taxonID	type	description	language	source
706095C3DB9E39E1F237456D0CBA65E7.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. The following specimens are available through Boldsystems Public Data Portal and MZH for photo examination and include: Finland: 1 ♂ COLFA 145 - 10, Northern Ostrobothnia (= Oesterbotten), Oulu, ex larva April 2005, leg. Mikko Pentinsaari, Marko Mutanen, id MP 00407, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 177 - 10, SW Finland, Eurajoki (N. Rauma), ex larva 1996, Salix phylicifolia, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00439, ZMUO; 1 ♀ COLFA 178 - 10, Nylandia, Uusimaa, Espoo, ex larva 1997, Populus tremula, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00440, ZMUO; 1 ♀ COLFA 179 - 10, Nylandia, Uusimaa, Espoo, ex larva 1996, Populus tremula, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00441, ZMUO; 1 ♀ COLFA 180 - 10, SW Finland, Satakunta, Rauma, ex larva 1982, Populus tremula, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00442, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 182 - 10, SW Finland, Mynaemaeki, ex larva 1996, Salix caprea, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00444, ZMUO; 1 ♀ COLFA 186 - 10, SW Finland, Lappi (SE Rauma), ex larva 1992, Salix caprea, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00448, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 188 - 10, Uusimaa, Nylandia, Kirkkonummi (= SE Lohja), ex larva 2003, leg. Erkki Laasonen, id MP 00450, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 189 - 10, Satakunta, SW Rauma, ex larva 1982, Populus tremula, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00451, ZMUO; 1 ♀ COLFA 190 - 10, Satakunta, Rauma, ex larva 1991, Salix phylicifolia, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00452, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 575 - 12, Nylandia, Uusimaa, Vartiokylae (= SE Vantaa), 2008 - 06 - 27, leg. Sami Haapala, id MP 00452, ZMUO; 1 ♀ Porvoo, 31.12.1965 (ex larva), leg. H. Valtari, MZH; 1 ♀ Turku (= Abo), 2.2.1971 (ex larva), leg. E. Linnaluoto, MZH; 1 ♀ Ruokolahti, Haloniemi, 22.6.1948, leg. W. Hellen, MZH; 1 ♀ Ruokolahti, Rasila, Patjasuo, 22.6.1948, collector unknown, MZH; 1 ♀ Kuhmoinen, collection date not available, leg. M. Pohjola, MZH; 1 ♀ Kirkkonummi, 4.6.1919, leg. Hakan Lindberg, MZH; 1 ♀ Borga, Seitlax, 18.6.1920, leg. Thuneberg, MZH; 1 ♀ Kouvola, Voikkaa, date not available, leg. Paulamo, MZH; 1 ♀ Kangasala (= E. Tampere), collection date not available, leg. Groenblom, MZH; 1 ♀ Haemeenlinna, Vanaja, 31.12.1957 (ex larva), leg. Valkeila, MZH; 1 ♀ Mikkeli, 30.1.2001 (ex larva), leg. M. Koponen, MZH; 1 ♀ Kankaanpaeae, collection date not available, leg. M. Pohjola, MZH; 1 ♀ Kokemaeki, Kauvatsa, 2.7.1934, leg. R. Elfving, MZH; 1 ♀ Parikkala, Laurila, 16 - 27.6.1940, leg. S. Hellen, MZH; 1 ♀ Kouvola, Kuusankoski, 31.12.1986 (ex larva), leg. J. Jantunen, MZH; 1 ♂ Lapua, 31.12.1971 (ex larva), leg. R. Jaervenpaeae, MZH; 1 ♂ Keuruu, 31.12.1971 (ex larva), leg. R. Jaervenpaeae, MZH; 1 ♀ Jyvaeskylae, 30.01.1975 (ex larva), leg. J. Jalava, MZH; 1 ♀ Pieksaemaeki, 30.01.1975 (ex larva), leg. J. Jalava, MZH; 1 ♂ Kuopio, collection date not available, leg. Kurkiharju, MZH; 1 ♀ Kitee, 31.12.1938 (ex larva), leg. J. Kaisila, MZH; 1 ♀ Juuka, 2.7.1949, leg. Wegelius, MZH; 1 ♀ Joensuu, collection date not available, J. Carpelan, MZH; 1 ♀ Hangoe (= Hankoe), Lappvik, 16.6.2009, leg. H. Silfverberg, MZH; 1 ♀ Parainen, Nauvo, 16.6.1960, leg. A. Nordman, MZH; 1 ♂ Loppi, 30.6.1943, leg. A. Saarinen, MZH. Russia: 1 ♂ Republic of Karelia, Viipuri (= Vyborg), 18.6.1920, leg. Thuneberg, MZH; 1 ♀ Leningrad (= St. Petersburg) Oblast, Kuolemajaervi (Pionerskoye), 10.6.1917, leg. M. Ivaschinzeff, MZH; 1 ♀ Republic of Karelia, Impilahti (= Impilaks), collection date not available, leg. Forsius, MZH.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
706095C3DB9E39E1F237456D0CBA65E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S. populnea is the most widespread and variable species within the genus, with populations occurring in almost the entire Palaearctic region from the British Isles in the west to Far East of Russia and China in the east (Loebl and Smetana 2010). S. populnea populnea is common in Fennoscandia, although less frequently found in Norway in the past. It was recorded from Northern Norway (Strand 1946, Bily and Mehl 1989, Ehnstroem and Holmer 2007). We have not seen any of these specimen (s) from Northern or Western Norway and consequently, we do not know the identity of the subspecies. Distribution patterns over the past 200 years in Sweden show stable populations in the southern provinces, with only a few records in the Northern provinces, mainly along the coast (Lindhe et al. 2010). Most records of the examined specimens of S. populnea populnea from Fennoscandia are from coastal areas in southern Norway and Finland and numerous inland records from southern Sweden and Finland. Only a few specimens have been recorded in inland, northern Sweden (Fig. 13).	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
706095C3DB9E39E1F237456D0CBA65E7.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Females form a " U-shaped mark " in the bark of Populus tremula, on stems and branches 1 - 2 cm in diameter, forming a lid under which an egg is deposited. Usually, a single larva is tunnelling in the centre of the branch of living aspens, where the host tree responds by forming a more or less distinct gall (Ehnstroem and Axelsson 2002, Lindhe et al. 2010). An attack by female larvae often results in larger galls than those initiated by male larvae (Fig. 12 c). Normally, only scattered attacks can be found in the same habitat with only one or two galls on the same stem or twig. Damages caused by mass attack of S. populnea populnea have been observed in many European countries (e. g. Schwenke 1974) as well as in Asia (e. g. Cherpanov 1991). In Sweden, Populus plantations have been severely damaged (Ehnstroem and Axelsson 2002). Today the species has become less abundant in Sweden. Only few and scattered records are known from northern Sweden (Lindhe et al. 2010). The development takes 2 years. The biology and larval morphology of S. populnea has been dealt with by many authors (e. g. Duffy 1953, Demelt 1966, Schwenke 1974, Cherepanov 1991, Svacha 2001, Ehnstroem and Axelsson 2002). We have included specimens of S. populnea populnea from all Fennoscandian countries and as many northern records as possible (Fig. 13).	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
E7CAA45AB9553DD69D74FA4C2769E584.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. The following specimens collected in Finland and available (through Boldsystems Public Data Portal) for photo examination includes: 1 ♀ COLFA 181 - 10, Lapland, Inari, 1980 - 07 - 11, leg. Erkki Laasonen, id MP 00443, ZMUO; 1 ♂ COLFA 187 - 10, Lapland, Inari, 1993 - 08 - 26, leg. Juhani Itaemies, id MP 00449, ZMUO.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
E7CAA45AB9553DD69D74FA4C2769E584.taxon	description	Description. A relatively small to medium-sized and subcylindrical subspecies with body length 9.5 - 13.0 mm in females and 8.0 - 12.0 mm in males, according to measurements from the present study. Body 3.1 times longer than wide in females and 3.4 times longer than wide in males (Fig. 6 b-c, e-f). Integument black, the compressed pubescence is yellowish to whitish (most northern populations) (Figs 6 c, f) to reduced orange-brown pubescence (southern populations) (Fig. 6 b, e). Elytra with numerous long erected dark brown hairs. The pubescence in the southern populations is relatively dense in both sexes. The yellowish to whitish pubescence in the northernmost populations (above the Arctic Circle) is strongly reduced resulting in exposed and shining integument in both sexes. The orange-brown pubescence is present but weakly extended laterally in females from southern populations and the yellowish to whitish pubescence in females from northern populations very weak laterally (Fig. 8 b). Head in females. Frons convex and broader than long (about 5 times broader than the width of one eye lobe), eyes with lower eye lobes slightly longer than broad and as long as gena below it. Genae posteriorly with long fringes of yellowish or whitish hairs and genae evenly narrowing towards mouthparts resulting in head being more " rounded " (Fig. 9 b). Frons weakly covered with yellowish to whitish pubescence, and numerous dark brown, long and erected hairs. The area between antennal segments is shallowly impressed. Frons densely covered with orange-brown pubescence and numerous dark brown, long erect hairs. Genae posteriorly with long fringes of orange-brown hairs. Head in males: Frons convex and broader than long (about 4 times broader than the width of one eye lobe), eyes with lower eye lobes longer than broad and about 3 times longer than the short gena below. Head with frons rounded, genae straight and acutely narrowing towards mouthparts, frons weakly covered with whitish or orange- brown pubescence and numerous dark brown, long and erected hairs. Genae posteriorly with long fringes of orange-brown hairs. The area between antennal segments is shallowly impressed. Mouthparts. Frontoclypeal margin has a fringe of relatively long whitish pubescence and long, brown, suberect hairs. Clypeus glabrous except at base. Labrum with appressed, whitish pubescence and numerous long, suberect, orange-brown setae. Antennae. Short, slender, at the most extending beyond the middle of elytra by 2 - 3 antennomeres in females (Fig. 6 b-c). In males, the antennae reach by 3 - 4 antennomeres past the middle; thus, antennae are always shorter than body in males (Fig. 6 e-f). The segments from third segment are annulate. Annulation on antennal segments greyish and covering about 3 / 4 of the anterior part of each antennal segment. The subconical, third segment is longer than first and fourth. Scape slender and coarsely punctured with a combination of large and small, shallow punctures and long black hairs. Thorax. Pronotum subcylindrical, slightly broader than long, lacking lateral spines. Pronotal disk convex, weak median line often with a glabrous and shining area medially, base shallowly impressed, coarse punctures except medially, densely covered with long erect and brown hairs, two broad lateral yellowish stripes with a weak median line interrupted medially. Prosternum densely pubescent with yellowish and whitish hairs. Elytra. 2.6 - 3.0 times longer than broad in females and 2.7 - 3.1 times longer than broad in males. No distinct carinae present on elytra. Parallel and weakly narrowing towards apices, apices narrowing and rounded, punctures coarse, deep, contiguous towards humeri and apices and confluent medially (especially in males where confluent punctures form short and weakly raised ridges transversally on each elytron), pubescence relatively weak to dense. There are generally eight relatively distinct and small to relatively large, yellowish to whitish spots on elytra, arranged in pairs: the first and third near the suture, spots in the third pair often elongated transversally or even divided into two spots each, spots in the fourth pair elongated transversally and placed on the middle of elytra in females (Fig. 6 b-c), Females from northern populations have irregular spots of yellowish to whitish pubescence between the third and fourth pair of spots and towards apices. No missing spots were seen in any of the examined specimens, but a few old worn specimens had very small i. e. obsolete spots on the elytra. The remaining part of elytra is covered with scattered yellowish or whitish pubescence and numerous long brown hairs. Scutellum. " U-shaped " and weakly covered with whitish hairs (southern populations) or entire scutellum glabrous (most northern populations). Hind wing. About 11.0 mm long in females and 9.0 mm long in males (Fig. 11 b-c). Covered with weak smoky tint. Several veins are broken with apical portions not connected to basal portions. MP 3 (rudimentary), MP 4 and AA vein broken. Radial cell very strong and complete. Legs. Relatively short, densely covered with fine whitish pubescent including tarsi, tarsal claws lacking a process. Venter. Densely covered with whitish to yellowish pubescence in both sexes, prosternal process narrow and flattened anteriorly. Mesosternum and abdominal ventrites are densely covered with yellowish or whitish pubescence and numerous yellowish and long, erected hairs. Posterior margin of sternite VII rounded and often deeply notched on medially. Male terminalia. Aedeagus 2.0 - 2.3 mm long, evenly curved towards apex and compressed dorso-ventrally (Fig. 10 f), dorsal surface smooth and shining with apical part weakly narrowed towards apex (Fig. 10 c-d). Tegmen with parameres 2.1 - 2.5 mm longer and straight dorso-ventrally (Fig. 10 l). Parameres acutely narrowing towards apex, with dorsal surface glabrous and shining, or (rarely) with entire surface densely covered with punctures and suberected setae. The inner margins well-separated and diverging towards apices (Figs 10 i-j). Tergite VIII 0.6 - 1.0 mm long, relatively large and rounded with the posterior margin concave in the middle and densely covered with white pubescence and numerous long brown hairs (Fig. 10 p-q). Sclerites inside internal sac 1.7 - 2.1 mm long consisting of three parallel " shaft-like " structures, of which the apical end (top) is elongated and posterior end blunt and acutely narrowing towards posterior end (Fig. 10 n). The colour of male genitalia is yellowish to dark brown. Female terminalia. Tignum almost straight, 6.5 - 8.2 mm long (width 0.1 - 0.2 mm at the widest point apically). Tergite VIII posterior margin (width: 1.0 mm) with a few brown hairs. The colour is brown. Spermathecal capsule: strongly sclerotised, yellowish, round and supplied with a short shaft, diameter: 0.5 mm.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
E7CAA45AB9553DD69D74FA4C2769E584.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is an adjective used as a substantive in the genitive case derived from the specific name of the host plant Salix lapponum.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
E7CAA45AB9553DD69D74FA4C2769E584.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The distribution of S. populnea lapponica ssp. n. is within the distribution of Salix lapponum in Fennoscandia (Hulten 1971). The most southern populations of S. populnea lapponica ssp. n. occur near Trysil, Norway, while the most northern populations occur north of the Arctic Circle (Fig. 13). Since Salix lapponum is distributed eastwards in Siberia approximately to the Jenisej Valley (Hulten and Fries 1986), it is possible that S. populnea lapponica ssp. n. has a much wider distribution in Russia than we are able to show in the present paper.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
E7CAA45AB9553DD69D74FA4C2769E584.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The attacks are similar to S. populnea populnea where females form a " U-shaped lid " in the bark under which an egg is deposited. Stems and branches around 1 - 2 cm in diameter are used. However, normally no galls are formed by the host tree (Fig. 12 a-b). The attacks can be massive and one single stem can contain up to 30 attacks (Fig. 12 a). Larvae can live during a number of consecutive years since old exit holes are present together with live larvae. It is, therefore, likely that several generations of beetles can develop within the same stem of Salix lapponum. Exit holes are normally slightly larger when made by female beetles compared to male, reflecting the differences in size and shape. The development takes at least 2 years, since both small and full-grown larvae were found in stems of Salix lapponum after adults had emerged. The localities are wetter than localities where S. populnea populnea are found, since Populus tremula do not occur in biotopes where S. lapponum occur. As a consequence, S. populnea populnea and S. populnea lapponica ssp. n. live in well separated habitats. In addition, parasites including wasps and flies frequently attack S. populnea populnea (Schwenke 1974, Pulkinn and Yang 1984, Georgiev 2001). Very few such parasites have been collected from stems attacked by S. populnea lapponica ssp. n. which might be due to climatic factors. However, we did recover two parasitoid wasps of the family Ichneumonidae from downy willow hatching wood with Saperda populnea lapponica ssp. n. attacks. These were identified as one Poemenia hectica (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Poemeniinae) and one Campopleginae, possibly belonging to the genus Pyracmon (det. Jacek Hilszczanski). Unfortunately, the second specimen was damaged during post transfer and could therefore not be identified with certainty. While Campopleginae includes species known as parasitoids of saproxylic beetles, Poemenia is known as a parasitoid of wood-nesting wasp larvae, so that it may not have been (directly) related to the Saperda populnea lapponica ssp. n. larvae.	en	Wallin, Henrik, Kvamme, Torstein, Bergsten, Johannes (2017): To be or not to be a subspecies: description of Saperdapopulnealapponica ssp. n. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) developing in downy willow (Salixlapponum L.). ZooKeys 691: 103-148, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.691.12880
