taxonID	type	description	language	source
4E60FD07FFFCFFFF39D6ED2AE4C3FD3B.taxon	description	Female holotype Length: 3.0 mm. Colour: Head, body, and legs pale yellow, flagellomeres light brown with pale yellow, especially apically (Figure 1 (b )). Fore wing hyaline, venation yellow. Head, in frontal view (Figure 2 (a )), 1.4 X as broad as high, 1.5 X as broad as frontovertex at its narrowest; malar space 0.8 X as long as an eye, the sulcus curved, without a triangular fovea beneath the eye; POL 1.1 X OOL, OOL 2.8 X OD; mandible bidentate with a truncation; head finely setose, eyes sparsely setose, setae short, ~ 1 ommatidial diameter (Figure 2 (a )); lower margins of toruli approximately one torulus diameter below lower eye margins; clypeus shallowly emarginate (Figure 2 (a )). Antenna (Figure 2 (d – h )) with scape 5.2 X as long as broad, a little shorter than the height of eye, almost reaching vertex; pedicel approximately 2.5 X as long as broad, 1.5 X as long as basal funicle segment; one transverse anellus present; funicle threesegmented, segments about equal in size, or progressively decreasing a little in size, F 1 3.3 X, F 2 3.8 X, F 3 3.8 X as long as broad; clava 5.0 X as long as broad; apical spine short, distinctly shorter than apical segment (Figure 2 (h )); sensilla sparse, flagellum rather sparsely setose (Figure 2 (g – h )). Mesosoma (Figure 2 (b – c )) 1.7 X as long as broad; mesoscutum in profile gently convex dorsally, in dorsal view gently rounded laterally; mesoscutal midlobe just longer than broad, with trace of median line posteromedially (difficult to see without high magnification), with 1 adnotaular seta at each side in posterior third; mesoscutum with very fine lineate sculpture; scutellum convex in profile, 1.5 X broader than long with sublateral and submedian lines (difficult to see without high magnification); sculpture much as in mesoscutum; scutellum with 2 pairs of setae; dorsellum convex, smooth, medially about as long as propodeum; propodeum with median carina indistinct, with curved spiracular sulcus mesad reminiscent of paraspiracular carina, with very fine reticulate sculpture; spiracles less than their own diameter from anterior propodeal margin (Figure 2 (c )); calli each with 2 setae. Fore wing (Figure 1 (b )) 2.2 X as long as broad; costal cell 16 X as long as broad, 0.8 X length marginal vein, asetose; submarginal vein with 1 dorsal seta; marginal vein 5.7 X as long as stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein not apparent; subcubital line of setae extending basally as far as basal setal line, closing speculum posteriorly; longest marginal cilia (at the apex of marginal vein) about 0.6 X as long as longest setae on marginal. Metasoma 1.2 X longer than mesosoma, somewhat circular in dorsal view, just longer than broad, broadly rounded apically; epipygium 1.6 X as long as broad; hypopygium reaching to about half the length of gaster; ovipositor sheaths short hardly protruding apically; one cercal seta twice length others and kinked. Male Length: 1.9 mm. Colour: much as in female except following brown: vertex; pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum in anterior half, except along notauli; dorsellum, propodeum, metapleuron, gastral terga 3 – 8. Differing structurally from the female mainly in the antenna (Figure 2 (d – f )): scape with a linear ventral plaque, placed in apical half and extending from near apex to beyond mid length of scape (Figure 2 (f )); a single anellus present; funicle four-segmented, F 1 1.0 X F 2 2.0 X, F 3 2.7 X, F 4 2.8 X as long as broad, each broadest basally and narrowing apically; clava 5.0 X as long as broad; flagellum sparsely setose, the setae on funicle segments fairly long, slightly curved, basal dorsal whorls on F 1 – 4 reaching beyond following segment. Some clava sensilla strongly recurved (Figure 2 (d – e )). Variation One male has additional brown colouration anteriorly on gastral tergum 1, encircling petiole base.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFFCFFFF39D6ED2AE4C3FD3B.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named in honour of our friend and colleague, Dr John La Salle, for his good humour and love of Chalcidoidea. He will be missed.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFFCFFFF39D6ED2AE4C3FD3B.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology Larva is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of mature larva of lychee gall midge, Litchiomyia chinensis.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFFCFFFF39D6ED2AE4C3FD3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and recognition. This species is recognised by female completely yellow, clypeus slightly emarginate (both sexes), and male with strongly recurved sensilla on clava. This species keys to the anysis - group to a large extent, ultimately to couplet 20 in Graham 1991 where it splits the diagnostic features with three of five characters leading to Q. anysis. However, Q. lasallei differs from Q. anysis in completely pale yellow colouration in female (areas of brown / black on head and metasoma, mesosoma mostly black), scape reaching the level of vertex (not reaching vertex), clypeus notched (not subtruncate), and recurved sensilla on male clava (straight). Biologically, Q. anysis is known from Monarthropalpus buxi Laboulbène (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that mines the leaves of Buxus spp. (box; Buxaceae) throughout Europe and North America. In the key of Narendran (2007), this species runs to Q. longiclavatus Narendran, but differs in claval spine 0.2 X the length of clava (0.52 X) and female completely yellow (largely black). The biology and male are unknown for Q. longiclavatus. Finally, in the Reina and La Salle (2004) key to Old World species of the anysis - group, Q. lasallei runs to Q. citrella Reina & LaSalle, as both share F 1 shorter than F 2, and speculum extending ~ 0.2 – 0.3 X length marginal vein, but all gastral terga yellow (dark brown band on gastral terga 3 – 4) and propodeum distinctly reticulate (sculpture much smoother). Further, Q. citrella is an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) whereas Q. lasallei is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of L. chinensis.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFFCFFFF39D6ED2AE4C3FD3B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Female holotype, 1 female: TAIWAN: Changhua Co.: Fenyuan Township, No. 139 Fongshan Rd., 24 ° 00 ʹ 9.2 ” N 120 ° 37 ʹ 32.3 ” E, 19. IX. 2018, Heyieh, Coll. Yi-Min Chao; sp. 2, female # 6; USNMENT 01525925 (NCHUC). 2 female, 3 male paratypes, same data as holotype (NCHU). 2 female, 3 male paratypes, same data as holotype, except secondary labels are sp. 2, female # 5, USNMENT 01525926 (1 f, USNM); sp. 2 female # 6, USNMENT 01525927 (1 f, NHMUK); sp. 2 male # 7, USNMENT 01525928 (1 m, USNM); sp. 2 male # 7, USNMENT 01525929 (1 m, NHMUK); sp. 2 male # 7, USNMENT 01525924 (1 m, CNCI). 1 female paratype, same locality and collector as holotype, except date 13. XI. 2018 (1 f, NCHU). 1 female paratype: Nantou Co.: Caotun Township, Jianxing Rd., 23 ° 59 ʹ 39.7 ” N 120 ° 46 ʹ 18.1 ” E, 6. IX. 2018, Coll. Yi-Min Chao; sp. 1 male # 4, USNMENT 01525920 (1 f, CNCI). 1 female, 4 male paratypes: TAIWAN: Taichung City: Taiping Dist., Guangxing Rd., No. 60 2140 th S. Ln., 24 ° 07 ʹ 42.4 ” N 120 ° 44 ʹ 17.1 ” E, 21. XI. 2018, em. 29. XI. 2018, Coll. Yi-Min Chao (1 f, 2 m, NCHU); same collected date except em. 27. XI. 2018 (2 f, NCHU).	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	description	Female Holotype. Length: 4.0 mm. Colour: Head, mesosoma, fore coxa, ovipositor sheaths, and gaster dorsally dark brown (except as noted beyond); antenna, middle and hind legs, gaster (anterodorsal quarter, anterolateral two-thirds, anteroventral two-thirds, dorsolaterally on gastral tergum 5) pale yellow (Figure 1 (a )). Fore wing hyaline, venation yellow. Head, in frontal view (Figure 3 (a )), 1.5 X as broad as high, 1.7 X as broad as frontovertex at its narrowest; malar space 0.6 X as long as an eye, the sulcus slightly curved, without a triangular fovea beneath the eye; POL 3.2 X OOL, OOL 1.3 X OD; mandible tridentate; head finely setose, eyes very sparsely setose, setae short, <1 ommatidial diameter (Figure 3 (a )); lower margins of toruli approximately two torulus diameter above lower eye margins; clypeus bilobate (Figure 3 (a )). Antenna (Figure 3 (d – h )) with scape 3.6 X as long as broad, longer than the length of an eye, just exceeding vertex; pedicel approximately 2.5 X as long as broad, 1.5 X as long as basal funicle segment; one transverse anellus present; funicle three-segmented, F 1 just shorter than the subequal F 2 – F 3, F 1 2.6 X, F 2 3.8 X, F 3 3.8 X as long as broad; clava 5.0 X as long as broad; apical spine ~ 0.8 X length apical segment; sensilla sparse, flagellum rather sparsely setose (Figure 3 (d – e )). Mesosoma (Figure 3 (b – c )) 1.3 X as long as broad; mesoscutum in profile gently convex dorsally, in dorsal view gently rounded laterally; mesoscutal midlobe approximately as long as broad, with fine median line; with 2 adnotaular setae at each side, in posterior half; mesoscutum with very fine lineate sculpture; scutellum convex in profile, 1.2 X broader than long with submedian lines; sculpture as in mesoscutum; scutellum with 2 pairs of setae; dorsellum convex, smooth, medially about as long as propodeum; propodeum without median carina, with curved spiracular sulcus mesad reminiscent of paraspiracular carina, with very fine reticulate sculpture; spiracles ~ 1 x their own diameter from anterior propodeal margin; cali each with 2 setae. Fore wing (Figure 1 (a )) 2.2 X as long as broad; costal cell 15.0 X as long as broad, 0.7 X length of marginal vein, asetose; submarginal vein with 1 dorsal seta; marginal vein 3.0 X as long as stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein 0.3 X stigmal; subcubital line of setae extending basally as far as basal setal line, closing speculum posteriorly; longest marginal cilia ~ 1.4 X as long as longest setae on marginal vein. Metasoma elongate, 2.6 X longer than mesosoma, 2.0 X longer than broad, tapered apically; epipygium 2.3 X longer than broad; hypopygium reaching to about 0.3 X the length of gaster; ovipositor sheaths short, hardly protruding apically; one cercal seta twice length others and curved. Male Length: 3.1 mm. Colour: much as in female except following lacking anterodorsal yellow patches on gastral tergum 5 and all coxae brown. Differing structurally from the female mainly in the antenna (Figure 3 (f – h )): scape with a linear ventral plaque, placed in middle half (Figure 3 (f )); a single transverse anellus present; funicle four-segmented, F 1 2.0 X, F 2 2.5 X, F 3 2.5 X, F 4 2.8 X, as long as broad, all broadest basally and narrowing apically, clava 8.3 X as long as broad; flagellum sparsely setose, the setae on funicle segments fairly long, slightly curved, basal dorsal whorls on F 1 – 4 reaching beyond following segment; clava sensilla not recurved (Figure 3 (g – h )). Variation One female has the dorsoapical margin of gastral tergum 6 yellow and basal ¼ hind coxa brown.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and recognition. This species keys to the anysis - group to a large extent, ultimately to couplet 21 where it roughly matches diagnostic features of Q. xanthosoma, namely the elongate metasoma and epipygium. However, Q. johnlasallei differs from Q. xanthosoma in having brown head and mesosoma, partially brown metasoma (head and body mostly to wholly yellow), female clava 5.0 X as long as broad (3.0 X), clypeus bilobate (straight). Quadrastichus xanthosoma is known from Europe and USSR where it attacks Massalongia spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Betula spp. (Noyes 2019). In the key of Narendran (2007), ours runs to Q. suhderi Narendran and roughly matches in overall colouration, 2 adnotaular setae and hypopygium not extending to middle of gaster, but differs in lacking characteristic banding patterns on the middle and hind femur and tibia (legs wholly yellow). Biologically, Q. sudheri is phytophagous in tender shoots of mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), causing desiccation of the branches in India. Finally, in the Reina and La Salle (2004) key to Old World species of the anysis - group, Q. johnlasallei runs to Q. anysis Reina & LaSalle as both share mesoscutum dark brown and male ventral plaque ~ 0.5 X scape length, but differ in speculum ~ 0.5 X length MV (0.2 X), but dark brown band on gastral terga 3 – 4 (most gastral terga brown) and propodeum distinctly reticulate (sculpture effaced reticulate). Further, Q. citrella is an idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the leafminer P. citrella in SE Asia and parts of Europe whereas Q. anysis is known from M. buxi that mines the leaves of Buxus spp. throughout Europe and North America.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named in honour of our friend and colleague, Dr John La Salle, for his numerous contributions to our knowledge of Eulophidae.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology This species was reared from leaf blister galls of Litchiomyia chinensis. Its specific biology within the gall remains unknown.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Female holotype, 1 female: TAIWAN: Nantou Co.: Caotun Township, Jianxing Rd., 23 ° 59 ʹ 39.7 ” N 120 ° 46 ʹ 18.1 ” E, 15. VIII. 2018, em 15. VIII. 2018, Coll. Yi-Min Chao; sp. 3 female # 9; USNMENT 01525920 (NCHUC). 2 female paratypes, same data as holotype, except dates are 27. VII. 18, em. 14. VIII. 2018; secondary label reads: sp. 3, female # 8, USNMENT 01525921 (NHMUK); USNMENT 01525922 (CNCI). 2 females, same data as holotype, except dates are 25. VII. 2018, em. 20. VIII. 2018; secondary label reads: sp. 1, male # 3, USNMENT 01525919 (NCHUC); USNMENT 01525918 (NHMUK). 1 female paratype, same data as holotype, except dates are 18. V. 2018, em. 15. VII. 2018 (1 f, NCHU). 3 females, 3 male paratypes: TAIWAN: Changhua Co.: Fenyuan Township, No. 139 Zhongshan Rd., 24 ° 00 ʹ 9.2 ” N 120 ° 37 ʹ 32.3 ” E, 19. IX. 2018, Heyieh, Coll. Yi-Min Chao; sp. 2 female # 6, USNMENT 01525917 (1 f, USNM); same locality, dates and secondary labels as follows: 15. VIII. 18, em. 9. IX. 2018, sp. 3 male # 11, USNMENT 01525916 (1 m, USNM); 25. V. 18, em. 21. IX. 2018, sp. 3 female # 10, USNMENT 01525915 (1 f, NCHUC); 16. VIII. 18, em. 15. IX. 2018, sp. 3 male # 12, USNMENT 01525912 (1 m NHMUK); 13. IX. 18, em. 21. IX. 2018, sp. 1 female # 1, USNMENT 01525914 (1 f, USNM); 19. IX. 18, em. 22. IX. 2018, sp. 2 female # 11, USNMENT 01525913 (1 f, CNCI); same locality and collector, 12. III. 2018 (1 f, NCHU). 3 female paratypes: TAIWAN: Chiayi Co.: East Dist., No. 2 Minquan Rd., 23 ° 29 ʹ 07.7 ” N 120 ° 28 ʹ 13.5 ” E, 14. VIII. 2018 Coll. Yi-Min Chao, em. 3. IX. 2018 (2 f, NCHU); em. 6. IX. 2018 (1 f, NCUH).	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
4E60FD07FFF8FFF239F9EAD4E410FCEB.taxon	discussion	We hope that this work will stimulate research on Quadrastichus worldwide, especially larger regional treatments. However, the necessity of recent work to date on various pestiferous / beneficial Quadrastichus (Kim et al., 2004; Kim et al. 2008; Prinsloo and Kelly 2009; Jansen-Gonázlez et al. 2019) is undeniable and underscores the need for further research.	en	Gates, Michael W., Chao, Yi-Min, Lin, Sheng-Feng, Yang, Man-Miao (2020): Description of two new Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from Litchiomyia chinensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on commercial lychee (Litchi chinensis; Sapindaceae) in Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 54 (9): 635-646, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1779367
