taxonID	type	description	language	source
4A040B08E074FFB5FEA1FCCFAF5B059B.taxon	description	Family Conidae Literature list 1) Mortensen, 1943 Conus ermineus L to SL, H, S Conus ventricosus IL to CL, H (beneath boulders, PA), S 19, 28 2) Pérès and Picard, 1964 5, 11, 31, 33, 34 3) Lipkin and Safriel, 1971 Family Columbellidae 4) Conti and Rossini, 1985 Columbella rustica IL, H (beneath boulders, 2, 5, 6, 17, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34 5) Taylor, 1987 PA), P Family Muricidae 6) Russo et al., 1991	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
4A040B08E074FFB5FEA1FD7BAF5C020A.taxon	description	2, 31, 33, 34 C = Coralligenous Order Lepetellida Family Fissurellidae SABEL = Sabellaria alveolata reef SA = Sciaphilic algae	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
4A040B08E074FFB5FEA1FA16AF200777.taxon	description	Order Trochida Family Turbinidae 12) Rolán, 2005 13) Sivan et al., 2006 Bolma rugosa IL to CL, H (PA, SA), P, C 11, 17, 18, 25, 31, 33, 34, 40 14) Spadini, 2006 Family Trochidae 15) Trigui El-Menif et al., 2007	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
4A040B08E074FFB4FEA1F93EA8B204B3.taxon	description	4, 6, 11, 17, 18, 22, 25, 27, 16) Vasconcelos et al., 2007 31, 33, 34, 38, 40 9, 14 17) Beqiraj et al., 2008 4, 11, 17, 18, 31, 33, 34 18) Casellato and Stefanon, 2008 2, 31, 33, 34 19) Rosenberg et al., 2009 Habitat-Substrate- Taxon Biocoenosis References Abbreviations Order Caenogastropoda? Family Cerithiidae Cerithium lividulum IL, H (PA), S Cerithium vulgatum IL to CL, H, S, P Bittium latreillii IL to CL, H (PA, Rh), P, C Family Epitoniidae Epitonium clathrus IL to CL, H (PA), S Family Triphoridae Triphoridae ind. Order Littorinimorpha Family Triviidae Trivia arctica IL to CL Family Littorinidae Melarhaphe neritoides SupraL to IL, H (PA) Class Bivalvia Order Arcida Family Arcidae Arca noae IL to CL, H (PA, SABEL, SA), P Family Glycymerididae Glycymeris nummaria IL to CL, S Family Noetiidae Striarca lactea IL, H, P, C Order Cardiida Family Cardiidae Acanthocardia tuberculata IL to CL, S (SFBC), P Order Carditida Family Carditidae Cardita calyculata ML, IL, H (PA), S, P Order Venerida Family Veneridae Irus irus ML, IL to CL, H (PA, SABEL), C, S, P	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
4A040B08E075FFB4FEA1F9BBA8A007F3.taxon	description	Family Lucinidae Lucinella divaricata IL to CL, S, P	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
4A040B08E075FFB6FEA1F954AF790714.taxon	description	Family Ostreidae Ostrea sp. 20) Sciberras et al., 2009 21) Rufino et al., 2010 31, 34 22) Albano and Sabelli, 2011 2, 11, 17, 25, 31, 33, 34 23) Gutierrez-Mas, 2011 6, 10, 11, 20, 25, 38 24) Öztürk, 2011 25) Albano and Sabelli, 2012 31, 34 26) Župan et al., 2012 27) Belgacem et al., 2013 28) Sessa et al., 2013 29) Urra et al., 2013 30) Brunetti and Della Bella, 2014 31, 33 31) Öztürk et al., 2014 32) Pitacco et al., 2014 2, 3, 5, 31, 33, 34 33) Alf and Haszprunar, 2015 34) Poursanidis et al., 2016 35) Chimienti et al., 2017 36) Kersting et al., 2017 8, 17, 18, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37) Morton and Puljas, 2017 40 38) Donnarumma et al., 2018 2, 13, 23 39) Giacobbe and Renda, 2018 40) Casoli et al., 2019 15, 22, 25 2, 8, 11, 17, 31, 33, 34 2, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34 2, 11, 27, 31, 33, 40 29 7, 21, 33 11, 21, 35, 38 35, 38, 39 are dominated by the presence of encrusting thalli and low protuberances. Recent Paracentrotus lividus Remains In Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Figure 6 A) remains of Paracentrotus occur abundantly on and within the sediments, around rocky bottoms on which living specimens commonly occur (Figure 6 B-H). Other echinoids are represented by very rare remains of the regular echinoid Arbacia lixula (Figure 6 I) along with highly abundant tests of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus (Figure 6 J). The remains of Paracentrotus from Sa Mesa Longa Beach occur in a broad spectrum of preservation (Table 2 - Part 2 and 3; Figure 6 B-H) similar to that of the studied fossil counterparts. They mainly consist of isolated coronal elements, most of which belonging to ambulacral and interambulacral plates (see Table 2 - Part 2 and 3). Fragments consisting of several plates still sutured together are also frequent. Genital and ocular plates of the apical system were also collected, but are relatively rare. Additionally, complete specimens lack spines, the apical system and the Aristotle’s lantern. Fragmented remains representing large parts of the test are present, though rare. Intraplate fragmentation along with surface abrasion occur very commonly (see Table 2 - Part 2 and 3). Both complete denuded specimens and test fragments show encrustation by polychaete serpulids, including the genus Spirorbis and coralline algae (Figure 6 B-E). Numerous disarticulated elements of the Aristotleʼs lantern were recovered and include mostly hemipyramids and subordinately rotulae and teeth. Epiphyses and compasses also occur sporadically. Lantern elements are commonly affected by fragmentation and abrasion while encrustation is low and restricted to hemipyramids and teeth. Spines also abundantly occur. Their state of preservation is also similar to those in the fossil deposits ranging from pristine and complete, which were rarely found, to fragmentary and abraded. Some specimens show regenerated tips. Spine remains also show encrustation by coralline algae. The very rarely encountered remains of Arbacia lixula consist exclusively of test fragments and isolated plates. The preservation of clypeasteroid Echinocyamus pusillus ranges from complete pristine specimens to fragmented and abraded ones. Morphology, Test Thickness and Plate Sutures of Paracentrotus lividus The test of Paracentrotus is moderately thick with thickness decreasing slightly from near the apex to the ambitus. The ambulacral plates are usually thicker than adjoining interambulacral plates at the ambitus. Both ambulacral and interambulacral plates are thicker at their margins. The extent of plate thickening is greater along the radial sutures, particularly along the perradial sutures between ambulacral plates, which form a radial ridge when viewed from inside the test. The peristomial margin is thick with the perignathic girdle forming a reinforcing palisade just inside the peristomial edge. Plates are interconnected along sutures by collagenous fibers, crossing plate boundaries. Galleried stereom (sensu Smith, 1980) occurs at the sutures between interambulacral plates (Figure 7). This stereom, which possesses long parallel galleries running in one direction only and shows no pore alignment perpendicular to this direction, is functionally associated with long bundles of collagen fibers at the sutures (Smith, 1980). In Paracentrotus, parallel galleries can be observed along interradial and adradial sutures between interambulacral plates (aboral to oral direction) (Figure 7 A-B) whereas no pore alignment can be observed along latitudinal sutures in interambulacral plates (Figure 7 C). In ambulacral plates, galleried stereom can be observed along the adoral sutures joining ambulacral and interambulacral plates, along the adradial sutures, as well as along the perradial suture joining ambulacral plates together (Figure 7 D). Additionally, knob-like trabecular protrusions interlock with cavities formed by the opposing plate’s stereom thus interlocking the adjacent plates (Figure 7 C). This occurs for both radial (longitudinal) sutures (adradial, interradial and perradial) and circumferential (latitudinal) sutures (adapical and adoral).	en	Mancosu, Andrea, Nebelsick, James H. (2020): Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 42) 23 (2): 1-35, DOI: 10.26879/1090, URL: https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3132-taphonomy-regular-echinoids
