taxonID	type	description	language	source
28742CDC146C59DCBDE782F8B1E5E083.taxon	description	Fig. 2 A	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
28742CDC146C59DCBDE782F8B1E5E083.taxon	description	Description. The vertebra is large, wider than long, with a centrum that is procoelous and slightly dorsoventrally compressed. The neural canal is larger than both cotyle and condyle. The walls of the neural arch are robustly built, bearing a low but distinct carina neuralis. The prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses are dorsally elevated and extend laterally. A single transverse process is preserved and extends distally.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
5FDAFE8240885374A3209187926FC481.taxon	description	Fig. 3 A, B	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
5FDAFE8240885374A3209187926FC481.taxon	description	Description. In anterior view, the cotyle is rounded in outline. Paracotylar foramina are present on either side of the cotyle. The prezygapophyses are well-developed, and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are laterally extended. The zygosphene roof is thin and dorsally convex. The zygosphenal articular facets of the zygosphene are inclined dorsally. The neural canal is tunnel-like, with a width approximately equal to that of the cotyle. In posterior view, the condyle is circular in shape and proportionally similar in height and width. The neural arch is extremely depressed to depressed (vaulting ratio = 0.19 – 0.23). The zygantral area is deep and contains paired endozygantral foramina. In ventral view, the centrum is triangular and relatively short. Small paired subcentral foramina are visible flanking a well-developed, oblanceolate haemal keel that extends nearly to the condyle. Subcentral grooves are deep and long. Postzygapophyseal articular facets are oval. Synapophyses are clearly divided into diapophyses and parapophyses, with the absence of parapophyseal processes. In dorsal view, the vertebrae are slightly wider than long. The anterior margin of the zygosphene is straight with two blunt lobes on the lateral sides. The posterior median notch is distinct and deep. Prezygapophyseal articular facets are oval. In lateral view, both interzygapophyseal and subcentral ridges are straight. The neural spine is high, with the posterior end protruding above its base and the anterior end overhanging. Lateral foramina are present.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
91B799CA08E55172A2B26FE22A442BC1.taxon	description	Fig. 4 A	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
91B799CA08E55172A2B26FE22A442BC1.taxon	description	Description. In anterior view, the cotyle appears rounded and flanked by paracotylar foramina. The neural canal is large and circular. The prezygapophyses are well-developed, with the ending portions of their accessory processes prominently directed forward and slightly ventrally inclined. The zygosphene roof is straight, and its articular facets are dorsally tilted. In posterior view, the condyle is rounded and the neural arch is depressed (vaulting ratio = 0.24), with paired endozygantral foramina visible. In ventral view, the centrum is elongated and triangular in shape. Subcentral foramina are present, and both subcentral grooves and ridges are clearly defined. The haemal keel is well-developed and oblanceolate. Postzygapophyseal articular facets are oval. Epizygapophyseal spines are developed and directed posterolaterally. Diapophyses and parapophyses are clearly visible, though the parapophyseal processes are absent. In dorsal view, the vertebra is slightly laterally compressed. The anterior margin of the zygosphene is straight with two small, blunt lateral lobes. The posterior median notch is markedly deep. Prezygapophyseal articular facets are oval, and the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are well-developed, pointed, and directed anterolaterally. In lateral view, the interzygapophyseal and subcentral ridges are straight. The neural spine is damaged. The lateral foramina are observed.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
B8C4963B851E5B2BABD891D2430B5CA7.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
B8C4963B851E5B2BABD891D2430B5CA7.taxon	description	Description. In anterior view, the cotyle is rounded. In specimen ASIZF 0101052, paracotylar foramina are present, located on the lateral margins of the cotyle, whereas in specimen ASIZF 0101051, these foramina are not clearly visible. The prezygapophyses are well-developed, but the prezygapophyseal accessory processes are broken laterally. The zygosphene roof is dorsally convex and wider than the cotyle, with articular facets inclined dorsally. The neural canal is tunnel-like. In posterior view, the condyle is circular, with height similar to width. The neural arch is depressed (vaulting ratio = 0.22 – 0.25). The zygantral area is deep and the paired endozygantral foramina are present. In ventral view, the centrum is distinctly longer than wide and triangular in outline. A well-developed, oblanceolate haemal keel is present instead of a hypapophysis, almost reaching the condyle. Subcentral foramina are not clearly visible. The subcentral grooves are deep and long. Postzygapophyseal articular facets are oval. The paradiapophyses comprise a laterallysalient diapophysis and an almost flat parapophysis. In dorsal view, the anterior edge of the zygosphene is straight with two small pointed lobes on the lateral sides. The posterior median notch is distinctly deep. Prezygapophyseal articular facets are oval. In lateral view, the height of the neural spine is indeterminate in specimen ASIZF 0101051 due to poor preservation, whereas it is very high in ASIZF 0101052. Both interzygapophyseal and subcentral ridges are distinct. Lateral foramina are present.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
279252DD2CC1576310B925A70ED38170.taxon	description	Fig. 6 A, B	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
279252DD2CC1576310B925A70ED38170.taxon	materials_examined	Material. Two caudal vertebrae (ASIZF 0101046 – 1047).	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
279252DD2CC1576310B925A70ED38170.taxon	description	Description. In anterior view, the cotyle is rounded. Paracotylar foramina are present, located on the lateral margins of the cotyle. The prezygapophyseal accessory processes and pleurapophyses are developed and pointed in specimen ASIZF 0101046, but they are broken laterally in specimen ASIZF 0101047. The zygosphene roof is dorsally convex and about the same width as the cotyle, with articular facets inclined dorsally. The neural canal is tunnel-like. In posterior view, the condyle is circular, with height similar to width. The neural arch is depressed (vaulting ratio = 0.23). The zygantral area is deep and the paired endozygantral foramina are present. In ventral view, the centrum is distinctly longer than wide. Well-developed haemapophyses are partially present in specimen ASIZF 0101046, almost reaching the condyle. Subcentral foramina are visible. Postzygapophyseal articular facets are oval in ASIZF 0101046. In dorsal view, the posterior median notch is distinctly deep in specimen ASIZF 0101046. Prezygapophyseal articular facets are oval. In lateral view, the height of the neural spine is indeterminate in ASIZF 0101047 due to poor preservation, whereas it is high in ASIZF 0101046. Both interzygapophyseal and subcentral ridges, and lateral foramina are distinct in ASIZF 0101046.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
279252DD2CC1576310B925A70ED38170.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The caudal vertebrae closely resemble those of Elaphe as described by Ratnikov (2022), particularly in terms of their elongated morphology from anterior to posterior, and well-developed haemapophyses and pleurapophyses. However, colubrid caudal vertebrae are often not suitable for genus-level determination.	en	Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Lin, Si-Min, Chien, Chi-Wei, Lin, Te-En, Nazir, Haroon, Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (2025): First fossil frog and snake assemblage from southern Taiwan: a window into Pleistocene herpetofauna and palaeoenvironments in subtropical East Asia. Fossil Record 28 (2): 293-308, DOI: 10.3897/fr.28.164568
