taxonID	type	description	language	source
4C4A878EC93CC672C74CFCB6FB12F82F.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2, 3, 4) TYPUS. — French Guiana. Montagnes Plomb, inv. code PG 18 - 63 A 3, 355 m, 4 ° 59 ’ N, 52 ° 59 ’ W, fr., 18. X. 2004, Sabatier et al. 4891 (holo-, CAY ([CAY 182887!]); iso-, P ([P 01155925!], K!).	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC93CC672C74CFCB6FB12F82F.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — The new species differs from other neotropical Terminalia by its papillose, palish-gray and slightly pubescent leaf undersurface, its quite long petioles (usually> 2 cm) and its 2 - winged fruits with wings wider than fruits central body that is distinctly keeled on one face and flat on the other one.	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC93CC672C74CFCB6FB12F82F.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet refers to the fruit central body which is keeled (or carinate) on one face and flat on the other one. DISTRIBUTION. — Consulted specimens come mainly from French Guiana, only two from Suriname. One fruiting specimen, collected in the Brazilian state of Para by Kuhlmann and identified as Terminalia cf. mameluco Pickel by Stace in 2002, looks alike T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. However, the authors would need to physically study this herbarium sheet to be completely sure of the determination in T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. HABITAT. — T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. occurs in terra-firme forest from sea-level to 630 m a. s. l. This species grows preferentially on well-drained soil in high, irregular canopy forests (Gond et al. 2011).	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC93CC672C74CFCB6FB12F82F.taxon	description	PHENOLOGY. — Mature flowers have been recorded in August during leafless stage, fruits in January, July, October and November. CONSERVATION STATUS. — According to herbarium sheets and inventory data from GUYAFOR and GUYADIV networks (Engel 2015), T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. is known from 16 localities in French Guiana and two localities in Suriname. The Extent of occurrence (EOO) calculated is 58 090 km ² and the area of occupancy (AOO) 80 km ², and the localities where this species is encountered are not threatened by human activities. According to the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2012), T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. is thus classified as Least Concern (LC). However, and even if the number of individuals encountered in the GUYAFOR and GUYADIV plots is greater than those of T. guyanensis (52 vs 12), it remains an uncommon tree species with unknown ecological requirements and whose consequences of climate change on its regeneration cannot be predicted (Esquivel-Muelbert et al. 2018). AFFINITIES. — Among other neotropical Terminalia, seven species have fruits with two wings longer than 1 cm and a body keeled or ridged on one side and flat on the other (T. arbuscula Sw., T. bucidoides Standl. & L. O. Williams, T. chicharronia C. Wright, T. eriostachya A. Rich., T. mameluco Pickel, T. oblonga (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud., and T. valverdeae A. H. Gentry). Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. differs from these species by its leaf undersurface palish-gray and slightly pubescent, its venation weakly brochidodromous and its petioles usually longer than 2 cm. Vegetatively, the leaves of T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. closely resemble those of T. argentea Mart. & Zucc., which is a small tree species typically found in savannah-like ecosystems like the Brazilian cerrado. But their fruits are different, those of T. argentea have a central body swollen on both sides and rounded (although sometimes with a slight ridge), whereas T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. fruits have a central body keeled on one side and flat on the other side with larger, more elongated wings. OTHER MATERIAL STUDIED. — French Guiana. St-Élie, Réserve naturelle des Montagnes de la Trinité, Plateau Tabulaire, 400 - 630 m, 4 ° 35 ’ N, 53 ° 21 ’ W, fr., VII. 1999, Poncy & Crozier 1415 (CAY [CAY 114758!]); Gobaya Soula, Bassin du Maroni, 230 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 58 ’ W, fr., 31. I. 1989, De Granville et al. 10958 (B, CAY [CAY 010133!], P, U, US [US 00601847], NY); Saül, Mont la Fumée, 200 - 400 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, fr., 21. X. 1982, Mori & Boom 15121 (CAY [CAY 170310!], LTR, NY, P [P 04877940!]); Saül, Mont Galbao trail, between village and entrance to Grand Boeuf Mort trail, 200 - 250 m, fl., 6. VIII. 87, Mori & Gracie 18653 (CAY [CAY 170302!], LTR, NY); Saül, Mont la Fumée, 200 - 400 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, st., 15. X. 1982, Boom & Mori 2134 (CAY [CAY 170308!], LTR, NY); ibid., 21. X. 1982, Boom & Mori 2237 (CAY [CAY 170303!], LTR, NY); ibid., 13. X. 1982, Boom & Mori 2028 (CAY [CAY 170309!]); Saül and vicinity: Boeuf-Mort trail, less than 1 km from entrance at Route de Bélizon, st., 13. IX. 1994, Mori et al. 23905 (CAY [CAY 170307!], NY [NY 1365060]); Centre Orstom, Île de Cayenne, 5 m, 4 ° 56 ’ N, 52 ° 19 ’ W, st., 26. XI. 1990, De Granville 11158 (CAY [CAY 170305, CAY 170306!], K, P [P 04717178!], U); Roche Dachine, st., 15. XII. 1999, Chareyre 1035 (CAY [CAY 019647!]); Massif Dékou Dékou, région Paul Isnard, 300 m, 4 ° 42 ’ N, 53 ° 56 ’ W, st., 27. XI. 2000, Dutreve 608 (CAY [CAY 046309!]); Montagne La Fumée, région de Saül, 3 ° 38 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, st., 21. XI. 1988, Sabatier 2298 (CAY [CAY 010140!], LTR); Commune de Saül, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 13 ’ W, st., 24. XI. 1988, Sabatier 2309 (CAY [CAY 010139!], P, NY, MO, U); Plateau de la Douane, environ 3 km de Saül sur le tracé Carbet Maïs, st., 16. XII. 1970, Oldeman 3190 (CAY [CAY 170311, CAY 170312!], NY, P [P 04878224], U [U 0175056]); Saut Pararé, st., 29. IX. 1983, Sabatier 575 (CAY [CAY 170313!]); Saut Pararé, riv. Arataye affluent Approuague, 70 km SW Régina, st., 9. III. 1987, Villiers 3833 (CAY [CAY 070672!]); idid., 2. III. 1988, Villiers 4409 (CAY [CAY 099763!]); ibid., 11. III. 1988, Villiers 4505 (CAY [CAY 099693!]); Camp Pararé, Station de l’Arataye, Bassin de l’Approuague, 200 m, st., 13. III. 1983, Barrier 2755 (CAY [CAY 099694!]); ibid., 7. IX. 1983, Barrier 4165 (B, CAY [CAY 083661!], COL, IAN, K, MO, NY, U, US, VEN); station des Nouragues, Grand Plateau, inv. code NL 110027, 4 ° 4 ’ 58 ” N, 52 ° 41 ’ W, st., 30. XI. 2007, Baraloto 3067 (CAY [CAY 182886!]); ibid., inv. code NL 110099, Baraloto 3077 (CAY [CAY 182885!]); Nouragues Nature Réserve, c. 100 km SSW of Cayenne and 40 km SW of Régina, Grand Plateau, 4 ° 5 ’ N, 52 ° 41 ’ W, st., 17. XI. 2006, Mori et al. 26498 (CAY [CAY 080491!], NY); Saint-Georges, Régina, entre pk 30,6 et 31,85, st., 5. XI. 1998, Grenand 3065 (CAY [CAY 000288!]). Suriname. Mts Bakhuis, concession BMS: zone 4, sud-ouest, 170 m, fr., 4. X. 2005, Bordenave et al. 8144 (BBS, CAY [CAY 065001!]); Area of Kabalebo dam project, distr. Nickerie, c. 22 km SW of Avanavero dam site, fr., 15. XI. 1976, Heyde & Lindeman 89 (F [V 0188958 F], K, MO, NY, U [U 0248638]). DOUBTFUL SPECIMEN. — Brazil. Estado do Para: rodovia Belèm-Brasilia km 92, fr., 30. IX. 1959, Kuhlmann & Jimbo 318, (US [US 1891248]). DESCRIPTION Deciduous canopy tree up to 65 m tall, with large plank to thick buttresses to 2 - 6 m high. Diameter up to 120 cm. Bark brown-yellow, scaly, inner bark pale yellow-green. Twigs pubescent, becoming glabrous; terminal buds densely pubescent. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, usually clustered at branchlet tips; blades chartaceous, elliptic-obovate to obovate, 5 - 12 × 2 - 6.5 cm; apex acuminate; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; margin entire, revolute at very base; densely pubescent-sericeous on both faces when young; mature with adaxial surface sparse-pubescent mainly along main veins, abaxial surface slightly pubescent, palish-gray (sometimes not obvious on dried material); lateral veins 6 - 8, uniformly pinnate, weakly brochidodromous, slightly raised on both surfaces, lower venation random reticulate, visible on both surfaces; petioles 1.4 - 4 cm, slightly pubescent or glabrous, often with a pair of small glands toward apex (more obvious on fresh material). Inflorescences axillary, clustered in about 10 spikes at mostly leafless branchlet-ends, c. 4 - 5 cm long, densely pubescent, c. 25 - 30 - flowered; peduncle 0.7 - 1.7 cm long; bracts inconspicuous and caducous. Flowers bisexual, pale greenish, actinomorphic, 2.6 - 3.9 × 1.9 - 2.7 mm; lower hypanthium extended into a short “ neck ” surrounding the ovary, 1.2 - 1.9 mm long, densely pubescent, upper hypanthium cupuliform to campanulate, 1.5 - 1.9 mm long, pubescent on the external surface, densely lanate with much longer trichomes on the inner surface; calyx lobes 5, 0.8 - 1.2 mm long, pubescent on the external surface, lanate with much longer trichomes on the inner surface; petals 0; stamens 10, exserted, white, glabrous, 1.9 - 4.2 mm, anthers versatile, 0.4 - 0.5 mm long; intrastaminal disk lanate, 0.9 - 1.9 mm width; ovary inferior, unilocular, with two pendulous ovules, style exserted, 2.5 - 3.3 mm long, lanate over most of its length. Infrutescence with 1 - 2 fruits, peduncle and rachis slightly pubescent to glabrous. Fruits 2 - winged, dry, glabrous, dull green pruinose becoming shiny, 6.8 - 8.6 × 1.6 - 3.2 cm, apex flat to slightly emarginated, base obtuse; wings stiff, (sub) equal, 3.2 - 4 cm long, narrowly to very narrowly rounded; body c. 0.5 - 0.9 cm width, c. 4 - 5 mm high, keeled on one side and flat on the other. NOTE	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC937C67EC4DBFB50FA62FCEB.taxon	description	(Figs 3, 4, 5, 6) Flora Brasiliensis 14 (2): 88 (1867). — Myrobalanus eichleriana Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 237 (1891), nom. nov. pro Terminalia guyanensis Eichler, non Myrobalanus guianensis Kuntze (1891), nec. Terminalia eichleriana Alwan & Stace (1989). — Typus: French Guiana. 1817 - 1822, Poiteau s. n. (holo-, B, destroyed, photograph at FI; iso-, K [K 000640657], P [P 01901252, P 01901253, P 01901254]!, U [U 0001197], W [W-Rchb. 1889 - 0125487]); No collector (probable iso-, A / GH [GH 00068628]).	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC937C67EC4DBFB50FA62FCEB.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The specimens consulted were collected in Venezuela and French Guiana. It is very likely that T. guyanensis also occurs in the region between these two countries, which would include Guyana, Suriname and adjacent areas in Brazil. HABITAT. — According to herbarium sheets and inventory data from the GUYADIV and GUYAFOR networks (Engel 2015), T. guyanensis is encountered in terra-firme forest between 100 to 810 m elevation. Its privileged habitat seems to be cloud forest and very rainy forest receiving more than 3500 mm of precipitation per year. PHENOLOGY. — Flowers were collected in November during leafless stage, fruits in March and May.	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
4C4A878EC937C67EC4DBFB50FA62FCEB.taxon	description	CONSERVATION STATUS. — Based on the herbarium sheets consulted, T. guyanensis is known from five localities in French Guiana and two localities in Venezuela. Outside one site in French Guiana (Mont Itoupé) where T. guyanensis is relatively common, the authors rarely encountered this species during the inventory work carried out as part of the GUYAFOR and GUYADIV networks. More precisely, out of the almost 180 000 trees inventoried in these two networks, only 12 were identified as T. guyanensis. The calculated AOO is 32 km ², the calculated EOO is 138589 km ² which is very high as this species has been collected in Venezuela and French Guiana and is thus very likely to also occur in Guyana and Suriname. In countries where T. guyanensis has been collected, as well as in countries where this species is probably present, the forest massif is generally (still) preserved. Terminalia guyanensis is thus classified as Least Concern (LC) following the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2012). However, even if the forest massif is not directly threatened by human activities, T. guyanensis is one of the many rare Amazonian tree species with low densities and unknown ecological requirements and whose regeneration could potentially be affected by climate change (ter Steege et al. 2013; Esquivel-Muelbert et al. 2018). AFFINITIES. — Like 14 other neotropical Terminalia, T. guyanensis has 2 - winged fruits, each wing> 1 cm long. But only T. argentea Mart. & Zucc., T. januarensis DC. and T. phaeocarpa Eichler have quite similar fruit body, bulging on both faces, although often with a slight ridge or slightly wavy while the surface of T. guyanensis fruit body is rounded and smooth. Vegetatively, these three species can be distinguished from T. guyanensis by their pubescent or subglabrous leaves (but at least they are pubescent on main veins abaxially) while T. guyanensis leaves are glabrous. If we consider more specifically the 15 species of Terminalia found in French Guiana (including T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov.), five are immediately distinguishable by the size of their leaves, which are clearly larger (T. aubletii Gere & Boatwr., T. macrophylla (Eichl.) Gere & Boatwr., T. megalophylla (Van Heurck & Müll.) Gere & Boatwr, and T. nitidissima Rich.), or smaller (T. parvifolia (Ducke) Gere & Boatwr.) than those of T. guyanensis. And none of the other species has glabrous leaves with such brochidodromous veins with one or two sets of loops outside of the main brochidodromous loop. OTHER MATERIAL STUDIED. — French Guiana. Mont Itoupé, 430 m, 3 ° 1 ’ 21 ” N, 53 ° 6 ’ 29 ” W, fl., 17. XI. 2014, Sabatier et al. 6018 (CAY [- CAY 182882!], P [P 01155923!]); Mont Itoupé, inv. code ITO 1 - K 4, 600 m, 3 ° 1 ’ 20 ” N, 53 ° 5 ’ 29 ” W, fr., 12. III. 2010, Sabatier & Molino 5682 (CAY [CAY 103783!]); Mont Itoupé, 433 m, 3 ° 2 ’ 22 ” N, 53 ° 6 ’ 19 ” W, fr., 13. III. 2017, Sabatier 6331 (CAY [CAY 182884!], P [P 01155924!]); Mont Itoupé, inv. code ITOW 8 - 5, 328 m, 3 ° 3 ’ 18 ” N, 53 ° 6 ’ 34 ” W, st., 12. XI. 2014, Sabatier et al. 6051 (CAY [CAY 182883!]); Mont Itoupé, 3 ° 1 ’ 18 ” N, 53 ° 7 ’ 10 ” W, 200 m, st., 20. III. 2010, Molino & Sabatier 2794 (CAY [CAY 104624!], MPU); Réserve Trésor, inv. code T 10380, 235 m, 4 ° 34 ’ 12 ” N, 52 ° 17 ’ 24 ” W, st., 1. IX. 2008, Engel et al. 16 (CAY [CAY 182881!]); Massif Lucifer, plateau Tabulaire, 530 m, 4 ° 47 ’ 11 ” N, 53 ° 55 ’ 23 ” W, st., 15. XI. 1999, Dutreve 355 (CAY [CAY 046077!]); Station des Nouragues, Bassin de l’Arataye, inv. code NOU 3 - 146, 4 ° 3 ’ N, 52 ° 42 ’ W, st., 7. VII. 1989, Sabatier & Prévost 2627 (CAY [CAY 010136!], LTR); Montagne de Kaw, st., 16. IX. 1969, Petrov 203 (CAY [CAY 170282!], P [P 04717175!]); ibid., 17. IX. 1969, Petrov 208 (CAY [CAY 182888!], P [P 04717176!]). Venezuela. Territorio federal, delta Amacuro: bosque pluvial, Este de Río Grande. Este-Noreste de El Palmar, cerca de los limites del Estado Bolívar, fr., 23. V. 1964, Marcano Berti 187 (A / GH, BM, F [V 0397201 F], MG, US [US 00766632], VEN); East of Cerro El Picacho, near Las Nieves & Las Chicharras, 45 km North of Tumeremo, 600 - 650 m, st., 5 - 8. II. 1961, Steyermark 89070 (A / GH, P [P 04717179!], S, VEN). DESCRIPTION Deciduous canopy tree up to 60 m tall, with thick, rounded buttresses to 1 – 2 m high. Diameter up to 105 cm. Bark brownyellow, densely scaly, inner bark pale yellow. Twigs pubescent, becoming glabrous; terminal buds densely pubescent. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, usually clustered at branchlet tips; blades chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to elliptic, 5 - 13 × 2 - 5 cm; apex acuminate; base cuneate or attenuate-cuneate; margin entire; both surfaces glabrous, except rarely a tuft of hairs in axils of secondary veins abaxially; lateral veins 7 - 10, uniformly pinnate, intersecondary veins often present, brochidodromous, with one or two sets of loops outside of the main brochidodromous loop, slightly raised on both surfaces, lower venation randomly reticulate, visible on both surfaces; petioles 0.8 - 2 cm, slightly pubescent or usually glabrous, often with a pair of small glands toward apex. Inflorescences axillary, clustered in c. 6 - 13 spikes at leafless branchlet-ends, 1.5 - 3 cm long, covered by lanate trichomes, c. 25 - 40 - flowered; peduncle 0.4 - 1.1 cm long; bracts inconspicuous and caducous. Flowers bisexual, pale yellowish, actinomorphic, 1.6 - 3 × 1.5 - 2.3 mm; lower hypanthium extended into a short “ neck ” surrounding the ovary, 0.8 - 1.5 mm long, densely pubescent, upper hypanthium cupuliform to campanulate, 0.8 - 1.6 mm long, pubescent on the external surface, lanate with much longer trichomes on the inner surface; calyx lobes 5, 0.6 - 1 mm long, pubescent on the external surface, lanate with much longer trichomes on the inner surface; petals 0; stamens 10, white, glabrous, 2.1 - 2.8 mm, anthers versatile, c. 0.3 mm long; intrastaminal disk c. 1.2 mm width, slightly lanate; ovary inferior, unilocular, style exserted, 2.4 - 3.7 mm long, slightly lanate over about a third of its lower part. Infrutescence with 1 - 2 fruits, peduncle and rachis slightly pubescent or usually glabrous. Fruits 2 - winged, dry, glabrous and shiny, 4.9 - 6.3 × 1.8 - 2.4 cm, apex shortly acuminate, flat or slightly emarginate, base obtuse; wings stiff, green, (sub) equal, 2 - 2.8 cm long, rounded to narrowly rounded; body c. 0.5 - 0.7 cm wide, c. 4 mm high, bulging on both faces. NOTE We have previously discussed the confusion between T. guyanensis and T. carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. Sterile specimens of T. guyanensis have sometimes also been confused with T. dichotoma G. Mey. Thus, three specimens studied by the authors (Sabatier & Prévost 2627, Petrov 203 and Petrov 208) and cited in the present study are recorded as T. dichotoma in Stace (2010). These two species can be distinguished from each other by their venation pattern: T. guyanensis veins are more brochidodromous with one or two sets of loops (absent in T. dichotoma) outside of the main brochidodromous loop.	en	Engel, Julien, Sabatier, Daniel (2020): Terminalia carinata Sabatier & J. Engel, sp. nov. (Combretaceae), a new large tree species from the Guiana shield revealed by re-examination of material previously identified as T. guyanensis Eichler. Adansonia (3) 42 (16): 261-271, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2020v42a16
