identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.text	487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra 2020	<div><p>Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, sp. n.</p><p>GenBank accession number: MT012493</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 12D2FB13-557F-471D-B862-C3B3FD40EA64</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male with pupal exuvia [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Paschim Bardhaman, Asansol (23.67, 87.02), 16.xi.2002, Coll. S. Nath’; paratypes 2 males data as holotype; 1 male with damaged pupal exuvia [reared] data as holotype; 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan University Campus (23.25 N, 87.84 E), 28.x.2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee’.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Male. Squamal setae 16–18; gonostylus blunt, apex little notched ending with 2 setae; superior volsella with gradually tapered apex bearing 3 basal and 1 large lateral setae near the base; inferior volsella slightly bifid; Pupa. Wing sheath with single row of pearls; cephalic tubercle cone shaped with a subapical seta; hook row occupying nearly 4/5th of segment width; presence of caudolateral spine; LS setae arranged on segments V–VIII: 4:4:4:5.</p><p>Etymology. The name “ retusum ” from the Latin word ‘ retusis ’, refers to slightly indented apex of both the inferior volsella and gonostylus of hypopygium; to be treated as adjective.</p><p>Male (n=7)</p><p>Total length 4.59–4.62, 4.6. Wing length 1.99–2.25, 2.12. Total length / wing length 2.05–2.3, 2.17.</p><p>Colouration. Thorax pale yellow with uniform colouration.Abdomen pale yellow with a dark brown pigmented non-uniform band at anterior 2/3 rd of abdominal tergite. Femur, tibia and tarsomere uniformly coloured, last two tarsomeres dark.</p><p>Head. Head width 600–670. Temporal setae 10–11 (IV 3, OV 4–5, Po 3). Clypeal setae 26–32. Frontal tubercle 120–180, 150 long. Eyes bare with dorsomedial extension of 150–220, 180. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, ultimate flagellomere 780–810, 790; AR 1.85–1.92, 1.89. Length of Palpomeres (I–V): 30, 60, 150–160, 160–210, 510–600; fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.3–1.1, 1.2. CA 0.56–0.54, 0.55; CP 1.18–1.17, 1.17.</p><p>Thorax. Acrostichals 8–12, 10; dorsocentrals 26–35, 30; prealars 6–7; scutellars 14–16, 15.</p><p>Wings (Figures 1 A–B). Wing with dense macrotrichia. Brachiolars 6; R with 30–36, 33 setae, R 1 34–39, 37, R 4+5 55–64, 59 and Cu 64–66, 65, M 70 setae. Sc with setae. Squama with 16–18, 17 setae. Wing length 1.99–2.25, 2.12. Costal length 1.95–2.1, 2.02. CR 0.97–0.93, 0.95. VR 1.16–1.2, 1.18. Haltere bare with a dark spot at its apex.</p><p>Legs. Fore tibial scale blunt, 20 in length, width at apex of fore, mid and hind tibia: 60, 60 and 70 respectively. Hind tibial spur 40 and mid tibial comb 30 long.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figures 1 C–D). T IX with 12–20, 16 setae. Anal tergite band separate, V shaped structure. Anal point 80–170, 120 long, 10–50, 30 broad at apex, little wide at base, medially constricted, parallel-sided with 2–3 lateral setae. Gonocoxite 60 long with 14–19, 16 setae. Gonostylus 110–160, 140 long with little notched blunt apex bearing 2 apical setae. Superior volsella gradually curved, 57–63, 60 long, 10 wide at base with pointed apex bearing 2–3 basal and 1 lateral setae at a distance of 18–21, 19 from base (SVR 0.68–0.69, 0.685). Inferior volsella partly bifid, 110–180, 146 long and 18–24, 21 wide at apex, with 12–15, 14 incurved setae and 3–4 setae at apex. HR 0.37–0.53, 0.45.</p><p>Pupa (n=2)</p><p>Total length of exuviae 2.79–2.92, 2.85. Antenna 8.70–9.00, 8.80 long. Wing sheath 9.60–9.75, 9.75 in length.</p><p>Colour. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown.</p><p>Cephalothorax (Figure 2A). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 18–21, 19 long, 36–45, 40 broad at base; frontal seta 30–33, 31.5 long, sub apical in position. Basal ring (Figure 2B) elliptical, 39 long, 21–24, 22 wide. Wing sheath with 25–29, 27 pearls in a single row (Figures 2 C–D).</p><p>Abdomen (Figure 2E). T I bare. T II with anterior band of shagreen with posterolateral pedes spurii B. T III with dense row of anterior and sparse row of posterior spinules; T IV–V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow (Figure 2F) with ca. 68 hooklets in single row covering nearly 78–80% width of segment. Sternite IV with pedes spurii A present posterolaterally. T VI with dense spinules posteriorly and sparse at middle; T VII with weak band of spinules anteriorly. T VIII with 2 longitudinal bands of spinules. T II–IV with 3 hair–like L setae. T V–VII with 4, VIII with 5 LS setae. T V–VI with LS setae arranged in a similar pattern: 2 LS setae anterolaterally as a group and 2 LS posterolaterally also as a group; 4 LS setae at a distance of 0.11–0.14, 0.25–0.27, 0.6–0.8 and 0.89–0.93 of T V; 4 LS setae at 0.26–0.29, 0.31–0.33, 0.76–0.8 and 0.90–0.92 of T VI; 4 LS setae at 0.18–0.20, 0.27–0.29, 0.57–0.61 and 0.85–0.88 of T VII; 5 LS setae: 2 anterolaterally, 2 just anterior to caudolateral spine and 1 posterior to T VIII located at 0.19–0.2, 0.35–0.37, 0.59–0.62, 0.72–0.75 and 0.84–0.87. Anal lobe (Figures 2 G–H) 200–240, 220 long, 230 wide with 54–56, 55 taeniae on each side. T VIII with a 30 long and 15 wide strong spine, posterolaterally (Figure 2I) lacking caudolateral spur.</p><p>Remarks. The new species differs from all known Indian species of the subgenus Pentapedilum due to the presence of a slightly notched inferior volsella. The Indian species P. robusticeps Guha &amp; Chaudhuri, 1985 of the subgenus appears similar in having a broad anal point (28) and number of scutellars (16–18) to P. retusum sp. n. but differs in AR and shape of the inferior volsella. The new species disagrees with P. (Pe). macrotrichium Guha &amp; Chaudhuri, 1981 in the number of brachiolars, squamal setae and well developed anal lobe. The present species shows closeness with P. (Pe). nodosum (Johannsen, 1932) in maxillary palp and genitalia but both AR and HR are quite different. The barcode sequence showed ~5.6% divergence with P. (Pe.) nodosum (Figure 3). The new species shows affinities with P. (Pe). wittei (Freeman, 1955) in wing, squama and superior volsella while disposition of basal and outer seta of superior volsella, number of squamal setae and HR value are significantly different. A comparison between the allied Japanese species and the new species is given in table 2.</p><p>Ecology. The immature stages of the proposed new species were collected from pit lakes near Damodar River, Asansol. The larvae also inhabit in water bodies having anthropogenic activities. The pupae were taken out of ponds of Raniganj coal-belts which are a part of Lower Gondwana’s Panchet formation (298–251 mya) (Gree 1940). The Raniganj coal fields are very old having deposits from the Carboniferous era. The area is part of degenerated eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau (Bandopadhyay et al. 2014). The vegetation of the surrounding area is mainly mixed grassland (Reddy et al. 2015). Adult males were also collected from the University campus using LED light trap installed in an adjacent pond. The species is endemic to India till date.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3.text	487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) anale (Freeman 1954)	<div><p>Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) anale (Freeman, 1954)</p><p>Pentapedilum anale Freeman, 1954: 22; Freeman, 1955: 376; 1958: 303.</p><p>Materials examined. 2 males labelled ‘ P o lypedilum (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954), India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Happy Valley (27.05, 88.25), 05.xi.1995, Coll. N. Hazra’ as P. (Pe.) convexum; 1 male with pupal exuviae, labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954), India, West Bengal, Lebong (27.06, 88.27), 28.iii.1996, N. Hazra as P. (Pe.) convexum; 2 males labelled ‘ India, Sikkim, Tadong (27.31, 88.60), 14.x.1984, Coll. N. Hazra’.</p><p>Diagnostic characters: Anal point broad with V–shaped median furrow; sharply pointed projection of superior volsella bearing 2 inner and 1 outer setae.</p><p>Male (n=5) (Revised after Freeman, 1958)</p><p>Head. Temporal setae 8–9 (IV 2–3, OV 4–5, Po 1–2). AR 1.23.</p><p>Thorax. Acrostichals 10–11, dorsocentrals 12–13; scutellars 8–9.</p><p>Wing (Figure 4A). Wing with dense macrotrichia; R 1 13–16, R 4+5 38–40 and M with 7–8 setae. VR 1.17–1.20.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figure 4B). T IX with 13–14 setae. Anal point 0.057 long. Gonocoxite 138 long; gonostylus 119 long. Superior volsella 35 long; HR 1.15.</p><p>Remarks. The species is firstly recorded in the Oriental region. Examination of specimens of this investigation reveals that the pupae of P. (Pe.) convexum as described by Hazra et al. (2003) are of P. (Pe.) anale . The specimens were misidentified as P. (Pe.) convexum . Since no description of adult male have been made by Hazra et al. (2003), after careful examination of reared specimens we have included few additional information after comparison with the description of Freeman (1958) and Oyewo &amp; Saether (1998). However, during rearing larval exuviae got missed and description of larvae could not be made.</p><p>Ecology. Larvae were procured from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, a part of Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. They are indifferent and epibenthic preferring shallow, slow flowing streams and stagnant water having soft organically enriched matters and often fixed on polythene packets and waste clothes submerged in stream used for domestic purpose.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F.text	487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta 1981	<div><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 117 .</p><p>Materials examined. Paratypes: 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha &amp; Das Gupta, Bhutan, Thimpu (27.47, 89.46), 23.x.1978, Coll. B.C. Nandi; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Bolpur (23.67, 87.61), 18.viii.1977, Coll. A. Chatterjee’; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Burdwan Town (23.23, 87.86), 03.iii.1979, Coll. S.K. Nandi’; 2 males labelled India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Pukuria (26.49, 89.53), 11.vi.1984, Coll. T. Dutta; 1 male labelled ‘ India, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), Coll. T. Mukherjee, 26.v.2018.</p><p>Remarks. The species can be recognised by its characteristic axe shaped inferior volsella (Figure 5A). Upon examination of the paratype specimens we found that the species have an outer lateral seta (Figure 5B) at 0.5–0.62 from the apex which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981).</p><p>Ecology. The species having a wide temperature tolerance (eurythermic) is recorded from Thimpu, Bhutan (27.47. 89.46), a part of Himalaya Biodiversity hotspot, where summer temperature is 21°C and Sususnia Hills of Bankura during the course of this study where mercury reaches beyond 40°C during the summer.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B.text	487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang 2016	<div><p>Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>Polypedilum (Tripodura) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016: 13 .</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype male labelled ‘ZRL01096 CHINA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Cong-hua District, River Liuxi, 26.x.2014, light trap, Chao Song’; 1 male with pupal exuvia [reared], labelled ‘India, West Bengal, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), 28.iv.2018, Coll. D. Mondal’; 5 males labelled ‘ India, Jharkhand, Dumka, Massanjore, (24.10, 87.29), 12.vii.2003, Coll. S. Nath’.</p><p>Pupa (n=1)</p><p>Total length of pupal exuviae 2.00. Antennal sheath 2.50 long. Wing sheath 5.00 long.</p><p>Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown.</p><p>Cephalothorax (Figure 6B). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 0.08 long, 0.06 broad at base, frontal setae absent. Basal ring (Figure 6C) elliptical, 39 long and 21–24, 22 wide.</p><p>Abdomen (Figure 6D). T I bare. T II with uniform shagreen distribution and posterolateral, pedes spurii B. T III moderately dense spinules anteriorly and dense row of spinules posteriorly. T IV–V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow with ca. 47 hooklets arranged in a single row covering nearly 85.7% of segment width. T VI with 3 bands of anterior, middle and posterior spinules; T VIII bare; T V–VI with 3 L-setae; T VII–VIII with 4 LS setae; LS setae on T V–VI arranged in a similar pattern: 2 anterior LS in a group and 1 posterolateral LS seta; 3 LS setae at 160, 580 and 833 of T V; 3 at 250, 430 and 630 of T VI; 4 at 130, 330, 600 and 730 of T VII; 4 at 80, 540, 750, and 940 of T VIII. Sternite IV with posterolateral pedes spurii A.</p><p>Anal lobe (Figure 6E). 150 long, 100 wide with 31 taeniae on each side. Caudolateral spur (Figure 6F) with 3 smaller teeth of 11, 6, and 6 in length on T VIII with a strong spine of 46 long and 13.6 wide.</p><p>Remarks. The lengths of antenna, wing (0.6), gonocoxite (37) and gonostylus of the Indian specimens of the species are shorter compared to the described Chinese counterparts. The number of squamal setae is greater in the Indian specimens (7–9). The anal point illustration of the species by Zhang et al. (2016) is much longer than those in the holotype specimens. Upon examining the slides we found that the anal point is shorter and more blunt (Figure 6A).</p><p>Ecology. The species herein is recorded in the Oriental China and eastern India. The pupa was collected from a spring in the Susunia Hills studded with vegetation of broad and deciduous leaves (Reddy et al. 2015) and the soft water having a pH around 7.8 in Chhotanagpur Plateau region of West Bengal, India. The vegetation is broad-leaved and deciduous (Reddy et al. 2015). The species has been found across the eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The pupa was also isolated from the rheobiontic zone of a fast flowing spring with decaying leaf of Shorea robusta Gaertn submerged in water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBAFF05FC71FD5D6F8C.text	487687C5FFC9FFBAFF05FC71FD5D6F8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Tripodura) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta 1981	<div><p>Polypedilum (Tripodura) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>GenBank accession number: MN637873</p><p>Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015: 13; Hazra, Niitsuma and Chaudhuri, 2016: 94. Syn. n.</p><p>Materials examined: 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma (BUENTD 275), India, Assam, Guwahati (26.14, 91.73), 20.xii.2012, Coll. K. Sanyal’ ; 1 male labelled ‘ Paratype, Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, Sikkim, Dentam (27.25, 88.13), 12.iv.2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’ ; 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum lineatum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Raniganj (23.62, 87.11), 28.x.1977, Coll. D.K. Guha’ ; 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum lineatum India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Falakata (26.51, 89.20), 26.v.2019, Coll. K. Sow’ .</p><p>Male (n=4)</p><p>Hypopygium (Figure 7A). Anal point 40–50 long, narrowly deflexed. Gonocoxite 40–80 long; gonostylus 120130 long; superior volsella 27 long, rectangular; inferior volsella 65–68 long with 2 long and 8 incurved setae.</p><p>Remarks. The type specimen of Polypedilum (T.) rectangulum is found to have identical pattern of wing spots and hypopygium with P. (T.) lineatum but superior volsella is little different in shape. So, P. (T.) rectangulum is a junior synonym of P. (T.) lineatum . The COX1 sequence of P. (T.) lineatum had ~3% divergence (Figure 7B) with the sequences in the data bases from Guanxi, China which is within the barcode gap for the species belonging to subgenus Tripodura (Song et al. 2016) . Comparing the sequence of COX1 and uploaded image in BOLD data system, the species may appear to be distributed also in the Oriental China.</p><p>Distribution and ecology. India: West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam; China: Guanxi. The specimens from India were collected from places near rivers. The distribution indicates that the species have probably dispersed through eastern syntaxial bend of the Himalayas (Assam Gateway).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFC9FFBAFF05FC71FD5D6F8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43.text	487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Das Gupta 1981	<div><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 133 .</p><p>Material examined. Paratypes 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Das-gupta, India, West Bengal, Lebong (27.05, 88.27), ix.1978, Coll. P. K. Chaudhuri’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, West Bengal, Darjeeling (27.05, 88.25), 23.v.1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, Sikkim, Jorethang (27.09, 88.36), 31.iii.1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ India, Sikkim, Gurudongmar Lake (28.00, 88.59), 04.iv.2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 3 males labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Matha (23.11, 86.06), 03. VII.2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee’ .</p><p>Remarks. Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 belongs to nubeculosum group due to the presence of horn–like superior volsella with a lateral seta which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981). However, Hazra et al. (2003) mentioned the presence of one outer lateral seta on the superior volsella but no illustrative reference was given. The authors had mistakenly captioned the figures 4 and 5 as Polypedilum (Polypedilum) unispinum nom. nov. in the paper of Hazra et al. (2003) instead of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps . We observed that the specimens bear an outer seta on the anterior 1/3 of the superior volsella projection and 2–3 basal setae (Figure 8). The outer seta is positioned 0.36–0.4, 0.38 from the apex.</p><p>Ecology. During this study the immature stages of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps were collected from Himalayan montane streams and Lake Gurudongmar of Sikkim, a part of the eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot in India. Adult Polypedilum (P.) nudiceps was previously recorded from the eastern Himalayan foothills (Siliguri) to Ghum (2257m), Jorebunglow (2250m), Darjeeling (2010m), Lebong (1820m) and Kurseong (1481m) (Chaudhuri et al. 1981). Hazra et al. (2003) reared the species after collecting the larvae from different springs and small streams of Jorethang (548m) and Tadong (1524m) of Sikkim, and Lebong and Happy Valley of Darjeeling, West Bengal. It has also been collected from the high altitude streams and Gurudongmar Lake (5226m) where alpine conditions exist. This information is in contrary to Vårdal et al. (2002) as they reported the larvae of Polypedilum occur in all lentic and lotic waters, except at high altitude and latitude. This suggests that the species seems to be eurythermic. Its distribution ranges from foot hill to high altitude&gt; 4000m. The larvae of P. (P.) nudiceps have preference for shallow, slow flowing and standing water of soft organically enriched matters, aquatic plants, leaf axils, soft woods (epixylous), etc.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBDFF05FB59FCB86FE5.text	487687C5FFCEFFBDFF05FB59FCB86FE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa 1983	<div><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983</p><p>GenBank accession no. MN637874</p><p>Polypedilum (Polypedilum) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983: 14 .</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: Digital archive, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Takdah (27.03, 88.36), 05.vi.2019, Coll. D. Mondal’. Retrieval and examination of illustrations of three types including holotype from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.</p><p>Remarks (Figure 9). Examination of three Indian specimens along with the holotype retrieved from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan and aligning the COX1 sequence in NCBI, it may be said that the present species fully conforms with those studied in this investigation with the following combination of characters: AR 0.65–0.68, DC 12–14, Sct 8–10, biserial, superior volsella 0.078 –0.081 mm long with middle outer lateral seta and two basal setae, and inferior volsella 0.093 –0.095 mm long with 8 apical setae. The sequence has showed ~1% divergence with MG949983.1 (Figure 9B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFCEFFBDFF05FB59FCB86FE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBCFF05F8F2FB3D6813.text	487687C5FFCEFFBCFF05F8F2FB3D6813.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stictochironomus exterflexus (Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma 2015) Mukherjee & Mukherjee & Hazra 2020	<div><p>Stictochironomus exterflexus (Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015) Comb. n.</p><p>Polypedilum (P.) exterflexus Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015: 2; Hazra, Niitsuma and Chaudhuri, 2016: 89.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male labelled ‘(BUENTD 273), India, West Bengal, Hooghly, Tribeni (22.98, 88.38), 19.iii.2001, Coll. U.K. Mandal’; 1 male data same as holotype.</p><p>Remarks. The species Polypedilum exterflexum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma has previously been unplaced subgenerically. But after careful study, it has been found to belong to the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. The combination of these characters in the male imagines justifies the inclusion of P. exterflexum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma under the genus Stictochironomus: 1) wing membrane marked without setae, 2) anterior and posterior tibial combs of mid and hind legs fused, 3) T VIII not basally constricted and 4) inferior volsella bent laterad. The species differs from S. caffrarius Kieffer, 1921 in higher AR, shape of superior volsella and unmarked wings.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFCEFFBCFF05F8F2FB3D6813	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813.text	487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stictochironomus flagellatus (Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta 1981) Mukherjee & Mukherjee & Hazra 2020	<div><p>Stictochironomus flagellatus (Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981) Comb. n.</p><p>Polypedilum (P.) flagellatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 122; Hazra, Niitsuma and Chaudhuri, 2016: 89.</p><p>Material examined. 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum flagellatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981, India, West Bengal, Duars, Birparah (26.70, 89.13), Coll. T. Dutta, 21.vi.1984 ’.</p><p>Description. Wing. R 2+3 separated from R 1; R 4+5 and M bare; squamal setae 10–14.</p><p>Hypopygium. Apical setae of inferior volsella 10–14; median setae of T IX 1–13.</p><p>Remarks. After careful examination of the specimens we found that T VIII is not basally constricted; anterior and posterior tibial combs of fore and hind legs are not separate and inferior volsella is bent laterad. Based upon the mentioned characters we have come to the conclusion that the species belongs to the genus Stictochironomus . The superior volsella of the species is unique among the species of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FE69FD826ACC.text	487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FE69FD826ACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stictochironomus obscurus (Guha and Chaudhuri 1983)	<div><p>Stictochironomus obscurus (Guha and Chaudhuri, 1983)</p><p>Polypedilum obscurum Guha and Chaudhuri, 1983: 637</p><p>Stictochironomus obscurus (Guha and Chaudhuri): Chaudhuri and Chattopadhyay, 1990: 165.</p><p>Polypedilum aduncum Konar and Hazra, 2017: 276 Syn. n.</p><p>Material examined. Paratypes 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum obscurum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan (23.24, 87.84), 23.x.1979, Coll. M. Ghosh’ ; 3 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum obscurum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan (23.24, 87.84), 30.v.1986, Coll. S. Chattopadhyay’ ; 4 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum aduncum Konar and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Parui village (23.33, 87.94), 10.v.2015, Coll. S. Konar’ ; 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum aduncum Konar and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Kestopur village (23.24, 87.85), 20.x.2015, Coll. S. Konar’ .</p><p>Remarks. Chaudhuri and Chattopadhyay, 1990 transferred the species in the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. In the present study we consider Polypedilum (P.) aduncum Konar and Hazra, 2017 is a junior synonym of Stictochironomus obscurus (Guha and Chaudhuri) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FE69FD826ACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FBD5FE656F93.text	487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FBD5FE656F93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stictochironomus polystictus (Kieffer 1911)	<div><p>Stictochironomus polystictus (Kieffer, 1911)</p><p>Chironomus polystictus Kieffer, 1911: 137 .</p><p>Stictochironomus polystictus (Kieffer, 1911): Bhattacharyay, Mazumdar and Chaudhuri, 1996: 319.</p><p>Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, 2015: 4; Hazra, Niitsuma, Chaudhuri, 2016: 97 Syn. n.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, West Bengal, Alipurduar Junction (26.52, 89.53), 29.x.2012, Coll. K. Sanyal’ ; Paratypes 4 males, data as holotype; 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, West Bengal, Malda, Englishbazar (24.40, 88.28), 15.i.2012, Coll. U.K. Mandal’ .</p><p>Remarks. The species Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma was previously unplaced subgenerically. But after careful study, it has been found to be a member of the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. The combination of these characters justifies the inclusion of P. clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma under the genus Stictochironomus: Male. 1) Frontal tubercle present, 2) wing membrane marked without setae, 3) anterior and posterior tibial combs of mid and hind legs fused, 4) T VIII not basally constricted and 5) inferior volsella bent laterad.</p><p>Pupa. 1) Cephalic tubercles well developed with long frontal setae, 2) anterior transverse bands of shagreen on T II–VI, 3) caudolateral comb with 5–6 teeth. Larva. 1) Antenna 6-segmented, blades shorter than flagellum, 2) ventromental plates with well developed posterior lobes, and 3) mandible with 1 dark dorsal tooth. The pattern of the wing spots, shape of the anal point, superior and inferior volsellae, mophometric measurements like AR, VR, HR, and HV, and thoracic chaetotaxy leads us to the conclusion that P. (P.) clavipennae is a junior synonym of Stictochironomus polystictus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FBD5FE656F93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22.text	487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zavreliella marmorata (Wulp 1859)	<div><p>Zavreliella marmorata (Wulp, 1859)</p><p>Chironomus marmorata Wulp, 1859: 166 .</p><p>Chironomus clavaticrus Kieffer, 1913: 17 .</p><p>Zavreliella marmorata (Wulp, 1859): Kieffer, 1920: 334.</p><p>Polypedilum insolitum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981: 127; Hazra, Niitsuma and Chaudhuri, 2016: 90 Syn. n.</p><p>Materials examined. 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum insolitum India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Duars (26.49, 89.53), Coll. T. Dutta, 4.xi.1983 ’; 2 males, labelled ‘ Polypedilum insolit u m, India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, BSN/ Duars (26.49, 89.53), Coll. T. Dutta, 20.viii.1984 ’.</p><p>Remarks (Figure 10). The club–shaped apical foreleg and longitudinal medial elevation of the abdomen of P. insolitum and characteristic wing pattern markings and hypopygium structure leads us to conclude that P. insolitum is a junior synonym of Z. marmorata .</p><p>Distribution. The species has wide distribution occurring in all the Old World zoogeographical realms except the Afrotropical region. The species is reported from Oriental China, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, The Netherlands, and Sweden. The species Z. marmorata is for the first time reported from India in this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD7FFABFF05FD79FA196A89.text	487687C5FFD7FFABFF05FD79FA196A89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum Kieffer 1913	<div><p>Key to the male species of Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 of the Oriental Region (Japan: Oriental and Palaearctic Japan; China: Oriental and Palaearctic China)</p><p>1. Wing membrane without dense macrotrichia............................................................. 2</p><p>- Wing membrane with dense macrotrichia...................................... Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 7</p><p>2(1). Superior volsella with or without small projection......................................................... 3</p><p>- Superior volsella with long projection.................................................................. 4</p><p>3(2). Superior volsella without projection; usually anal point trifid........................ Tripodura Townes, 1945 ... 25</p><p>- Superior volsella with small projection; anal point simple............. Uresipedilum Oyewo and Saether, 1998 ... 113</p><p>4(2). Superior volsella without basal lobe.................................................................... 5</p><p>- Superior volsella with basal lobe...................................................................... 6</p><p>5(4). Gonostylus with simple setae at its inner margin................................. Polypedilum Kieffer, 1913 ... 71</p><p>- Gonostylus with split setae at its inner margin........................ Cerobregma Saether and Sundal, 1998 ... 131</p><p>6(4). Superior volsella with microtrichia.............. Atopipedilum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2015 ... 136</p><p>- Superior volsella without microtrichia (Oriental China)............... P. (Probolum) bullum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>7(1). Eyes with dorsomedial extension...................................................................... 8</p><p>- Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 13</p><p>8(7). Frontal tubercle present............................................................................. 9</p><p>- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 10</p><p>9(8). Scutellars less than 10; abdomen uniform (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (Pe.) acristylum Yamamoto, Hirowatari and Yamamoto, 2012</p><p>- Scutellars more than 10; abdomen banded........................ P. (Pe.) robusticeps Guha and Chaudhuri, 1985</p><p>10(8). Wing vein R 2+3 separated from R 1 .................................................................... 11</p><p>- Wing vein R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ....................................................................... 12</p><p>11(10). AR greater than 1 (Oriental China, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bosnia &amp; Harzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Madeira, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia, Canada, U.S.A.).............................................................................. P. (Pe.) sordens (Wulp, 1874)</p><p>- AR lesser than 1 (India)............................................................ P. (Pe.) retusum sp. n.</p><p>12(10). Antepronotals present; superior volsella with outer seta (Oriental China).................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) paraconvexum Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>- Antepronotals absent; superior volsella without outer seta (India)............... P. (Pe.) kuluensis Kulshrestha, 1979</p><p>13(7). Fore tibial scale pointed............................................................................ 14</p><p>- Fore tibial scale rounded............................................................................ 22</p><p>14(13). LR 1 less than 2.0.................................................................................. 15</p><p>- LR 1 more than 2.0................................................................................. 19</p><p>15(14). Outer seta on superior volsella absent (Japan).................. P. (Pe.) furudosecundum (Sasa and Arakawa, 1994)</p><p>- Outer setae on superior volsella present................................................................ 16</p><p>16(15). AR more than 1.0; TIX with less than 20 median setae.................................................... 17</p><p>- AR less than 1.0; TIX with more than 20 median setae (Oriental China).... P. (Pe.) fanjingense Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>17(16). Abdomen banded................................................................................. 18</p><p>- Abdomen uniform (Bhutan, Oriental China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Palau, and Micronesia).......................................................................................... P. (Pe.) convexum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>18(17). Anal point without transverse band (Oriental China).......................... P. (Pe.) tigrinum (Hashimoto, 1983)</p><p>- Anal point with transverse band (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, India, Lesotho, Madagascar, Na-mibia, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe)................................... P. (Pe.) anale (Freeman, 1954)</p><p>19(14). Abdominal segments banded........................................................................ 20</p><p>- Abdominal segments uniform........................................................................ 21</p><p>20(19). Squamal setae more than 20; superior volsella with 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental Japan)............................................................................ P. (Pe.) daitojekeum (Sasa and Suzuki, 2002)</p><p>- Squamal setae less than 20; superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its inner basal margin (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan).............................................................. P. (Pe.) kamosecundum (Sasa, 1989)</p><p>21(19). Anal point slender; inferior volsella broadened (Oriental Japan)......... P. (Pe.) daitokeleum (Sasa and Suzuki, 2002)</p><p>- Anal point broad; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Australia, Caroline Is., Indonesia, Oriental Japan, Palau and Mariana Is.)................................................................................................................................................................. P. (Pe.) nodosum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>22(13). Wing vein R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 (Oriental China)............................ P. (Pe.) tenuis Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>- Wing vein R 2+3 separated from R 1.................................................................... 23</p><p>23(22). Fore tibial spur present (Oriental China, Japan, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).............................. P. (Pe.) tritum (Walker, 1856)</p><p>- Fore tibial spur absent.............................................................................. 24</p><p>24(23). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental Japan, India, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greenland, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................. P. (P e.) uncinatum (Goetghebuer, 1921)</p><p>- Anal tergite band weak (Sri Lanka)............................ P. (Pe.) tissamaharense Oyewo and Saether, 2008</p><p>25(3). Superior volsella with secondary apical projection....................................................... 26</p><p>- Superior volsella without secondary apical projection..................................................... 28</p><p>26(25). R 4+5&gt; 40 setae; anal tergite band absent; superior volsella sickle-shaped (Oriental China)............................................................................... P. (T.) falcatum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015</p><p>- R 4+5 &lt;40 setae; anal tergite band present; superior volsella not like above..................................... 27</p><p>27(26). Superior volsella less than 4 basal setae; anal point without median furrow (Oriental China)................................................................................... P. (T.) nudiprostatum Zhang and Wang, 2007</p><p>- Superior volsella more than 4 basal setae; anal point with median furrow (Oriental China).............................................................................. P. (T.) procerum Zhang, Song, Wang and Wang, 2015</p><p>28(25). AR less than 1.0.................................................................................. 29</p><p>- AR more than 1.0................................................................................. 52</p><p>29(28). Inferior volsella broadened.......................................................................... 30</p><p>- Inferior volsella parallel-sided....................................................................... 33</p><p>30(29). R 4+5 more than 40 setae (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) mengmanense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- R 4+5 less than 40 setae.............................................................................. 31</p><p>31(30). Anal point reduced without median furrow (Oriental China, and India)............................................................................................. P. (T.) conghuaense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Anal point not reduced with median furrow............................................................. 32</p><p>32(31). Superior volsella not broad at base (Oriental China).............. P. (T.) pollicium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Superior volsella broad at base (Oriental China)................. P. (T.) trapezium Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>33(29). Leg with dark brown bands......................................................................... 34</p><p>- Leg uniform..................................................................................... 37</p><p>34(33). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................... P. (T.) parallelum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Thorax light..................................................................................... 35</p><p>35(34). Scutellars arranged in rows (Oriental China)...................... P. (T.) cypellum Qi, Shi, Zhang and Wang, 2014</p><p>- Scutellars irregular................................................................................ 36</p><p>36(35). Superior volsella with more than 4 basal setae at its inner margin (Oriental China, and UAE).................................................................................... P. (T.) harteni Andersen and Mendes, 2010</p><p>- Superior volsella with less than 4 basal setae at its inner margin (Indonesia)................................................................................................ P. (T.) tobaundecima Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990</p><p>37(33). Abdominal segment with bands (India, and China)........... P. (T.) lineatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Abdominal segment uniform........................................................................ 38</p><p>38(37). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................. 39</p><p>- R 2+3 relatively separated from R 1 ...................................................................... 40</p><p>39(38). Superior volsella not digitiform (India, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, South Africa, and Zimbabwe)................................................................................... P. (T.) pruina Freeman, 1954</p><p>- Superior volsella not digitiform.......................................... P. (T.) unifascium (Tokunaga, 1938)</p><p>40(38). Eyes with dorsomedial extension; anal point broad (India)... P. (T.) albipalpum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Eyes without dorsomedial extension; anal point slender................................................... 41</p><p>41 (40). Anal point without lateral lobe....................................................................... 42</p><p>- Anal point with lateral lobe......................................................................... 44</p><p>42(41). Anal tergite band strong (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) absensilobum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Anal tergite band weak............................................................................. 43</p><p>43(42). Anal point without median furrow (Oriental China).......................... P. (T.) udominutum Niitsuma, 1992</p><p>- Anal point with median furrow (Oriental China)............ P. (T.) apiculusetosum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>44(41). Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus short............................................................ 45</p><p>- Setae at its inner margin of gonostylus extremely long.................................................... 47</p><p>45(44). Gonostylus with more than 4 setae at its inner margin..................................................... 46</p><p>- Gonostylus with less than 4 setae at its inner margin (Oriental China)................................................................................................. P. (T.) bispinum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>46(45). Strenapodeme square shaped (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) arcuatum Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Sternapodeme rounded (Oriental China)....... P. (T.) jianfengense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017</p><p>47(44). Superior volsella bare.............................................................................. 48</p><p>- Superior volsella setose (Oriental Japan)........... P. (T.) nudigracile Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2016</p><p>48(47). Superior volsella with more than 4 setae at its base....................................................... 49</p><p>- Superior volsella with less than 4 setae at its base (Oriental China)..................................................................................... P. (T.) enshiense Yan, Song, Liu, Zhao, Hou, Cao and Wang, 2017</p><p>49(48). Anal point spatulate............................................................................... 50</p><p>- Anal point not spatulate............................................................................ 51</p><p>50(49). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China).................. P. (T.) napahaiense Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>- Thorax pale having no patches (Oriental China)................... P. (T.) dengae Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>51(49). Inferior volsella with more than 6 apical setae (Oriental Japan)......... P. (T.) miyakoense Hasegawa and Sasa, 1987</p><p>- Inferior volsella with less than 6 apical setae (Oriental China)...... P. (T.) bilamella Zhang, Song, Qi and Wang, 2016</p><p>52(28). Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 53</p><p>- Eyes with dorsomedial extension..................................................................... 61</p><p>53(52). Squama with more than 20 setae (Japan)............................. P. (T.) tananense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988</p><p>- Squama with less than 20 setae...................................................................... 54</p><p>54(53). Frontal tubercle present (India)........................ P. (T.) tripunctum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................. 55</p><p>55(54). Anal tergite band weak (Oriental China and Palaearctic Japan)................... P. (T.) masudai (Tokunaga, 1938)</p><p>- Anal tergite band strong............................................................................ 56</p><p>56(55). Anal point broad (Oriental China)..................................... P. (T.) spathum Zhang and Wang, 2007</p><p>- Anal point slender................................................................................. 57</p><p>57(56). Superior volsella with broad base..................................................................... 58</p><p>- Superior volsella without broad base.................................................................. 59</p><p>58(57). Scutellars arranged in a row; inferior volsella bilobed (China, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, United Kingdom, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Russia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, The Netherlands, Democratic Republic of Korea, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, Canada, and U.S.A.).................................................................................... P. (T.) scalaneum (Schrank, 1803)</p><p>- Scutellars not arranged in a row; inferior volsella simple (India, Pakistan, South Africa, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo)........................................................... P. (T.) annulatipes (Kieffer, 1910)</p><p>59(57). Superior volsella with bare base (Indonesia and Thailand)....................... P. (T.) vectum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Superior volsella setose at base...................................................................... 60</p><p>60(59). Anal point spatulate; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Indonesia)........... P. (T.) decematoguttatum (Tokunaga, 1938)</p><p>- Anal point not spatulate; inferior volsella sub-apically broadened (Oriental Japan).............................................................................................. P. (T.) tokaraijeum Sasa and Suzuki, 1995</p><p>61(52). Thorax with few dark patches (Indonesia)................................... P. (T.) centralis (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Thorax pale without patches......................................................................... 62</p><p>62(61). Foretibial scale rounded............................................................................ 63</p><p>- Foretibial scale pointed............................................................................. 65</p><p>63(62). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1; abdomen with bands (India)............ P. (T.) numerum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- R 2+3 separated from R 1; abdomen without bands......................................................... 64</p><p>64(63). LR greater than 2.0; scutellars arranged irregularly (India, Bhutan, Egypt, France, Germany, Romania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Niger, Sudan, and Sweden).......................................... P. (T.) aegyptium Kieffer, 1925</p><p>- LR lower than 2.0; scutellars arranged in a row (Egypt, Cameroon, Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Australia, and India).......................................................................... P. (T.) griseogutttatum Kieffer, 1921</p><p>65(62). Legs uniform..................................................................................... 66</p><p>- Legs with bands.................................................................................. 67</p><p>66(65). Superior volsella broadened; anal point slender (India)...... P. (T.) chaudhurii Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Superior volsella tapered; anal point broad (Japan).......................... P. (T.) sagittiferum (Tokunaga, 1938)</p><p>67(65). Fore tibial scale with spur (Oriental China)........................... P. (T.) cochlearum Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>- Fore tibial scale without spur........................................................................ 68</p><p>68(67). LR more than 2.0 (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)..................... P. (T.) japonicum (Tokunaga, 1938)</p><p>- LR less than 2.0.................................................................................. 69</p><p>69(68). Anal point with median furrow (Indonesia).............................. P. (T.) concomitatum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Anal point without median furrow.................................................................... 70</p><p>70(69). Anal point broad with lateral shoulders (India)............... P. (T.) lucidum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Anal point slender without lateral shoulders (Indonesia, and Guam)............ P. (T.) perturbans (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>71(5). Antepronotum split; superior volsella without outer seta (Oriental Japan).............. P. (P.) tsukubaense Sasa, 1979</p><p>- Antepronotum undivided; superior volsella with outer seta................................................. 72</p><p>72(71). Inferior volsella bifid.............................................................................. 73</p><p>- Inferior volsella simple............................................................................. 75</p><p>73(72). Foretibial scale rounded (Japan, Oriental China, India, Indonesia, Australia, Guam, and Micronesia).................................................................................... P. (P.) medivittatum Tokunaga, 1964</p><p>- Foretibial scale pointed............................................................................ 74</p><p>74(73). LR less than 2.0; superior volsella with outer seta at basal 1/3 (Japan).............. P. (P.) genpeiense Niitsuma, 1996</p><p>- LR more than 2.0; superior volsella with outer seta at its middle 1/3 (Oriental Japan)............................................................................ P. (P.) nubilum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012</p><p>75(72). Wing with markings............................................................................... 76</p><p>- Wing without marking............................................................................. 80</p><p>76(75). Legs banded (India)............................. P. (P.) insignum Chattopadhyay, Dutta and Chaudhuri, 1988</p><p>- Legs uniform..................................................................................... 77</p><p>77(76). Anal tergite band weak; superior volsella curved......................................................... 78</p><p>- Anal tergite band strong; superior volsella straight (India, and widespread in Afrotropical region).............................................................................................. P. (P.) alticola Kieffer, 1913</p><p>78(77). R 2+3 adjacent to vein R 1; gonostylus with more than 3 setae at its inner margin................................. 79</p><p>- R 2+3 separate from R 1; gonostylus with less than 3 setae at its inner margin (Australia, Singapore, and Thailand)........................................................... P. (P.) quasinubifer Cranston, Martin and Spies, 2016</p><p>79(78). Thorax red in colour; T IX with more than 10 median setae (India).......................................................................................... P. (P.) rufomarginalis Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Thorax not red in colour; T IX with less than 10 median setae (Indonesia).................................................................................................. P. (P.) tobaseptimum Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990</p><p>80(75). Frontal tubercles present............................................................................ 81</p><p>- Frontal tubercles absent............................................................................ 84</p><p>81(80). Squamal setae more than 20; superior volsella with bare base (India, Oriental China, Japan, Indonesia, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Bulgaria, Egypt, France, Greece, Iraq, Israel, Spain, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, North Korea, Morocco, Australia, and U.S.A. (Hawaii))........................................ P. (P.) nubifer (Skuse, 1889)</p><p>- Squamal setae less than 20 setae; superior volsella with microsetae at its base.................................. 82</p><p>82(81). M without setae (Oriental Japan).................................... P. (P.) isigabeceum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000</p><p>- M with setae..................................................................................... 83</p><p>83(82). Projection of superior volsella straight (India, Australia, and Bhutan).................. P. (P.) seorsum (Skuse, 1881)</p><p>- Projection of superior volsella curved (Indonesia)..................... P. (P.) tobaoctavum Kikuchi and Sasa, 1990</p><p>84(80). LR more than 2.0................................................................................. 85</p><p>- LR less than 2.0.................................................................................. 88</p><p>85(84). Superior volsella with outer seta at its middle 1/3 (India, and Bhutan)............................................................................................. P. (P.) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Superior volsella with outer seta at its basal 1/3.......................................................... 86</p><p>86(85). Inferior volsella bilobed; less than apical 6 setae (India, Indonesia, and Thailand).... P. (P.) suturalis (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Inferior volsella simple; more than 6 apical setae........................................................ 87</p><p>87(86). R 2+3 separate from R 1 (Japan)...................................... P. (P.) parviacumen Kawai and Sasa, 1985</p><p>- R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 (Oriental Japan).................................. P. (P.) iriogeheum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000</p><p>88(84). Fore-tibial scale present............................................................................ 89</p><p>- Fore-tibial scale absent............................................................................. 93</p><p>89(88). Abdominal segment with colour bands (Oriental Japan)................. P. (P.) tokaraheium Sasa and Suzuki, 1995</p><p>- Abdominal segment without colour bands.............................................................. 90</p><p>90(89). Superior volsella with broad base............................... P. (P.) kunigamiense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988</p><p>- Superior volsella without broad base.................................................................. 91</p><p>91(90). Thorax pale (Japan, and India)................................................ P. (P.) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983</p><p>- Thorax with dark patches........................................................................... 92</p><p>92(91). AR more than 1.00; M without setae (Indonesia, Malaysia, Canada, and U.S.A.)........ P. (P.) trigonum Townes, 1945</p><p>- AR less than 1.00; M with setae (Oriental China)......................... P. (P.) aequabe Zhang and Wang, 2007</p><p>93(88). Eyes with dorsomedial extension..................................................................... 94</p><p>- Eyes without dorsomedial extension.................................................................. 98</p><p>94(93). Superior volsella straight (India).......................... P. (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- Superior volsella curved............................................................................ 95</p><p>95(94). Anal tergite band strong (India, and Phillipines).............................. P. (P.) stictopterum (Kieffer, 1921)</p><p>- Anal tergite band weak............................................................................. 96</p><p>96(95). Fore tibial scale rounded (Japan)............................................... P. (P.) takaoensis Sasa, 1980</p><p>- Fore tibial scale pointed............................................................................ 97</p><p>97(96). M with setae; inferior volsella broadened subapically (India)............................................................................................ P. (P.) pseudoflagellatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981</p><p>- M without setae; inferior volsella parallel-sided (Oriental China)... P. (P.) xianjuensis Qi, Zhang, Zhu and Wang, 2016</p><p>98(93). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................. 99</p><p>- R 2+3 separate from R 1 ............................................................................. 101</p><p>99(98). Scutellars less than 10 (India, Thailand, Palau, and Micronesia).................... P. (P.) yapensis Tokunaga, 1964</p><p>- Scutellars more than 10........................................................................... 100</p><p>100(99). Anal tergite band strong (Japan)................................................. P. (P.) okiflavum Sasa, 1990</p><p>- Anal tergite band weak (Oriental China, and Japan)................... P. (P.) benokiense Sasa and Hasegawa, 1988</p><p>101(98). AR less than 1.0................................................................................. 102</p><p>- AR more than 1.0................................................................................ 104</p><p>102(101). R 4+5 with more than 40 setae (China)...................... P. (P.) adustalum Zhang, Zhu, Liu, Qi and Wang, 2017</p><p>- R 4+5 less than 40 setae............................................................................. 103</p><p>103(102). Legs with colour bands (China)......................... P. (P.) constrictum Zhang, Zhu, Liu, Qi and Wang, 2017</p><p>- Legs uniform (Oriental Japan)............... P. (P.) maculipennatum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012</p><p>104(101). Superior volsella without outer setae................................................................. 105</p><p>- Superior volsella with outer setae.................................................................... 106</p><p>105(104). Anal point broad (Indonesia)............................................ P. (P.) limpidum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Anal point parallel-sided (India)...................... P. (P.) centisetum Hazra, Mazumdar and Chaudhuri, 2000</p><p>106(104). Fore tibial scale rounded at apex.................................................................... 107</p><p>- Fore tibial scale pointed at apex..................................................................... 110</p><p>107(106). Abdominal segments banded (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom).................................................................... P. (P.) arundinetum (Goetghebuer, 1921)</p><p>- Abdominal segments uniform....................................................................... 108</p><p>108(107). Superior volsella straight (Australia, and Thailand)............ P. (P.) paranubifer Cranston, Martin and Spies, 2016</p><p>- Superior volsella curved........................................................................... 109</p><p>109(108). Anal point without median furrow (Indonesia)............................... P. (P.) hirticoxa (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Anal point with median furrow (Thailand).................................... P. (P.) siamensis Moubayed, 1989</p><p>110(106). Gonostylus with less than 4 setae at its inner margin (Australia, Indonesia, Oriental China, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand)................................................... P. (P.) johannseni Sublette and Sublette, 1973</p><p>- Gonostylus with more than 4 setae at its inner margin.................................................... 111</p><p>111(110). Superior volsella with outer seta at basal 1/3 (China)................................ P. (P.) acutum Kieffer, 1915</p><p>- Superior volsella with outer seta at middle 1/3......................................................... 112</p><p>112(111). Squama with more than 20 setae (Indonesia)................................ P. (P.) flavescens (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>- Squama with less than 20 setae (India)...................... P. (P.) circulum Chaudhuri and Chattopadhyay, 1990</p><p>113(3). Eyes with dorsomedial extension (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)........... P. (U.) surugense Niitsuma, 1992</p><p>- Eyes without dorsomedial extension................................................................. 114</p><p>114(113). Frontal tubercle present........................................................................... 115</p><p>- Frontal tubercle absent............................................................................ 116</p><p>115(114). Anal point slender, parallel-sided (Oriental China).................. P. (U.) breviplumosum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Anal point broad, enlarged at apex (Oriental China)............... P. (U.) minimum Lin, Qi, Zhang and Wang, 2013</p><p>116(114). R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................ 117</p><p>- R 2+3 separate from R 1............................................................................. 124</p><p>117(116). Thorax with dark patches (Oriental China)........... P. (U.) bingoparadoxum Kawai, Inouei and Imabayashi, 1998</p><p>- Thorax pale without dark patches.................................................................... 118</p><p>118(117). Fore tibial scale pointed (Oriental China).............................. P. (U.) basilarum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Foretibial scale rounded........................................................................... 119</p><p>119(118). Superior volsella without basal microsetae (Oriental China)............ P. (U.) infundibulum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Superior volsella with basal microsetae............................................................... 120</p><p>120(119). Superior volsella not broad based (Oriental China, and Japan)........................................................................................ P. (U.) paraconvictum Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2015</p><p>- Superior volsella broad based...................................................................... 121</p><p>121(120). Superior volsella straight.......................................................................... 122</p><p>- Superior volsella curved........................................................................... 123</p><p>122(121). Scutellars arranged in a row (Oriental China, and Palaearctic Japan)............... P. (U.) paraviceps Niitsuma, 1992</p><p>- Scutellars irregular (Oriental China)............................... P. (U.) crassiglobum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>123(121). Anal point with median furrow; inferior volsella unilobed (Japan).................................................................................................. P. (U.) simantokeleum Sasa, Suzuki and Sakai, 1998</p><p>- Anal point without median furrow; inferior volsella bilobed (China, Austria, Belgium, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Serbia, Canada, and U.S.A.)....... P. (U.) convictum (Walker, 1856)</p><p>124(116). Fore-tibial scale present........................................................................... 125</p><p>- Fore-tibial scale absent............................................................................ 127</p><p>125(124). Scutellars less than 10 (Oriental China).................................... P. (U.) xuei Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Scutellars more than 10........................................................................... 126</p><p>126(125). Anal point parallel-sided (Oriental China)................................ P. (U.) dilatum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Anal point broad at apex (Oriental China).............................. P. (U.) lateralum Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>127(124). AR less than 1 (Oriental Japan)...................................... P. (U.) iriofegeum Sasa and Suzuki, 2000</p><p>- AR more than 1.................................................................................. 128</p><p>128(127). Superior volsella without outer setae (United Kingdom, China, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Russia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Spain, Moldova, Morocco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia, and U.S.A.)........................................................................... P. (U.) cultellatum Goetghebuer, 1931</p><p>- Superior volsella with outer setae.................................................................... 129</p><p>129(128). Superior volsella curved (Oriental China)............................. P. (U.) prominens Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>- Superior volsella straight.......................................................................... 130</p><p>130(129). Anal point broadened (Japan)............................... P. (U.) dissimilum Yamamoto and Yamamoto, 2015</p><p>- Anal point parallel-sided (Oriental China)............................... P. (U.) medium Zhang and Wang, 2004</p><p>131(5). Eyes with dorsomedial extension; fore-tibial scale rounded (Japan).............. P. (C.) yamasinense Tokunaga, 1940</p><p>- Eyes without dorsomedial extension; fore-tibial scale pointed............................................. 132</p><p>132(131). Wing with colour markings........................................................................ 133</p><p>- Wing without colour markings...................................................................... 134</p><p>133(132). Anal point with lateral shoulder; inferior volsella apically broadened (Oriental China).............................................................................................. P. (C.) cyclum Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>- Anal point without lateral shoulder; inferior volsella apically tapered (Oriental China)....................................................................................... P. (C.) heberti Lin, Yu, Zhang and Wang, 2019</p><p>134(132). R 2+3 separated from R 1 (Oriental China)...................................... P. (C.) jii Zhang and Wang, 2005</p><p>- R 2+3 adjacent to R 1 ................................................................................ 135</p><p>135(134). Antepronotum fused; fore tibial scale present (Oriental China)......... P. (C.) exilicaudatum Saether and Sundal, 1999</p><p>- Antepronotum split; fore tibial scale absent (Oriental Japan)......................... P. (C.) okigrandis Sasa, 1993</p><p>136(6). Superior volsella with well developed inner basal lobe (Oriental Japan)...................................................................................... P. (A.) notabile Yamamoto, Yamamoto and Hirowatari, 2012</p><p>- Superior volsella without inner basal lobe............................................................. 137</p><p>137(136). Maxillary palp fused; R 1 without setae (Oriental China).................... P. (A.) coalitum Zhang and Wang, 2008</p><p>- Maxillary palp not fused; R 1 with setae (Oriental China)................ P. (A.) hainanense Zhang and Wang, 2008</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/487687C5FFD7FFABFF05FD79FA196A89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mukherjee, Tuhar;Mukherjee, Bindarika;Hazra, Niladri	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
