taxonID	type	description	language	source
485787BFFFB9C326FF0BFD44FA02F8AB.taxon	description	The species Hemidactylus brookii was originally described based on three specimens in the collection of the British Museum of Natural History (BMNH). The specimens were reported to originate from Borneo (two) and Australia (one), the latter locality doubted by several subsequent authors (e. g., Gray 1867; Loveridge 1941; Bauer et al. 2010 b). Upon examination of these three specimens it becomes apparent that two morphologically distinct forms are represented in the type series, reinforcing the original statement of two geographic populations. The two specimens, BMNH 1947.3.6.47 (formerly BM RR 1934.9.1.49 [. 21. a]) from “ Borneo ”, and BMNH 1947.3.6.49 (formerly BM RR 1934.9.1.51 [. 21. b]) from “ Australia ” form a morphologically unique pair, which considerably differ from the third specimen BMNH 1947.3.6.48 (formerly BM RR 1934.9.1.50 [. 21. b]) from “ Borneo ”. There are numerous possible hypothesis for the above circumstances, but the most obvious explanation is a simple case of mistagging of specimens. All three specimens are currently maintained in their original separate jars and are individually tagged with the current 1947 labels only. There is no evidence to suggest that these specimens were individually tagged with the old (1934) labels, as the specimens do not have constriction “ damage ” indicative of multiple specimen tags that may have been removed. It is safe to assume that prior to 1947, the specimens were not individually tagged. Each specimens identity at that time therefore relied on which jar the untagged specimen was placed after examination by scientists. Under this circumstance, the likelihood that two specimens were misplaced in each other’s jars, is very high. In 1947, the specimens were directly tagged with details corresponding to the label on their individual jars, and at this time one Borneo specimen was in the Australia specimen jar, and vice versa, leading to the current confusion. In this case the morphologically distinct form would represent the single specimen originally labelled from “ Australia ” and the remaining two specimens would represent the Borneo species. A remark regarding this problem has been added to the BMNH specimen register upon recent notification (Patrick Campbell in litt. 2011). In the original description, Gray (1845) neither designates a holotype nor does he describe any one of the three specimens in more detail than the others. Boulenger (1898) was the first, without explanation, to restrict the type locality to Borneo (followed by, but often incorrectly attributed to Smith 1935), either as an error, or intentionally. Regardless, the species represented by two specimens (BMNH 1947.3.6.47 and BMNH 1947.3.6.49) from Borneo is herein redescribed and retained as the material representing Hemidactylus brookii s. s. According to the BMNH specimen register and comparison with the syntypes, BMNH 1947.3.6.47 represents the specimen figured by Gray (1867: Pl. 15, Fig. 2; 1875: Pl. 15, Fig. 2 –– see here Fig. 1 A), which is here designated as the lectotype for H. brookii in order to define the morphology of this species. The third specimen (BMNH 1947.3.6.48) from “ Australia ”, representing a morphologically distinct species of Hemidactylus, is considered conspecific with H. tenkatei.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB4C32FFF0BFE04FAD1FD46.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet was originally created as a patronym in honour of Sir James Brooke (1803 – 1868), an acknowledged contributor of specimens to BMNH (Gray 1845). Known as the “ Rajah of Sarawak ”, formerly Governor of Sarawak from 1841, and Governor of Labuan and Consul-General to the Sultan of Brunei from 1846 (Schleich & Kästle 2002). Definition. Hemidactylus brookii can be distinguished from all currently described Asian members of Hemidactylus based on the following combination of characters: adult male SVL to 55.8 mm, TrL / SVL 38.5 – 38.9 %; primary postmental shield width is subequal to that of the first infralabials, secondary pair broadly in contact with second infralabials; ear opening large EarL / HL 8.2 – 11.2 %, obliquely oval; 16 – 19 regular longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles, largest 6 – 7 times size of surrounding granules; two series of 12 – 13 precloacal-femoral pores separated medially from each other by a diastema of one non-pore-bearing scale, non-pore-bearing scale <50 % the size of pored scales, scale row bordering anteriorly the precloacal-femoral pore series enlarged, ≥ size of pore-bearing scales; 5 lamellae under digit I and 7 – 8 under digit IV of pes, subdigital lamellae mostly divided on digit IV of manus and pes, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit; tail oval in cross-section without lateral denticulation, tubercles on anterior tail portion form elongated recurved conical spines, subcaudals completely transverse the tail width from the distal third of original tail; two medium sized conical cloacal spurs. Comparisons. Hemidactylus brookii is here compared with the morphologically most similar Asian Hemidactylus species occurring east of the western Pakistan border. It differs from H. treutleri Mahony by its smaller size, SVL to 55.8 mm (vs. SVL to 70 mm), and 24 – 26 precloacal-femoral pores (vs. 14); from H. gujaratensis Giri, Bauer, Vyas and Patil by its lower number of subdigital lamellae on pes, five on digit I, 7 – 8 on digit IV (vs. 7 – 9 and 10 – 11, respectively), and precloacal-femoral pore series separated medially by one non-pore-bearing scale (vs. at least five); from H. parvimaculatus by precloacal-femoral pore series separated medially by one non-pore-bearing scale (vs. 2 – 4), and 0 – 1 divided lamellae on digit I and 2 – 4 on digit IV of pes (vs. 2 – 3 and 5 – 7, respectively). For diagnosis from H. gleadowi, H. kushmorensis and H. tenkatei see the respective comparison sections for these species. Condition of types. Lectotype fully intact with unbroken original tail. Paralectotype (BMNH 1947.3.6.49) with a small circular piece of skin missing from the parietal region and entire tail absent, otherwise in good condition. Paralectotype (BMNH 1947.3.6.48) referred here to H. tenkatei in good state of preservation, with less than half of the tail present but detached and digit I and II of the right pes missing. H. brookii H. gleadowi H. kushmorensis	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB4C32FFF0BFE04FAD1FD46.taxon	description	Description of lectotype. BMNH 1947.3.6.47, adult male. A summary of mensural and meristic data is provided in table 1. A medium sized species of Hemidactylus (SVL 55.8 mm); head distinct from neck, lores rounded and interorbital region flat, forehead not concave; snout longer than orbit diameter; scales on snout circular, domed, largest on the canthal region, of subequal size to enlarged tubercles on the parietal, becoming mixed over the frontal with small granular scales; supraoculars covered with homogenous, small granular scales; dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head posterior to the orbit covered with small granular scales densely mixed with enlarged domed tubercles, size increasing laterally and posteriorly; interorbital scales 8 – 10 across the narrowest point of the frontal; canthus rostralis rounded; pupil vertically elliptical, with crenellated edges; supraciliaries small and rounded, size increasing slightly anterodorsally, all lacking spines; ear opening deep, oval, obliquely orientated posterodorsally, a single small tubercle on the anterior edge of the right ear opening; orbit to ear distance slightly greater than diameter of orbits; rostral subrectangular, with medial groove dorsally, extending to half of the rostral depth; rostral depth slightly more than half its width; contacted by nostrils, supralabial I, one internasal and two circular, slightly enlarged supranasals; nostrils circular, oriented dorsolaterally, nostril narrowly in contact with supralabial I, two postnasals, supranasal and rostral; two scale rows separating eye from supralabials; 9 / 9 (left / right) supralabials; 9 / 8 (left / right) infralabials; mental subtriangular, wider than it is length (MenL / MenW 77.8 %); two paired postmentals, primary pair subequally in contact with each other and the mental, secondary pair not in contact with each other, ~ 70 % the size of the first and rounded posteriorly, each postmental is bordered posteriorly by smooth, circular granular scales; several rows of enlarged elongated scales border the lower edge of the infralabials, size gradually increasing laterally from the small throat granular scales; enlarged endolymphatic sac not visible. Body slightly compressed dorsally; ventrolateral fold absent; dorsum covered with uniform, small flattened granular scales interspersed with large tubercles, those of the nape are smallest and conical, size increasing posteriorly, tubercles of the anterior paravertebral rows are longitudinally oval with a weak median keel, laterally and posteriorly becoming more conical to transversally oval, with or without a weak keel, largest are 6 – 7 times the size of surrounding granular scales; 16 non-linear rows at midbody, 34 in a paravertebral line from back of the skull to the area above the vent, intertubercle distance varies randomly; lateral and gular granular scales grade abruptly into large, smooth, subimbricate ventrals; preanal depression absent; precloacal-femoral pores number 13 / 13 (left / right), a single non-pore-bearing scale ~ 50 % the size of pored scales separates pore-bearing rows; anterior scale row to pored scales enlarged relative to pored scales and adjacent ventrals; precloacal scales between the pore series and the cloaca are not enlarged relative to ventrals. Forelimbs slender; dorsal surface of the upper forelimb covered with granular scales posteriorly, ~ 3 times larger than dorsal granular scales, size increasing and becoming imbricate anteriorly and ventrally, dorsal surface of the lower forelimb covered with small granular scales of size subequal to those on the dorsum and intermixed with enlarged tubercles of subequal size to those on the nape, subimbricate scales of the upper forelimb extend anteriorly onto the dorsal surface of the manus; hind limbs relatively short; dorsal surface of the hind limbs covered in small granular scales densely interspersed with larger conical tubercles, largest being of equal size to the largest dorsal tubercles, ventral surfaces of hind limbs with flat subimbricate scales; ventral surface of the manus and pes covered with smooth, rounded granular scales; digits relatively short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; distal phalanges elevated; lamellae numbering on right manus (total: divided) I (6: 1), II (6: 2), III (6: 2), IV (7: 5) and V (6: 2); and on right pes I (5: 1), II (7: 4), III (7: 4), IV (7: 5) and V (5: 2); basal subdigital lamellae narrow; interdigital webbing absent. Tail completely original; strongly compressed dorsally and oval in cross section, longer than snout to vent length; slightly constricted at the base and tapering gradually to a narrow tip; post-cloacal hemipenal bulge distinct; two enlarged, bluntly conical cloacal spurs on each side; longitudinal middorsal furrow present on the tail, lateral furrow absent; median subcaudal series begin on the second tail segment consisting of transversely enlarged, smooth, subimbricate scales, approximately 35 % tail width on the fourth segment, laterally bordered by large posteriorly rounded subimbricate scales, which rapidly decreasing in size to become small granular scales laterally and dorsally; tail segments are barely distinguishable basally becoming indistinct distally, first segment with a transverse row of eight tubercles followed by rows of six, tubercles keeled, obliquely pointed posteriorly. Colouration in preservative: Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs and tail primarily mid brown. Dorsally two transverse rows of three large dark oval blotches from the nape to anterior to the forelimb insertion. Further rows of blotches join to form wide uneven transverse bars, three on the trunk and approximately eleven on the tail; a feint dark brown stripe from the nostril across the lores to the anterior orbit and from the posterior orbit to above the ear opening; further markings if present are indistinguishable due to fading of the specimen; entire ventral surface of the head, body, limbs and tail appear plain light beige, however under magnification individual scales have varying numbers of minute black specks; precloacal-femoral pores are dark brown. Colouration in life was not documented in the original description (Gray 1845). Variation. Variation of major mensural and meristic characters are presented in table 1. The paralectotype agrees well in overall morphology to that of the lectotype with the following deviations: left and right precloacalfemoral pore series consist of 12 pored scales each, the posterior edges of the median-most pored scales of both series are narrowly in contact with each other, the single ~ 50 % smaller non-pore-bearing scale is present but positioned slightly forward, thus not fully separating the left and right pored series from each other; the posterior third of the mental shield is divided by an aberrant transverse groove, and enlarged tubercle absent from anterior edge of ear opening.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB4C32FFF0BFE04FAD1FD46.taxon	distribution	Distribution. As discussed above, I believe that one of the specimens collected from Borneo was at some stage accidentally mislabelled as the Australian specimen, therefore H. brookii s. s. is currently known only from the type locality of “ Borneo ”. According to Günther (1872), collections made by Edward Belcher, and later described by Gray (1845), originated from the “ principality of Sarawak [Borneo] ”, thus the lectotype locality is here further restricted to “ Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo ”. Bartlett (1895) reports on further specimens collected by himself and H. Low from “ Kuching ” in western Sarawak and “ Sarawak ” respectively, deposited in the Sarawak State Museum, Kuching. Recently an additional population of H. brookii has been found at Loagan Bunut National Park (03 ° 44 ’ N, 114 ° 14 ’ E), Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo (Das & Sukumaran 2006). I have not had the opportunity to examine these additional specimens from Sarawak to confirm whether any are conspecific with the lectotype. It is likely that H. brookii is not native to Borneo, thus the origins of the introduced lectotype population must be determined to verify further populations assigned to this species. The recent definition of H. brookii by Rösler and Glaw (2010) was based on specimens from Nepal. In light of information provided here (see “ Discussion ”), the likelihood of the Nepal populations representing H. brookii s. s. should be considered tentative. The additional localities of current questionable synonyms are not included here pending their taxonomic revision of type specimens.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB0C32DFF0BFC8FFBFDFAD1.taxon	materials_examined	Other examined material. BMNH [18] 84.7.25.9, topotype adult female, details as for neotype.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB0C32DFF0BFC8FFBFDFAD1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym after Mr. F. Gleadow, Deputy Conservator of Forests and collector of the original type specimens described by J. A. Murray. Definition. Hemidactylus gleadowi can be distinguished from all currently described South and Southeast Asian members of Hemidactylus based on the following combination of characters: adult SVL to 43.1 mm; TrL / SVL 39.9 – 41.9 %; HL / SVL 30 – 30.2 %; ear opening oval; primary postmental shield width is subequal to that of the first infralabial, secondary pair broadly in contact with second infralabials; tubercles of the parietal region are of subequal size to largest canthal scales; 17 – 18 regular longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles, largest 12 – 14 times size of surrounding granules; two series of 12 – 13 precloacal-femoral pores separated medially by a diastema of one non-pore-bearing scale, size subequal to pore-bearing scales, scale row bordering anteriorly the precloacal-femoral pore series of subequal size to pore-bearing scales; 4 – 5 lamellae under digit I and seven under digit IV of pes, subdigital lamellae mostly divided on digit IV of manus and pes, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes absent on the basal 20 % of digit length; tail oval in cross-section without lateral denticulation, TailD / TailW 71.7 – 84 %, tubercles on proximal tail portion form short recurved conical spines, subcaudals completely transverse the tail width on the distal third of original tail; two very small, bluntly conical cloacal spurs. Comparisons. Hemidactylus gleadowi is here compared with the morphologically most similar Asian Hemidactylus species occurring east of the western Pakistan border. It differs from H. treutleri by its smaller size, SVL to 43.1 mm [44 mm in original description] (vs. SVL to 70 mm), and total 25 – 26 precloacal-femoral pores (vs. 14); from H. gujaratensis by its higher number of tubercle rows across the dorsum, 17 – 18 (vs. 12 – 14), and precloacalfemoral pores series separated medially by one non-pore-bearing scale (vs. at least five); from H. parvimaculatus by precloacal-femoral pore series separated medially by one non-pore-bearing scale (vs. 2 – 4), and seven lamellae on digit IV of pes (vs. 8 – 10). From H. brookii of which it was previously considered a synonym, by smaller size, SVL to 43.1 mm [44 mm] (vs. SVL to 55.8 mm), largest dorsal tubercle size 12 – 14 times that of surrounding granules (vs. 6 – 7 times), possessing a median non-pore-bearing scale of subequal size to pore-bearing scales (vs. a median non-pore-bearing scale <50 % the size of pored scales), proximal four to five segments of the original tail with transverse row of eight enlarged tubercles (vs. six), enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes absent on basal ~ 20 % digit length (vs. lamellae series extend to the base of the digit), dorsal markings composed of one middorsal and two dorsolateral longitudinal rows of small darker brown spots and blotches widely separated from each other (vs. large dark longitudinally oval blotches in three rows, some merge to form incomplete transverse bands). For diagnosis from H. kushmorensis and H. tenkatei see the respective comparison sections for these species. Condition of type. Neotype is complete and undamaged with the exception of the posterior half of the tail which is detached, but present with the specimen.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB0C32DFF0BFC8FFBFDFAD1.taxon	description	Description of neotype. BMNH [18] 84.7.25.8, adult male. A summary of mensural and meristic data is provided in table 1. A small sized species of Hemidactylus (SVL 43.0 mm); head distinct from neck, lores rounded and interorbital region flat, forehead flat; snout longer than orbit diameter; scales on snout circular, smallest are domed, largest on the canthal region are bluntly conical, size subequal to enlarged tubercles on the parietal, becoming mixed over the frontal with small granular scales; supraoculars primarily covered with homogenous small granular scales with a row of slightly enlarged, domed tubercles running parallel to the supraciliaries; dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head are covered with small granular scales densely mixed with enlarged domed tubercles, size increasing laterally and posteriorly; twelve interorbital scales across the narrowest point of the frontal; canthus rostralis rounded; pupil vertically elliptical, with crenellated edges; supraciliaries rounded, size increasing slightly anterodorsally, all lacking spines; ear opening deep, oval, obliquely orientated, lacking enlarged tubercles on anterior edge; orbit to ear distance slightly greater than diameter of orbits; rostral subrectangular, with medial groove dorsally, extending to half of the rostral depth; rostral depth more than half its width, contacted by nostrils, supralabial I, one internasal and two oval, slightly enlarged supranasals; nostrils circular, oriented dorsolaterally, nostril in contact with supralabial I, two postnasals, supranasal and rostral; three scale rows separating eye from supralabials; 9 / 9 (left / right) supralabials; 7 / 7 (left / right) infralabials; mental subtriangular, wider than its length (MenL / MenW 85.7 %); two paired postmentals, primary pair subequally in contact with each other and the mental, secondary pair not in contact with each other, ~ 80 % the size of the first and rounded posteriorly, primary postmental pair is bordered posteriorly by two enlarged smooth, rounded chin shields three times larger than adjacent granular scales; 2 – 3 rows of enlarged elongated scales border the lower edge of the infralabials, size increasing gradually anteriorly and laterally from the small throat granular scales; endolymphatic sac not visible. Body slightly compressed dorsally, ventrolateral fold absent; dorsum covered with uniform, small granular scales interspersed with large tubercles, those of the nape are smallest, circular and domed to bluntly conical, size increasing posteriorly, dorsal most tubercles with a weak anterior median keel, laterally and posteriorly becoming more conical, all circular, largest are 12 – 14 times the size of surrounding granular scales; 18 distinctly linear longitudinal rows at midbody, 29 in a paravertebral line from the back of the skull to the area above the vent, intertubercle distance varies randomly; ventrolateral and gular granular scales grade suddenly into large, smooth, imbricate ventrals; preanal depression absent; precloacal-femoral pores number 13 / 12 (left / right), a single non-pore-bearing scale of subequal size to pored scales separates pore-bearing rows; precloacal scales between the pore series and the cloaca are not enlarged relative to ventrals. Forelimbs slender; dorsal surface of the upper forelimb covered with smooth, slightly imbricate scales grading to small granular scales posteriorly and ventrally, dorsal surface of the lower forelimb covered with small granular scales of subequal size to those on the dorsum and intermixed with enlarged tubercles of subequal size to those on the nape, subimbricate scales of the upper forelimb extend anteriorly along the lower forelimb onto the dorsal surface of the manus; hind limbs relatively short; dorsal surface of the hind limbs and posterior thigh covered with small granular scales, dorsally widely interspersed with larger conical tubercles, largest being of equal size to the largest dorsal tubercles, ventral surfaces of hind limbs with flat imbricate to subimbricate scales; ventral surface of the manus and pes covered with smooth, rounded granular scales; digits relatively short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; distal phalanges elevated; lamellae numbering on left manus (total: divided) I (5: 2), II (6: 5), III (7: 5), IV (7: 4) and V (6: 3); and on left pes I (4: 2), II (7: 4), III (7: 5), IV (7: 5) and V (6: 4); basal subdigital lamellae narrow, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes absent on basal ~ 20 % digit length; interdigital webbing absent. Tail completely original, distal half is detached but present; dorsally compressed and oval in cross section, longer than snout to vent length; slightly constricted at the base and tapering gradually to a narrow tip; post-cloacal hemipenal bulge distinct; two very small, conical cloacal spurs on each side; longitudinal middorsal furrow present on the tail, lateral furrow absent; median subcaudal series begin on the third tail segment consisting of transversely enlarged, smooth, subimbricate scales, approximately 30 % tail width on the fourth segment only reaching approximately 80 % tail width from the distal quarter of the tail length, laterally bordered by large posteriorly rounded subimbricate scales, size rapidly decreasing laterally and dorsally; tail segments are distinct for at least the proximal two thirds, becoming less distinct distally, first four segments with a transverse row of eight tubercles, followed by rows of six, dorsal most tail tubercles are domed to conical, laterally tail tubercles are erect conical spines anteriorly becoming obliquely pointed conical spines distally. Colouration in preservative: Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs and tail primarily mid brown. Dorsally with one middorsal and two dorsolateral longitudinal rows of barely distinguishable darker brown spots and blotches; dorsal surface of the head also with brown blotches and spots; two parallel stripes extend from the posterior edge of the orbit, the lower extending to the lower edge of the ear opening, the upper stripe reaching to half way between the orbit and the upper border of the ear opening; a brown canthal stripe from the supranasal to the anterior border of the orbit; the rostral, supra and infralabials with a large brown blotch on each scale; the upper surface of the forelimb manus and pes with fine brown mottling, the hind limb with scattered brown blotches; anteriorly the tail appears faintly mottled and faintly banded distally; entire ventral surface of the head, body, limbs and tail appear plain light beige, however under magnification individual scales have varying numbers of minute dark brown specks, most notably on the tail; precloacal-femoral pores are orange-brown. Variation. Variation of major mensural and meristic characters are presented in table 1. Further difference from the lectotype include: contacting edges of first postmentals with each other are slightly longer than edges in contact with the mental, enlarged chin shields contacting the posterior edge of the first postmentals are replaced by slightly enlarged granular scales, secondary postmental pair in contact with first infralabials; first and third to fifth tail segments with a transverse row of eight tubercles, second segment with a row of nine and distal rows with six tubercles, lateral tail tubercles are not as pointed and more acutely angled posteriorly; no precloacal-femoral porebearing or pitted scales. The original description is based on an unknown number of syntypes and characters which vary from specimens examined here are as follows: 13 precloacal-femoral pores on each thigh; 10 – 12 supralabials and 8 – 10 infralabials; 15 – 16 tubercle rows at midbody; a transverse row of 8 – 10 tubercles on the first segment of the tail; and 38 – 39 ventral scale rows. For colouration, it was not mentioned if the description provided was for live or preserved specimens (Murray 1884 a) and so is provided here “ Colour pinkish grey, a greyish-white line from the nostril to the orbit, bordered by a dark line above and below; three dark lines radiating from behind the orbits, the uppermost curving behind and nearly meeting on the occiput, the next or central one extends from above the ear opening to the shoulder, and the third or lowest to below the ear opening. Back with 5 imperfect transverse bands. Tail with from 12 to 15 bands. ”	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB0C32DFF0BFC8FFBFDFAD1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is currently known only with certainty from the original type locality as “ Rantah forests in Sind, (Jerruck Division) ”. Jerruck (25 ° 3 ’ 0 ” N, 68 ° 15 ’ 0 ” E) is currently situated in Hyderabad District, Sindh Province in southeastern Pakistan. They were collected under the bark of Babool (Acacia) trees (Murray 1884 a). The considerably less informative locality associated with the neotype is “ Sind ”.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB2C331FF0BFA07FC49FCBD.taxon	materials_examined	Other examined material. Topotypes: BMNH [18] 87.9.22.9 – 10, BMNH [18] 87.9.22.11, two adult males and an adult female; BMNH [18] 87.9.22.12 – 17, nine remaining unsexed adults and subadults, details as for neotype.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB2C331FF0BFA07FC49FCBD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the administrative division Kushmore in Sindh, Pakistan from where the original type specimens were collected. Definition. Hemidactylus kushmorensis can be distinguished from all currently described South and Southeast Asian members of Hemidactylus based on the following combination of characters: small adult size 45.4 – 51.4 mm; TrL / SVL 42.7 – 46.8 %; HL / SVL 26.3 – 28.2 %; primary postmental shields considerably narrower than first infralabials, secondary pair broadly in contact with first infralabials; ear opening circular; tubercles of the parietal region are considerably smaller than largest canthal scales; 19 – 20 regular longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles, largest tubercles 5 – 7 times size of surrounding granules; two series of 10 – 11 precloacal-femoral pores separated from each other by a medial diastema of 2 – 3 non-pore-bearing scales, size subequal to pore-bearing scales, scale row bordering anteriorly the precloacal-femoral pore series primarily smaller than pore-bearing scales and of subequal size to second anteriorly contacting scale row; 5 – 6 lamellae under digit I and 10 under digit IV of pes, subdigital lamellae mostly divided on digit IV of manus and pes, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit; tail oval in cross-section without lateral denticulation, TailD / TailW 51.9 – 65.4 %, tubercles on proximal tail portion form elongate recurved conical spines, subcaudals completely transverse the tail width on the distal third of original tails (Fig. 2 E); single medium sized domed cloacal spur. Comparisons. Hemidactylus kushmorensis is here compared with the morphologically most similar Asian Hemidactylus species occurring east of the western Pakistan border. It differs from H. treutleri by its smaller size, SVL to 51.4 mm (vs. SVL to 70 mm), and 20 – 22 precloacal-femoral pores (vs. 14); from H. gujaratensis by its higher number of tubercle rows across the dorsum, 19 – 20 (vs. 12 – 14) and 10 – 11 precloacal-femoral pores in each series separated by 2 – 3 non-pore-bearing scales (vs. 12 – 14 in each series separated by at least five non-pore-bearing scales); from H. parvimaculatus by possessing fewer total precloacal-femoral pores, 20 – 22 (vs. 24 – 31). From H. brookii of which it was previously considered a synonym by possessing 10 – 12 precloacal-femoral pores in each series separated medially by 2 – 3 non-pore-bearing scales, non-pore-bearing scales size subequal to pore-bearing scales (vs. 12 – 13 precloacal-femoral pores in each series separated medially by one non-pore-bearing scale, nonpore-bearing scale <50 % the size of pored scales), scale row bordering anteriorly the precloacal-femoral pore series primarily smaller than pore-bearing scales and subequal to anteriorly contacting scales (vs. anteriorly bordering row enlarged, size ≥ to pore-bearing scales), cloacal spurs consist of a single domed tubercle (vs. two medium sized conical spurs), ear opening small, EarL / HL 5.1 – 6.7 % and distinctly circular (vs. large, EarL / HL 8.2 – 11.2 %, obliquely oval), body more elongate, TrL / SVL 42.7 – 46.8 % (vs. 38.5 – 38.9 %). From H. gleadowi by 19 – 20 dorsal tubercle rows (vs. 17 – 18 [15 – 16]), largest dorsal tubercle size 5 – 7 times that of surrounding granules (vs. 12 – 14 times), 10 lamellae on digit IV of pes (vs. seven), enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit (vs. lamellae series begins at proximal ~ 20 % digit length), 20 – 22 precloacal-femoral pores separated medially by 2 – 3 non-pore-bearing scales (vs. 25 – 26 separated by one non-pore-bearing scale), tail dorsally compressed, TailD / TailW 51.9 – 65.4 % (vs. more cylindrical basally, TailD / TailW 71.7 – 84 %), body more elongate TrL / SVL 42.7 – 46.6 % (vs. 39.9 – 41.9 %), head shorter HL / SVL 26.3 – 28.2 % (vs. 30 – 30.2 %), one medium sized, domed cloacal spur (vs. two very small, bluntly conical cloacal spurs), ear opening circular (vs. oval), primary postmental shields considerably narrower than first infralabials, secondary pair broadly in contact with first infralabials (vs. primary postmental shields width is subequal to that of the first infralabials, secondary pair broadly in contact with second infralabials), and tubercles of the parietal region are considerably smaller than canthal scales (vs. size subequal to largest canthal scales). For diagnosis from H. tenkatei see the comparison section of that species. Condition of type. Neotype in good condition with fully intact tail and no incisions made to the body.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB2C331FF0BFA07FC49FCBD.taxon	description	Description of neotype. BMNH [18] 87.9.22.8, adult male. A summary of mensural and meristic data is provided in table 1. A medium sized species of Hemidactylus (SVL 47.5 mm); head distinct from neck, lores rounded and interorbital region flat, forehead flat; snout longer than orbit diameter; scales on snout circular, domed to bluntly conical, largest on the canthal region, size subequal to enlarged tubercles on the parietal, immediately grading into small homogenous granular scales from the anterior edge of the frontal and supraoculars; dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head posterior to the orbit covered with small granular scales mixed with enlarged bluntly conical tubercles, size increasing laterally and posteriorly; ten interorbital scales across the narrowest point of the frontal; canthus rostralis rounded; pupil vertically elliptical, with crenellated edges; supraciliaries small, spine-like dorsally, becoming rounded and of increasing size slightly anterodorsally, all lacking distinct spines; ear opening small, deep and distinctly circular, lacking enlarged tubercles on anterior edge; orbit to ear distance greater than diameter of orbits; rostral subrectangular, with medial groove dorsally, extending to approximately half of the rostral depth; rostral depth more than half its width; contacted by nostrils, supralabial I, one internasal and two circular, slightly enlarged supranasals; nostrils oval, oriented dorsolaterally, nostril not in contact with supralabial I, but contacted by two postnasals, supranasal and rostral; 2 – 3 scale rows separating eye from supralabials; 9 / 10 (left / right) supralabials; 8 / 7 (left / right) infralabials; mental subtriangular, wider than it is long (MenL / MenW 72.7 %); two paired postmentals, contacting edges of the primary pair with each other <50 % length of contacting edges with the mental, secondary pair not in contact with each other, ~ 70 % the size of the primary pair and rounded posteriorly, each postmental is bordered posteriorly by smooth, circular granular scales; two or three rows of slightly enlarged circular to slightly elongated scales border the lower edge of the infralabials, size gradually increasing anteriorly and laterally from the small throat granular scales; endolymphatic sac not visible. Body slightly compressed dorsally, ventrolateral fold weak; dorsum covered with uniform, small domed granular scales interspersed with large tubercles, those of the nape are smallest and conical, size increasing posteriorly, tubercles of the anterior paravertebral rows are longitudinally oval with a weak median keel, laterally and posteriorly becoming conical to transversally oval, with or without a weak keel, largest are 6 – 7 times the size of surrounding scales; 20 non linear rows at midbody, 36 in a paravertebral line from back of the skull to the area above the vent, intertubercle distance varies randomly; lateral and gular granular scales grade abruptly into large, smooth circular ventrals, slightly imbricate anteriorly to almost juxtaposed posteriorly; preanal depression absent; precloacalfemoral pores number 10 / 10 (left / right), three non-pore-bearing scales separates pore-bearing rows; a patch of precloacal scales of subequal size to ventrals are present between the pore series and the cloaca. Forelimbs slender; dorsal surface of the upper forelimb covered with subimbricate scales of subequal size to enlarged tubercles on the nuchal region, size decreasing and becoming granular anteriorly and ventrally, posterior dorsal surface of the lower forelimb covered with small granular scales of subequal size to those on the dorsum and intermixed with a few slightly enlarged tubercles approximately twice the size of neighboring scales, subimbricate scales of the upper forelimb extend anteriorly on the lower forelimb and across the dorsal surface of the manus; hind limbs relatively short; dorsal surface of the hind limbs and posterior thighs covered in small granular scales interspersed with larger domed and conical tubercles, largest being smaller than the larger dorsal tubercles, ventral surfaces of hind limbs with flat subimbricate scales; ventral surface of the manus and pes covered with rounded granular scales; digits relatively short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; distal phalanges elevated; lamellae on right manus (total: divided) I (6: 2), II (7: 4), III (7: 5), IV (8: 6) and V (7: 4); and on left pes I (6: 2), II (8: 5), III (8: 5), IV (10: 4) and V (6: 3); basal subdigital lamellae narrow and extend to the base of digit IV on pes; interdigital webbing absent. Complete original tail; strongly compressed dorsally and oval in cross section, longer than snout to vent length; slightly constricted at the base and tapering gradually to a narrow tip; post-cloacal hemipenal bulge distinct; a single enlarged, domed cloacal spur on each side; longitudinal middorsal furrow weak on the tail, lateral furrow absent; median subcaudal series begin on the fifth tail segment consisting of transversely enlarged, smooth, subimbricate scales, approximately 35 % tail width on the fifth segment, ~ 90 % beyond the 17 th segment, laterally bordered by large subimbricate scales, size decreasing laterally and dorsally to slightly larger than dorsal granular scales; tail segments are weakly delineated, first 15 segments with a transverse row of six tubercles, tail tubercles consist of long erect, weakly keeled, conical spines obliquely pointed posteriorly. Colouration in preservative: Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs and tail primarily mid-brown. A darker brown stripe extends from the supranasal to the upper border of the orbit, a parallel brown stripe extends from the first supralabial across the lores to the orbit, extending beyond the posterior edge of the orbit as a short streak; the remaining dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head, including the labials, forelimbs and hind limbs are suffused with brown mottling; the pattern on the dorsal surface of the body essentially consists of two dorsolateral longitudinal rows of small irregularly shaped blotches, some of which join to form short streaks, and a vertebral row of more widely spaced blotches that are generally larger and may join with those of the dorsolateral rows; blotches extend onto the tail where they mostly join to form 11 transverse bands dorsally, a further two basally consist of paired blotches. Entire ventral surface of the head, body, limbs and tail appear plain light beige, however under magnification individual scales have varying numbers of minute black specks; precloacal-femoral pores are orange-brown. Colouration in life was not documented in the original description (Murray 1884 b). Variation. Variation of major mensural and meristic characters are presented in table 1. Topotypes examined of the series from which the neotype was designated agree overall in most characters with the neotype. Exceptions are as follows, on BMNH [18] 87.9.22.11: tubercles on the forearm slightly larger, ~ 3 times granular scales size; secondary postmentals ~ 50 % the size of primary postmentals, a pair of enlarged granular scales border posteriorly the primary postmentals; first supralabial borders the nostril along with two postnasals, a supranasal and rostral; granular scales on the dorsal surface of the head and frontal densely mixed with small domed tubercles, ~ 2 – 3 times adjacent granule size; female without pores or pitted scales; enlarged subcaudals begin on the fourth segment of the original tail; first segment with a transverse row of eight tubercular spines, followed by segments with rows of six. On BMNH [18] 87.9.22.9: dorsal pattern barely distinguishable; dorsal surface of the head and frontal densely covered in small tubercles; distal half of the tail regenerated, covered dorsally with small granular scales subequal to those of the original portion, without tubercular spines; transverse subcaudals begin on segment four. On BMNH [18] 87.9.22.10: primary postmentals are very narrowly in contact behind the mental, secondary pair separated from the infralabials by a single chin shield of equal size to those forming 1 – 3 rows bordering the infralabials; no lateroventral fold on the body; largest dorsal tubercles approximately five times adjacent granule size; first three tail segments with a transverse row of seven tubercular spines, followed by segments with rows of six.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB2C331FF0BFA07FC49FCBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Murray (1884 b) reported the distribution of this species as “ Upper Sind, Kushmore and Thool Talookas ”, currently referring to Kashmor town (28 ° 26 ’ N, 69 ° 35 ’ E) and administrative division, Jakobabad District, Sindh Province, in southeastern Pakistan. The lost type specimen was reported to have been collected from “ Bhaner, Upper Sind frontier ”, currently Bhanar (28 ° 12 ’ 10 ” N, 69 ° 15 ’ 45 ” E), Jakobabad District, Sindh Province, in southeastern Pakistan. This species is now also known from the neotype locality, “ Ural, Upper Sind ”, which refers to Ural (27 ° 54 ’ 0 ” N, 69 ° 5 ’ 0 ” E), Sukkur District, Sindh Province, in eastern Pakistan. Ural is situated ~ 37 km south of Bhanar and all three confirmed localities lie along a ~ 76 km section of the Indus River valley.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFB2C331FF0BFA07FC49FCBD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A brief clarification of specimen numbers is here warranted to avoid future confusion. In the BMNH specimen register the number provided is incorrect for the series of specimens (8719.22.8.17). On the jar containing the specimens are two labels, the most recent states 87.9. 22.8.17 and the older states 87.9.22.8 – 17. It is the older number that is correct for the series of specimens used in this study.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFAEC335FF0BFC94FB6DFD2D.taxon	materials_examined	Other examined material. BMNH [18] 87.2.26.1 – 5, “ Pegu ” (= Bago Region, Myanmar); BMNH [18] 93.11.17.9 – 11, “ Theyetmyo, Burma ” (= Thayet City [19 ° 19 ’ 30 ” N, 95 ° 10 ’ 59 ” E], Thayet District, Magwe Region, Myanmar); BMNH 1926.10.30.46, “ Koepang, S. Timor, Malay Peninsula ” (= West Timor, Indonesia); BMNH 1947.3.6.48, “ Borneo ” (= “ Australia ” –– currently mislabeled, see above section “ Syntypes of Hemidactylus brookii Gray, 1845 ” for explanation –– paralectotype of H. brookii).	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFAEC335FF0BFC94FB6DFD2D.taxon	etymology	Etymology of H. subtriedroides. The specific epithet subtriedroides is derived from the species H. subtriedrus with the Greek suffix – oides, meaning “ like ” or “ looks like ”, from which it was considered in the original description to be most similar in appearance. Definition. Hemidactylus tenkatei can be distinguished from all currently described South and Southeast Asian members of Hemidactylus based on the following combination of characters: adult SVL 47.2 – 61.7 mm; 9 – 12 supralabials, 9 – 10 infralabials; primary postmental shield width is subequal to that of the first infralabial, secondary pair broadly in contact with second infralabials, contact zone between primary postmentals is equal to contact zone between primary postmentals and mental; ear opening oval; 16 – 20 almost longitudinal tubercle rows at mid dorsum, largest tubercles 11 – 13 times size of surrounding granules; subdigital lamellae 5 – 6 on digit I and 7 – 9 on digit IV of pes, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit; 5 – 8 precloacal-femoral pores on each thigh separated medially by 5 – 7 non-pore-bearing scales, non-pore-bearing scale size subequal to pore-bearing scales; ventrolateral row of oblique spines on the tail laterally compressed and sharply pointed, subcaudals completely transverse the tail width from approximately mid-length of original tail (Fig. 2 F); 2 – 3 medium sized, bluntly conical cloacal spurs in series, with / without an additional large triangular dorsoventrally flattened spur posteriorly, separated by a short diastema of flat scales. Comparisons. Hemidactylus tenkatei is here compared with the morphologically most similar Asian Hemidactylus species occurring east of the western Pakistan border. It differs from H. gujaratensis by its higher number of tubercle rows across the dorsum, 16 – 20 (vs. 12 – 14), and 5 – 8 precloacal-femoral pores on each thigh (vs. 12 – 14); from H. treutleri which it appears to most closely resemble morphologically by smaller adult size, SVL to 61.7 mm (vs. to 70.2 mm) and ventrolateral row of oblique spines on the tail laterally compressed and sharply pointed (vs. triangular, horizontal dorsoventrally flattened tubercles with rounded tips). From H. brookii, H. gleadowi, H. kushmorensis and H. parvimaculatus by larger size, SVL to 61.7 mm (vs. SVL to 55.8 mm, 43.1 mm [44 mm], 51.4 mm, and 51.5 mm, respectively), total 10 – 16 precloacal-femoral pores separated medially by 5 – 7 non-pore-bearing precloacal scales (vs. 20 – 31 precloacal-femoral pores separated medially by <4 non-pore-bearing scales), 2 – 3 medium sized, bluntly conical cloacal spurs in series, usually with an additional large triangular dorsoventrally flattened spur separated posteriorly by a short diastema of flat scales (vs. 1 – 2 small sized, domed or conical cloacal spurs, without an additional enlarged spur posteriorly), and subcaudals completely transverse the tail width from approximately mid-length of original tail (vs. from the distal third). It can be distinguished further from H. kushmorensis and H. brookii by largest dorsal tubercles 11 – 13 times size of surrounding granules (vs. 5 – 7 and 6 – 7 times, respectively), and further from H. kushmorensis by 7 – 9 lamellae on digit IV of pes (vs. 10), ear opening oval (vs. circular), contact zone between the primary postmentals is equal to contact zone between the primary postmentals and mental (vs. primary postmentals narrowly in contact with each other); further from H. gleadowi by tubercles of the parietal region considerably smaller than largest canthal scales (vs. size subequal), enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit (vs. lamellae series begins at proximal ~ 20 % digit length). Condition of H. subtriedroides types. The lectotype has constriction damage to the neck and left hind thigh due to previous tightly tied tags; now two tags are present, the original metal ZSI tag tied around the pelvis and the current BMNH number on the right hind limb. The regenerated tail portion was originally severed and is currently attached by a stitch. The lectotype is otherwise complete. The paralectotype has damage to the skin on the supraocular region and at the rear of the head; constriction damage to the neck (position of the current ZSI number) and to both left and right thighs (no tags present); the complete tail is present but detached from the first segment.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFAEC335FF0BFC94FB6DFD2D.taxon	description	Description of H. subtriedroides lectotype. BMNH 1946.8.25.54, adult male. A summary of mensural and meristic data is provided in table 2. A medium sized species of Hemidactylus (SVL 61.7 mm); head distinct from neck, forehead flat, lores rounded and frontal region slightly concave; snout longer than orbit diameter; scales on snout circular, slightly enlarged and rounded, largest on the canthal region, size subequal to the smaller tubercles on the parietal, size gradually decreasing to become small heterogenous granular scales across the frontal; supraoculars covered with homogenous, small granular scales; dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head posterior to the orbit covered with small granular scales densely mixed with small flattened to domed tubercles, size increasing laterally and posteriorly; twelve interorbital granular scales across the narrowest point of the frontal; canthus rostralis rounded; pupil vertically elliptical, with crenellated edges; supraciliaries small and pointed posteriorly, becoming rounded and size increasing anterodorsally, spinose posteriorly; ear opening deep, narrowly oval, and obliquely orientated posterodorsally, lacking enlarged tubercles on anterior edge; orbit diameter slightly greater than orbit to ear distance; rostral subrectangular, with medial groove dorsally, extending to half of the rostral depth; rostral depth less than half its width, contacted by nostrils, supralabial I, one internasal and two circular, slightly enlarged supranasals; nostrils circular, oriented dorsolaterally, nostril in contact with supralabial I, two postnasals, supranasal and rostral; 10 / 10 (left / right) supralabials; 9 / 9 (left / right) infralabials; mental subtriangular, wider than it is long (MenL / MenW 82.8 %); two paired postmentals, primary pair subequally in contact with each other and the mental, secondary pair not in contact with each other, ~ 70 % the size of the first and rounded posteriorly, no enlarged chin shields border the posterior edge of the primary postmentals; one to three rows of enlarged elongated scales border the lower edge of the infralabials, size gradually increasing laterally from the small throat granular scales; endolymphatic sacs indistinct. Body slightly compressed dorsally, ventrolateral fold weak; dorsum covered with uniform, small granular scales, interspersed with large tubercles, those of the nape are smallest and conical, size increasing posteriorly, tubercles of the anterior paravertebral rows are slightly oval longitudinally with a weak median keel, laterally becoming more conical to transversally oval, primarily without a weak keel, largest are approximately 13 times the size of surrounding granular scales; 20 mostly linear rows at midbody, 34 in a paravertebral line from back of the skull to the area above the vent, intertubercle distance varies randomly; lateral and gular granular scales grade suddenly into large, smooth, subimbricate ventrals; preanal depression absent; precloacal-femoral pores number 7 / 7 (left / right), widely separated medially by five non-pore-bearing scales; precloacal scales between the pore series and the cloaca are not enlarged relative to ventrals. Forelimbs slender; dorsal surface of the upper forelimb covered with small flat to slightly imbricate scales, size decreasing ventrally appearing granular; posterior dorsal surface of the lower forelimb covered with small granular scales of subequal size to dorsals and intermixed with slightly enlarged bluntly conical tubercles of subequal size to those on the head, slightly imbricate scales of the upper forelimb extend along the anterior dorsal surface of the lower forelimb on which they increase in size and become more imbricate, smaller imbricate scales cover the dorsal surface of the manus; hind limbs relatively short; dorsal surface of the hind limbs and posterior thigh covered with small granular scales moderately interspersed with larger domed to bluntly conical tubercles, largest being of equal size to the largest dorsal tubercles, ventral surfaces of hind limbs with flat subimbricate scales; ventral surface of the manus and pes covered with smooth, rounded granular scales; digits relatively short, flattened, a small curved claw on all digital tips; distal phalanges elevated; each digit with mostly divided lamellae, numbering on right manus (total: divided) I (5: 2), II (7: 5), III (7: 5), IV (8: 6) and V (7: 5); and on right pes I (5: 2), II (7: 5), III (7: 4), IV (8: 5) and V (7: 2); basal subdigital lamellae narrow, enlarged lamellae series under digit IV of pes extend to the base of the digit; interdigital webbing absent. Only the first segment of the tail is original, the remaining length is regenerated; dorsally compressed and oval in cross section, longer than snout to vent length; slightly constricted at the base and tapering gradually to a narrow tip; post-cloacal hemipenal bulge distinct; two enlarged, bluntly conical cloacal spurs on each side; longitudinal middorsal and lateral tail furrows absent; median subcaudal series begin close to the base of the regenerated tail portion consisting of transversely enlarged, smooth, subimbricate scales, increasing to approximately 80 % tail width by the fourth subcaudal, laterally bordered by large posteriorly rounded subimbricate scales, and size rapidly decreasing laterally and dorsally where they are twice dorsal granule size; regenerated tail portion unsegmented and without enlarged tubercles; basal most and only original segment with a transverse row of six (left side damaged) posteriorly angled, unkeeled tubercular spines. Colouration in preservative: Dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs and tail primarily mid-brown; a dorsal pattern if present is completely indistinguishable due to fading of the specimen, also noted in the original description (Annandale 1905 a); entire ventral surface of the head, body, limbs and tail appear plain light beige, however under magnification individual scales have varying numbers of minute grey specks; precloacal-femoral pores are dark brown. Colouration in life was not documented in the original description (Annandale 1905 a). Variation. Mensural and meristic variation is provided for six additional specimens in table 2. The single paralectotype differs in characters from the lectotype as follows: central parietal area without slightly enlarged tubercles; chin shields bordering the secondary postmental pair posterolaterally are larger than those of the lectotype resembling a third pair of postmentals, not in contact with infralabials; full original tail present with transverse row of six dorsally flattened tubercles on each distinct tail segment, tubercles acutely angled basally becoming imbricate over surrounding granular scales distally; middorsal tail furrow present, lateral tail groove absent; subcaudals of the tail completely transverse the tail width at approximately mid-length; basally the tail narrows suddenly over first few segments before gradually tapering into a long point; as with the lectotype no dorsal pattern can be distinguished due to fading. The remaining specimens allocated to this species primarily fall within the above mentioned variation, but additionally: post nasal scales vary from 2 – 3; 2 – 3 medium sized conical cloacal spurs with the single enlarged posterior spur present on all but one specimen; one large internasal scale on all but one specimen which has two small internasals; 6 – 8 tubercles in transverse row on the first segment of tail; extracranial endolymphatic sacs visible ventrally through the skin of the jowels of two specimens; all specimens appear primarily plain brown, however two have feint darker bands on the tail, another has feint small dark brown spots on the dorsum similar in arrangement to H. cf. brookii individuals in figures 4 A, C and D. A description of colour and pattern of Myanmar H. brookii group taxa is also provided by Zug et al. (2007).	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
485787BFFFAEC335FF0BFC94FB6DFD2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is here confirmed from specimens examined from Sagaing, Bago and Magwe Regions, in central and southern Myanmar. Loveridge (1941) considered the synonym H. brookii subtriedroides to range from “ Tsagain to Fort Ava, near Mandalay ” (= Sagaing city [21 ° 52 ’ 56 ” N, 95 ° 58 ’ 43 ” E], Sagaing Region, to ~ 5 km south of the city at Fort Ava, Mandalay Region). The Pulau Roti, West Timor and “ Australian ” specimens examined here are likely introductions rather than naturally occurring populations. Hemidactylus tenkatei TToeIVLam 8 7 7 8 7 8 8 DToeIVLam 5 6 5 5 4 6 6 TFinILam 5 5 6 6 5 5 6 DFinILam 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 TFinIVLam 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 DFinIVLam 6 – 6 6 4 5 6 SupraLab 10 / 10 11 / 12 11 9 11 11 9 / 10 InfraLab 9 / 9 10 / 10 10 9 9 9 9 / 10 TubRow 20 16 20 16 17 17 16 CloacSpur 2 / 2 3 / 2 3 / 0 2 / 2 3 / 3 4 / 3 3 / 4 VScaleRow 31 – 32 29 33 38 32 The description of several key defining characters provided by Zug et al. (2007) of other Myanmar collections appear to correspond with this species, e. g., low precloacal-femoral pore numbers in widely separated series. Though these populations should be compared in detail before confirming additional localities in Myanmar, this species is likely widespread in Myanmar. Schleich & Kästle (2002) includes a sizeable part of northeast India on their range map for this species (as H. brookii subtriedroides) however I can not find the source information of this extended range. It is suspected that their source is based on a misinterpretation of Annandale (1912) who reports specimens from Sadiya (= Sadiya town, Tinsukia District, Assam State) in a paper otherwise dealing primarily with collections from the State of Arunachal Pradesh. These specimens were referred by Annandale to H. brookii, and though he postulated that “ H. subtriedroides from Upper Burma …. should probably be regarded as a variety [of H. brookii] ”, he did not include it in the synonymy and thus was merely taking the opportunity to comment on the species, without allocating the Sadiya specimens to the name H. subtriedroides. Later in the same paper Annandale (1912: 51) again refers to these specimens as H. brookii. I have examined specimens of H. “ brookii ” from numerous localities in Bangladesh and northeast India (West Bengal, Assam and Tripura) but none correspond to this species, thus it should not be considered a part of the Indian fauna until it is verified by referred specimens.	en	Mahony, Stephen (2011): Taxonomic revision of Hemidactylus brookii Gray: a re-examination of the type series and some Asian synonyms, and a discussion of the obscure species Hemidactylus subtriedrus Jerdon (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 3042: 37-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278832
