taxonID	type	description	language	source
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 12 D 2 FB 13 - 557 F- 471 D-B 862 - C 3 B 3 FD 40 EA 64	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male with pupal exuvia [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Paschim Bardhaman, Asansol (23.67, 87.02), 16. xi. 2002, Coll. S. Nath’; paratypes 2 males data as holotype; 1 male with damaged pupal exuvia [reared] data as holotype; 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Pe.) retusum Mukherjee, Mukherjee and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Purba Bardhaman, Burdwan University Campus (23.25 N, 87.84 E), 28. x. 2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee’. Diagnostic characters. Male. Squamal setae 16 – 18; gonostylus blunt, apex little notched ending with 2 setae; superior volsella with gradually tapered apex bearing 3 basal and 1 large lateral setae near the base; inferior volsella slightly bifid; Pupa. Wing sheath with single row of pearls; cephalic tubercle cone shaped with a subapical seta; hook row occupying nearly 4 / 5 th of segment width; presence of caudolateral spine; LS setae arranged on segments V – VIII: 4: 4: 4: 5.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name “ retusum ” from the Latin word ‘ retusis ’, refers to slightly indented apex of both the inferior volsella and gonostylus of hypopygium; to be treated as adjective. Male (n = 7) Total length 4.59 – 4.62, 4.6. Wing length 1.99 – 2.25, 2.12. Total length / wing length 2.05 – 2.3, 2.17. Colouration. Thorax pale yellow with uniform colouration. Abdomen pale yellow with a dark brown pigmented non-uniform band at anterior 2 / 3 rd of abdominal tergite. Femur, tibia and tarsomere uniformly coloured, last two tarsomeres dark. Head. Head width 600 – 670. Temporal setae 10 – 11 (IV 3, OV 4 – 5, Po 3). Clypeal setae 26 – 32. Frontal tubercle 120 – 180, 150 long. Eyes bare with dorsomedial extension of 150 – 220, 180. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, ultimate flagellomere 780 – 810, 790; AR 1.85 – 1.92, 1.89. Length of Palpomeres (I – V): 30, 60, 150 – 160, 160 – 210, 510 – 600; fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.3 – 1.1, 1.2. CA 0.56 – 0.54, 0.55; CP 1.18 – 1.17, 1.17. Thorax. Acrostichals 8 – 12, 10; dorsocentrals 26 – 35, 30; prealars 6 – 7; scutellars 14 – 16, 15. Wings (Figures 1 A – B). Wing with dense macrotrichia. Brachiolars 6; R with 30 – 36, 33 setae, R 1 34 – 39, 37, R 4 + 5 55 – 64, 59 and Cu 64 – 66, 65, M 70 setae. Sc with setae. Squama with 16 – 18, 17 setae. Wing length 1.99 – 2.25, 2.12. Costal length 1.95 – 2.1, 2.02. CR 0.97 – 0.93, 0.95. VR 1.16 – 1.2, 1.18. Haltere bare with a dark spot at its apex. Legs. Fore tibial scale blunt, 20 in length, width at apex of fore, mid and hind tibia: 60, 60 and 70 respectively. Hind tibial spur 40 and mid tibial comb 30 long. Hypopygium (Figures 1 C – D). T IX with 12 – 20, 16 setae. Anal tergite band separate, V shaped structure. Anal point 80 – 170, 120 long, 10 – 50, 30 broad at apex, little wide at base, medially constricted, parallel-sided with 2 – 3 lateral setae. Gonocoxite 60 long with 14 – 19, 16 setae. Gonostylus 110 – 160, 140 long with little notched blunt apex bearing 2 apical setae. Superior volsella gradually curved, 57 – 63, 60 long, 10 wide at base with pointed apex bearing 2 – 3 basal and 1 lateral setae at a distance of 18 – 21, 19 from base (SVR 0.68 – 0.69, 0.685). Inferior volsella partly bifid, 110 – 180, 146 long and 18 – 24, 21 wide at apex, with 12 – 15, 14 incurved setae and 3 – 4 setae at apex. HR 0.37 – 0.53, 0.45. Pupa (n = 2) Total length of exuviae 2.79 – 2.92, 2.85. Antenna 8.70 – 9.00, 8.80 long. Wing sheath 9.60 – 9.75, 9.75 in length. Colour. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown. Cephalothorax (Figure 2 A). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 18 – 21, 19 long, 36 – 45, 40 broad at base; frontal seta 30 – 33, 31.5 long, sub apical in position. Basal ring (Figure 2 B) elliptical, 39 long, 21 – 24, 22 wide. Wing sheath with 25 – 29, 27 pearls in a single row (Figures 2 C – D). Abdomen (Figure 2 E). T I bare. T II with anterior band of shagreen with posterolateral pedes spurii B. T III with dense row of anterior and sparse row of posterior spinules; T IV – V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow (Figure 2 F) with ca. 68 hooklets in single row covering nearly 78 – 80 % width of segment. Sternite IV with pedes spurii A present posterolaterally. T VI with dense spinules posteriorly and sparse at middle; T VII with weak band of spinules anteriorly. T VIII with 2 longitudinal bands of spinules. T II – IV with 3 hair – like L setae. T V – VII with 4, VIII with 5 LS setae. T V – VI with LS setae arranged in a similar pattern: 2 LS setae anterolaterally as a group and 2 LS posterolaterally also as a group; 4 LS setae at a distance of 0.11 – 0.14, 0.25 – 0.27, 0.6 – 0.8 and 0.89 – 0.93 of T V; 4 LS setae at 0.26 – 0.29, 0.31 – 0.33, 0.76 – 0.8 and 0.90 – 0.92 of T VI; 4 LS setae at 0.18 – 0.20, 0.27 – 0.29, 0.57 – 0.61 and 0.85 – 0.88 of T VII; 5 LS setae: 2 anterolaterally, 2 just anterior to caudolateral spine and 1 posterior to T VIII located at 0.19 – 0.2, 0.35 – 0.37, 0.59 – 0.62, 0.72 – 0.75 and 0.84 – 0.87. Anal lobe (Figures 2 G – H) 200 – 240, 220 long, 230 wide with 54 – 56, 55 taeniae on each side. T VIII with a 30 long and 15 wide strong spine, posterolaterally (Figure 2 I) lacking caudolateral spur.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species differs from all known Indian species of the subgenus Pentapedilum due to the presence of a slightly notched inferior volsella. The Indian species P. robusticeps Guha & Chaudhuri, 1985 of the subgenus appears similar in having a broad anal point (28) and number of scutellars (16 – 18) to P. retusum sp. n. but differs in AR and shape of the inferior volsella. The new species disagrees with P. (Pe). macrotrichium Guha & Chaudhuri, 1981 in the number of brachiolars, squamal setae and well developed anal lobe. The present species shows closeness with P. (Pe). nodosum (Johannsen, 1932) in maxillary palp and genitalia but both AR and HR are quite different. The barcode sequence showed ~ 5.6 % divergence with P. (Pe.) nodosum (Figure 3). The new species shows affinities with P. (Pe). wittei (Freeman, 1955) in wing, squama and superior volsella while disposition of basal and outer seta of superior volsella, number of squamal setae and HR value are significantly different. A comparison between the allied Japanese species and the new species is given in table 2.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC7FFB8FF05FA7DFC5E6C4B.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The immature stages of the proposed new species were collected from pit lakes near Damodar River, Asansol. The larvae also inhabit in water bodies having anthropogenic activities. The pupae were taken out of ponds of Raniganj coal-belts which are a part of Lower Gondwana’s Panchet formation (298 – 251 mya) (Gree 1940). The Raniganj coal fields are very old having deposits from the Carboniferous era. The area is part of degenerated eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau (Bandopadhyay et al. 2014). The vegetation of the surrounding area is mainly mixed grassland (Reddy et al. 2015). Adult males were also collected from the University campus using LED light trap installed in an adjacent pond. The species is endemic to India till date.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3.taxon	description	Male (n = 5) (Revised after Freeman, 1958) Head. Temporal setae 8 – 9 (IV 2 – 3, OV 4 – 5, Po 1 – 2). AR 1.23. Thorax. Acrostichals 10 – 11, dorsocentrals 12 – 13; scutellars 8 – 9. Wing (Figure 4 A). Wing with dense macrotrichia; R 1 13 – 16, R 4 + 5 38 – 40 and M with 7 – 8 setae. VR 1.17 – 1.20. Hypopygium (Figure 4 B). T IX with 13 – 14 setae. Anal point 0.057 long. Gonocoxite 138 long; gonostylus 119 long. Superior volsella 35 long; HR 1.15.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species is firstly recorded in the Oriental region. Examination of specimens of this investigation reveals that the pupae of P. (Pe.) convexum as described by Hazra et al. (2003) are of P. (Pe.) anale. The specimens were misidentified as P. (Pe.) convexum. Since no description of adult male have been made by Hazra et al. (2003), after careful examination of reared specimens we have included few additional information after comparison with the description of Freeman (1958) and Oyewo & Saether (1998). However, during rearing larval exuviae got missed and description of larvae could not be made.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCBFFBBFF05F8A8FEE16AD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Larvae were procured from the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, a part of Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. They are indifferent and epibenthic preferring shallow, slow flowing streams and stagnant water having soft organically enriched matters and often fixed on polythene packets and waste clothes submerged in stream used for domestic purpose.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. Paratypes: 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) ascium Chaudhuri, Guha & Das Gupta, Bhutan, Thimpu (27.47, 89.46), 23. x. 1978, Coll. B. C. Nandi; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Bolpur (23.67, 87.61), 18. viii. 1977, Coll. A. Chatterjee’; 1 male labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Burdwan Town (23.23, 87.86), 03. iii. 1979, Coll. S. K. Nandi’; 2 males labelled India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Pukuria (26.49, 89.53), 11. vi. 1984, Coll. T. Dutta; 1 male labelled ‘ India, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), Coll. T. Mukherjee, 26. v. 2018.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species can be recognised by its characteristic axe shaped inferior volsella (Figure 5 A). Upon examination of the paratype specimens we found that the species have an outer lateral seta (Figure 5 B) at 0.5 – 0.62 from the apex which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981).	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBBFF05FC36FB526C9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The species having a wide temperature tolerance (eurythermic) is recorded from Thimpu, Bhutan (27.47. 89.46), a part of Himalaya Biodiversity hotspot, where summer temperature is 21 ° C and Sususnia Hills of Bankura during the course of this study where mercury reaches beyond 40 ° C during the summer.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined: Holotype male labelled ‘ ZRL 01096 CHINA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, Cong-hua District, River Liuxi, 26. x. 2014, light trap, Chao Song’; 1 male with pupal exuvia [reared], labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Bankura, Susunia Hills (23.67, 87.02), 28. iv. 2018, Coll. D. Mondal’; 5 males labelled ‘ India, Jharkhand, Dumka, Massanjore, (24.10, 87.29), 12. vii. 2003, Coll. S. Nath’. Pupa (n = 1) Total length of pupal exuviae 2.00. Antennal sheath 2.50 long. Wing sheath 5.00 long. Pupal exuviae pale yellow, hookrow and caudolateral spine dark brown. Cephalothorax (Figure 6 B). Frontal warts absent; cephalic tubercle cone shaped, 0.08 long, 0.06 broad at base, frontal setae absent. Basal ring (Figure 6 C) elliptical, 39 long and 21 – 24, 22 wide. Abdomen (Figure 6 D). T I bare. T II with uniform shagreen distribution and posterolateral, pedes spurii B. T III moderately dense spinules anteriorly and dense row of spinules posteriorly. T IV – V with patches of spinules at middle. Hookrow with ca. 47 hooklets arranged in a single row covering nearly 85.7 % of segment width. T VI with 3 bands of anterior, middle and posterior spinules; T VIII bare; T V – VI with 3 L-setae; T VII – VIII with 4 LS setae; LS setae on T V – VI arranged in a similar pattern: 2 anterior LS in a group and 1 posterolateral LS seta; 3 LS setae at 160, 580 and 833 of T V; 3 at 250, 430 and 630 of T VI; 4 at 130, 330, 600 and 730 of T VII; 4 at 80, 540, 750, and 940 of T VIII. Sternite IV with posterolateral pedes spurii A. Anal lobe (Figure 6 E). 150 long, 100 wide with 31 taeniae on each side. Caudolateral spur (Figure 6 F) with 3 smaller teeth of 11, 6, and 6 in length on T VIII with a strong spine of 46 long and 13.6 wide.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The lengths of antenna, wing (0.6), gonocoxite (37) and gonostylus of the Indian specimens of the species are shorter compared to the described Chinese counterparts. The number of squamal setae is greater in the Indian specimens (7 – 9). The anal point illustration of the species by Zhang et al. (2016) is much longer than those in the holotype specimens. Upon examining the slides we found that the anal point is shorter and more blunt (Figure 6 A).	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC8FFBAFF05F9ECFE486A2B.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The species herein is recorded in the Oriental China and eastern India. The pupa was collected from a spring in the Susunia Hills studded with vegetation of broad and deciduous leaves (Reddy et al. 2015) and the soft water having a pH around 7.8 in Chhotanagpur Plateau region of West Bengal, India. The vegetation is broad-leaved and deciduous (Reddy et al. 2015). The species has been found across the eastern fringes of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The pupa was also isolated from the rheobiontic zone of a fast flowing spring with decaying leaf of Shorea robusta Gaertn submerged in water.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBAFF05FC71FD5D6F8C.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined: 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma (BUENTD 275), India, Assam, Guwahati (26.14, 91.73), 20. xii. 2012, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 1 male labelled ‘ Paratype, Polypedilum (Tripodura) rectangulum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, Sikkim, Dentam (27.25, 88.13), 12. iv. 2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 1 male labelled ‘ Holotype Polypedilum lineatum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan, Raniganj (23.62, 87.11), 28. x. 1977, Coll. D. K. Guha’; 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum lineatum India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Falakata (26.51, 89.20), 26. v. 2019, Coll. K. Sow’. Male (n = 4) Hypopygium (Figure 7 A). Anal point 40 – 50 long, narrowly deflexed. Gonocoxite 40 – 80 long; gonostylus 120130 long; superior volsella 27 long, rectangular; inferior volsella 65 – 68 long with 2 long and 8 incurved setae. Remarks. The type specimen of Polypedilum (T.) rectangulum is found to have identical pattern of wing spots and hypopygium with P. (T.) lineatum but superior volsella is little different in shape. So, P. (T.) rectangulum is a junior synonym of P. (T.) lineatum. The COX 1 sequence of P. (T.) lineatum had ~ 3 % divergence (Figure 7 B) with the sequences in the data bases from Guanxi, China which is within the barcode gap for the species belonging to subgenus Tripodura (Song et al. 2016). Comparing the sequence of COX 1 and uploaded image in BOLD data system, the species may appear to be distributed also in the Oriental China.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBAFF05FC71FD5D6F8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. India: West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam; China: Guanxi. The specimens from India were collected from places near rivers. The distribution indicates that the species have probably dispersed through eastern syntaxial bend of the Himalayas (Assam Gateway).	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratypes 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Das-gupta, India, West Bengal, Lebong (27.05, 88.27), ix. 1978, Coll. P. K. Chaudhuri’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, West Bengal, Darjeeling (27.05, 88.25), 23. v. 1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larvae and pupae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, India, Sikkim, Jorethang (27.09, 88.36), 31. iii. 1996, Coll. N. Hazra’; 2 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ India, Sikkim, Gurudongmar Lake (28.00, 88.59), 04. iv. 2015, Coll. K. Sanyal’; 3 males labelled ‘ India, West Bengal, Matha (23.11, 86.06), 03. VII. 2019, Coll. T. Mukherjee’.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981 belongs to nubeculosum group due to the presence of horn – like superior volsella with a lateral seta which was overlooked by Chaudhuri et al. (1981). However, Hazra et al. (2003) mentioned the presence of one outer lateral seta on the superior volsella but no illustrative reference was given. The authors had mistakenly captioned the figures 4 and 5 as Polypedilum (Polypedilum) unispinum nom. nov. in the paper of Hazra et al. (2003) instead of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps. We observed that the specimens bear an outer seta on the anterior 1 / 3 of the superior volsella projection and 2 – 3 basal setae (Figure 8). The outer seta is positioned 0.36 – 0.4, 0.38 from the apex.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFC9FFBDFF05F894FE4B6D43.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. During this study the immature stages of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) nudiceps were collected from Himalayan montane streams and Lake Gurudongmar of Sikkim, a part of the eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot in India. Adult Polypedilum (P.) nudiceps was previously recorded from the eastern Himalayan foothills (Siliguri) to Ghum (2257 m), Jorebunglow (2250 m), Darjeeling (2010 m), Lebong (1820 m) and Kurseong (1481 m) (Chaudhuri et al. 1981). Hazra et al. (2003) reared the species after collecting the larvae from different springs and small streams of Jorethang (548 m) and Tadong (1524 m) of Sikkim, and Lebong and Happy Valley of Darjeeling, West Bengal. It has also been collected from the high altitude streams and Gurudongmar Lake (5226 m) where alpine conditions exist. This information is in contrary to Vårdal et al. (2002) as they reported the larvae of Polypedilum occur in all lentic and lotic waters, except at high altitude and latitude. This suggests that the species seems to be eurythermic. Its distribution ranges from foot hill to high altitude> 4000 m. The larvae of P. (P.) nudiceps have preference for shallow, slow flowing and standing water of soft organically enriched matters, aquatic plants, leaf axils, soft woods (epixylous), etc.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBDFF05FB59FCB86FE5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: Digital archive, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan; 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum (P.) tamanigrum Sasa, 1983, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Takdah (27.03, 88.36), 05. vi. 2019, Coll. D. Mondal’. Retrieval and examination of illustrations of three types including holotype from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBDFF05FB59FCB86FE5.taxon	discussion	Remarks (Figure 9). Examination of three Indian specimens along with the holotype retrieved from the digital archive of National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan and aligning the COX 1 sequence in NCBI, it may be said that the present species fully conforms with those studied in this investigation with the following combination of characters: AR 0.65 – 0.68, DC 12 – 14, Sct 8 – 10, biserial, superior volsella 0.078 – 0.081 mm long with middle outer lateral seta and two basal setae, and inferior volsella 0.093 – 0.095 mm long with 8 apical setae. The sequence has showed ~ 1 % divergence with MG 949983.1 (Figure 9 B).	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBCFF05F8F2FB3D6813.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male labelled ‘ (BUENTD 273), India, West Bengal, Hooghly, Tribeni (22.98, 88.38), 19. iii. 2001, Coll. U. K. Mandal’; 1 male data same as holotype.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFCEFFBCFF05F8F2FB3D6813.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species Polypedilum exterflexum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma has previously been unplaced subgenerically. But after careful study, it has been found to belong to the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. The combination of these characters in the male imagines justifies the inclusion of P. exterflexum Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma under the genus Stictochironomus: 1) wing membrane marked without setae, 2) anterior and posterior tibial combs of mid and hind legs fused, 3) T VIII not basally constricted and 4) inferior volsella bent laterad. The species differs from S. caffrarius Kieffer, 1921 in higher AR, shape of superior volsella and unmarked wings.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum flagellatum Chaudhuri, Guha and Dasgupta, 1981, India, West Bengal, Duars, Birparah (26.70, 89.13), Coll. T. Dutta, 21. vi. 1984 ’.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813.taxon	description	Description. Wing. R 2 + 3 separated from R 1; R 4 + 5 and M bare; squamal setae 10 – 14. Hypopygium. Apical setae of inferior volsella 10 – 14; median setae of T IX 1 – 13.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD1FFA5FF05F8E9FC4C6813.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After careful examination of the specimens we found that T VIII is not basally constricted; anterior and posterior tibial combs of fore and hind legs are not separate and inferior volsella is bent laterad. Based upon the mentioned characters we have come to the conclusion that the species belongs to the genus Stictochironomus. The superior volsella of the species is unique among the species of the genus.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FE69FD826ACC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Paratypes 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum obscurum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan (23.24, 87.84), 23. x. 1979, Coll. M. Ghosh’; 3 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum obscurum Guha and Chaudhuri, India, West Bengal, Burdwan (23.24, 87.84), 30. v. 1986, Coll. S. Chattopadhyay’; 4 males with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum aduncum Konar and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Parui village (23.33, 87.94), 10. v. 2015, Coll. S. Konar’; 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum aduncum Konar and Hazra, India, West Bengal, Kestopur village (23.24, 87.85), 20. x. 2015, Coll. S. Konar’.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FE69FD826ACC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chaudhuri and Chattopadhyay, 1990 transferred the species in the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. In the present study we consider Polypedilum (P.) aduncum Konar and Hazra, 2017 is a junior synonym of Stictochironomus obscurus (Guha and Chaudhuri).	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FBD5FE656F93.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male with larval and pupal exuviae [reared] labelled ‘ Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, West Bengal, Alipurduar Junction (26.52, 89.53), 29. x. 2012, Coll. K. Sanyal’; Paratypes 4 males, data as holotype; 2 males labelled ‘ Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma, India, West Bengal, Malda, Englishbazar (24.40, 88.28), 15. i. 2012, Coll. U. K. Mandal’.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA5FF05FBD5FE656F93.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species Polypedilum clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma was previously unplaced subgenerically. But after careful study, it has been found to be a member of the genus Stictochironomus Kieffer. The combination of these characters justifies the inclusion of P. clavipennae Hazra, Sanyal and Brahma under the genus Stictochironomus: Male. 1) Frontal tubercle present, 2) wing membrane marked without setae, 3) anterior and posterior tibial combs of mid and hind legs fused, 4) T VIII not basally constricted and 5) inferior volsella bent laterad. Pupa. 1) Cephalic tubercles well developed with long frontal setae, 2) anterior transverse bands of shagreen on T II – VI, 3) caudolateral comb with 5 – 6 teeth. Larva. 1) Antenna 6 - segmented, blades shorter than flagellum, 2) ventromental plates with well developed posterior lobes, and 3) mandible with 1 dark dorsal tooth. The pattern of the wing spots, shape of the anal point, superior and inferior volsellae, mophometric measurements like AR, VR, HR, and HV, and thoracic chaetotaxy leads us to the conclusion that P. (P.) clavipennae is a junior synonym of Stictochironomus polystictus.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 1 male labelled ‘ Polypedilum insolitum India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, Duars (26.49, 89.53), Coll. T. Dutta, 4. xi. 1983 ’; 2 males, labelled ‘ Polypedilum insolit u m, India, West Bengal, Alipurduar, BSN / Duars (26.49, 89.53), Coll. T. Dutta, 20. viii. 1984 ’.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22.taxon	discussion	Remarks (Figure 10). The club – shaped apical foreleg and longitudinal medial elevation of the abdomen of P. insolitum and characteristic wing pattern markings and hypopygium structure leads us to conclude that P. insolitum is a junior synonym of Z. marmorata.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
487687C5FFD6FFA4FF05F8A1FEE36B22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species has wide distribution occurring in all the Old World zoogeographical realms except the Afrotropical region. The species is reported from Oriental China, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, The Netherlands, and Sweden. The species Z. marmorata is for the first time reported from India in this study.	en	Mukherjee, Tuhar, Mukherjee, Bindarika, Hazra, Niladri (2020): Revision of the Oriental species of Polypedilum Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) with their phylogenetic relationship. Zootaxa 4820 (1): 31-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.3
