oval to elongate oval, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.65), distinct, separated by shallow grooves (Fig. 18A, B), arranged in longitudinal rows alternating with interzooidal avicularia or irregularly; autozooid shape becoming irregular at the meeting boundary between different lobes of the same colony. Gymnocyst smooth, minimal, in some zooids more visible proximally; cryptocyst finely granular, forming a narrow rim encircling the opesia.</p><p>Opesia oval, occupying most of the frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.86), surrounded by 8–14 flattened to cylindrical, often bifurcated spines, 10–35 µm wide, 70–135 µm long (Fig. 18A, B); the distalmost pair of spines more erect, the remaining pairs overarching the frontal membrane, not reaching the zooidal midline; opercular region transversely D-shaped.</p><p>Avicularia interzooidal, placed distally to most autozooids, rostrum opesial face teardrop-shaped (Fig. 18B, C); rostrum acutely triangular, 70–125 µm long, raised, directed obliquely distally to either side; mandible same shape as the rostrum with the tip downcurved; crossbar complete.</p><p>Ovicells endozooidal, immersed in the proximal half of the avicularium cystid (Fig. 18C); ooecium smooth, cap-like.</p><p>Remarks. This species, described as Spiralaria by Silén (1941), was assigned to the new flustrid genus Hippoflustra by Moyano (1972, p. 83) and later transferred to Gregarinidra following Gordon (1984, p. 26). Gordon (1984) noticed that Hippoflustra could be regarded as a junior synonym of Gregarinidra given that, based on its definition, it would have included exactly the same suite of species.</p><p>Berning et al. (2021) indicated the genus Gregarinidra as a junior synonym of Hincksina Norman, 1903, the sole feature distinguishing these two genera being the morphology of the avicularian rostrum, acute in Gregarinidra (as in G. incrustans), rounded in Hincksina . Berning et al. (2021) pointed out that the morphology of the rostrum is usually not regarded as important at generic rank, and also observed that flustrid fossil species with acute avicularia have been assigned to Hincksina (not Gregarinidra). Additionally, some species of Hincksina [e.g. H. alice (Jullien in Jullien &amp; Calvet, 1903)] have avicularian rostra with intermediate morphologies. Examination of the type species of Gregarinidra, G. gregaria (Heller, 1867), as well as some support from molecular sequencing is needed to confirm this suggested synonymy.</p><p>Genus Sarsiflustra Jullien, 1903</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF8CFFB2FF46FC961E76FA05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF8DFFBCFF46FA401FBAFDC2.text	4B6E902EFF8DFFBCFF46FA401FBAFDC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sarsiflustra japonica Silen 1938	<div><p>Sarsiflustra japonica Silén, 1938</p><p>(Fig. 19; Table 18)</p><p>Sarsiflustra japonica Silén, 1938: 351, text-figs 72–75, pl. 18, fig. 122.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 2476 B (Fig. 19A–C), Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 150–600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotype UPSZTY 2476 A (Fig. 19D), same details as the lectotype .</p><p>Description. Colony erect, developing multiserial, bilamellar, flat, fan-shaped fronds, starting from a stalked ancestrula attached to the substrate by a small, circular basal portion (Fig. 19A).</p><p>Ancestrula erect, proximal part of cystid columnar, broadening to an elongate-oval dilatation bearing the opesia, 910–980 × 540–550 µm, the column 1 mm long, with regular constrictions and horizontal growth lines, tapering towards the encrusting base from c. 350 µm to 250 µm, the encrusting base c. 530 µm in maximum diameter; ancestrula budding three autozooids, one distal and two distolateral; the distally budded zooid smaller, 580–820 × 420–475 µm, rounded rectangular, the two distolaterally budded zooids larger, 650–995 × 530–620 µm, and irregularly shaped, the whole frontal surface occupied by the frontal membrane (Fig. 19A).</p><p>Autozooids rounded hexagonal or pentagonal, almost twice as long as wide (mean L/ W 1.89), distinct, separated by shallow grooves and a slightly raised distal margin, arranged in radial rows and back to back; frontal surface entirely occupied by the frontal membrane, gymnocyst absent, cryptocyst minimal, visible distolaterally, faintly granular (Fig. 19B).</p><p>Avicularia vicarious, as large as autozooids, placed at row bifurcations, budded distolaterally, tongue-shaped with pointed proximal margin, and with slightly more than half of the frontal surface occupied by the rounded triangular to spatulate mandible (Fig. 19B), 320–500 µm long; rostrum with a distal, depressed cryptocystal shelf 180 µm wide, opening semielliptical to semicircular, c. 215 × 260 µm (Fig. 19C).</p><p>Kenozooids developed at the lateral margins of the colony fronds, irregularly triangular, 520–750 × 275–360 µm (Fig. 19D).</p><p>Ovicells absent.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) stressed the importance of avicularia to distinguish between very similar genera of Flustridae . Sarsiflustra is defined as the flustrid genus in which vicarious avicularia are budded distolaterally from the mother zooid and placed at the bifurcation of zooidal rows, are the same size as autozooids, have pointed proximal margins and half of the frontal surface occupied by a lingulate (i.e. tongue-shaped) mandible. The molecular phylogeny of Orr et al. (2022), which includes species of some flustrid genera (i.e. Chartella, Flustra, Hincksina, Klugeflustra, Nematoflustra, Retiflustra, Securiflustra, Sinoflustra), shows that the family Flustridae, as currently defined, is polyphyletic with only Hincksina, Chartella, Securiflustra and Flustra forming a wellsupported, monophyletic clade, confirming previous hypotheses regarding the heterogeneity of this family (e.g. Silén 1941; Martha et al. 2020).</p><p>The only other species of the genus Sarsiflustra, S. abyssicola (Sars, 1872), differs from S. japonica in having the colony starting with a broad encrusting sheet of autozooids (Hayward &amp; Ryland 1998), instead of an erect ancestrula with a small encrusting base, and in the presence of immersed ooecia with an apical pore, while the present species is considered to brood embryos fully internally (Silén 1938).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF8DFFBCFF46FA401FBAFDC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF83FFBEFF46FB491E14FE57.text	4B6E902EFF83FFBEFF46FB491E14FE57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bugulina kiuschiuensis (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Bugulina kiuschiuensis (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 20; Table 19)</p><p>Bugula pugeti var. kiuschiuensis Silén, 1941: 106, figs 149–152, pl. 8, figs 29, 30.</p><p>Bugulina pugeti kiuschiuensis: Fehlauer-Ale et al., 2015: 8.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2458, Okinoshima (33°51' N; 130°3' E), Japan; depth 40 m; from a gravel sea-bottom consisting of shell fragments. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony erect-flexible, with bifurcating biserial branches, triserial at bifurcations (Fig. 20A, C); each colony frond starting with a single, basal autozooid equipped with a cluster of rhizoids for attachment to the substrate (Fig. 20B).</p><p>Autozooids rounded rectangular, elongate (mean L/ W 2.01), distinct, separated by deep grooves, arranged in alternating biserial rows, with basal and lateral walls lightly calcified and frontal surface almost completely occupied by the frontal membrane (Fig. 20A); the distolateral corners projecting upwards into a blunt, short (30–35 µm long), non-articulated spine (Fig. 20C, D) per side, rarely into two.</p><p>Opesia U-shaped, occupying almost the entire frontal surface (mean OpL/ZL 0.89) except for a narrow band of smooth gymnocyst (Fig. 20A).</p><p>A single pedunculate bird’s-head shaped avicularium attached to the external, lateral side of each autozooid at mid-length or slightly more distally, at about two-thirds of zooidal length, close to the opesial margin (Fig. 20A, C, D); rostrum directed backwards and beak strongly hooked downward; the triangular mandible also with downward hooked tip (Fig. 20C, D), c. 150–160 µm long; crossbar complete; some avicularia slenderer than others.</p><p>Ovicells absent.</p><p>Remarks. There is some discrepancy between the description of the type specimens in Silén (1941, p. 106) and what has been observed in the present instance. Instead of five colonies attached to the same substrate (a fragment of Thalamoporella lioticha Ortmann, 1890), the type specimen consists of 10 fragments without any substrate. However, the original morphological description fits with that observed in the studied specimens.</p><p>Silén (1941) described this species as a variety of B. pugeti (Robertson, 1905) originally described from Puget Sound (Washington State) and Alaska. It mainly differs in having constantly biserial branches instead of multiserial ones with usually 4–7 zooidal rows. Based on this morphological difference and the significant geographic separation between their respective places of origin, the subspecies is here elevated to the status of species. Both Robertson (1905) and Silén (1941) described their species and subspecies as internal brooders, with the embryos sheltered in the distal basal part of the zooidal body cavity. Soule et al. (1995) observed that the distal corners of some zooids in specimens of B. pugeti from British Columbia were curved inward, almost merging over the aperture, and hypothesized that those were the brooding zooids. Similar zooids with infolded distal corners were observed in the present specimens (Fig. 20A, arrowed, and D). It needs to be determined whether this feature genuinely indicates brooding embryos internally or if the inward rolling of distolateral margins is merely a consequence of drying.</p><p>Genus Camptoplites Harmer, 1923</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF83FFBEFF46FB491E14FE57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF81FFBBFF46FDB11E7DFF12.text	4B6E902EFF81FFBBFF46FDB11E7DFF12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camptoplites tubifera Silen 1941	<div><p>Camptoplites tubifera Silén, 1941</p><p>(Figs 21, 22; Table 20)</p><p>Camptoplites tubifera Silén, 1941: 111, figs 158–167.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 2460 B (Fig. 21), the best preserved specimen among the syntypes UPSZTY 2460 A–D, Sagami (the steep), Japan; depth 150 m; sea-bottom made of sand and clay. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotypes: the remaining specimens. Paralectotype UPSZTY 2460 A is illustrated in Fig. 22; paralectotype D was missing from the vial .</p><p>Description. Colony erect-flexible with bifurcating unilaminar, biserial branches (Fig. 21A); additional branches arising from lateral tubular kenozooids originating from the dorsal side of an autozooid and connected to the dorsal side of another autozooid of the neighbouring branch (Figs 21A, B, 22A, B); tubular kenozooids 70–80 µm in diameter (Figs 21A, B, 22A, B).</p><p>Autozooids elongate and slender (mean L/ W 3.61), arranged in alternating biserial rows, proximal end rounded and tapered, distal end straight and truncated, distal corners pointed (Fig. 22A, C, D); frontal surface entirely occupied by the frontal membrane and the opesia; opercular area not clearly defined.</p><p>Short-pedunculate bird’s-head avicularia of two types: type 1 elongate and slender with a robust, downwardly hooked rostrum (Figs 21A, C, 22D); type 2 globular, with a short, sharply bent pointed rostrum (Figs 21C–E, 22F); avicularia single or double (and possibly of two different types), placed at about mid-length or more distally on the lateral sides of autozooids.</p><p>Ovicells globular, placed on the dorsal side of the zooid, occupying its distal third (Fig. 22A, C); proximal half of the ooecium made of a smooth, cup-like ectooecium, the distal half showing a striated endooecium (Fig. 21E).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) described the avicularia of this species as being either short- or long-pedunculate. Although the latter type has not been observed here, their presence cannot be ruled out given the poor preservation of the specimens, often collapsed. The observation of circular attachment scars (see arrow in Fig. 22C) laterally in some autozooids corroborates the hypothesis that the lack of associated avicularia is also due to poor preservation and detachment.</p><p>Genus Caulibugula Verrill, 1900</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF81FFBBFF46FDB11E7DFF12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF84FFBAFF46FF4C1E15FB39.text	4B6E902EFF84FFBAFF46FF4C1E15FB39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caulibugula bocki Silen 1941	<div><p>Caulibugula bocki Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 23; Table 21)</p><p>Caulibugula bocki Silén, 1941: 109, figs 153–157.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2461 (Fig. 23A), Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), west from Chichijima, Japan; depth 100–110 m; sea-bottom made of shell rubble and sand . Paratype UPSZTY 191151 (Fig. 23B–F), Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), east from Higashijima, depth 135 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 .</p><p>Description. Colony erect-flexible with bifurcating unilaminar, biserial branches (Fig. 23B, C); the creeping basal part of the colony formed by tubular kenozooids strongly calcified, and with a slit-like membranous central area (Fig. 23A).</p><p>Autozooids elongate and slender (mean L/ W 4.07), shorter at bifurcations, arranged in alternating biserial rows, proximal end tapered, distal end truncated straight or slightly convex (Fig. 23D, E); frontal surface almost entirely occupied by the frontal membrane and opesia, except for a short band of smooth gymnocyst, 75–100 µm long; spines absent; opercular region well-defined, transversely D-shaped, 50–70 × 90–115 µm (Fig. 23C, D). A single, incomplete zooid, with a more tubular shape and distal end evenly rounded, observed (Fig. 23E, F).</p><p>Avicularia and ovicells seemingly absent.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype specimen consists only of the creeping basal part of the colony formed by tubular, strongly calcified kenozooids (Fig. 23A). The two branches emanating from the kenozooidal stalk, one consisting of two kenozooids and the other of three autozooids and four kenozooids as described in Silén (1941, p. 109), were not found. The studied holotype material is from locality 32 as indicated by Silén (1941). However, this initial indication conflicts with the figure caption, in which the specimen drawn is referred to locality 31. No material labeled as C. bocki has been found from locality 31 in the collection, suggesting that it might be a typological error. The other specimen available, the paratype from locality 37 (Fig. 23B–G), lacked the distal kenozooids described and figured in Silén (1941, figs 155, 156), while included the tubular zooid (Fig. 23F) interpreted by Silén (1941) as transitional between a distal kenozooid and a ‘true’ autozooid. It is worth noting that the numerical identifiers assigned to localities by Silén (1941) lack any direct correlation with sampling station numbers; they were simply part of an ordinal sequence.</p><p>The large volume of unsorted material deposited at MEUU from Prof. S. Bock’s 1914 expedition might provide better preserved specimens showing all the described characters, an ideal condition for the selection of a neotype in the future .</p><p>Genus Semikinetoskias Silén, 1941</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF84FFBAFF46FF4C1E15FB39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF85FFA5FF46FB541899FF76.text	4B6E902EFF85FFA5FF46FB541899FF76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semikinetoskias dubia Silen 1941	<div><p>Semikinetoskias dubia Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 24; Table 22)</p><p>Semikinetoskias dubia Silén, 1941: 114, figs 168–173.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 191153 D, the best preserved specimens among all the syntypes. Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 100–600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotypes: UPSZTY 2472 A–B, UPSZTY 191152, UPSZTY 191153 E, same details as the lectotype.</p><p>Description. Colony erect-flexible with bifurcating unilaminar, biserial branches (Fig. 24A).</p><p>Autozooids elongate and slender (mean L/ W 3.09), arranged in alternating biserial rows, proximal end tapered, distal end truncated and slightly convex (Fig. 24B, C); frontal surface almost entirely occupied by the frontal membrane and the oval opesia, except for a band of smooth gymnocyst, variable in length from 55 to 250 µm; spines absent; opercular region undefined.</p><p>A single shortly pedunculate bird’s-head avicularium attached to the external, lateral side of each autozooid at about mid-length close to the opesial margin, placed on a step-like projection (Fig. 24C), oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the autozooid, 330 µm long (including the peduncle) by 125 µm wide; rostrum ogival, 190 µm long, directed distally and only slightly hooked downward, mandible also ogival (Fig. 24D).</p><p>Dorsal side smooth with a median shallow sinuous furrow marking zooidal boundaries.</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. This monospecific genus was introduced by Silén (1941) to allocate S. dubia, a species with features in between two other genera, Bugula Oken, 1815 and Kinetoskias Danielssen, 1868 . Semikinetoskias dubia has Bugula -like autozooids and Kinetoskias -like adventitious, pedunculate avicularia placed on step-like projections. Compared to fig. 173 of Silén (1941), direct observations of the single avicularium preserved attached to the type specimens show that the peduncle is even shorter and can be also positioned parallel to the length of the autozooid (or the longitudinal axis of the branch) (Fig. 24C, D) in addition to being placed at a right angle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF85FFA5FF46FB541899FF76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF9BFFA4FF46FF041E5CFF57.text	4B6E902EFF9BFFA4FF46FF041E5CFF57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Beaniidae Canu & Bassler 1927	<div><p>Family Beaniidae Canu &amp; Bassler, 1927</p><p>Genus Beania Johnston, 1840</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF9BFFA4FF46FF041E5CFF57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF9BFFA7FF46FEB119D1FCFE.text	4B6E902EFF9BFFA7FF46FEB119D1FCFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Beania discodermiae subsp. boninensis Silen 1941	<div><p>Beania discodermiae boninensis Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 25; Table 23)</p><p>Beania discodermiae var. boninensis Silén, 1941: 95, figs 120–123.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 2456 A, the best preserved specimen among the syntypes UPSZTY 2456 A–C, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), east from Chichijima, Japan; depth 100–135 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotypes: the remaining specimens.</p><p>Description. Colony loosely encrusting, reticulate, supported above the substrate, and fixed to it, by rootlets (Fig. 25A, D).</p><p>Autozooids elongate oval (mean L/ W2.20), disjunct, each connected to the quincuncially arranged neighbours by six connecting tubes (230–275 µm long and 30–60 µm in diameter), one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral, and one proximal (Fig. 25A); frontal surface entirely occupied by the frontal membrane and the oval opesia (Fig. 25B); opercular region transversely D-shaped.</p><p>Opesial spines unjointed, thin (5–15 µm in diameter) and short (30–45 µm long), 3–4 erect spines placed distally and at least 8–10 spines placed laterally starting just below the opercular region, overarching the frontal membrane and opesia but not reaching the midline, no spines proximally (Fig. 25A–C).</p><p>Single or paired, shortly pedunculate bird’s-head avicularia budding from distolateral vertical wall of each autozooid (Fig. 25A, B, E); rostrum directed distolaterally, 135–190 µm long, strongly curved downward and sometimes with a thin denticulation laterally (Fig. 25C); mandible needle-shaped (Fig. 25A, B); crossbar complete.</p><p>Dorsal side of autozooids concave, smooth and nodular (Fig. 25D, E).</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) pointed out the smaller size of both autozooids and avicularia as the main difference between this subspecies and Beania discodermiae (Ortmann, 1890) . Silén (1941) specified that in the new subspecies autozooids and avicularia were consistently four-fifths of those in the nominal species, probably based on his own observations. A revision of the type specimens of B. discodermiae is essential to ascertain the validity of this subspecies. Specimens from New Zealand, initially identified as B. discodermiae boninenis (Gordon 1984), belong to a distinct new species that differs in avicularium shape and possesses longer interdigitating lateral spines (D.P. Gordon, personal communication, July 2023).</p><p>The cap-like ooecium, illustrated in fig. 123 of Silén (1941) and referred to a specimen from locality 32, was not observed in the syntypes available, which are from locality 33 and 34. However, no material labelled as B. discodermiae boninensis was found from locality 32 in the collection. Locality numbers refer to the list provided in Silén (1941). The autozooid in Fig. 25C has a modified distal end compared to the other autozooids in the colony. The central distal spine is seemingly reduced, while the external distal spines, which appear more robust and arched than usual, are moved in a more lateral position. Modifications of the distal spines were observed in zooids of other species of Beania having a vestigial ooecium (Souto et al. 2018), suggesting that this zooid might also be fertile.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF9BFFA7FF46FEB119D1FCFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF98FFA1FF46FAAF1838FF76.text	4B6E902EFF98FFA1FF46FAAF1838FF76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tricellaria dubia Silen 1941	<div><p>Tricellaria dubia Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 26; Table 24)</p><p>Tricellaria dubia Silén, 1941: 78, figs 93–95.</p><p>Material examined. Paratype UPSZTY 2475, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 150–600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914. The material consists of three small colony fragments: A, two internodes (Fig. 26A); B, two internodes (Fig. 26B–F); C, three internodes, two of which incomplete (Fig. 26G, H) .</p><p>Description. Colony erect, jointed, fixed to the substrate by smooth rhizoids (Fig. 26A); internodes straight, formed by 6–8 autozooids between bifurcations and joints at the basis of the branch.</p><p>Autozooids club-shaped, curved, elongate (mean L/ W 2.85), distinct, separated by shallow furrows, arranged in alternating biserial rows (Fig. 26A, B).</p><p>Opesia elliptical occupying about two-fifths of zooidal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.45) outlined by a raised, beaded rim of cryptocyst (Fig. 26E); smooth cryptocyst forming a narrow (c. 15–30 µm), slightly depressed band proximally, steeply sloping laterally and distally (Fig. 26F); scutum arising from a stout base (15–20 µm in diameter) placed on the inner edge of opesia at about its mid-length or proximal third, irregularly rounded, 60–110 × 50–90 µm, usually more developed proximally than distally, and often with an asymmetrical projection at the distal outer corner (Fig. 26C–E); two articulated spines on the outer edge of each autozooid, the distal spine short and thin (35–85 µm long and 12–20 µm in diameter), the distolateral one very long and robust (at least 415–485 µm long and 25–40 µm in diameter), often curved towards the front of the branch (Fig. 26A–C, G).</p><p>Dorsal side smooth with a median shallow furrow marking zooidal boundaries (Fig. 26G, H).</p><p>Avicularia absent. Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) mentioned the absence of ooecia in the holotype (i.e. SMNH-Type-9376) but remarked their presence in paratypes from the Bonin Islands (locality 34). Specimens examined here, which are paratypes from locality 29, also lack ooecia. They are described as large, a little elongate with a shallow depression distally in the front, without a fenestra. Locality numbers refer to the list provided in Silén (1941).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF98FFA1FF46FAAF1838FF76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF9EFFA0FF46FD401F6DFC4E.text	4B6E902EFF9EFFA0FF46FD401F6DFC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microporina okadai Silen 1941	<div><p>Microporina okadai Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 27; Table 25)</p><p>Microporina okadai Silén, 1941: 68, figs 79–82, pl. 4, fig. 13, 14. Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2468, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 150–600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, jointed, dichotomously branching (Fig. 27A); internodes straight, quadrangular in cross-section, quadriserial (Fig. 27D).</p><p>Autozooids elongate-rectangular (mean L/ W 3.70), proximal margin concave, distal margin convex, arranged in alternating back-to-back series; cryptocyst forming a raised mural rim (50–60 µm wide), minutely granular with granules (5 µm or less in diameter) regularly aligned forming multiple concentrical rows, and modified to follow the outline of the avicularium at the distal edge (Fig. 27E); frontal cryptocyst immersed and flat with sparse granules, slightly coarser than those of the mural rim (8–10 µm), and unevenly distributed circular pseudopores (10–15 µm in diameter) (Fig. 27B); a pair of lateral opesiules at a short distance (c. 40–50 µm) from the proximal margin of the orifice (Fig. 27B, see arrows).</p><p>Orifice semielliptical with straight or concave proximal margin, wider than long, outlined by a raised rim (Fig. 27B).</p><p>Avicularium adventitious, single, placed distally to most autozooids, oval (Fig. 27D–F); rostrum acutely triangular, raised, proximally directed; crossbar complete; mandible triangular with downward hooked tip (Fig. 27C, see arrow).</p><p>Ovicells absent.</p><p>Remarks. The autozooid illustrated in Fig. 27B was the only one without a frontal membrane, in which lateral symmetrical depressions adjacent to the mural rim and at a short distance from the proximal margin of the orifice were observed. These structures were, therefore, interpreted as the ‘opesiulae’ described and drawn in Silén (1941, fig. 81). SEM images of an internode with well-defined opesiules are available from Arakawa (2016, fig. 9B).</p><p>Of the 12 species currently assigned to Microporina more than half are from the Pleistocene to Recent of Japan (Bock 2023). Based on the species comparison of Arakawa (2023, table 1), among the Japanese Microporina, M. okadai has the narrowest internodes and longest autozooids.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF9EFFA0FF46FD401F6DFC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF9FFFA2FF46F90E185BFD26.text	4B6E902EFF9FFFA2FF46F90E185BFD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cellaria boninensis Silen 1938	<div><p>Cellaria boninensis Silén, 1938</p><p>(Fig. 28; Table 26)</p><p>Cellaria boninensis Silén, 1938: 353, text-figs 45, 46, 76–80, pl. 17, fig. 121.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) UPSZTY 2477 A, the best preserved specimen among syntypes UPSZTY 2477 A–D, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Japan; depth 45–60 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 . Paralectotypes: the remaining specimens.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, flexible, jointed, dichotomously branching (Fig. 28A); internodes straight and cylindrical, 260–320 µm wide (Fig. 28B, C).</p><p>Autozooids hexagonal to lozenge-shaped, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.86), distinct, separated by a slightly raised outline, alternately arranged in whorls of four (Fig. 28D); cryptocyst finely and densely granular, concave, depressed centrally and rising peripherally, forming an inner ridge concentrical to zooidal outline but more rounded, oval to rhomboidal (Fig. 28A–D).</p><p>Orifice placed centrally or slightly more distally, wider than long, occupying c. one-eighth of the zooidal frontal length (mean OpL/ZL 0.12), semicircular with proximal margin markedly convex and a pair of blunt proximolateral condyles (Fig. 28D, F)</p><p>Avicularia vicarious, rare, usually two per internode; outline and cryptocyst similar to those of autozooids; rostrum 150–170 µm long, raised, slightly curved and asymmetrical, with rounded tip (Fig. 28E); mandible same shape and length as the rostrum.</p><p>Ovicells absent in the present material. Reparative frontal and intramural budding observed in some autozooids (e.g. Fig. 28D).</p><p>Remarks. Although in the first description of this species there is no designation of type specimens (Silén 1938), this appears later in Silén (1941, p. 70) in which numerous detached colonies from locality 35 are indicated as the type material. There is also a discrepancy between the depth indicated by Silén (1938, 1941) in the locality paragraph of the species description (100–120 m) and the depth of locality 35 (45–60 m) as reported in the list of localities by Silén (1941, p. 3).</p><p>Hastings (1947), followed by Whitten (1979), listed this species as a synonym of C. tenuirostris (Busk, 1852b), considering that the long, narrow zooids mentioned as the main difference between the two species by Silén (1938) was not a reliable specific character, and adding that Silén might be misled by Busk’s figure (1852b, pl. 53, fig. 4), representing C. bicornis and not C. tenuirostris . However, the two species also differ in the avicularium rostrum: straight, symmetrical, thin and pointed (i.e. needle-shaped) in C. tenuirostris (e.g. Gordon 1984, pl. 18B; Achilleos et al. 2020, table 2); slightly curved and asymmetrical, wider and rounded in C. boninensis (see Fig. 28E).</p><p>This species has also been reported in the South China Sea (Gordon 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF9FFFA2FF46F90E185BFD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF9DFFACFF46FAA61E40FF12.text	4B6E902EFF9DFFACFF46FAA61E40FF12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Figularia japonica Silen 1941	<div><p>Figularia japonica Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 29; Table 27)</p><p>Figularia figularis var. japonica Silén, 1941: 115, figs 174–177.</p><p>Figularia japonica: Yang et al., 2018: 225, figs 28, 29.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation SMNH-Type-9377 (not figured), North Pacific, Yokohama Bay, Tokyo, Japan; depth 115 m. Leg. Vega Expedition 1878–1880, Station 1083 . Paratypes UPSZTY 2467 (three colonies on calcareous bioclast fragments, Fig. 29), UPSZTY 191155 (one colony encrusting a pectinid shell, not figured)], Goto Islands, Kyushu (33°41' N; 128°50' E), Japan; depth 110 m; from a sandy sea-bottom. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914 .</p><p>Remarks. A recent, updated description of this species is given in Yang et al. (2018), and therefore omitted here. Yang et al. (2018) also elevated the rank of the taxon from subspecies to species.</p><p>The holotype designated by Silén (1941) was collected at 115 m depth at Tokyo Bay from a muddy sea-bottom, and is kept in ethanol at the SMNH. Given the apparent fragility of the specimen, SEM study was avoided. As for Tricellaria dubia, the specimens illustrated here are listed in the original publication as part of the type series and they can be considered paratypes based on the article 72.4.5 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999) . Holotype and paratypes were collected in two separate expeditions.</p><p>Genus Jullienula Bassler, 1953</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF9DFFACFF46FAA61E40FF12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF93FFAFFF46FF4C1829FC4E.text	4B6E902EFF93FFAFFF46FF4C1829FC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jullienula ortmanni (Silen 1941)	<div><p>Jullienula ortmanni (Silén, 1941)</p><p>(Fig. 30; Table 28)</p><p>Figularia? ortmanni Silén, 1941: 120, fig. 181.</p><p>Jullienula ortmanni: Yang et al., 2018: 225.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 191144 A and, on the same substrate (i.e. scaphopod shell), paratype UPSZTY 191144 B, Okinose, Sagami, Japan; depth 600 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 30A).</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform with oval outline (435–440 × 300–330 µm) and at least 17 spines surrounding the pear-shaped opesia (355–395 × 230 µm); spines variably spaced, 20–25 µm in diameter at the base, those preserved 140–145 µm long overarching the frontal membrane, lodged on a smooth, narrow gymnocyst (30–75 µm wide), steeply sloping towards the substrate (Fig. 30D); one smaller (360–390 × 270–275 µm) and two larger (430–470 × 295–330 µm) autozooids budded distally and distolaterally from the ancestrula, respectively.</p><p>Autozooids rounded-hexagonal to oval, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.38), distinct, separated by deep grooves (Fig. 30A); frontal shield costate, consisting of 14–21 (more commonly 16) costae, 40–80 µm wide proximally, originating at zooidal margin; costae meeting along an undulate median suture line, triangular except for the distalmost pair more parallel-sided and forming the proximal margin of the orifice and its lateral indentations; adjacent costae separated by numerous (up to 10) slit-like lacunae, 10–15 µm long; a single, minute, circular (10–15 µm in diameter), costal pseudopore observed in the majority of costae at the inner tip (Fig. 30B).</p><p>Orifice dimorphic: bell-shaped with straight or slightly convex proximal margin and blunt condyles in autozooids; slightly shorter and wider, and more trifoliate because of a more convex proximal margin and stouter condyles in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 30B, C).</p><p>Ovicells cap-like, kenozooidal; ooecium smooth, imperforate (Fig. 30A, B).</p><p>The single kenozooid observed 210 µm long by 370 µm wide, irregularly polygonal with the frontal entirely occupied by the costate shield formed of eight costae and lacking an opening (Fig. 30D, see asterisk). Avicularia seemingly absent.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1941) tentatively placed this species in Figularia, aware that the structure of the costal shield and of the ooecium differed from typical Figularia species. As several other doubtful species of Figularia (see López-Gappa et al. 2021; Rosso et al. 2021), F.? ortmanni was first transferred to Cribrilina Gray, 1848 (e.g. Hirose 2010), and subsequently moved to Jullienula (Yang et al. 2018), which seems indeed the best fit.</p><p>Yang et al. (2018) reported the absence of costal and ooecial pseudopores as the main difference between this species and other species of Jullienula, such as J. hippocrepis and J. erinae . While the absence of ooecial pores is here confirmed, a minute costal pseudopore was observed in most costae (e.g. Fig. 30B, see arrows).</p><p>Ancestrulae were observed and measured from the two paratypes, both young colonies consisting of 10 (plus a kenozooid) and 15 autozooids, respectively.</p><p>Recent molecular sequences place the type species of Jullienula, J. hippocrepis (Hincks, 1882), as sister clade of Valdemunitella and Klugeflustra (Cuevas et al. in preparation), suggesting that despite having true costae Jullienula is not a cribrilinid and should be transferred to the Calloporidae, analogously to Membraniporella nitida (Johnston, 1838) (see Lidgard et al. 2012), or species of Valdemunitella (i.e. V. huttoni and V. spinea) formerly included in the cribrilinid genus Figularia (Brown 1952; Gordon 1984, 1986; López-Gappa et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF93FFAFFF46FF4C1829FC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF90FFA9FF46F97E1F14FB66.text	4B6E902EFF90FFA9FF46F97E1F14FB66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costaticella gisleni Silen 1954	<div><p>Costaticella gisleni Silén, 1954</p><p>(Fig. 31; Table 29)</p><p>Costaticella gisleni Silén, 1954: 15, fig. 4.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes LUZM 51, Warnbro beach, Perth, Western Australia; depth 18 m. Leg. Prof . T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 30.11.1951 .</p><p>Description. Colony erect, branching, jointed, consisting of unizooidal internodes becoming bizooidal at bifurcations (Fig. 31A); joints 35–60 µm in length.</p><p>Autozooids rhomboidal, some with pointed distolateral processes (Fig. 31B, C), longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.66), those forming the bizooidal internodes usually shorter and narrower; frontal shield convex with a reduced costal field of 5–8 spines, the distalmost pair forming the proximal margin of the orifice, largest (varying from about 30–40 µm at the mid-line to 50–60 µm distally) and with two lumen pores (about 8 µm in diameter), one at each tip, the other spines narrower (varying from about 5–10 µm at the mid-line to 15–25 µm distally) with a single lumen pore distally (3–6 µm in diameter); lacunae between spines fissure-like; 5–7 intracostal windows (circular, elliptical or drop-shaped), 12–26 µm in maximum diameter, bordering the periphery of the costal field (Fig. 31F, G); a pair of fusiform pore-chamber openings present proximally (95–130 µm long by 15–35 µm wide), one circular to elliptical opening visible laterally at about zooidal mid-length (30–36 µm in diameter), and two pairs of circular openings (18–22 µm in diameter) placed one distolaterally and one distally adjacent to the orifice (Fig. 31C, G).</p><p>Orifice bell-shaped with raised distal edge and concave proximal margin, almost as long as wide (mean L/ W 0.97) (Fig. 31D).</p><p>Avicularia rhomboidal with triangular rostrum directed distally, placed at the distolateral corners of autozooids, not visible in frontal view, about 55 µm long by 35 µm wide (Fig. 31E, G).</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. In the description of this species, Silén (1954) refers to “three well developed zoaria” that could not be distinguished in the material studied here. The specimen tube labelled as type contains numerous branches of C. gisleni intertwined with Crisia internodes. In addition, no ovicells were observed although Silén (1954, fig. 4b) described and figured one. These observations suggest that additional syntypes of this species may exist that have not yet been located.</p><p>In Australia, the genus Costaticella is represented by five species (Cook et al. 2018), among which C. hastata (Busk, 1852a) is the most similar in general appearance as pointed out first by Silén (1954) and later by Gordon (1989). However, the two species differ in several traits such as the extension of the costal field (occupying almost the entire length of the autozooidal frontal in C. hastata and one-third to half of the frontal shield in C. gisleni), in the number of spines composing the costal field (9–10 in C. hastata, 5–8 in C. gisleni), and seemingly in the characters of the fertile segment which, unfortunately, was not observed in the studied specimens. Both Silén (1954) and Gordon (1989) stated that C. gisleni also differs from C. hastata in having invariably five intracostal windows (4–5 in C. hastata) but this seems incorrect. Although C. gisleni shows at least, and more commonly, five intracostal windows, the number can increase up to seven (Fig. 31F, G).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF90FFA9FF46F97E1F14FB66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF96FFA8FF46FA7D1DAAFE0E.text	4B6E902EFF96FFA8FF46FA7D1DAAFE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudolepralia ellisinae Silen 1941	<div><p>Pseudolepralia ellisinae Silén, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 32; Table 30)</p><p>Pseudolepralia ellisinae Silén, 1941: 39, figs 47–51. Material examined. Holotype by original designation UPSZTY 2469, Bonin Islands (Ogasawara), Japan; depth 45–60 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Remarks. A thorough description of this species, accompanied by SEM micrographs of part of the holotype under the former catalogue number #372, is given in Gordon (1993, pp. 216–218, figs 33–37), and therefore omitted here. Specifically, Gordon (1993) studied the nature of the frontal shield of this peculiar species, pointing out that it is a cryptocyst and not a gymnocyst as described in Silén (1941, 1942b), and concluding that it is of the umbonuloid type (see also Sandberg 1977). Gordon (2000) suggested that either a cribrimorph or arachnopusiid ancestor might be plausible for Pseudolepralia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF96FFA8FF46FA7D1DAAFE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFF94FFD5FF46FEFA1824FD0B.text	4B6E902EFF94FFD5FF46FEFA1824FD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stylopoma magnovicellata Silen 1954	<div><p>Stylopoma magnovicellata Silén, 1954</p><p>(Figs 33, 34; Table 31)</p><p>Stylopoma magnovicellata Silén, 1954: 18, fig. 5, pl. 1, figs 2, 3.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy LUZM 52, south-western region of Western Australia, 7 miles NE of Cape Naturaliste. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 11.1.1952.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, rigid formed by bifoliate or multilayered, convoluted fronds; the holotype specimen 5.8 × 4 × 3 cm in size, with bifoliate fronds developing an additional layer per side, about 1.5 mm thick (Figs 33, 34A).</p><p>Autozooids rectangular, hexagonal or irregularly polygonal, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.45), distinct with boundaries traced by thin furrows, initially quincuncially arranged but the arrangement becoming irregular as a consequence of frontal budding (Fig. 34A, B); interzooidal communications through a continuous series of small, circular pores visible on the inner vertical walls, 12–15 µm in diameter; in transverse section (Fig. 34A), autozooids on the first two layers arranged back-to-back but irregularly arranged on subsequent layers; basal wall separating the two layers of autozooids generally thin, 25–55 µm. Frontal shield about 150 µm thick (Fig. 34A), flat to slightly convex, granular with granules arranged in radial ridges and circular pseudopores, 10–15 µm in diameter, occupying furrows between the ridges (Fig. 34B, C).</p><p>Orifice wider than long with horseshoe-shaped anter and drop-shaped sinus (Fig. 34D).</p><p>Adventitious avicularia teardrop-shaped with raised, acutely triangular rostrum and mandible, and complete crossbar, 2–3 per zooid: one avicularium constantly placed below the orifice, medially adjacent to the sinus or laterally on either side, directed distolaterally (Fig. 34C, D); 1–2 avicularia on the frontal shield variously arranged, either both placed proximally with one at each corner directed proximolaterally, or one placed at the lateral corner at about zooidal mid-length directed laterally and the other at the proximal corner directed proximolaterally, either both on the same side or one on each side of the zooid (Fig. 34B, C).</p><p>Vicarious avicularia rare (only one observed), spatulate, 405 × 195 µm, crossbar complete, cystid polygonal having the same size of an autozooid (520 µm long by 380 µm wide) (Fig. 34E, F).</p><p>Ovicell globular, large, covering the orifice of the maternal zooid and the frontal shield of the distal and the two lateral zooids; often ovicells of neighbouring zooids fusing together along the lateral margins (Fig. 34F). Ooecium coarsely granular (granules about 25–40 µm in diameter), with sparse circular pseudopores (10 µm in diameter), and a row of slightly larger marginal pores (15 µm in diameter); avicularia similar in size and shape to those observed on the frontal shield present along the margins of the ooecium (Fig. 34G).</p><p>Remarks. Thirteen species of Stylopoma are known from Australian waters (Cook et al. 2018). In the most recent and complete revision of Stylopoma species from the Indo-West Pacific, Tilbrook (2001) did not include Stylopoma magnovicellata because no material of this species was available in the zoological bryozoan collection of the Natural History Museum, London. However, Tilbrook (2001) mentioned the species, although with the specific name misspelled as S. magniovicellata, with the invitation to clarify its exact identity. Bock (2023) illustrates the species (see http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/schizoporellidae/stylopoma _magnovicellata .html accessed 26.05.2023) and specifies that the figured specimens was previously misidentified as S. duboisii (Audouin, 1826) . This suggests that the lack of additional records for this species might be due to its misidentification. The morphological characters on the SEM image of Bock (2023) match perfectly with those observed in the type specimen.</p><p>A fossil species described from the Miocene (Burdigalian) Quilon Formation (Kerala, India) as Stylopoma aff. magniovicellata Silén (again with the specific name misspelled) is likely a different species. Sonar &amp; Badve (2019) pointed out that the Miocene taxon has a more convex frontal and a higher number of pseudopores compared with the nominal species. Additional differences are the number and arrangement of adventitious avicularia on the frontal (1–2 avicularia in S. aff. magniovicellata, both placed lateral to the orifice and distolaterally directed), as well as the size of the ovicell, much smaller in the fossil species (OvL 0.32–0.33, OvW 0.31–0.32).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFF94FFD5FF46FEFA1824FD0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFEAFFD7FF46FA6A18F1FC9A.text	4B6E902EFFEAFFD7FF46FA6A18F1FC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Celleporaria firmispinosa (Silen 1954)	<div><p>Celleporaria firmispinosa (Silén, 1954)</p><p>(Fig. 35; Table 32)</p><p>Holoporella firmispinosa Silén, 1954: 38, figs 18, 19.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by original designation LUZM 56.2 (Fig. 35A–E), south-western region of Western Australia, 7 miles NE of Cape Naturaliste. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 4.1.1952 . Additional material: LUZM 56.1 (Fig. 35F–I), Warnbro beach, Perth, Western Australia; depth 18 m. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 30.11.1951. Both specimens encrusting algae .</p><p>Description. Colony encrusting, mounded multilayered (Fig. 35A, F, G).</p><p>Autozooids distinct, with deep interzooidal furrows, erect and chaotically arranged in the central area of the colony, rectangular along the growing edge, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.38); frontal shield convex, coarsely granular (granules about 20 µm in diameter), imperforate except for a few, circular marginal areolar pores scattered along the zooidal outline, 10–25 µm in diameter (Fig. 35A).</p><p>Orifice transversely D-shaped with straight proximal margin lacking any structures, surrounded by a band of smooth calcification, more extensive proximally (about 30 µm wide), sloping steeply laterally placing the opening at a lower level than the frontal (Fig. 35B, D); two robust distolateral spines 30–60 µm in diameter, 120–250 µm long (Fig. 35A, B).</p><p>Adventitious avicularium suboral, placed parallel to the proximal margin of the orifice, medially or on one side, oval with raised rostrum directed laterally and outwards at about 45° in respect to the frontal plane (Fig. 35B–D); mandible semielliptical (Fig. 35B, C); some zooids developing a robust, ridged, conical suboral mucro bearing the avicularium, 110–150 µm long (Fig. 35G, I). Interzooidal avicularia absent.</p><p>Ovicells hood-shaped, not closed by the operculum (Fig. 35E, H); ooecium granular as the frontal shield, imperforate, sometimes with a blunt umbo centrally; no spines visible in ovicellate zooids.</p><p>Remarks. As seen in Amphiblestrum crassispinosum, another species growing on algae, this species also shows long oral spines, a stout suboral mucro and sometimes an umbo on the ooecium, which can be interpreted as an adaptation to the flexible substrate (i.e. algae) they encrust (see also Di Martino &amp; Rosso 2021).</p><p>More than 30 species of Celleporaria are known from Australian waters (Cook et al. 2018). Celleporaria bispinata (Busk, 1854), recorded from south-western Australia and Tasmania, is the most similar to C. firmispinosa . Both species lack interzooidal avicularia and have a simple orifice devoid of any structures on the proximal margin, two robust and long distolateral spines, and a suboral avicularium that in some zooids is lodged on a well developed mucro (see Cook et al. 2018, fig. 3.130A for C. bispinata). Also, Celleporaria bispinata has two large, rounded oral condyles and avicularium with denticulate rostrum, features not observed in C. firmispinosa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFEAFFD7FF46FA6A18F1FC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFE8FFD0FF46FA5E1F7DFADA.text	4B6E902EFFE8FFD0FF46FA5E1F7DFADA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triphyllozoon cornutum Silen 1954	<div><p>Triphyllozoon cornutum Silén, 1954</p><p>(Figs 36, 37; Table 33)</p><p>Triphyllozoon cornutum Silén, 1954: 28, fig. 12, pl. 2, fig. 9.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy LUZM 54, off Castle Rock, near Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 12.12.1951.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, rigid, reticulate; holotype specimen 2 cm high and 2.8 × 1.5 cm in diameter (Fig. 36A hand specimen); fenestrae oval, 0.5–0.7 × 0.25–0.45 mm, and trabeculae consisting of 2–7 alternating autozooidal series (Fig. 37A, I).</p><p>Autozooids flask-shaped, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.80), boundaries indistinct (Fig. 37B, C); frontal shield tubercular, flat, imperforate except for a few sparse, small, round to elliptical pores along the lateral and proximal margins, 12–25 µm in diameter (Fig. 37C–E).</p><p>Peristome relatively well developed proximally, the two lobes not fusing, forming a deep (40–50 µm), teardropor funnel-shaped median pseudosinus (Fig. 37E, H); frequently a small, elliptical avicularium enclosed on the rim of one lobe; two oral spines placed laterally at level with the distal margin of the primary orifice, visible in some zooids (Fig. 37H), about 15 µm in diameter at the base; secondary orifice elliptical.</p><p>Avicularia adventitious, numerous. On the frontal side of the colony four types distinguishable by position, shape and size: type (1) small peristomial avicularium placed on the proximal rim on either side, frequent, almost on every zooid, elliptical to subcircular with finely denticulate rostrum directed distolaterally (Fig. 37C, D, H); type (2) medium-sized, figure-eight-shaped frontal avicularia, frequent, present in the majority of zooids, one or two per zooid, one placed horizontally at zooidal mid-length and directed laterally, the other centred proximally and proximally directed (Fig. 37C); type (3) large lozenge-shaped frontal avicularia placed obliquely and occupying almost the whole frontal shield of the zooid, rare (five observed in a portion of colony consisting of 100 zooids), with raised rostrum either acutely triangular (Fig. 37D, E) or slightly spatulate and spoon-shaped (Fig. 37F, G) directed distolaterally or proximolaterally; type (4) small ooecium-associated avicularia, rare (15 observed in a portion of colony having about 80 ooecia), oval, placed on a raised cystid and directed randomly (Fig. 37B, E). On the dorsal side of the colony two varieties distinguishable by shape and size: type (5) small to medium-sized figure-eight-shaped avicularia similar to those observed on the frontal shield, frequent, usually placed around the fenestrae (Fig. 37I), sometimes forming clusters (Fig. 37J), randomly directed; type (6) large lozenge-shaped avicularia with lanceolate rostrum (Fig. 37K), rare. All avicularia with complete crossbar.</p><p>Ovicell hyperstomial, prominent; ooecium slightly longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.16), frontal smooth with trifoliate dentate suture, the median suture longer (125–185 µm) than the lateral sutures (left suture 35–95 µm; right suture 60–100 µm) but similar in width (25–45 µm), mostly diverging at 160–180° (Fig. 37A–C); sometimes avicularia lodged in the two distolateral sectors of the ooecium outlined by the suture placed on pillar-like cystids (Fig. 37E). Labellum short and square.</p><p>Dorsal side coarsely granular (granules diameter 20–25 µm), with vertical and oblique vibices (25 µm wide), outlining sub-rectangular sectors, and numerous avicularia of two types as described above, most commonly surrounding the fenestrae and often in clusters (Fig. 37I–K).</p><p>Remarks. Out of 35 species of Triphyllozoon known to date, 15 were described from Australia (Bock 2023). In the thorough revision of the type material of Australian phidoloporids undertaken by Hayward (1999, 2000, 2004), the four species of Triphyllozoon described by Silén (1943, 1954) were not included. Specifically, Hayward (2004, p. 325) pointed out that T. cornutum, T. mauritzoni and T. microstigmatum were either not collected since their introduction or not recognized from Silén’s descriptions and figures, hence the need to re-examine the type material.</p><p>The “sometimes large, bicuspid, horizontal avicularium with acute mandible on the basal surface above or below a fenestra” described by Silén (1954, p. 28) was not observed, while the frontal avicularia described as interzooidal seem to be instead adventitious (Fig. 37D–G).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFE8FFD0FF46FA5E1F7DFADA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFEFFFDCFF46FA591EB2FF76.text	4B6E902EFFEFFFDCFF46FA591EB2FF76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triphyllozoon mauritzoni Silen 1943	<div><p>Triphyllozoon mauritzoni Silén, 1943</p><p>(Figs 38, 39; Table 34)</p><p>Triphyllozoon mauritzoni Silén, 1943: 89, figs 1–10.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) LUZM 57 a, Great Barrier Reef, Heron Island, Australia. Leg. Dr J. Mauritzon 1936 . Paralectotypes: LUZM 57 b, c, same details as the lectotype . LUZM 57 a (Fig. 38, 2.2 × 2.4 mm, unbleached) correspond to the specimen on the right-hand side of fig. 1 in Silén (1943); LUZM 57 b (Fig. 39, 2.7 × 1.8 mm, bleached) and LUZM 57 c (not illustrated, 1.8 × 1.2 mm) seem to be the result of fragmentation of the specimen on the left-hand side of fig. 1 in Silén (1943) .</p><p>Description. Colony erect, rigid, reticulate, with a wavy surface; fenestrae oval (Figs 38A, B, H, 39A, F), 0.47–0.77 × 0.30–0.42 mm, and trabeculae consisting of 2–10 alternating autozooidal series, more commonly 4–5 (Figs 38F, 39C, D).</p><p>Autozooids rectangular to hexagonal, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.51), either distinct, with boundaries marked by thin furrows and/or raised margins of smooth calcification (Figs 38C, D, F, 39B, D), or sometimes indistinct (Fig. 39B); frontal shield generally smooth (Fig. 39B, C) except for recently budded zooids at the tips of the branch (Fig. 39D) and areas around the fenestrae appearing finely granular to tubercular, flat to slightly convex, imperforate except for a few sparse, round, elliptical or slit-like pores along the lateral and proximal margins, 15–25 µm in diameter/length (Fig. 39B, C).</p><p>Peristome deep, forming a raised collar proximally and laterally almost completely hiding the orifice in frontal view, and with a deep (55–80 µm) drop-shaped pseudosinus proximally (Figs 38D, 39B); peristomial avicularium (type 1) present in each completely developed zooid, elliptical, embedded in the peristome and placed horizontally, rostrum slightly raised and denticulate, directed laterally, mandible semielliptical, crossbar complete (Fig. 39C); at least 1–2 oral spines always visible in each autozooid, even if ovicellate, 7–20 µm in diameter at the base, up to 4–5 spines visible around the distal margin of the orifice of autozooids placed at the growing tip of the branches (Figs 38E, 39C, D); secondary orifice subelliptical. Primary orifice visible on tilted autozooids with incomplete peristome at the growing tip, elliptical with denticulate anter, a pair of short triangular condyles, and a short, rectangular median process occupying most of the proximal margin and outlining two small indentations, 65 µm long by 90 µm wide (Figs 38E, 39D).</p><p>A medium-sized, adventitious, frontal avicularium (exceptionally two) developing in some autozooids, parallel-sided elliptical or with slightly spatulate rostrum (mean L/ W 1.72; type 2), placed on the proximal zooidal corner or medially and directed proximally, or placed at mid-length on one side and directed laterally, with a slightly raised, smooth rostrum and semielliptical mandible (Figs 38D, F, 39B, C), crossbar complete. Rarely, a type (3) larger avicularium, placed on the frontal of zooids adjacent to the fenestrae, with tricuspid rostrum directed proximally, and bicuspid mandible (mandible length 187 µm) (Fig. 38C). On the dorsal side adjacent to some of the fenestrae two types of avicularia are present, the same type (2) observed on the frontal shield of autozooids and a type (4) small, circular avicularium (mean L/ W 0.98), randomly directed with semicircular, denticulate rostrum and complete crossbar (Figs 38H, I, 39F).</p><p>Ovicell hyperstomial, prominent; ooecium flat frontally, almost as wide as long (mean L/ W 1.04), tubercular, with Y-shaped dentate suture (Figs 38G, 39C); relative length of the median and lateral sutures variable, with some ooecia having longer and others having a shorter median suture than lateral sutures; median suture 90–145 µm long, lateral sutures 65–115 µm long; lateral sutures of different length in the same ooecium, diverging at 125–130°. Labellum short and square.</p><p>Dorsal side evenly and densely granular (granules diameter 5–10 µm), with raised vertical and oblique vibices (10 µm wide) outlining irregularly polygonal sectors; avicularia rare, of two types (described above), and mainly on the inner areas around the fenestrae (Figs 38H, 39F); the dorsal side near the encrusting base characterised by smaller rectangular sectors with several areolar pores along the margins, and constantly at least one (often more) small circular avicularium (Fig. 39E); pillar-like kenozooidal, tubular projections developing perpendicular or obliquely from the dorsal side (Fig. 38I).</p><p>Remarks. Specimen LUZM 57a was designated here as the lectotype because of the unique presence, although rare, of the large frontal avicularia with tricuspid rostrum and bicuspid mandible, developed only on autozooids placed adjacent to the fenestrae. Those avicularia were not observed in the paralectotypes.</p><p>In the original description of this species, Silén (1943) remarked on the absence of oral spines. However, 1–2 spines are always present (Figs 38C, D, 39B, C), even in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 39C), while autozooids at the growing tip of the branches show 4–5 spines (Figs 38E, 39D) that are gradually covered by the calcification spreading from the areolar pores of the distal zooids.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFEFFFDCFF46FA591EB2FF76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFE3FFDEFF46FEB518ABFD9E.text	4B6E902EFFE3FFDEFF46FEB518ABFD9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triphyllozoon microstigmatum Silen 1954	<div><p>Triphyllozoon microstigmatum Silén, 1954</p><p>(Fig. 40; Table 35)</p><p>Triphyllozoon microstigmatum Silén, 1954: 26, fig. 11, pl. 2, fig. 8.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy LUZM 53, off north of Cottesloe, Western Australia; depth 11–22 m. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 19.2.1952.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, rigid, reticulate; holotype specimen 5 cm high and 2.2 × 1.2 cm in diameter (Fig. 40A), arched and tubular with the autozooidal openings on the inside; fenestrae oval (Fig. 40C, J), 0.65–1.00 × 0.40–0.60 mm, and trabeculae consisting of 2–7 alternating autozooidal series, more commonly 3–5 (Fig. 40C, H).</p><p>Autozooids rectangular to hexagonal, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.60), distinct with boundaries marked by raised margins of smooth calcification (Fig. 40C–E); frontal shield tubercular, flat to slightly convex, imperforate except for a few sparse, round, elliptical or slit-like pores along the lateral and proximal margins, 12–40 µm in diameter/length (Fig. 40C–E, H).</p><p>Peristome deep, forming a raised collar around the orifice and a shallow (15–25 µm), narrow (10–15 µm), median U-shaped pseudosinus proximally (Fig. 40D, F) that extends as a channel (Fig. 40I) towards the operculum on one side of a short and square median process (Fig. 40E, H); peristomial avicularium and oral spines absent; secondary orifice subcircular, cormidial, produced by two or three autozooids.</p><p>A medium-sized, adventitious, frontal avicularium on almost every zooid (exceptionally two), mainly two types recognizable: type (1) round avicularia (mean L/ W 1.02) with raised, finely denticulate rostrum and semicircular mandible (Fig. 40E, see white arrows); type (2) parallel-sided elliptical (mean L/ W 1.52) and flat avicularia with semielliptical mandible (Fig. 40E, see black arrows). Both types of frontal avicularia placed either proximally, in line with the zooidal axis and directed proximally or proximolaterally, or placed laterally at about zooidal mid-length and directed laterally; both types with mandibles as long as the rostra. Rarely, a type (3) larger avicularium, 185 µm long by 80 µm wide, placed on the frontal of zooids adjacent to the fenestrae, with bicuspid rostrum directed distally, and triangular mandible exceeding the length of the rostrum (mandible length 180 µm; rostrum length 125 µm) hooked at the tip (Fig. 40F, G). On the dorsal side two types of avicularia: type (4) medium-sized pear-shaped avicularia (mean L/ W 1.73) randomly directed with semielliptical mandible (Fig. 40L, M), and type (5) circular avicularia (mean L/ W 1.03) protruding from the edge of fenestrae (Fig. 40K). All avicularia with complete crossbar.</p><p>Ovicell hyperstomial, prominent; ooecium slightly wider than long (mean L/ W 0.81), tubercular as the frontal shield, with dentate suture highly variable in shape from trifoliate and Y-shaped to bifoliate shaped as a horizontally flipped L (Fig. 40I) or with the single lateral lobe down curved (Fig. 40H); median suture 70–90 µm long. Labellum short and square.</p><p>Dorsal side coarsely granular (granules diameter 10–20 µm), with vertical and oblique vibices (10–15 µm wide), outlining irregularly polygonal sectors, and usually two avicularia as described above per sector at the two opposite corners, commonly adjacent to or protruding from edge of the fenestrae (Fig. 40J–M).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1954) identified the dorsal, circular avicularia protruding from the edges of numerous fenestrae (Fig. 40J, see arrows) as hydroid tube openings. He attributed these structures to Zanclea protecta based on their similarity with those made by this hydroid in other species of Triphyllozoon (Harmer 1934) . Although, it is wellknown that the bryozoan skeletal material offers protection to these hydroids (e.g. McKinney 2009; Hirose &amp; Hirose 2012), SEM observations of crossbars (Fig. 40K) prove that these structures are authentic avicularia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFE3FFDEFF46FEB518ABFD9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFE1FFD8FF46FD1D18DBFC6A.text	4B6E902EFFE1FFD8FF46FD1D18DBFC6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triphyllozoon regulare Silen 1954	<div><p>Triphyllozoon regulare Silén, 1954</p><p>(Fig. 41; Table 36)</p><p>Triphyllozoon regulare Silén, 1954: 32, fig. 14, pl. 2, fig. 10.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy LUZM 55, off NE of Rottnest Island, Western Australia; depth 18–46 m. Leg. Prof. T. Gislén, Australia Expedition 1951–1952, collected 27.11.1951.</p><p>Description. Colony erect, rigid, reticulate; holotype specimen fragment 2.5 × 1.5 cm; fenestrae oval, 0.70– 0.85 × 0.48–0.62 mm, and trabeculae consisting of 2–5 alternating autozooidal series, more commonly three (Fig. 41A).</p><p>Autozooids rectangular to flask-shaped, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.87), distinct with boundaries marked by raised margins; frontal shield tubercular, flat to slightly convex, imperforate (Fig. 41B).</p><p>Peristome forming a raised collar around the orifice with a deep, median suture (90–120 µm long) terminating in a small, teardrop-shaped pseudosinus (Fig. 41B, C); peristomial avicularium (type 1) placed horizontally on one lobe, elliptical, with denticulate rostrum directed laterally (Fig. 41D); two lateral oral spines constantly present, an additional distolateral pair visible only in a few autozooids (Fig. 41G, see arrow); spine diameter at the base about 30 µm, tapering distally (about 5 µm at the tip), ‘telescopic’-like (Fig. 41D), 60–65 µm long when complete; secondary orifice elliptical.</p><p>Frontal avicularia uncommon, two types recognizable: type (2) small, elliptical avicularium with slightly spatulate rostrum directed proximally, and mandible semielliptical, placed immediately below the pseudosinus and leaning more on one side (Fig. 41B, see arrow); type (3) larger, pear-shaped avicularium with channelled rostrum directed proximolaterally, mandible triangular, cystid raised occupying the proximal half of the autozooid (Fig. 41E, F). The largest avicularium found adjacent to the fenestrae (type 4), either placed proximally and horizontally directed laterally or placed proximolaterally and obliquely directed proximolaterally, pear-shaped with bicuspid rostrum and triangular mandible with hooked tip pointing downward, slightly exceeding the length of the rostrum (mandible length 250 µm; rostrum length 220 µm) (Fig. 41A see arrows, E, G). On the dorsal side a limited number of type (5) medium-sized avicularia, similar to type (2) on the frontal but with a more spatulate rostrum, usually placed near the fenestrae and randomly directed with spatulate mandible (Fig. 41H–K). All avicularia with complete crossbar.</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Dorsal side coarsely granular (granules diameter 10–20 µm), with vertical and oblique vibices (10–25 µm wide), outlining irregularly polygonal sectors, and a limited number of avicularia as described above commonly adjacent to the fenestrae (Fig. 41H).</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1954) considered the small size of the fragment and the lack of ovicells as issues against the description of a new species. Eventually, the author decided to introduce the new species because of the unique set of avicularia observed. Similar giant avicularia at the bottom of the fenestrae were described in T. inornatum Harmer, 1934, while similar peristome and secondary orifices were seen in several species of the genus such as T. mucronatum Harmer, 1934 and T. bimunitum Harmer, 1934 . As the other species of Triphyllozoon described by Silén (1943, 1954), Triphyllozoon regulare has never been reported in the literature since its first description. However, 12 occurrences of T. regulare are registered in GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/map?taxon_key=1004915 accessed 31.10.2022) from six localities along the western and southern coast of Australia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFE1FFD8FF46FD1D18DBFC6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFE7FFC5FF46FB61194CFC4E.text	4B6E902EFFE7FFC5FF46FB61194CFC4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conescharellina brevirostris Silen 1947	<div><p>Conescharellina brevirostris Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Fig. 42; Table 37)</p><p>Conescharellina brevirostris Silén, 1947a: 39, text-figs 24, pl. 1, figs 4–6.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes: SMNH-Type-4604 (four colonies), Java Sea, Noordwachter Island, Malay Archipelago; 2°56'S, 107°55'E; depth 15–18 m. Leg. C. Aurivillius 1891 .</p><p>Other material: Holocene, Core 19, sample 19053, 52–53 cm core depth, Daidokutsu submarine cave, Ie Island, Okinawa, Japan; 26.72°N, 127.83°E; water depth 29 m (Fig. 43, Table 38) .</p><p>Description. Colony small, conical, flattened, height 1.238 –1.284 mm and basal diameter 1.264 –1.605 mm in the syntypes (Fig. 42), height 1.200 mm and basal diameter 1.378 mm in the Holocene specimen (Fig. 43), with 12–18 slightly prominent, narrow, radial costules corresponding with the raised peristomes of the autozooids, alternating with intercostular valleys occupied by rows of interzooidal avicularia (Figs 42A, E, 43A).</p><p>Autozooids arranged in radial rows corresponding to the prominent costules, with four autozooids per row; orifices of autozooids in the same costule vertically aligned but alternating with orifices of autozooids in neighbouring costules; autozooids of the antapical surface somewhat elliptical, almost as long as wide (mean L/ W 0.94 in the syntypes; 1.072 in the Holocene specimen); interzooidal communication through small, circular, uniporous pore-chamber windows, 2–4 along each lateral margin of the zooids, 8–18 µm in diameter (Fig. 42C). Frontal shield convex around the orifice, flat centrally, smooth, nodular, imperforate except for one or two elliptical marginal areolar pores (10–15 µm in maximum diameter) placed laterally (Fig. 43B).</p><p>Primary orifice with semielliptical anter (mean L/ W 1.28) and rounded triangular condyles, 8–10 µm long, pointing medio-distally and defining a shallow U-shaped sinus (Figs 42B, 43B); apical pore absent; peristome collar-like, well developed laterally and proximally (Figs 42B, C, 43A, B), forming a proximal concave shelf about 25–30 µm wide, absent or little developed distally.</p><p>Interzooidal avicularia circular arranged in radial, sinuous or linear rows along the furrows between costules, with 6–8 avicularia per row, rostrum slightly raised, randomly directed, either distolaterally or proximolaterally, crossbar complete (Figs 42D, 43B). An additional adventitious avicularium only in some autozooids, placed distolaterally to the orifice, lying on the peristome, elliptical, with blunt triangular rostrum directed proximolaterally, and with complete crossbar (Figs 42A, E, 43A, B see arrows).</p><p>Apical surface coarsely tubercular, occupied by kenozooids and avicularia (Fig. 42F, G); antapical surface (Fig. 42I–J) with kenozooidal pits and avicularia in radial rows, continuous with those of the lateral surface of the colony, and centrally.</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Silén (1947a, p. 39) examined 48 colonies of Conescharellina brevirostris from the Java Sea off Noordwachter Island in the Malaysian Archipelago, all presumably dead when collected based on the poor preservation and the total lack of organic tissues and appendages, such as rhizoids and mandibles. Only four syntypes were available for examination. Given the possibility that the remaining syntypes mentioned by Silén (1947a) might be better preserved and found later in the SMNH collection or elsewhere, the designation of a lectotype for this species is avoided.</p><p>The co-occurrence of the collar-like peristome and the presence of an avicularium close to the orifice distinguish this species from its congeners described from Noordwachter Island. The broken ovicell described by Silén (1947a) was not observed in the colonies available.</p><p>A colony of C. brevirostris (Fig. 43) was also found in a Holocene sediment core, dated c. 2000 years (see Chiu et al. 2016, 2017), taken from the Daidokutsu submarine limestone cave off Ie Island, Okinawa, Japan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFE7FFC5FF46FB61194CFC4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFFAFFC7FF46FA461D08FB02.text	4B6E902EFFFAFFC7FF46FA461D08FB02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conescharellina laevis Silen 1947	<div><p>Conescharellina laevis Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Fig. 44; Table 39)</p><p>Conescharellina laevis Silén, 1947a: 42, text-figs 26, 27, pl. 1, figs 9, 10.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-4606a (Fig. 44A–C), Java Sea, Noordwachter Island, Malay Archipelago; 2°56'S, 107°55'E; depth 15–18 m. Leg. C. Aurivillius 1891 . Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-4606b (Fig. 44D, E), SMNH-Type-4606c (Fig. 44F), and SMNH-Type-4606d (Fig. 44G), same details as lectotype.</p><p>Description. Colony small, conical, height 1.45 mm and basal diameter 1.49 mm in the lectotype (Fig. 44A), height 1.67 mm and basal diameter 1.44 mm in the largest paralectotype (Fig. 44D), with 12–16 slightly prominent, narrow, radial costules corresponding with the raised, lateral margins of the autozooids and the rows of interzooidal avicularia, alternating with very shallow, intercostular valleys occupied by autozooidal orifices (Fig. 44A, D, E).</p><p>Autozooids arranged in alternating radial rows, with 5–6 zooids per row; autozooids of the antapical surface somewhat elliptical, slightly longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.16). Frontal shield raised at the margins and sloping gently towards the centre, smooth, nodular, imperforate except for one or two circular marginal areolar pores (6–8 µm in diameter) proximomedially placed (Fig. 44B, C).</p><p>Primary orifice depressed in relation to the adjacent surface and surrounded by a smooth band of calcification, 5–15 µm wide, circular (mean L/ W 1.02) with rounded triangular condyles, 6–10 µm long, pointing distally and defining a shallow U-shaped sinus (Fig. 44C); a distal circular to elliptical ooecial pore, 8–12 µm in maximum diameter, associated with each orifice (although sometimes obliterated), outlined by a semicircular to semielliptical rim, 5–10 µm wide, of smooth calcification as that of the orifice, its proximal margin continuous with part of the distal margin of the band of calcification encircling the orifice (Fig. 44B, C, E).</p><p>Interzooidal avicularia arranged in radial, sinuous rows, with 8–12 avicularia per row, in a way that each zooid is surrounded by six avicularia, one at each corner (two proximally, two mid-laterally and two distally) outlining a hexagon, circular; rostrum semi-circular, obliquely directed either distolaterally or proximolaterally, crossbar complete (Fig. 44B, C, E).</p><p>Apical surface usually poorly preserved, tubercular, chaotically occupied by kenozooids and avicularia (Fig. 44D, F); antapical surface (Fig. 44G) pitted and with radial rows of avicularia continuous with those of the lateral surface of the colony.</p><p>Ovicells not observed.</p><p>Remarks. Of the nine colonies mentioned by Silén (1947a), only four were available in the collection.Although the lot of specimens was catalogued as holotype (i.e. SMNH-Type-4606- holotype), it includes multiple colonies with no univocal designation of the holotype colony neither in Silén (1947a) nor in the physical specimen box. Consequently, the best preserved syntype has been selected as the lectotype (Fig. 44A–C). This specimen seems to correspond in colony size and shape with that figured by Silén (1947a, fig. 9).</p><p>The absence of a well-developed tubular peristome distinguishes this species from other congeners from Noordwachter Island in the Java Sea, i.e. C. brevirostris and C. longirostris .</p><p>Five species of Conescharellina were described from Indonesia by Harmer (1957). Conescharellina distalis, C. ovalis, C. papulifera and C. rectilinea all differ in having a well-develop tubular or bisinuate peristome. Conescharellina symmetrica is the most similar to C. laevis in having colonies of similar height and width, in the absence of a tubular peristome, and in the zig-zag arrangement of avicularia outlining distinctly a hexagon (Harmer 1957, p. 97, fig. 72); the main difference between the two species, based on Harmer’s (1957) description, is the shape of the orificial sinus, which is described as subtriangular in C. symmetrica while is U-shaped in C. laevis .</p><p>Three additional species of Conescharellina are known from the Indo-Pacific: C. catella Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929 differs in having a laterally well-developed peristome (see Hirose 2011, fig. 1); C. crassa (Tenison Woods, 1880) has laterally raised and distally prominent peristomes as well as avicularia with a ligula (Bock &amp; Cook 2004); C. dilatata d’Orbigny, 1852 is characterised by a porous area, interpreted as cancelli by Bock &amp; Cook (2004), on the antapical surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFFAFFC7FF46FA461D08FB02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFF8FFC6FF46F9EA1E08FC53.text	4B6E902EFFF8FFC6FF46F9EA1E08FC53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conescharellina longirostris Silen 1947	<div><p>Conescharellina longirostris Silén, 1947a</p><p>Conescharellina longirostris Silén, 1947a: 41, text-figs 25, pl. 1, figs 7, 8.</p><p>Material examined. Syntypes: SMNH-Type-4605 (two colonies; Fig. 45F–H), Java Sea, Noordwachter Island, Malay Archipelago; 2°56'S, 107°55'E; depth 15–18 m. Leg. C. Aurivillius 1891 . Additional material: SMNH-220511 (Fig. 45A–E), a third colony included in the same box as the syntypes, morphologically distinct from C. longirostris and now registered as Conescharellina sp.</p><p>Remarks. As for Conescharellina brevirostris, also for C. longirostris, the number of colonies available in the syntype series is different from the number of colonies reported in Silén (1947a), i.e. three colonies available in the collection versus five colonies reported in the original publication. Of these, two colonies have well developed peristomes as stated in the original description (Fig. 45F–H), one colony does not (Fig. 45A–E). Unfortunately, the two colonies with prominent peristome are poorly preserved, preventing meaningful description and observation of the main diagnostic feature of this species, i.e. the large latero-oral avicularium with elongate rostrum associated with each zooid (see Silén 1947a, text-fig. 25). In addition to the absence of peristomes, the remaining colony also lacks the large latero-oral avicularium typical of C. longirostris, and it differs from C. laevis in the shape of the orificial sinus (i.e. bowl-shaped versus U-shaped). Table 40 gives the zooidal measurements for this colony, reported as Conescharellina sp. Colony size is 1.585 × 1.450 mm. This specimen is now registered under the catalogue number SMNH-220511.</p><p>Poor preservation of the remaining two colonies prevented size measurements.</p><p>Genus Crucescharellina Silén, 1947a</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFF8FFC6FF46F9EA1E08FC53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFF9FFC3FF46FB8E1E0AFF12.text	4B6E902EFFF9FFC3FF46FB8E1E0AFF12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crucescharellina japonica Silen 1947	<div><p>Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Fig. 46; Table 41)</p><p>Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a: 44, text-figs 28–31, pl. 1, figs 11, 12.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy UPSZTY 2483, Goto Islands, Kyushu, Japan; depth 175 m. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Remarks. Compared to the figures in Silén (1947a, pl. 1, figs 11–12), the preservation state of the specimen has deteriorated preventing an improvement of the description as well as size measurements, except for avicularia (Table 41). The unique colony available is the designated holotype which is now fragmented in seven parts, five of which are illustrated in Fig. 46. The rooted colony was originally stellate or cruciform, with five, flat, thick branches with bi- to trilobate tips, developing on the same horizontal plane. The autozooids are opening only on the frontal side, while the dorsal side is occupied by avicularia and kenozooids. The hypothesis is that colonies of this species live with the frontal side facing the substrate (Silén 1947a; Gordon 1989; Book &amp; Cook 2004). Autozooidal boundaries are indistinct, the subcircular orifice is surrounded by a short peristome forming a pseudosinus proximally (Fig. 46C). The frontal adventitious avicularia are subcircular to oval with complete crossbar and semicircular mandibles (Fig. 46D, E), similar to those on the dorsal surface (Fig. 46G). A single lunoecium (i.e. a crescentic kenozooidal openings) is distinguishable (Fig. 46C, arrowed).</p><p>Ovicells are unknown in the genus,they have not been observed in any of the species attributed to Crucescharellina, such as C. aster Gordon &amp; d'Hondt, 1997 from New Caledonia and New Zealand localities, C. australis Bock &amp; Cook, 2004 from Australia, C. decussis (Harmer, 1957) from Sulu, Banda and Celebes Seas, and C. jugalis Gordon, 1989 from New Zealand. Crucescharellina japonica was collected at 175 m depth and C. australis at 320 m, while other species in the genus come from much deeper waters, sometimes abyssal: C. aster from 760–1573 m, C. decussis from 535–3112 m, C. jugalis from 1217–1357 m. A single colony, tentatively attributed by Gordon &amp; d'Hondt (1997, p. 73, figs 221–223) to C. japonica, was collected from the Philippines at 640– 668 m. Large spatulate avicularia, lacking in the holotype specimen, were observed and illustrated for this specimen.</p><p>Genus Flabellopora d’Orbigny, 1851</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFF9FFC3FF46FB8E1E0AFF12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFFCFFC2FF46FF4A1836FD52.text	4B6E902EFFFCFFC2FF46FF4A1836FD52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flabellopora lingua Silen 1947	<div><p>Flabellopora lingua Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Fig. 47; Table 42)</p><p>Flabellopora lingua Silén, 1947a: 47, text-figs 36, 37, pl. 2, fig. 13.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype by monotypy UPSZTY 2221, Okinoshima, Kiuschin, Japan. Leg. Prof. S. Bock 1914.</p><p>Description. Colony rooted, flat, leaf-shaped, bilaminar with zooids and avicularia opening on both surfaces.</p><p>Autozooids indistinct, arranged in alternating series; calcification of the frontal shield smooth and with coarse, rounded tubercules (diameter 25–120 µm) occurring among the apertures and the avicularia (Fig. 47A); tubercles at the edge of the colony pointed and sharp (Fig. 47C).</p><p>Orifice subcircular, proximal margin with two robust, rounded triangular condyles (height c. 14–25 µm, base c. 27–35 µm) and a narrow, V- or U-shaped sinus (20–30 µm deep by 15–25 µm wide) (Fig. 47C, E); each orifice surrounded by a short, circular peristome appearing as a smooth, narrow (c. 10–15 µm wide), raised, slightly flared rim (Fig. 47B). An adapical elliptical pore present medially to each aperture, 8–10 µm long by 15–20 µm wide.</p><p>Avicularia of two types: type 1 small, interzooidal/adventitious, arranged in undulate series between zooidal rows, such that each zooidal aperture is surrounded by six avicularia, ovoidal with slightly raised, semicircular or ogival rostrum directed distally, mandible semicircular, crossbar complete (Fig. 47A, B, E); type 2 interzooidal/ vicarious, obliquely or horizontally placed along the lateral edges of the colony forming a continuous series, highly variable in size but always larger than those scattered among zooidal apertures, teardrop- or pear-shaped with rounded triangular raised rostrum, mandible of the same shape, and complete crossbar (Fig. 47B–D); two circular septular pores, c. 15 µm in diameter, flanking each avicularium (Fig. 47B, E).</p><p>Ovicells absent.</p><p>Remarks. SEM images of a subsample of this holotype, bleached and coated, were taken by Gerhard C. Cadée in 1991 but never published. New images of the same fragment were also taken specifically for this study, some of which are available in Fig. 47.</p><p>Silén (1947a) excluded both that this species was lying flat on the bottom because of the bilamellar nature of its colony, and that it was standing on the bottom balanced on one of its edges because of its flatness and thinness. He hypothesized that the colony would hang down from the very thin and delicate chitinous tube, about half a cm long, observed emanating from the apical margin of the colony (see Silén 1947a, pl. 2, fig. 13). The tube was supposed to be attached to a foreign substrate. In some species of Flabellopora however roots are more numerous and have a support function (Bock &amp; Cook 2004). For instance, Harmer (1957) observed and described multiple delicate rootlets originating from lunate pores in the adapical region of Flabellopora irregularis Canu &amp; Bassler, 1929 . Hirose (2017, fig. 24.3g) illustrated a colony of Flabellopora sp. from Okinawa living at 46 m depth supported above the sandy seafloor by four roots. Thus, it is also rather likely for the colonies of F. lingua to be standing upright on the seafloor, anchored by one or more rootlets to the particulate substratum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFFCFFC2FF46FF4A1836FD52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFFDFFCFFF46FA1F1881FB96.text	4B6E902EFFFDFFCFFF46FA1F1881FB96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anoteropora latirostris Silen 1947	<div><p>Anoteropora latirostris Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Figs 48, 49; Table 43)</p><p>Anoteropora latirostris Silén, 1947a: 58, text-figs 49, 50, pl. 5, figs 25–27.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-8746a (Fig. 48; specimen figured in Silén 1947a, pl. 5, fig. 25; the specimen was found fragmented in two parts) Indian Ocean, Bab-el-Mandeb, Aden Island; 12°26'N, 44°16'E; depth 37 m, gravel. Leg. Vega Expedition 1878–1880, Station 1186 . Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-8746b (Fig. 49A, B), SMNH-Type-8746c (Fig. 49C, D), SMNH-Type-8746d (Fig. 49E, F), and SMNH-Type-8746e (not figured), same details as lectotype.</p><p>Description. Colony discoidal, concave basally, convex frontally, formed by autozooids arranged in radial rows when starting from one of the six periancestrular autozooids, or in oblique, concentric, V-shaped rows when positioned within one of the sectors delimited by the radial rows (Figs 48A, B, E, 49A, C); ancestrula broken or altered in the specimens examined (Fig. 49B, D); largest fragment (now broken into two, Fig. 48A, B) c. 1 cm long by 0.57–0.65 cm wide, circular colonies 2.3–3.5 mm in diameter. Basal side with visible boundaries between autozooids (Fig. 49E, F); basal surface ridged and granular with pits between ridges and pores (10–15 µm in diameter) at their centre; an elliptical distal pore chamber window visible on the peripheral zooids (Fig. 49F), 165–210 µm long by 50–80 µm wide.</p><p>Autozooids distinct, separated by thin furrows, seemingly quadrangular frontally but clearly hexagonal when observed from the basal side, almost equidimensional (mean L/ W 1.02).</p><p>Frontal area almost entirely occupied by the orifice (Fig. 48C), frontal shield reduced, imperforate except for 2–3 pairs of marginal areolae on each zooidal side, granular.</p><p>Orifice placed at the centre of the frontal shield, subcircular (mean OL/OW 0.97) with robust, rounded condyles placed at approximately orifice mid-length, 17–27 µm wide (Fig. 48F); orifice of ovicellate zooids more elliptical, wider than long (Fig. 48C, D).</p><p>Avicularium single, adventitious, lying horizontally, distally to each autozooid, including periancestrular zooids (Fig. 49B, D); rostrum spoon-shaped, directed laterally or slightly distolaterally, always in the same direction (counter clockwise) (Fig. 48F); central area of rostrum with wing-like constrictions raised in relation to the tip, crossbar complete; avicularia associated with ovicellate zooids oblique (Fig. 48C, D), when rostrum distolaterally directed, or vertical when rostrum distally directed. Mandible not observed.</p><p>Ovicell globular (Fig. 48C, D); ooecium surface granular, evenly and densely pseudoporous; pseudopores circular, 10–20 µm in diameter.</p><p>Remarks. Some inconsistencies in relation to depth and seafloor typology were detected between the information reported in Silén (1947a, p. 58) and the museum label accompanying the syntype specimens. The depth was reported as 30 m and the sea-bottom as muddy in Silén (1947a), while it is 37 m and gravel in the specimen label.</p><p>Organic parts were not preserved. The specimens were probably already dead when collected as Silén (1947a) suggested, and therefore characters such as rhizoids, opercula and mandibles were not observed. Hayward &amp; Cook (1983) observed that colonies from off the eastern South African coast were attached to sand grains via numerous basal rhizoids, the pits and pores visible on the basal surface (Fig. 49F) corresponding to the attachment of the rhizoids (Cook &amp; Chimonides 1994). A mandibulate avicularium and orifices with opercula were figured in Jacob et al. (2019, fig. 1d): the mandible exceeds slightly the length of the rostrum and is curved and hooked at the tip; the operculum closes the ovicell.</p><p>Size measurements of the lectotype specimen are in agreement with those reported in Cook (1966) based on colonies from the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, Malacca, East and South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFFDFFCFFF46FA1F1881FB96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
4B6E902EFFF0FFC8FF46F94E1D8FF9AA.text	4B6E902EFFF0FFC8FF46F94E1D8FF9AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fedora nodosa Silen 1947	<div><p>Fedora nodosa Silén, 1947a</p><p>(Fig. 50; Table 44)</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-8735a (Fig. 50A, B; specimen figured in Silén 1947a, pl. 4, fig. 22) North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Fort Pickens, Florida, United States; depth 415 m. Leg. Albatross 1885, Station 2398 . Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-8735b (Fig. 50C–E), SMNH-Type-8735c (Fig. 50F, G), SMNH-Type-8735d (Fig. 50H, I), and SMNH-Type-8735e (not figured), same details as lectotype.</p><p>Other species material for comparison: Fedora edwardsi Jullien, 1882 (Fig. 51, Table 45), North Atlantic Ocean, Josephine Bank, off Portugal, 38°7'N, 9°18'W, depth 1001 m, leg. Josephine Expedition 1869: SMNH-127677, three colonies (Fig. 51H, I); SMNH-128029, five colonies (Fig. 51E–G); SMNH-128030, 2 colonies (Fig. 51A–D).</p><p>Fedora ovum (Smitt, 1873) (Fig. 52, Table 46). Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-1799a (Fig. 52H, I), North Atlantic Ocean, off Tennessee Reef, Florida, United States, depth 209 m. Leg. Gulf Stream Explorations 1868–69, L.F. Pourtales 1869 . Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-1799b (Fig. 52A, B), SMNH-Type-1799c (Fig. 52C–E), SMNH-Type-1799d (Fig. 52F), SMNH-Type-1799e (Fig. 52G), same details as lectotype. Paralectotype SMNHType-9106, one colony (not figured), off the Pacific Reef, depth 426 m.</p><p>Description. Colony ovoidal, 2.44–2.66 mm long by 2.05 mm wide (L/ W 1.29 –1.19, N 2) (Fig. 50A, C); apical area occupied by ancestrular complex consisting of six radially arranged autozooids, similar in appearance (including the presence of an adventitious avicularium) and slender than later autozooids (mean L/ W 1.37) (Fig. 50F, G); antapical area occupied by polygonal kenozooids and avicularia (Fig. 50H, I).</p><p>Autozooids arranged in seven alternating whorls of 6–14 zooids each (the highest number of zooids at about colony mid-length), distinct with narrow grooves and a thin rim of smooth calcification when not obliterated by secondary calcification, hexagonal, almost equidimensional (mean L/ W 1.06); a basal pore chamber, rounded triangular, subelliptical or subcircular, 165–230 µm long by 135–180 µm wide, visible distal to each autozooid (Fig. 50I, some arrowed).</p><p>Frontal shield imperforate and coarsely tubercular (Fig. 50B, D, E); an elliptical marginal areolar pore, 35–40 µm long by 25–45 µm wide, sometimes visible at the proximal zooidal corner and/or at the lateral corner (Fig. 50D, E).</p><p>Primary orifice cleithridiate, longer than wide (mean L/ W 1.24), a horseshoe-shaped anter separated from a bowl-shaped sinus by two robust rounded condyles proximomedially directed (Fig. 50D, E); oral spines absent also in early ontogeny. Closure plates tubercular as the frontal shield observed sealing the orifice up to the third generation of autozooids (Fig. 50B, G). Intramural budding observed in autozooids, visible as a series of concentric orificial rims (Fig. 50D, E).</p><p>Adventitious avicularia infrequent, present as early as the first generation of autozooids (Fig. 50G), single, placed laterally to the orifice at the same level as the condyles (Fig. 50B) or more distally (Fig. 50D), subcircular (mean L/ W 0.85), rostrum rounded, directed laterally or distolaterally, with complete crossbar (Fig. 50D); mandible semicircular (Fig. 50I). Interzooidal avicularia occupying the antapical area, similar in shape to adventitious avicularia, located centrally on a rectangular or irregularly polygonal cystid, 320–330 µm long by 285–310 µm wide, with the surface tubercular as the zooidal frontal shield, rostrum directed distally (Fig. 50H, I).</p><p>Kenozooids also present in the antapical area (Fig. 50H, I), rectangular or irregularly polygonal, 250–430 µm long by 175–270 µm wide, tubercular as autoozooids, either without openings or with central 8-shaped or elliptical opening, 100–110 µm long by 70–95 µm wide.</p><p>Ovicells not observed, likely absent.</p><p>Remarks. Silén’s (1947a) original material of Fedora nodosa consisted of 13 colonies. Unfortunately, only five were available in the type series studied here, including the colony figured by Silén (1947a, pl. 4, fig. 22) and here designated as the lectotype. The information on the type locality and legacy reported on the specimen label is consistent with that in the publication, except for the depth which is slightly deeper (i.e. 415 m versus 340 m).</p><p>The striated, chitinous tube observed in two of the colonies (Fig. 50A, C) was originally interpreted by Silén (1947a) as a kenozooidal attachment rootlet. However, upon closer examination of its peculiar morphology, exhibiting a narrow base of attachment to the colony (c. 130 µm) that widens towards the outer tip (c. 300 µm), the alternative interpretation of it as the polypide tube of a coronate scyphozoan seems to be equally plausible. While the original interpretation of the tube as a kenozooidal rootlet is supported by its presence in the exact same position in which the bryozoan rhizoid would be expected to emanate as well as by the absence of any other structures that could explain how the colony is actually attached to the substrate, the lack of evident scars from the ‘rootlet’ at its attachment point supports its alternative interpretation as a scyphozoan tube.</p><p>Eleven species are currently assigned to Fedora . Seven species are fossil: five are from the Eocene (Lutetian or Priabonian) of Europe (France, Germany and Italy), one is from the Oligocene (Rupelian) of Mississippi (USA), and one from the Miocene of Austria. Four species, including F. nodosa, are Recent, all found in North Atlantic waters, except for Fedora platydiscus Gordon &amp; d’Hondt, 1997, which was described from Mindoro Strait in the Philippines at 92–97 m depth. However, Gordon &amp; d’Hondt (1997) were uncertain about the generic placement of the species given its flat discoidal colony form and the complete absence of avicularia, and forewarned the necessity to introduce a new genus, an action they did not undertake because only a single, infertile specimen was available.</p><p>Fedora nodosa is very similar in appearance to the type species of the genus, F. edwardsi (see Fig. 51), sharing all diagnostic features of the genus such as the autozooid distobasal pore chamber, the inconstant adventitious avicularia adjacent to the orifice, the cleithridiate shape of the orifice, the tubercular frontal shield, and the absence of ovicells. They can be distinguished based on the colony form, shape of condyles and type of frontal tuberculation. Fedora edwardsi has more cylindrical to pear-shaped colonies, with the highest number of zooids in a whorl usually located in the proximal third of the colony (Fig. 51A, C), pointed orificial condyles (Fig. 51D), and a finer and more prickly frontal tuberculation (Fig. 51B, D, I). The apical area is occupied by the ancestrular complex consisting of four radially arranged autozooids, with opposite pairs similar in size (365–375 × 300–330 µm versus 470–490 × 385–420 µm) (Fig. 51E, G, H).</p><p>Fedora ovum (Fig. 52) was originally assigned to Myriozoum by Smitt (1873) based on some similarities with Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766) and species of Leieschara, and re-assigned to Fedora by Silén (1947a). In this species, however, autozooids lack a distobasal pore chamber, avicularia with condyles (incomplete crossbars) are numerous and placed along autozooidal boundaries (e.g. Fig. 52A, C, F–H), the orifice although cleithridiate is cormidial and formed by both the zooid it belongs to and the distal zooid (Fig. 52B, E), the frontal is pitted, and large ovicells, occupying the entire length of the frontal shield of the distal zooid, are present (Fig. 52A, F, H, I). All these features were observed in the genus Sphaerulobryozoon d’Hondt, 1981, which appears as a better fit for F. ovum . The new combination Sphaerulobryozoon ovum (Smitt, 1873) is therefore suggested. Silén (1947a) acknowledged the absence of the distobasal pore chamber in S. ovum n. comb., and justified the re-assignment of the species to Fedora, interpreting the avicularia as special lateral chambers homologous with the distobasal chamber of F. edwardsi and F. nodosa . In his diagnosis of the genus Sphaerulobryozoon, with type species S. pedunculatum from bathyal western Atlantic waters, d’Hondt (1981) described two types of zooids with opercula, i.e. normally functioning autozooids (“autozoécies”) and microzooids (“microzoécies”). The microzooids(e.g. Fig. 52B, E) are here re-interpreted as interzoooidal avicularia with condyles and semicircular mandibles (see d’Hondt 1981, pl. 7, fig. 3).</p><p>The type specimens of Paleogene and Neogene species attributed to Fedora also need to be revised.Unfortunately, in most cases the quality of the illustrations and/or images available from the original publications prevent any meaningful re-interpretation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B6E902EFFF0FFC8FF46F94E1D8FF9AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martino, Emanuela Di	Martino, Emanuela Di (2023): Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén’s cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden. Zootaxa 5379 (1): 1-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5379.1.1, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5379.1.1/52354
