identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4A19590BFFA7AD7FFF04FD59FBA152FC.text	4A19590BFFA7AD7FFF04FD59FBA152FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madachauliodes Paulian	<div><p>Genus Madachauliodes Paulian</p><p>Madachauliodes Paulian, 1951: 59 . Type species: Madachauliodes torrentialis Paulian, 1951: 60, original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Adult. Medium-sized (male forewing length 27-38 mm). Body generally brown. Antenna filiform; male antenna longer than ½ but shorter than ⅔ of forewing, female antenna shorter than ½ of forewing. Distance between lateral ocelli ~3.0 times as long as width of median ocellus. Wings (Fig. 1) narrowly elongated, with numerous brownish spots along longitudinal veins on forewing. Both anterior and posterior branches of Rs bifurcated; three crossveins between R and Rs; MA simple; MP with two simple branches; 1A 2-branched, with posterior branch sinuate; 2A 2-branched, with both branches sinuated; a crossvein present between stem of 1A and anterior branch of 2A; base of MA on hindwing long, simply connecting to Rs, but sometimes not reaching to Rs and leaving a free end. Male genitalia (Figs. 13–17): ninth tergum subquadrate, thick apodeme presents along anterior and posterior margins, and thin longitudinal apodeme presents medially; ninth sternum subtrapezoidal, posteriorly concaved; ninth gonocoxite sometimes remains and fused with lateral arms of tenth gonocoxite; ectoproct stout with obtuse tip or elongated with acutely produced tip, inner portion with numerous black rhabdoidshaped setae from base to apex; cercus rounded and feebly protruded; tenth gonocoxite strongly sclerotized, lateral arm subtriangular, median plate subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, with additional ventral projection in some species; a pair of membranous sac-like lobes protruding beneath anteroventral portion of tenth gonocoxite; a pair of setose and feebly sclerotized patches present beneath anus. Female genitalia (Figs. 18–19): eighth gonocoxite broad, posteriorly narrowed and concaved to some degree; ninth gonocoxite nearly rectangular, with a stout gonostylus on posteroventral corner; ectoproct stout or subtriangular, with round and feebly prominent cercus.</p><p>Larva. Head and prothorax (Fig. 8) reddish brown, smooth, with scattered setae. Antenna (Fig. 10) with distal two segments combined much shorter than second segment. Except for distal teeth of mandibles on inner margin, left mandible with one long, acutely pointed tooth and three small teeth, right mandible with one long tooth and two small teeth. Labrum subtriangular. Labium (Fig. 11) medially incised, forming a pair of lobes. Abdomen with lateral tracheal filaments bearing dense long setae on proximal half. Terminal pair of abdominal spiracles (Fig. 12) opening at tips of rather short and coniform projections.</p><p>Remarks. Penny (1999) mentioned that Madachauliodes might be related to Platychauliodes Esben-Petersen, 1924 (endemic to South Africa) and Archichauliodes van der Weele, 1909 (distributed in Australia, New Zealand, and Chile) based on the following similar characters: forewing with last branch of Rs (= MA) unforked, anterior branch of 2A connected to 1A by a crossvein, and filiform male antennae, and Madachauliodes and Platychauliodes might be closely related based on the lack of a basal r-m (= MA) in the hindwing. However, Liu et al. (2011) considered that Madachauliodes is closer to the genus group comprising Taeniochauliodes Esben- Petersen, 1924, Protochauliodes van der Weele, 1909, Nothochauliodes Flint, 1983, and Neohermes Banks, 1908 rather than Archichauliodes and Platychauliodes by the feebly prominent male cerci and the female ninth gonocoxite with an articulate gonostylus. Subsequently, this hypothesis was supported by the reconstructed phylogeny of world fishfly genera (Liu et al. 2012). The most distinct character to separate Madachauliodes from other related genera is the forewing 2A with anterior branch not fused with 1A.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFA7AD7FFF04FD59FBA152FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFA5AD7AFF04F930FA32546A.text	4A19590BFFA5AD7AFF04F930FA32546A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madachauliodes	<div><p>Key to species of Madachauliodes</p><p>1. Antennae with flagellum entirely dark brown; hindwing MA vein weak, not connecting to Rs (Fig. 3); male ectoproct strongly narrowed posteriad with acutely produced apex (Fig. 27); median plate of male tenth gonocoxite without additional ventral projection (Fig. 29); female ectoproct strongly produced posterodorsad (Fig. 30)................. M. torrentialis Paulian</p><p>- Antennae yellow or yellowish brown on proximal half; hindwing MA vein distinct, distally connecting to Rs (Fig. 1); male ectoproct stout with obtuse apex (Fig. 13); median plate of male tenth gonocoxite with additional ventral projection (Fig. 15); female ectoproct stout with obtuse or posterodorsally prominent apex (Fig. 18)..................................... 2</p><p>2. Antennae entirely yellowish brown; male ectoproct as long as ninth tergum (Fig. 15); median plate of male tenth gonocoxite acutely pointed on posterolateral corners and with a subtriangular ventral projection (Fig. 16); female ectoproct stout and slightly prominent on posterodorsal corner (Fig. 18).................... M. bicuspidatus Liu, Price &amp; Hayashi, sp. nov.</p><p>- Antennae yellow on proximal half but much darker on distal half; male ectoproct much shorter than ninth tergum (Fig. 22); median plate of male tenth gonocoxite rounded on posterolateral corners and with a plate-like ventral projection (Fig. 23); female ectoproct stout with obtuse apex (Fig. 25).......................................... M. ranomafana Penny</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFA5AD7AFF04F930FA32546A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFA2AD79FF04FE55FEA554DF.text	4A19590BFFA2AD79FF04FE55FEA554DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madachauliodes bicuspidatus Liu, Price & Hayashi	<div><p>Madachauliodes bicuspidatus Liu, Price &amp; Hayashi, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1, 13–19, 38)</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species is characterized by a brownish head with indistinct vertexal scars, yellowish brown antennae, and the MA vein connecting to Rs on the hindwing. The genitalia of this species is characterized by the stout and straightly directed male ectoproct, the male tenth gonocoxite with median plate subquadrate and spinously produced on posterolateral corners, and the stout female ectoproct with posterodorsal corner slightly prominent.</p><p>Description. Male. Body length 22.3–31.5 mm; forewing length 30.5–37.6 mm, hindwing length 26.9–32.6 mm (n = 3).</p><p>Head mostly brown; clypeus medially blackish brown but laterally yellow, vertex medially with a pair of yellowish brown longitudinal scars; occiput dorsally with two pairs of yellowish brown scars. Compound eyes blackish brown; ocelli yellow, medially margined black. Antennae yellowish brown, flagellum with proximal 5–6 segments slightly paler. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with apex brown, maxillary palpi and entire labium also brown.</p><p>Prothorax pale brown, pronotum respectively with yellowish longitudinal stripes on medial and lateral portions of posterior half; meso- and metathorax brown, metanotum medially slightly paler. Legs yellow, densely setose; fore tibia with distal half brown, mid and hind tibiae with extreme apices brown; all tarsi brown; tarsal claw yellow with brownish tip. Wings (Fig. 1) hyaline, pale smoky brown; pterostigmatic areas much darker. Forewing with numerous brownish spots, which are mainly along longitudinal veins, and with a darker marking across stem of 1A and anterior branch of 2A; markings on distal nygmata and branching point of CuA also darkened. Hindwing almost immaculate, distally with a few indistinct brownish spots along Rs. Veins dark brown. MA presents as an oblique veinlet distally connecting to Rs on hindwing.</p><p>Abdomen yellowish brown, each notum of 2nd–6th segments medially with an ovoid yellowish marking (visible only in specimens preserved in alcohol). Ninth tergum (Fig. 13) subquadrate in dorsal view, with feebly convex anterior and feebly concave posterior margins. Ninth sternum (Fig. 14) slightly shorter than ninth tergum, subquadrate in ventral view, with posterior margin arcuately incised. Ectoproct (Figs. 13–15) nearly as long as ninth tergum, stout, straightly directed and gradually narrowed toward apex, posterolateral corner slightly prominent in dorsal view, inner portion bearing numerous small rhabdoid-shaped setae. Tenth gonocoxite (Figs. 14–17) nearly as long as ¾ of ninth tergum, directed posteroventrad but posteriorly curved dorsad; lateral arm long, anteriorly narrowed and posteriorly rounded in ventral view; median plate subquadrate in ventral view, ventrally with a subtriangular projection subdistally, posterolateral corners spinously produced.</p><p>Female. Body length 28.8–34.6 mm; forewing length 37.2–43.1 mm, hindwing length 32.9–38.1 mm (n = 3).</p><p>Eighth gonocoxite (Figs. 18–19) broadly subquadrate in ventral view, mostly strongly sclerotized, medially with a distinct longitudinal incision, posteriorly bilobed. Ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 18) broad, nearly rectangular, with a stout gonostylus on posteroventral corner. Ectoproct (Fig. 18) short and stout, with posterodorsal corner slightly prominent in lateral view.</p><p>Type materials. Holotype ♂, “ MADAGASCAR, [Betsiboka Region], Bassin: BETSIBOKA, Riv[er]: Ambatomisana, Local: Géranium-usine, Lat[itude]: 18:27:03 S, Long[itude]: 47:56:47 E, 8/11/[19]95, Piège lumineux soir [= light trap at night], P0534” (MCZL). Paratypes: 1♂ 3♀, same data as holotype (MCZL); 1♂, “ MADAGASCAR, [Betsiboka Region], Bassin: BETSIBOKA, Riv[er]: Affluent non nommé, Local: Plantation BLANC, Lat[itude]: 18:27:13 S, Long[itude]: 47:56:53 E, 31/10/[19]96, Piège lumineux soir [= light trap at night], P0632” (MCZL).</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 38) Madagascar (Betsiboka).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from Latin bicuspidate, bicuspid, in reference to the median plate of the male tenth gonocoxite with both posterolateral corners spinously produced in the new species.</p><p>Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to M. ranomafana in having a similar male ectoproct, which is short and stout with an obtuse apex, and the male tenth gonocoxite ventrally with a projection on median plate. However, the new species can be distinguished from M. ranomafana by the relatively longer male ectoproct and the male tenth gonocoxite with acutely pointed posterolateral corners and a subtriangular ventral projection. In M. ranomafana, the male ectoproct is much shorter than ninth tergum and the male tenth gonocoxite has rounded posterolateral corners and a plate-like ventral projection. The coloration of antennae is also different between the new species and M. ranomafana based on the specimens examined. In the new species, the antennae are generally yellowish brown, but in M. ranomafana they are bicolored with proximal half yellow and distal half dark. Nevertheless, this character may be verified to be variable intraspecifically when additional individuals are examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFA2AD79FF04FE55FEA554DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFA1AD77FF04FD90FCA357AF.text	4A19590BFFA1AD77FF04FD90FCA357AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madachauliodes ranomafana Penny	<div><p>Madachauliodes ranomafana Penny</p><p>(Figs. 2, 20–26, 38)</p><p>Madachauliodes ranomafana Penny, 1999: 194 . Type locality: Madagascar ( Ranomafana).</p><p>Diagnosis. In appearance, this species is characterized by the brownish head with indistinct vertexal scars, the yellowish antennae, which are darkened on the distal half, and the MA vein connecting to Rs on the hindwing. This species is also characterized by the short and stout male ectoproct, the male tenth gonocoxite with median plate subtrapezoidal, and ventrally having a plate-like projection, the female eighth gonocoxite with two pairs of differently shaped sclerotized areas and a longitudinal incision, and the stout female ectoproct with obtuse apex.</p><p>Description. Male. Body length 23.7–31.2 mm; forewing length 28.1–31.8 mm, hindwing length 26.5–28.9 mm (n = 6).</p><p>Head pale brown; clypeus yellow, vertex medially with a pair of indistinct yellowish longitudinal scars; occiput dorsally with two pairs of yellowish brown scars. Compound eyes blackish brown; ocelli yellow, medially margined black. Antennae yellow on proximal half but dark brown on distal half. Mouthparts yellow; apex of mandibles, maxillary palpi, and labial palpi dark brown.</p><p>Prothorax uniformly pale brown; meso- and metathorax yellowish brown, but dark brown dorsally, metanotum yellowish medially. Legs yellow, densely setose; apex of tibia and entire tarsi brown; tarsal claw yellow with brownish tip. Wings (Fig. 2) hyaline, pale smoky brown; pterostigmatic areas much darker. Forewing with numerous brownish spots, which are mainly along longitudinal veins, and with a darker marking across stem of 1A and anterior branch of 2A; markings on distal nygmata and branching point of CuA also darkened. Hindwing almost immaculate, distally with a few indistinct brownish spots along Rs. Veins dark brown. MA presents as an oblique veinlet distally connecting to Rs on hindwing.</p><p>Abdomen pale brown, pregenital segments dorsally with broad yellowish markings (visible only in specimens preserved in alcohol). Ninth tergum (Fig. 20) subquadrate in dorsal view, with nearly truncate anterior and posterior margins. Ninth sternum (Fig. 21) slightly shorter than ninth tergum, subtrapezoidal in ventral view, with posterior margin arcuately incised. Ectoproct (Figs. 20–22) much shorter than ninth tergum, stout, straightly directed and gradually narrowed toward apex, posterolateral corner slightly prominent in dorsal view, inner portion bearing numerous small rhabdoid-shaped setae. Tenth gonocoxite (Figs. 21–24) nearly as long as 3/4 of ninth tergum, posteriorly curved dorsad; lateral arm short and broad, anteriorly narrowed and posteriorly rounded in ventral view; median plate subtrapezoidal in ventral view, ventrally with a plate-like projection, which is directed ventrad and bears a small notch at tip.</p><p>Female. Body length 24.5–31.7 mm; forewing length 27.8–32.0 mm, hindwing length 24.7–28.9 mm (n = 6).</p><p>Eighth gonocoxite (Figs. 25–26) broadly subquadrate in ventral view; laterally with two pairs of strongly sclerotized areas, anterior pair broad but posterior pair rather narrow; medially with a distinct longitudinal incision on anterior half; posterior margin slightly concaved medially. Ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 25) broadly ovoid, with a stout gonostylus on posteroventral corner. Ectoproct (Fig. 25) short and stout, with obtuse apex.</p><p>Materials examined. MADAGASCAR: 1♂ (one paratype of M. ranomafana), Prov. Fianarantsoa, 7 km W[est] Ranomafana [currently belongs to Amoron’i Mania Region, 21°14′S, 47°25′E], 1100 m, 11/ 17.XI.1988, C. Kremen (USNM); 1♂ 2♀, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Affluent non nommé, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp II, 14°26′05″S, 49°45′33″E, 18.X.1996, St44-14/P0624, J. Legrand &amp; D. Randriamasimanana (MCZL); 1♂ 3♀, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Affluent non nommé, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp II, 14°25′57″S, 49°45′57″E, 20.X.1996, St44-19/P0628, J. Legrand &amp; D. Randriamasimanana (MCZL); 1♂, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Camp du WWF, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp I, 14°26′20″S, 49°46′33″E, 17.X.1996, E.L. Quinter &amp; T. Nguyen, St44-25/P0714 (MCZL); 1♂, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Manantenina, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp II, 14°25′57″S, 49°45′37″E, 17.X.1996, J. Legrand &amp; D. Randriamasimanana, St44-16/P0623 (MCZL); 1♂, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Affluent non nommé, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp II, 14°26′05″S, 49°45′33″E, 15.X.1996, J. Legrand &amp; D. Randriamasimanana, St44-14/P0621 (MCZL); 1♀, [Ihorombe Region], Bas[sin]. Manampanihy, Riv[er]. Petit Aff. d’Andohahela, Loc[al]. Camp II Andohahela, 24°35′47″S, 46°44′16″E, 27.XI.1995, J.M. Elouard, St41-14/P0545 (MCZL); 1♀, [Haute-Matsiatra Region], Bas[sin]. Manampatrana, Riv[er]. Sahanivoraky, Loc[al]. Aff. De l’Iantara, 22°13′33″S, 47°00′41″E, 19.XI.1993, A. Orstom, St30-05/P0167 (MCZL).</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 38) Madagascar (Amoron’i Mania, Haute-Matsiatra, Ihorombe, Sawa).</p><p>Remarks. See Remarks of M. bicuspidatus sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFA1AD77FF04FD90FCA357AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFAFAD75FF04FD00FE3C5172.text	4A19590BFFAFAD75FF04FD00FE3C5172.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Madachauliodes torrentialis Paulian	<div><p>Madachauliodes torrentialis Paulian</p><p>(Figs. 3, 27–31, 38)</p><p>Madachauliodes torrentialis Paulian, 1951: 60 . Type locality: Madagascar (Mont Tsaratanana).</p><p>Diagnosis. In appearance, this species is characterized by the brown head with distinct vertexal scars, the antennae with flagellum entirely dark brown, and the hindwing MA vein not connecting to Rs. Considering the genitalia, this species is also characterized by the long male ectoproct with strongly narrowed and acutely produced apex, the median plate of the male tenth gonocoxite respectively with acute projections on posterolateral and posteromedial portions, the female eighth gonocoxite with posterior half much more sclerotized, and the female ectoproct strongly produced posterodorsad.</p><p>Description. Male. Body length 29.3–32.3 mm; forewing length 27.0– 36.5 mm, hindwing length 23.8–32.5 mm (n = 4).</p><p>Head brown to blackish brown; clypeus yellow, vertex with a pair of distinct yellowish longitudinal scars and several smaller ovoid yellowish scars; occiput dorsally with two pairs of yellowish scars. Compound eyes blackish brown; ocelli yellow, medially margined black. Antennae uniformly dark brown except for scape and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; apex of mandibles, maxillary palpi, and labial palpi blackish brown.</p><p>Prothorax brown, pronotum yellowish on anteromedial portion and respectively with yellowish longitudinal stripes on medial and lateral portions of posterior half; meso- and metathorax brown, metanotum slightly paler. Legs yellow, densely setose; fore leg with apex of tibia and entire tarsi brown; mid and hind legs with distal four tarsomeres brown; tarsal claw yellow with brownish tip. Wings (Fig. 3) hyaline, pale smoky brown; pterostigmatic areas much darker. Forewing with numerous brownish spots, which are mainly along longitudinal veins, and with a darker marking across stem of 1A and anterior branch of 2A; markings on distal nygmata and branching point of CuA also darkened. Hindwing almost immaculate, distally with a few indistinct brownish spots along Rs. Veins dark brown. MA presents as a rather thin, oblique veinlet, which does not reach to Rs on hindwing.</p><p>Abdomen pale brown, pregenital segments dorsally with transversely circular yellowish markings (visible only in specimens preserved in alcohol). Ninth tergum (Fig. 27) subquadrate in dorsal view, with arcuately convex anterior and shallowly concave posterior margins. Ninth sternum (Fig. 28) slightly shorter than ninth tergum, subtrapezoidal in ventral view, with posterior margin arcuately incised. Ectoproct (Figs. 27–29) much longer than ninth tergum, anteriorly robust, strongly narrowed posteriad, leaving an acutely produced and slightly incurved apex; a small obtuse projection presents on anteroventral portion; inner portion bearing numerous small rhabdoidshaped setae. Tenth gonocoxite (Figs. 28–29) nearly as long as ⅔ of ninth tergum, directed posteroventrad, but posteriorly curved dorsad; lateral arm short and broad, anteriorly narrowed and posteriorly rounded in ventral view; median plate subquadrate and anteriorly produced in ventral view, posterolaterally with a pair of small dentiform projections, posteromedially with a larger subtriangular projection.</p><p>Female. Body length 30.5–40.5 mm; forewing length 34.8–44.5 mm, hindwing length 29.7–39.8 mm (n = 3).</p><p>Eighth gonocoxite (Figs. 30–31) broad, slightly narrowed posteriad in ventral view, posterior margin slightly concaved, posterior half much more sclerotized than anterior half, medial longitudinal incision reduced. Ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 30) broadly rectangular, with a stout gonostylus on posteroventral corner. Ectoproct (Figs. 30–31) slightly shorter than ninth tergum, strongly produced posterodorsad, with acutely pointed tip; inner surface feebly sclerotized and sparsely setose.</p><p>Materials examined. MADAGASCAR: 1♂, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Manantenina, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp II, 14°25′57″S, 49°45′37″E, 17.X.1996, J. Legrand &amp; D. Randriamasimanana, St44-16/P0623 (MCZL); 1♀, [Sawa Region], Bas[sin]. Lokoho, Riv[er]. Andranomifotatra, Loc[al]. Marojejy Camp IV, 14°26′04″S, 49°44′05″E, 12.XI.1996, E.L. Quinter &amp; T. Nguyen, St44-22/P0711 (MCZL); 1♂, Bas[sin]. Manampatrana, Riv[er]. Aff. De Sahavatoy, Loc[al]. Andringitra Camp 3, 22°12′50″S, 46°58′30″E, 22.XI.1993, A. Orstom, St30-08/P0171 (MCZL); 1♂ 1♀, Prov. Fianarantsoa, 7 km W[est] Ranomafana [currently belongs to Amoron’i Mania Region, 21°14′S, 47°25′E], 900 m, 20/ 24.III.1990, W.E. Steiner (USNM); 1♀, Prov. Fianarantsoa, 7 km W[est] Ranomafana [currently belongs to Amoron’i Mania Region, 21°14′S, 47°25′E], 900 m, 20/ 31.I.1990, W.E. Steiner (USNM); 1♂, Prov. Fianarantsoa, 7 km W[est] Ranomafana [currently belongs to Amoron’i Mania Region, 21°14′S, 47°25′E], 900 m, 1/ 7.III.1990, W.E. Steiner (USNM).</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 38) Madagascar (Amoron’i Mania, Diana, Sawa).</p><p>Remarks. The primary type of M. torrentialis was not designated by Paulian (1951) and without any information on sex and depository of the type, the whereabouts of the type is still unknown (Penny 1999). A neotype of this species should be designated if the primary type cannot be found. Nevertheless, the genitalic figure in the original description (Paulian 1951) is sufficient for subsequent identification, as this species can be readily distinguished from the other two species of Madachauliodes by the long male ectoproct, which is acutely produced posteriorly and has a small obtuse projection on anteroventral portion, by the male tenth gonocoxite with one posteromedian projection and a pair of posterolateral projections, and by the strongly produced female ectoproct. While the overall appearance of M. torrentialis is quite similar to the other two species, the antennae in M. torrentialis are much darker than those in M. bicuspidatus and M. ranomafana, which may be useful for the specific identification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFAFAD75FF04FD00FE3C5172	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFADAD72FF04FB7BFEB857AF.text	4A19590BFFADAD72FF04FB7BFEB857AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haplosialis Navas	<div><p>Genus Haplosialis Navás</p><p>Haplosialis Navás, 1927: 31 . Type species: Protosialis madegassa Navás, 1927: 30, original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Adults. Forewing length ~9.0– 10.5 mm in males; ~11.0–15.0 mm in females. Body generally pale to dark brown. Head generally orange, sometimes with dark markings on frons and vertex (Figs. 5–7). Antennae pilose, approximately half the length of the forewing. Compound eyes strongly produced in males; ocelli absent. Labrum ~4.0–5.0 times wider than long, lateral margins rounded, front margin slightly emarginated. Prothorax&gt;2.0 times wider than long, pronotum usually with dark vittae laterally. Forewing (Fig. 4) 4.0 times longer than wide, minutely hirsute, margins pilose; costal area feebly broadened proximally, with 5–8 distinct costal crossveins; sc-r present; Rs 2-branched; MA 2-branched; MP 2-branched, anterior branch mostly simple, but occasionally bifurcated, posterior branch mostly bifurcated, but sometimes simple; CuA 2-branched; three crossveins between R and Rs. Hindwing slightly broader than forewing, about 3.0 times as long as wide; 2–5 distinct costal crossveins proximally; venation similar to forewing, with three crossveins between R and Rs, MA mostly with two simple branches, with anterior branch sometimes bifurcated. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 32) transversely arched, posterior margin medially produced in lateral view; ectoproct paired, distally protruding into a slender and dorsally curved process; eleventh gonocoxite (Figs. 32–35) nearly as wide as ninth tergum, transversely arched, posteriorly with a pair of slender projections, which are directed dorsolaterally with hook-like tip; membrane between ninth sternum and eleventh gonocoxite distinctly protruding posteriad. Female seventh sternum (Figs. 36–37) broad, posterior margin strongly produced medially into an acutely pointed projection; eighth gonocoxite (Fig. 37) small, ovoid, medially with a longitudinal incision; eighth gonapophyses (Fig. 37) transversely arched, slightly sclerotized, sparsely setose on anterolateral portions; ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 36) broad, apex bearing rather small gonostylus.</p><p>Larva (Fig. 9). Head orange. Prothorax orange, meso- and metathorax pale yellow, with reticulated patterns of brownish marks. Abdomen dark purplish brown, dorsally with transverse yellowish stripes and paired, yellowish, submedian, comma-shaped markings on each segment.</p><p>Remarks. Haplosialis is the most poorly studied alderfly genus due to the scarcity of specimens. This genus comprises two extant species: H. afra and H. madegassa, both of which were originally described as species of the genus Protosialis van der Weele, 1909. Haplosialis in appearance resembles Protosialis by the orange head and pronotum and by the similar wing venation. However, the widely separated male ectoproct, the shape of male eleventh gonocoxite, and the setose female eighth gonapophyses indicate a close relationship between Haplosialis and the genus Indosialis Lestage, 1927, which is endemic to the Oriental realm (Liu et al. 2008). The syntypes of H. madegassa, were deposited in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) and the L. Navás collection (Navás 1927), but cannot be found currently. The syntype in the L. Navás collection is probably lost. The syntype in MNHN has been misplaced, following a returned loan within the last 10 years (Dr. J. Legrand, MNHN, personal communication). If the MNHN syntype is confirmed to be lost, a new genus-type of Haplosialis should be designated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFADAD72FF04FB7BFEB857AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
4A19590BFFAAAD71FF04FD00FD01576A.text	4A19590BFFAAAD71FF04FD00FD01576A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haplosialis afra (Navás) Navas	<div><p>Haplosialis afra (Navás)</p><p>(Figs. 4–7, 32–37, 39)</p><p>Protosialis afra Navás, 1936: 105 . Type locality: Madagascar (Périnet).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the generally orange head and pronotum with variable dark markings. The genitalia of this species is characteristic by the male ninth tergum with posterior margin distinctly produced medially in lateral view, the paired and widely apart male ectoproct with distal half strongly narrowed and elongated into a dorsally curved process, and the small and ovoid female eighth gonocoxite medially with a narrow longitudinal incision.</p><p>Description. Male. Body length 8.2–10.7 mm; forewing length 9.1–10.3 mm, hindwing length 7.9–9.3 mm (n = 5).</p><p>Head orange; frons sometimes pale brown, vertex with pale brown raised scars or almost entirely pale brown. Compound eyes blackish brown, strongly produced. Antennae brown, pilose. Mouthparts yellow; lateral portions of labrum and distal half of mandibles pale brown.</p><p>Thorax yellowish brown; pronotum orange to yellowish brown, laterally with a pair of brownish or dark brown vittae, which are sometimes reduced into scattered spots; meso- and metanota dark brown laterally. Legs yellow, but brownish on tibiae and tarsi, bearing dense brownish setae; tarsal claws yellowish brown. Wings (Fig. 4) narrowly elliptical, yellowish brown to pale brown, hindwing slightly paler than forewing; veins pale brown. Forewing nearly 4.0 times as long as wide; 5–8 distinct costal crossveins proximally; sc-r present; Rs 2-branched, with anterior branch occasionally bifurcated; MA 2-branched; MP having two main branches, anterior branch simple, but sometimes bifurcated near wing margin, posterior branch 2-branched; CuA 2-branched; three crossveins between R and Rs. Hindwing slightly broader than forewing, about 3.0 times as long as wide; 2–5 distinct costal crossveins proximally; venation similar to forewing, MA having two simple main branches, with anterior branch sometimes bifurcated nearly wing margin.</p><p>Abdomen brown to blackish brown, ventrally much paler. Ninth tergum (Fig. 32) transversely arched, nearly 3.0 times as wide as long in dorsal view, posterior margin distinctly produced medially in lateral view. Ninth sternum (Fig. 33) nearly as long as ninth tergum, transversely wide. Ninth gonocoxite (Figs. 32–34) narrowly elongated, posterior half ovoid, distinctly exceeding posterior margin of ninth tergum. Ectoproct (Figs. 32, 34–35) paired, widely apart from each other, proximal half ovoid, distal half strongly narrowed and elongated into a dorsally curved process. Eleventh gonocoxite (Figs. 32–35) strongly sclerotized, nearly as wide as ninth tergum, transversely arched, laterally tapering anteriorly, posteriorly with a pair of slender projections, which are directed dorsolaterally, with hook-like tip. Membrane between ninth sternum and eleventh gonocoxite distinctly protruding posteriad (Fig. 34).</p><p>Female. Body length 11.2 mm; forewing length 11.7 mm, hindwing length 10.0 mm (n = 1).</p><p>Head orange, frons with a subtriangular brownish marking, vertex with a brownish midline, which is extending to frontal marking, forming a T-shaped pattern. Seventh sternum (Figs. 36–37) broad, posterior margin distinctly produced into an acutely pointed median projection. Eighth gonocoxite (Fig. 37) rather small, ovoid, medially with a narrow longitudinal incision; eighth gonapophyses (Fig. 37) transversely acrched, setose on anterolateral portions. Ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 36–37) semiovoid, distally with rather small gonostylus. Ectoproct (Fig. 36) small, suboval, directed posteroventrad.</p><p>Materials examined. MADAGASCAR: 1♂, [Diana Region], Bas[sin]. Antongombato, Riv[er]. Makis, Loc[al]. Camp base WWF, 12°31′40″S, 49°10′09″E, 31.III.1995, A. Ralaiteferana &amp; L. Blanc, St104-01/P0364 (MCZL); 1♂, Bas[sin]. [Diana Region], Antongombato, Riv[er]. Makis, Loc[al]. 75 mètres en aval de P189, 12°31′38″S, 49°10′21″E, 31.III.1995, A. Ralaiteferana &amp; L. Blanc, St104-03/P0363 (MCZL); 1♂ 1♀, [Alaotra Mangoro Region], Bas[sin]. Rianila, Riv[er]. Aff. De Sahatandra, Loc[al]. Andasibe en Amont, 18°54′26″S, 48°24′07″E, 13.IV.1995, M. Sartori &amp; L. Ruffieux, St17-23/P0374 (MCZL); 2♂, [Alaotra Mangoro Region], Bas[sin]. Betsiboka, Riv[er]. Beharena, Loc[al]. Antaniditra, 18°25′43″S, 48°02′55″E, 16.XI.1996, J.M. Elouard, St02-80/P0660 (MCZL).</p><p>Distribution. (Fig. 39) Madagascar (Alaotra Mangoro, Diana).</p><p>Remarks. The types of H. afra, which were in MNHN are lost (Dr. J. Legrand, MNHN, personal communication). This species has intraspecific variation in the cephalic and prothoracic marking patterns as well as in the wing venations (Figs. 5–7). In our examined specimens of H. afra, the head is entirely orange, mostly brown, or orange with lateral brown markings and a median brown marking from frons extending to vertex in different males, and the female head is most orange but with a T-shaped brown marking medially. The pronotum is orange with a pair of brown lateral vittae in two males and one female, but it is orange laterally with a few scattered brownish spots or mostly brown in remaining specimens. The anterior branch of forewing MP vein varies from simple to bifurcate among examined specimens. The hindwing MP vein mostly has two simple branch, but in one male its anterior branch is bifurcated distally. Notably, according to the original description of H. madegassa (Navás 1927), its cephalic and prothoracic marking patterns can be found in H. afra . Furthermore, although the forewing MP vein has two simple branches in H. madegassa based on its original description (Navás 1927), this character may also be unstable among conspecific individuals. Therefore, we cannot eliminate the possibility that H. afra and H. madegassa are the same species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A19590BFFAAAD71FF04FD00FD01576A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Liu, Xingyue;Price, Benjamin W.;Hayashi, Fumio;Moor, Ferdinand De;Yang, Ding	Liu, Xingyue, Price, Benjamin W., Hayashi, Fumio, Moor, Ferdinand De, Yang, Ding (2014): Revision of the Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Madagascar. Zootaxa 3796 (2): 320-336, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.5
